Russian Orthodox Church

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believers of the local eparchy is to record descriptions of miracles, to create the hagiography of a saint, to paint an icon, as well as to compose a liturgical text of a service where the saint is canonized. All of this is sent to the Synodal Commission for canonization which decides whether to canonize the local hero of faith or not. Then the patriarch gives his blessing and the local hierarch performs the act of canonization at the local level. However, the liturgical texts in honor of a saint are not published in all Church books but only in local publications. In the same way, these saints are not yet canonized and venerated by the whole Church, only locally. When the glorification of a saint exceeds the limits of an eparchy, then the patriarch and Holy Synod decides about their canonization on the Church level. After receiving the Synod's support and the patriarch's blessing, the question of glorification of a particular saint on the scale of the entire Church is given for consideration to the

4152: 519: 3173: 3554: 3722: 4095: 2446:(1682–1725) had an agenda of radical westernization of Russian government, army, dress and manners. He was trying to make Russia a power that could rival Europe in battles and politics. Peter was not religious and had a low regard for the Church, so he put it under tight governmental control. He replaced the Patriarch with a Holy Synod, which he controlled. The Tsar appointed all bishops. A clerical career was not a route chosen by upper-class society. Most parish priests were sons of priests, were very poorly educated, and very poorly paid. The monks in the monasteries had a slightly higher status; they were not allowed to marry. Politically, the church was impotent. 2371: 3826: 44: 2657:

in pilgrimage and other devotions to sacred spaces and objects (especially icons), persistent beliefs in the presence and power of the supernatural (apparitions, possession, walking-dead, demons, spirits, miracles and magic), the renewed vitality of local "ecclesial communities" actively shaping their own ritual and spiritual lives, sometimes in the absence of clergy, and defining their own sacred places and forms of piety. Also apparent was the proliferation of what the Orthodox establishment branded as "sectarianism", including both non-Eastern Orthodox Christian denominations, notably

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Statute on the Administration of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which testify to the complete autonomy and independence of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church." The church did not publish its new constitution. Although in this Ukrainian Orthodox Church clergymen now claims that 'any provisions that at least somehow hinted at or indicated the connection with Moscow were excluded' the Russian Orthodox Church ignores this and continues to include UOC-MP clerics in its various commissions or working groups despite these individuals not agreeing to this nor even wanting to be included.

2823: 3289: 6227:, (Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p. 96 Davis quotes one bishop as saying: "Yes, we—I, at least, and I say this first about myself—I worked together with the KGB. I cooperated, I made signed statements, I had regular meetings, I made reports. I was given a pseudonym—a code name as they say there. ... I knowingly cooperated with them—but in such a way that I undeviatingly tried to maintain the position of my Church, and, yes, also to act as a patriot, insofar as I understood, in collaboration with these organs. I was never a stool pigeon, nor an informer." 8829:

Nowadays we have a good system of collaboration between Christian denominations and Islam. Secularism is dangerous because it destroys human life. It destroys essential notions related to human life, such as the family. And here we disagree with atheist secularism in some areas very strongly, and we believe that it destroys something very essential about human life. We should be engaged in a very honest and direct conversation with representatives of secular ideology. And of course when I speak of secular ideology, I mean here primarily atheist ideology.

3978: 3236: 2621: 4678: 3208:) that the Church of Rome is in schism, after breaking off from the Orthodox Church. The Roman Catholic Church, on the other hand, while acknowledging the primacy of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia, believed that the small Roman Catholic minority in Russia, in continuous existence since at least the 18th century, should be served by a fully developed church hierarchy with a presence and status in Russia, just as the Russian Orthodox Church is present in other countries (including constructing a cathedral in Rome, near the 4445:

local documents and would send them to the Synodal Commission. Its task was to study the local archives, collect memories of believers, record all the miracles that are connected with addressing the martyrs. In 1992 the Church established 25 January as a day when it venerates the new 20th century martyrs of faith. The day was specifically chosen because on this day in 1918 the Metropolitan of Kiev Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) was killed, thus becoming the first victim of communist terror among the hierarchs of the Church.

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the remaining Orthodox delegates approved the form which had been advocated by the representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The Ecumenical See's representative in Ravenna said that Hilarion's position "should be seen as an expression of authoritarianism whose goal is to exhibit the influence of the Moscow Church. But like last year in Belgrade, all Moscow achieved was to isolate itself once more since no other Orthodox Church followed its lead, remaining instead faithful to Constantinople."

3134: 4603: 2923: 4556: 4464: 3120:". Professor Nathaniel Davis points out: "If the bishops wished to defend their people and survive in office, they had to collaborate to some degree with the KGB, with the commissioners of the Council for Religious Affairs, and with other party and governmental authorities". Patriarch Alexy II, acknowledged that compromises were made with the Soviet government by bishops of the Moscow Patriarchate, himself included, and he publicly repented for these compromises. 2211: 76: 13644: 13617: 12758: 4337: 12430: 13656: 3837: 4390: 9489: 4221: 2792: 3544: 2875:(Stragorodsky, 1887–1944), going against the opinion of a major part of the church's parishes, in 1927 issued a declaration accepting the Soviet authority over the church as legitimate, pledging the church's cooperation with the government and condemning political dissent within the church. By this declaration, Sergius granted himself authority that he, being a deputy of imprisoned 3155:, ascended the patriarchal throne in 1990 and presided over the partial return of Orthodox Christianity to Russian society after 70 years of repression, transforming the ROC to something resembling its pre-communist appearance; some 15,000 churches had been re-opened or built by the end of his tenure, and the process of recovery and rebuilding has continued under his successor 4110:

Church had grown in other areas of the United States due to the arrival of immigrants from areas of Eastern and Central Europe, many of them formerly of the Eastern Catholic Churches ("Greek Catholics"), and from the Middle East. These immigrants, regardless of nationality or ethnic background, were united under a single North American diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

3323:, referring in February to Putin's tenure in the 2000s as "God's miracle". Nevertheless, Russian inside sources were quoted in the autumn 2017 as saying that Putin's relationship with Patriarch Kirill had been deteriorating since 2014 due to the fact that the presidential administration had been misled by the Moscow Patriarchate as to the extent of support for 6237:

likewise? Before those people, however, to whom the compromises, silence, forced passivity or expressions of loyalty permitted by the leaders of the church in those years caused pain, before these people, and not only before God, I ask forgiveness, understanding and prayers." From an interview of Patriarch Alexy II, given to

3873: 4012:(UOC-MP), the last one being virtually fully independent in administrative matters. (Following Russia's 2014 Invasion of Ukraine, the UOC-MP—which held nearly a third of the ROC(MP)'s churches—began to fragment, particularly since 2019, with some separatist congregations leaving the ROC(MP) to join the newly independent 5417: 2349:. After this event, a series of doctrinal and liturgical differences would emerge in the Slavic Orthodox world, being cut off from its Greek counterpart. In spite of the end of the schism in 1560, by the mid 17th century the religious practices of the Russian Orthodox Church were distinct from those of the 2819:

religious faith and institutions. In any case, religious beliefs and practices did persist, not only in the domestic and private spheres but also in the scattered public spaces allowed by a state that recognized its failure to eradicate religion and the political dangers of an unrelenting culture war.

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Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: "As the Mother Church, it is reasonable to desire the restoration of unity for the divided ecclesiastical body in Ukraine" (The Homily by Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople after the memorial service for the late Metropolitan of Perge, Evangelos), The official

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Under the Act, the ROCOR remains a self-governing entity within the Church of Russia. It is independent in its administrative, pastoral, and property matters. It continues to be governed by its Council of Bishops and its Synod, the Council's permanent executive body. The First-Hierarch and bishops of

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During the 2000 Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, the greatest general canonization in the history of the Orthodox Church took place: not only regarding the number of saints but also as in this canonization, all unknown saints were mentioned. There were 1,765 canonized saints known by name and

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The OCA has its origins in a mission established by eight Russian Orthodox monks in Alaska, then part of Russian America, in 1794. This grew into a full diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church after the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. By the late 19th century, the Russian Orthodox

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removed itself from the Moscow Patriarchate on 27 May 2022, Kirill claimed that the "spirits of malice" wanted to separate the Russian and Ukrainian peoples but they will not succeed. The Ukrainian church released a declaration in which it stated "it had adopted relevant additions and changes to the

3255:, said in January 2008 that "the Moscow Patriarchate acts as though it heads a state church, while the few Orthodox clergy who oppose the church-state symbiosis face severe criticism, even loss of livelihood." Such a view is backed up by other observers of Russian political life. Clifford J. Levy of 2989:

from the representatives of the clergy and the laity. NKVD demanded "to outline persons who have religious authority among the clergy and believers, and at the same time checked for civic or patriotic work". In the letter sent in September 1944, it was emphasized: "It is important to ensure that the

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of Paris broke with the ROCOR (along with Metropolitan Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York, leader of the Russian Metropolia in America). In 1930, after taking part in a prayer service in London in supplication for Christians suffering under the Soviets, Evlogy was removed from office by Sergius and

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Ahlborn, Richard E. and Vera Beaver-Bricken Espinola, eds. Russian Copper Icons and Crosses From the Kunz Collection: Castings of Faith. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1991. 85 pages with illustrations, some colored. Includes bibliographical references pp. 84–85. Smithsonian Studies

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The ROC is often said to be the largest of all of the Eastern Orthodox churches in the world. Including all the autocephalous churches under its supervision, its adherents number more than 112 million worldwide—about half of the 200 to 220 million estimated adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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On 9 March 2022, after the liturgy, he declared that Russia has the right to use force against Ukraine to ensure Russia's security, that Ukrainians and Russians are one people, that Russia and Ukraine are one country, that the West incites Ukrainians to kill Russians to sow discord between Russians

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wrote in April 2008: "Just as the government has tightened control over political life, so, too, has it intruded in matters of faith. The Kremlin's surrogates in many areas have turned the Russian Orthodox Church into a de facto official religion, warding off other Christian denominations that seem

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which is in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. At the meeting, prior to the departure of the Russian delegation, there were also substantive disagreements about the wording of a proposed joint statement among the Orthodox representatives. After the departure of the Russian delegation,

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It is possible to see a similarly renewed vigor and variety in religious life and spirituality among the lower classes, especially after the upheavals of 1905. Among the peasantry, there was widespread interest in spiritual-ethical literature and non-conformist moral-spiritual movements, an upsurge

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from the jurisdiction of Constantinople to that of Moscow. The handover brought millions of faithful and half a dozen dioceses under the ultimate administrative care of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' (and later of the Holy Synod of Russia), leading to the significant Ukrainian presence in the

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Many evangelicals share conservative positions with us on such issues as abortion, the family, and marriage. Do you want vigorous grassroots engagement between Orthodox and evangelicals? Yes, on problems, for example, like the destruction of the family. Many marriages are split. Many families have

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said there was a strong case for expelling the Russian Orthodox Church from the WCC, saying, "When a Church is actively supporting a war of aggression, failing to condemn nakedly obvious breaches of any kind of ethical conduct in wartime, then other Churches do have the right to raise the question

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events upon local population. Despite the holiday being dedicated to the concept of forgiveness, Kirill said there can't be forgiveness without delivering "justice" first, otherwise it's a capitulation and weakness. The speech came under international scrutiny, as Kirill parroted President Putin's

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in Russia, freedom to "profess any religion or profess none", deprived religious organisations of the right to own any property and legal status. Legal religious activity in the territories controlled by Bolsheviks was effectively reduced to services and sermons inside church buildings. The Decree

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Because the ROC does not keep any formal membership records the claim is based on public polls and the number of parishes. The actual number of regular church-goers in Russia varies between 1% and 10%, depending on the source. However, strict adherence to Sunday church-going is not traditional in

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gave an order for the Synodal Commission for Canonisation to prepare documents for canonization of new martyrs who had suffered from the 20th century Communist repressions. In 1991 it was decided that a local commission for canonization would be established in every eparchy which would gather the

4429:

prayer order for Meletius of Kharkov, which practically signified his canonization because that was the only possible way to do it at that time. Similarly, the saints of other Orthodox Churches were added to the Church calendar: in 1962 St. John the Russian, in 1970 St. Herman of Alaska, in 1993

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criticised the Russian church, which he says is teaching a "theology of war". "This is the theology that the sister Church of Russia began to teach, trying to justify an unjust, unholy, unprovoked, diabolical war against a sovereign and independent country – Ukraine." In January 2024, the senior

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decided to canonize a missionary to Japan, Nicholas Kasatkin (1836–1912). In 1977, St. Innocent of Moscow (1797–1879), the Metropolitan of Siberia, the Far East, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and Moscow was also canonized. In 1978 it was proclaimed that the Russian Orthodox Church had created a

3311:

Patriarch Kirill implemented reforms in the administrative structure of the Moscow Patriarchate: on 27 July 2011 the Holy Synod established the Central Asian Metropolitan District, reorganizing the structure of the Church in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. In addition, on 6

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Beginning in the late 1980s, under Mikhail Gorbachev, the new political and social freedoms resulted in the return of many church buildings to the church, so they could be restored by local parishioners. A pivotal point in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church came in 1988, the millennial

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If we speak about Islam (and of course if we mean moderate Islam), then I believe there is the possibility of peaceful coexistence between Islam and Christianity. This is what we have had in Russia for centuries, because Russian Islam has a very long tradition. But we never had religious wars.

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He said: "Defending one thing, it was necessary to give somewhere else. Were there any other organizations, or any other people among those who had to carry responsibility not only for themselves but for thousands of other fates, who in those years in the Soviet Union were not compelled to act

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In accordance with the practice of the Orthodox Church, a particular hero of faith can initially be canonized only at a local level within local churches and eparchies. Such rights belong to the ruling hierarch and it can only happen when the blessing of the patriarch is received. The task of

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However, the Soviet policy vis-a-vis organised religion vacillated over time between, on the one hand, a utopian determination to substitute secular rationalism for what they considered to be an outmoded "superstitious" worldview and, on the other, pragmatic acceptance of the tenaciousness of

2802:

The Soviet Union, formally created in December 1922, was the first state to have elimination of religion as an ideological objective espoused by the country's ruling political party. Toward that end, the Communist regime confiscated church property, ridiculed religion, harassed believers, and

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that began later in 1918, and church leadership, despite their attempts to be politically neutral (from the autumn of 1918), as well as the clergy generally were perceived by the Soviet authorities as a "counter-revolutionary" force and thus subject to suppression and eventual liquidation.

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claim that Russia was fighting "fascism" in Ukraine. Throughout the speech, Kirill did not use the term "Ukrainian", but rather referred to both Russians and Ukrainians simply as "Holy Russians", also claiming Russian soldiers in Ukraine were "laying down their lives for a friend",

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Konstanin Kharchev, former chairman of the Soviet Council on Religious Affairs, explained: "Not a single candidate for the office of bishop or any other high-ranking office, much less a member of the Holy Synod, went through without confirmation by the Central Committee of the

3031:. Although he tried to keep away from practical work of the dissident movement intending to better fulfil his calling as a priest, there was a spiritual link between Men and many of the dissidents. For some of them he was a friend; for others, a godfather; for many (including 3467:. Such a war has no justification either from God or from people". He also appealed directly to Putin, asking for an immediate end to the "fratricidal war". In April 2022, after the Russian invasion, many UOC-MP parishes signaled their intention to switch allegiance to the 3262:

to offer the most significant competition for worshipers. This close alliance between the government and the Russian Orthodox Church has become a defining characteristic of Mr. Putin's tenure, a mutually reinforcing choreography that is usually described here as working '

3069:. Throughout the summer of that year, major government-supported celebrations took place in Moscow and other cities; many older churches and some monasteries were reopened. An implicit ban on religious propaganda on state TV was finally lifted. For the first time in the 4737:

in December 2012, only 41% of the Russian population identified itself with the Russian Orthodox Church. Pravmir.com also published a 2012 poll by the respected Levada organization VTsIOM indicating that 74% of Russians considered themselves Orthodox. The 2017 Survey

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The ROC constituent parts in other than the Russian Federation countries of its exclusive jurisdiction such as Ukraine, Belarus et al., are legally registered as separate legal entities in accordance with the relevant legislation of those independent states.

3087:'s archives in the early 1990s, argued that the Moscow Patriarchate was "practically a subsidiary, a sister company of the KGB". Critics charge that the archives showed the extent of active participation of the top ROC hierarchs in the KGB efforts overseas. 7306:

2. В дополнение к ежегодному поминовению пострадавших в годы гонений за веру Христову благословить на территории России 30 октября совершение заупокойных богослужений о всех православных христианах, безвинно богоборцами убиенных или безвинно пребывавших в

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Throughout Patriarch Alexy's reign, the massive program of costly restoration and reopening of devastated churches and monasteries (as well as the construction of new ones) was criticized for having eclipsed the church's principal mission of evangelizing.

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North Macedonia and Bulgaria expelled senior members of the Russian Orthodox Church for acts contravening their national security in 2023, raising questions about the church using their position to spy and to spread Russian political propaganda. In 2023

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and attempts by Bolshevik officials to requisition church property caused sharp resentment on the part of the ROC clergy and provoked violent clashes on some occasions: on 1 February (19 January O.S.), hours after the bloody confrontation in Petrograd's

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said: "While the church had been a force for liberal reform under the Soviet Union, it soon became a center of strength for conservatives and nationalists in the post-communist era. Alexei's death could well result in an even more conservative church."

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with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The decision was taken in response to the move made by the Patriarchate of Constantinople a few days prior that effectively ended the Moscow Patriarchate's jurisdiction over Ukraine and promised

6366: 10838: 10823: 4529:, писать in Russian) means both to paint and to write. Icons are considered to be the Gospel in paint, and therefore careful attention is paid to ensure that the Gospel is faithfully and accurately conveyed. Icons considered miraculous were 10808: 10828: 10788: 2998:

A new and widespread persecution of the church was subsequently instituted under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev. A second round of repression, harassment and church closures took place between 1959 and 1964 when

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would reform the church and bring most of its practices back into accommodation with the contemporary forms of Greek Orthodox worship. This change, however, was rejected by a large group of traditionalists, who would come to be known as

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was in office. The number of Orthodox churches fell from around 22,000 in 1959 to around 8,000 in 1965; priests, monks and faithful were killed or imprisoned and the number of functioning monasteries was reduced to less than twenty.

2270:, a Russian bishop, was installed by the Council of Russian bishops in Moscow as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia (with permanent residence in Moscow) without the consent from Constantinople. This occurred five years prior to the 10798: 10848: 3375:. Under a law of Ukraine adopted at the end of 2018, the latter was required to change its official title so as to disclose its affiliation with the Russian Orthodox Church based in an "aggressor state". On 11 December 2019 the 11134: 3792:

political regime hostile to Russia and its people on this territory, as well as a political regime controlled from an external center hostile to Russia, should be completely excluded". The document also made reference to the

10818: 9209: 4525:, иконостас), or icon-screen, a wall of icons with double doors in the centre. Russians sometimes speak of an icon as having been "written", because in the Russian language (like Greek, but unlike English) the same word ( 3103:

on 27 September 2001, had been "recruited into the service of the KGB" by Igor Susemihl (a.k.a. Zuzemihl), a bishop in the Russian Orthodox Church (subsequently, a high-ranking hierarch—the ROC Metropolitan Iriney of

1491: 8674: 8125: 3890:

Ecclesiastiacally, the ROC is organized in a hierarchical structure. The lowest level of organization, which normally would be a single ROC building and its attendees, headed by a priest who acts as Father superior

3007:

Subsequent to Khrushchev's ousting, the Church and the government remained on unfriendly terms until 1988. In practice, the most important aspect of this conflict was that openly religious people could not join the

3706:" and the moral crimes of "blessing the war against Ukraine and fully supporting the aggressive nature of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine." They noted that they "can't continue to remain in any form of 2806:

Orthodox clergy and active believers were treated by the Soviet law-enforcement apparatus as anti-revolutionary elements and were habitually subjected to formal prosecutions on political charges, arrests, exiles,

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officially allowed for freedom of religion within the Soviet Union, and along with initial statements of it being a multi-candidate election, the Church again attempted to run its own religious candidates in the

11697: 10843: 11169: 3788:". The document also stated that following the war "the entire territory of modern Ukraine should enter the zone of Russia's exclusive influence". This was to be done so "the possibility of the existence of a 10680: 2859:

Between 1917 and 1935, 130,000 Eastern Orthodox priests were arrested. Of these, 95,000 were put to death. Many thousands of victims of persecution became recognized in a special canon of saints known as the

13741: 10185: 3679:, Netherlands, has declared that it is no longer possible to function within the Moscow patriarchate because of the attitude that Kirill has taken to the Russian invasion, and instead requested to join the 12528: 11124: 11114: 4117:, the Patriarchate of Moscow unsuccessfully attempted to regain control of the groups which were located abroad. After it resumed its communication with Moscow in the early 1960s, and after it was granted 2938:, the Orthodox Church attempted to formulate itself as a full-scale opposition group to the Communist Party, and attempted to run candidates of its own against the Communist candidates. Article 124 of the 966: 4323:) the Russian Orthodox Church ignores this and continues to include UOC-MP clerics in various commissions or working groups despite these individuals not agreeing to this nor even wanting to be included. 11319: 11304: 11154: 3521:, Russian Orthodox priest Iakov Vorontsov, who signed an open letter condemning the invasion of Ukraine, was forced to resign. Former Russian Orthodox priest Father Grigory Michnov-Vaytenko, head of the 2722:

of the ROC, the first such convention since the late 17th century, opened. The council continued its sessions until September 1918 and adopted a number of important reforms, including the restoration of

11615: 10735: 9795: 4137:

with the OCA. The Patriarchate of Moscow thereby renounced its former canonical claims in the United States and Canada; it also acknowledged the establishment of an autonomous church in Japan in 1970.

3223:. The tension lingered on and could be observed at the meeting in Ravenna in early October 2007 of participants in the Orthodox–Catholic Dialogue: the representative of the Moscow Patriarchate, Bishop 2525:, at which time the Local Council (more than half of its members being lay persons) adopted the decision to restore the Patriarchate. On 5 November (according to the Julian calendar) a new patriarch, 12538: 11309: 2966:

had a meeting with Stalin and received permission to convene a council on 8 September 1943, which elected Sergius Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus'. This is considered by some as violation of the

976: 11269: 11244: 11149: 11129: 10933: 11234: 11184: 10513: 4201:

In response to the signing of the act of canonical communion, Bishop Agathangel (Pashkovsky) of Odesa and parishes and clergy in opposition to the Act broke communion with ROCOR, and established

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did in the Soviet Union. And people of course see it. People don't like it. Especially after February , a lot of people have left the church, both priests and people who were there for years."

1021: 12588: 12093: 11985: 11345: 11104: 10750: 10730: 2947:. However the support of multicandidate elections was retracted several months before the elections were held and in neither 1929 nor 1937 were any candidates of the Orthodox Church elected. 1026: 4537:, явление) of an icon is its supposedly miraculous discovery. "A true icon is one that has 'appeared', a gift from above, one opening the way to the Prototype and able to perform miracles". 10878: 10571: 3485: 3430: 3312:

October 2011, at the request of the Patriarch, the Holy Synod introduced the metropoly (Russian: митрополия, mitropoliya), administrative structure bringing together neighboring eparchies.

9123: 5823: 12098: 11950: 11224: 11119: 10923: 10908: 10740: 10566: 4171:. The Revolution of 1918 severed large sections of the Russian church—dioceses in America, Japan, and Manchuria, as well as refugees in Europe—from regular contacts with the main church. 2458: 12558: 12103: 11289: 11274: 11219: 11159: 11144: 11099: 10918: 10883: 10863: 10576: 996: 4505:, often small, though some in churches and monasteries may be much larger. Some Russian icons were made of copper. Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the 3548:"We do not want to fight with anyone. Russia has never attacked anyone. It is surprising that a large and powerful country has never attacked anyone, it has only defended its borders." 3027:, Sergiy Zheludkov and others spent years in Soviet prisons and exile for their efforts in defending freedom of worship. Among the prominent figures of that time were Dmitri Dudko and 11299: 11279: 11139: 10543: 8279: 3159:. According to official figures, in 2016 the Church had 174 dioceses, 361 bishops, and 34,764 parishes served by 39,800 clergy. There were 926 monasteries and 30 theological schools. 3509:

was fined by Russian authorities for anti-war sermon and stressing the importance of the commandment "Thou shalt not kill". Some priests in the Russian Orthodox Church have publicly

12020: 11960: 11294: 11254: 11204: 11194: 11174: 10964: 10959: 10888: 8239: 2970:, as no church hierarch could be consecrated by secular authorities. A new patriarch was elected, theological schools were opened, and thousands of churches began to function. The 11249: 11189: 11164: 10898: 10765: 7120: 2891:(Russian Catacomb Church) within the Soviet Union, as they allegedly remained faithful to the Canons of the Apostles, declaring the part of the church led by Metropolitan Sergius 2803:

propagated materialism and atheism in schools. Actions toward particular religions, however, were determined by State interests, and most organized religions were never outlawed.

2742: 9092: 5028: 11264: 11229: 11109: 10760: 9790: 3699: 3657:

on 16 March 2022, of which Francis stated in an interview that Kirill "read from a piece of paper he was holding in his hand all the reasons that justify the Russian invasion."

2282:, the legitimate successor to Constantinople, and the Primate of the Moscow Church as head of all the Russian Church. Meanwhile, the newly established in 1458 Russian Orthodox ( 1311: 5742:

s Catacomb Church. History of the Russian True Orthodox Church] Ведомости: Духовное наследие Катакомбной Церкви и Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей – Patriarch Tikhon'

11923: 11828: 11767: 11284: 10873: 10614: 10604: 10490: 6888:"Священный Синод Русской Православной Церкви признал невозможным дальнейшее пребывание в евхаристическом общении с Константинопольским Патриархатом / Новости / Патриархия.ru" 11975: 11259: 11239: 11214: 10986: 10725: 10700: 10609: 10594: 9566: 6840: 4763: 4280: 3577:, thereby complying with Russian censorship law. Kirill approves the invasion, and has blessed the Russian soldiers fighting there. As a consequence, several priests of the 2911:

to be received under his canonical care and was received in 1931, making a number of parishes of Russian Orthodox Christians outside Russia, especially in Western Europe an

2263: 8622: 12578: 11539: 11209: 10893: 10055: 9895: 9845: 8421: 3672:... I am still waiting for any senior member of the Orthodox hierarchy to say that the slaughter of the innocent is condemned unequivocally by all forms of Christianity." 1016: 9222: 7775: 6699:"Стенограмма встречи председателя Правительства РФ В.В. Путина со Святейшим Патриархом Кириллом и лидерами традиционных религиозных общин России / Статьи / Патриархия.ru" 518: 10380: 10230: 9930: 9236: 3702:, asking them to convene a Council of Primates of the Ancient Eastern Churches at the Pan-Orthodox level and try Kirill for the heresy of preaching the "Doctrine of the 7342: 1086: 10675: 10548: 10495: 10460: 10455: 10375: 10130: 9825: 9775: 9194: 7361: 4309: 3522: 3409: 3386:

following the latter's recognition of the Ukrainian autocephaly. On 3 November, Patriarch Kirill failed to commemorate the Primate of the Church of Greece, Archbishop

2916: 9064: 8293: 7696:

Sangal, Aditi; Vogt, Adrienne; Wagner, Meg; Yeung, Jessie; George, Steve; Noor Haq, Sana; Ramsay, George; Upright, Ed; Vera, Amir; Chowdhury, Maureen (8 March 2022).

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to the Moscow Patriarch," and requested that the Council of Primates "bring Patriarch Kirill to justice and deprive him of the right to hold the patriarchal throne."

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revived the Russian Orthodox Church to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. In the early hours of 5 September 1943, Metropolitans Sergius (Stragorodsky),

1925: 1001: 12136: 10745: 10480: 10385: 10235: 10085: 10080: 9935: 9910: 9835: 9765: 9740: 9735: 9246: 8498: 7638: 2715: 1363: 5080: 3501:

On 27 February 2022, a group of 286 Russian Orthodox priests published an open letter calling for an end to the war and criticised the suppression of non-violent

13272: 12865: 12568: 10523: 10400: 10150: 10045: 10040: 10010: 9905: 9890: 9830: 9730: 9620: 9615: 9605: 4501:. As time passed, the Russians widened the vocabulary of types and styles far beyond anything found elsewhere in the Orthodox world. Russian icons are typically 4198:

the ROCOR are elected by its Council and confirmed by the Patriarch of Moscow. ROCOR bishops participate in the Council of Bishops of the entire Russian Church.

4175: 2450:

later in the 18th century seized most of the church lands, and put the priests on a small salary supplemented by fees for services such as baptism and marriage.

2101: 1006: 8072: 3390:, during a liturgy in Moscow. Additionally, the ROC leadership imposed pilgrimage bans for its faithful in respect of a number of dioceses in Greece, including 2899:. Due to this canonical disagreement it is disputed which church has been the legitimate successor to the Russian Orthodox Church that had existed before 1925. 12734: 12661: 10470: 10405: 10355: 10315: 10310: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10270: 10240: 10195: 10165: 10125: 10050: 9745: 9710: 7144:"Патриарх Кирилл впервые не помянул главу Элладской церкви в богослужении: Священный синод РПЦ ранее постановил прекратить молитвенное общение с иерархами ЭПЦ" 5721: 2302: 2182: 1324: 7806:[Patriarchal Sermon on Wednesday of the First Week of Great Lent after the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior]. 6559: 6284: 5392: 13337: 13088: 12573: 12408: 11800: 10755: 10350: 10260: 10250: 10225: 10140: 10095: 10035: 10030: 10005: 9995: 9945: 9940: 9885: 9875: 9780: 9760: 9675: 9660: 7915: 4076:, nor does he have single-handed authority over matters pertaining to faith as well as issues concerning the entire Orthodox Christian community such as the 3480: 3425: 1011: 823: 13716: 10705: 10485: 10445: 10440: 10370: 10365: 10330: 10320: 10305: 10245: 10220: 10210: 10205: 10190: 10175: 10155: 10110: 10065: 9975: 9970: 9925: 9900: 9865: 9860: 9815: 9810: 9800: 9725: 9635: 2550:. This marked a beginning of a significant spiritual revival in the Russian Church after a lengthy period of modernization, personified by such figures as 2074:, since the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, enjoy various degrees of self-government, albeit short of the status of formal ecclesiastical autonomy. 8173: 6241:

No 137, 10 June 1991, entitled "Patriarch Alexy II: – I Take upon Myself Responsibility for All that Happened", English translation from Nathaniel Davis,

4315:

Although the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) claims that 'any provisions that at least somehow hinted at or indicated the connection with

3592:

parades as a part of the reason behind Russian warfare against Ukraine. He has said that the war is not physically, but rather metaphysically, important.

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being among the most notable representatives of this trend. The exact terms and conditions of the handover of the Kiev Metropolis are a contested issue.

1210: 941: 7324: 6507: 10475: 10435: 10425: 10325: 10255: 10180: 10105: 10025: 9965: 9960: 9880: 9855: 9805: 9750: 9690: 7991: 6958: 4050: 3863: 3642:(WCC) sent in March 2022, Kirill justified the attack on Ukraine by NATO enlargement, the protection of Russian language, and the establishment of the 8696: 8145: 3606:

holiday), during the liturgy in the Church of Christ the Savior, he justified Russia's attack on Ukraine, stating that it was necessary to side with "

2513:'s death, Peter the Great prevented a successor from being named, and in 1721, following the advice of Theophan Prokopovich, Archbishop of Pskov, the 13711: 13691: 13571: 12553: 12533: 10335: 10300: 10120: 10100: 10090: 9557: 4441: 3730: 3345:, coupled with Moscow's anger over the decision to grant autocephaly to the Ukrainian church by the Ecumenical Patriarch, led the ROC to boycott the 2986: 2258:

rejected the act of the Council of Florence brought to Moscow by Isidore in March 1441. Isidore was in the same year removed from his position as an

1127: 991: 971: 8570: 7848: 7722: 7406: 13181: 12548: 12543: 11661: 11352: 10969: 10345: 8395: 6750: 5430: 3510: 1496: 986: 981: 7890: 5501: 12471: 12372: 12030: 11878: 11089: 8702: 8680: 8046: 8015: 7955: 7697: 7052: 5831: 4254: 4247: 4009: 3997: 3714: 3691: 3578: 3452: 3372: 1594: 862: 818: 439: 6780: 13721: 11481: 11039: 9584: 5886: 4621: 4202: 4062: 3200:

diocesan structure for Russian territory. The leaders of the Russian Church saw this action as a throwback to prior attempts by the Vatican to

3050:, between 40% and 50% of newborn babies (depending on the region) were baptized. Over 60% of all deceased received Christian funeral services. 2141:

The Christian community that developed into what is now known as the Russian Orthodox Church is traditionally said to have been founded by the

1501: 8675:"The Charter of the UOC does not contain any provisions that could even hint at the connection with Moscow – the Head of the Legal Department" 8126:"The Charter of the UOC does not contain any provisions that could even hint at the connection with Moscow — the Head of the Legal Department" 7863: 7518:"'Those who unleashed aggression won't be in heaven' St. Petersburg priest faces criminal charges for condemning Russia's war against Ukraine" 7090: 6529: 10813: 10390: 9059: 6976: 5574: 4727: 4509:, the "red" or "beautiful" corner. There is a rich history and elaborate religious symbolism associated with icons. In Russian churches, the 3752:, he urged citizens to fulfill their military duty and that if they gave their lives for their country they will be with God in his kingdom. 3204:

the Russian Orthodox faithful to become Roman Catholic. This point of view was based upon the stance of the Russian Orthodox Church (and the

2786: 1918: 1584: 12476: 12129: 11928: 11610: 7573: 4418: 4042: 3996:

Churches within the Moscow Patriarchate (which status, according to the ROC legal terminology, is distinct from the "autonomous" one): the

3867: 3301: 3169:

In August 2000, the ROC adopted its Basis of the Social Concept and in July 2008, its Basic Teaching on Human Dignity, Freedom and Rights.

3047: 2702:

The year 1917 was a major turning point in Russian history, and also the Russian Orthodox Church. In early March 1917 (O.S.), the Tsar was

914: 9274:

Pankhurst, Jerry G., and Alar Kilp. "Religion, the Russian Nation and the State: Domestic and International Dimensions: An Introduction."

2294:) continued under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical See until 1686, when it was provisionally transferred to the jurisdiction of Moscow. 12858: 12486: 12154: 11858: 10624: 9286: 9055: 8727:"THE CANONIZATION OF THE NEW MARTYRS BY THE COUNCIL OF BISHOPS OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OUTSIDE OF RUSSIA IN 1981. HOW IT HAPPENED" 8471: 4998: 2982: 2624: 2262:

and expelled from Moscow. The Russian metropolitanate remained effectively vacant for the next few years due largely to the dominance of

1710: 1117: 924: 659: 544: 322: 5719:

Protopriest Yaroslav Belikow. 11 December 2004. The Visit of His Eminence Metropolitan Laurus to the Parishes of Argentina and Venezuela

5483:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Gregory Freeze, 'Subversive Piety: Religion and the Political Crisis in Late Imperial Russia', 4178:

would finally be signed between the ROC and ROCOR. The signing took place on 17 May 2007, followed immediately by a full restoration of

2710:

began to implode, and the government's direct control of the Church was all but over by August 1917. On 15 August (O.S.), in the Moscow

13316: 13203: 11044: 9100: 6187: 6156: 5036: 4437:. In the 1980s the Russian Orthodox Church re-established the process for canonization; a practice that had ceased for half a century. 4034:

Smaller eparchies are usually governed by a single bishop. Larger eparchies, exarchates, and self-governing Churches are governed by a

8028: 7481: 7237: 7181: 4655:

because the two religions have never fought religious wars in Russia. Alfeyev stated that the Russian Orthodox Church "disagrees with

3012:, which meant that they could not hold any political office. However, among the general population, large numbers remained religious. 13329: 13170: 13114: 13040: 13024: 12508: 12413: 12195: 12183: 11793: 6257: 6059: 4434: 4425: 4058: 3855: 3687:

has declared that they do not share the political views and perception of Kirill and therefore are seeking independence from Moscow.

3680: 3342: 2078: 946: 758: 753: 433: 177: 9281:

Payne, Daniel P. "Spiritual security, the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Russian Foreign Ministry: collaboration or cooptation?."

7463: 6644: 6340: 4424:

In the period following the revolution, and during the communist persecutions up to 1970, no canonizations took place. In 1970, the

13234: 13130: 12744: 12219: 11029: 11004: 10599: 9493: 8370: 8188: 7362:"Metropolitan Onufriy: Russia has started military actions against Ukraine, pray for the army and the people | Orthodox Times (en)" 4354: 4276: 3843: 3177: 1911: 1102: 768: 717: 692: 31: 6837: 13402: 13054: 12122: 12065: 11718: 10999: 10395: 9289: 8630: 6423: 5740:"Церковные Церковные Ведомости: Духовное наследие Катакомбной Церкви и Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей - Patriarch Tikhon' 3742: 3353: 3141: 2990:

number of nominated candidates is dominated by the agents of the NKBD, capable of holding the line that we need at the Council".

2812: 1614: 722: 7826: 5341: 3635:

and Ukrainians and gives weapons to Ukrainians for this specific purpose, and therefore the West is an enemy of Russia and God.

13107: 13020: 12851: 12598: 12207: 11054: 10715: 10632: 9219: 9204:

Evans, Geoffrey, and Ksenia Northmore‐Ball. "The Limits of Secularization? The Resurgence of Orthodoxy in Post‐Soviet Russia."

8600: 6207: 4751: 4151: 4146: 4133:) and some other jurisdictions have not officially accepted it. The Ecumenical Patriarch and the other jurisdictions remain in 4126: 4020: 2944: 2935: 2884: 2482: 2406: 2113: 2025: 1306: 1263: 763: 682: 564: 402: 7537: 6592: 6483: 5459: 3842:

issues the order, if this religious organization does not sever relations with the Russian Orthodox Church in accordance with

3172: 13696: 13215: 12775: 12671: 12666: 12224: 11620: 11179: 10928: 9550: 9031: 9004: 8893: 8280:"Patriarch Bartholomew firmly denied the possibility of "reconsidering" the granting of autocephaly to the Church of Ukraine" 7930: 6848: 6314: 5283: 5148: 5090: 4924: 4130: 3476: 3336: 3220: 2478: 1891: 1609: 1334: 1329: 9191: 7591: 7517: 4049:), which comprises all the bishops as well as representatives from the clergy and laypersons. Another organ of power is the 3831:. Ukrainian religious organizations affiliated with the Russian Orthodox Church will be banned 9 months from the moment the 3772:

headed and led by Kirill of late March 2024 a document was approved that stated that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was a "

2122:

The three-barred cross of the Russian Orthodox Church. The slanted bottom bar represents the footrest, while the top is the

13701: 13681: 13047: 11990: 11786: 11625: 11049: 10275: 8544: 7973: 7445: 5175: 4951: 4893: 3581:

have stopped mentioning Kirill's name during the divine service. The Moscow patriarchate views Ukraine as a part of their "

2486: 2426: 2312: 2029: 1881: 1871: 1698: 1475: 1357: 575: 553: 9093:"Number of Orthodox Church Members Shrinking in Russia, Islam on the Rise – Poll : A Russian Orthodox Church Website" 7743: 6838:

Liik, Kadri; Metodiev, Momchil; and Popescu, Nicu: "Defender of the faith? How Ukraine’s Orthodox split threatens Russia,"

4847:"Доклад Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на Епархиальном собрании г. Москвы (20 декабря 2019 года) / Патриарх / Патриархия.ru" 2301:

and the end of the Orthodox-Catholic union, internal problems regarding the status of the Russian Church will result in a

13726: 13312: 13300: 13292: 12316: 12200: 11014: 9579: 7803:Патриаршая проповедь в среду первой седмицы Великого поста после Литургии Преждеосвященных Даров в Храме Христа Спасителя 4773: 3880: 3859: 3402: 3398: 3113: 3009: 2907:

replaced. Most of Evlogy's parishes in Western Europe remained loyal to him; Evlogy then petitioned Ecumenical Patriarch

2724: 2002: 1589: 197: 52: 10652: 8994: 6805: 5618: 4864: 13394: 13240: 13219: 12456: 11908: 11476: 9241:

McGann, Leslie L. "The Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Aleksii II and the Russian State: An Unholy Alliance?."

8653: 8103: 6734: 6273:Русская церковь объединяет свыше 150 млн. верующих в более чем 60 странах – митрополит Иларион Interfax.ru 2 March 2011 4669:

Today, the Russian Orthodox Church has ecclesiastical missions in Jerusalem and some other countries around the world.

4486: 3456: 3324: 3320: 3228: 3066: 2418: 2291: 2136: 2009: 1559: 1526: 1316: 1296: 899: 372: 6862: 3315:

Under Patriarch Kirill, the ROC continued to maintain close ties with the Kremlin enjoying the patronage of president

13385: 13098: 11199: 9340: 8942: 6137: 6111: 5862: 5605: 4376: 3822:

Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Sphere of Activities of Religious Organizations"

3769: 1073: 7163: 5718: 5205: 13676: 13195: 12696: 12626: 12050: 11454: 10954: 10657: 9543: 6570: 6292: 5133: 4320: 3618:), where he said there is an ongoing 8-year "genocide" by Ukraine and where, Kirill said, Ukraine wants to enforce 3566: 3553: 3514: 3502: 3327:

in eastern Ukraine; also, due to Kirill's personal unpopularity he had come to be viewed as a political liability.

2826: 2192: 1389: 1249: 1186: 702: 361: 17: 10647: 8265: 13736: 13519: 13503: 13431: 13281: 13249: 13160: 13077: 13009: 12993: 12611: 12188: 11980: 11940: 11843: 11338: 11064: 10949: 10528: 9167: 5690: 4768: 4687: 4294: 4284: 4183: 3992:

Since the early 1990s, the ROC eparchies in some newly independent states of the former USSR enjoy the status of

3319:, who has sought to mobilize Russian Orthodoxy both inside and outside Russia. Patriarch Kirill endorsed Putin's 3188:

Under Patriarch Aleksey, there were difficulties in the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the

2927: 1215: 1191: 1171: 1157: 80: 13545: 13511: 13490: 12950: 11955: 10533: 10518: 7182:"Patriarch Kirill to cease liturgical commemoration of Patriarch of Alexandria – Moscow Patriarchate spokesman" 6095: 4358: 3684: 2746: 2703: 2334: 1755: 13471: 9144: 7758:"Патриаршая проповедь в Неделю сыропустную после Литургии в Храме Христа Спасителя / Патриарх / Патриархия.ru" 6671: 4571: 3721: 2278:(North-Eastern Russian) part of the Russian Church. Subsequently, there developed a theory in Moscow that saw 569: 13138: 12606: 12083: 12035: 12005: 11863: 11544: 11019: 10538: 4567: 4546: 4289: 4094: 3397:

On 8 November 2019, the Russian Orthodox Church announced that Patriarch Kirill would stop commemorating the

3371:

on 5 January 2019, the ROC continued to claim that the only legitimate Orthodox jurisdiction in the country,

3215:

There occurred strident conflicts with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, most notably over the Orthodox Church in

2872: 2040: 1726: 1654: 1419: 9124:"Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues" 6037: 5913: 3412:

for all Eastern Orthodox Christians which were persecuted by the Soviet regime. This day is the 30 October.

2274:

in 1453 and, unintentionally, signified the beginning of an effectively independent church structure in the

13686: 12739: 12636: 12438: 12262: 12060: 11970: 11918: 11888: 11883: 11868: 11853: 11838: 11833: 11823: 11679: 11426: 8810: 8776: 8726: 8654:"The Russian Orthodox Church does not recognize the independence of Ukraine or the independence of the UOC" 8104:"The Russian Orthodox Church does not recognize the independence of Ukraine or the independence of the UOC" 7776:"The Russian Patriarch Just Gave His Most Dangerous Speech Yet — And Almost No One In the West Has Noticed" 4191: 3615: 3611: 3148: 3138: 2908: 2782: 2267: 2215: 1896: 1469: 1291: 707: 687: 667: 9162: 8943:"Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше, Religare.ru 6 June 2007" 8214: 6593:"Общество – свежие и последние новости из жизни общества в мире и России, комментарии, интервью очевидцев" 4698:

poll indicated that about 75% of the population considered itself Orthodox Christian. Up to 65% of ethnic

3490:, called Patriarch Kirill's "political statements about the war" his "personal opinion". On 7 March 2022, 3308:

Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus′ by 508 votes out of a total of 700. He was enthroned on 1 February 2009.

2848:, a reformist movement backed by the Soviet secret police, broke away from Patriarch Tikhon (also see the 2243: 13373: 12286: 12055: 12045: 12025: 11995: 11913: 11898: 11809: 11449: 10637: 8574: 7290:"ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 23–24 сентября 2021 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru" 5739: 4637: 3726: 3070: 2978: 2959: 2711: 2384: 2166: 2097: 1846: 1137: 712: 6758: 5539: 5534: 4726:

identify themselves as "Orthodox". However, according to a poll published by the church related website

4031:

were granted full autonomy by the Moscow Patriarchate, but this autonomy is not universally recognized.

2370: 2165:

the foundation of a great Christian city. The spot where he reportedly erected a cross is now marked by

2039:

over the Eastern Orthodox Christians, irrespective of their ethnic background, who reside in the former

13731: 13706: 13634: 13563: 13345: 12451: 12396: 12384: 12250: 12040: 11965: 11935: 11893: 11848: 11009: 10780: 9700: 9390: 7727: 7681: 5509: 4268: 4122: 4089: 4013: 3963: 3876: 3643: 3472: 3468: 3368: 3305: 3156: 2971: 2735: 2646: 2576:. The resurgence of Eastern Orthodoxy was reflected in Russian literature, an example is the figure of 2188: 2067: 1664: 1286: 894: 851: 839: 502: 200: 9267:, and Dmitry P. Gorenburg. "The Russian Orthodox Church and Russian Politics: Editors' Introduction." 7617: 4633: 3046:

had fallen to 6,893 and the number of functioning convents and monasteries to just 21. In 1987 in the

13577: 13459: 12269: 11575: 11503: 9527: 9349: 7834: 7028:"ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 28 декабря 2018 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru" 6913:"ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 15 октября 2018 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru" 6164: 6149: 4869: 4800:

is also thought to have visited Scythia and Greek colonies along the northern coast of the Black Sea.

3749: 3639: 3455:(UOC-MP) called the war "a disaster" stating that "The Ukrainian and Russian peoples came out of the 2867:

When Patriarch Tikhon died in 1925, the Soviet authorities forbade patriarchal election. Patriarchal

2522: 2354: 1350: 1244: 1097: 1078: 788: 549: 250: 153: 6460: 5953: 3664:

have criticized Kirill for his lack of willingness to seek peace in Ukraine. On 3 April, the former

3439:

condemned "Russia's war against Ukraine" and is determined to seek greater independence from Moscow.

2773:

In the first five years after the Bolshevik revolution, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed.

13557: 13465: 13444: 12481: 12461: 12348: 12293: 12281: 12010: 11903: 10642: 10558: 6751:"НОВЫЕ СТАРЫЕ СИМПТОМЫ – ReligioPolis – Информационный ресурс Центра религиоведческих исследований" 6526: 4606: 4394: 4299: 4262: 4028: 4005: 3665: 3376: 3293: 2939: 2438: 2287: 2279: 2055: 1776: 1514: 1196: 1107: 919: 904: 813: 793: 783: 640: 559: 278: 133: 9347:

Freeze, Gregory L. "Subversive piety: Religion and the political crisis in late Imperial Russia."

8862: 8242:[Kirill of Moscow continues to call for holy war: "This sacrifice washes away all sins"]. 7827:"Исполняющему обязанности Генерального секретаря Всемирного совета церквей протоиерею Иоанн Саука" 6421:

Progress in dialogue with Catholics, says Ecumenical Patriarchate new.asianews.it 19 October 2007.

5584: 3491: 13411: 13276: 13150: 12915: 12466: 12401: 12257: 12145: 11945: 11591: 11387: 10667: 10586: 10015: 7639:"Russia increases censorship with new law: 15 years in jail for calling Ukraine invasion a 'war'" 6545: 5553:"Анафема св. патриарха Тихона против советской власти и призыв встать на борьбу за веру Христову" 4490: 4347: 4304: 4258: 4073: 4024: 4001: 3966:), and since 2003 into metropolitan districts (митрополичий округ), such as the ROC eparchies in 3495: 3391: 3205: 2903: 2641:("Milestones" or "Landmarks"), authored by a group of leading left-wing intellectuals, including 2521:

to govern the church instead of a single primate. This was the situation until shortly after the

2326: 2071: 2059: 1994: 1980: 1956: 1619: 1384: 1166: 1122: 1112: 909: 778: 510: 445: 286: 3776:". The document stated that the war had the goal of "protecting the world from the onslaught of 13533: 13478: 13122: 12718: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12360: 12341: 12088: 12000: 11513: 11361: 9990: 9695: 9650: 9388:

Freeze, Gregory L. "A case of stunted Anticlericalism: Clergy and Society in Imperial Russia."

4411: 4206: 3387: 3039: 3020: 2985:

of the USSR and its units were engaged in the selection of candidates for participation in the

2967: 2963: 2880: 2751: 2589: 2447: 2298: 2271: 1886: 1051: 808: 9369:

Freeze, Gregory L. "Social Mobility and the Russian Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century."

9070: 7574:"'Nothing to be afraid of': How Father Grigory became Russia's most prominent anti-war priest" 7392: 7325:"Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill's support for Putin's Ukraine war has fractured his church" 6724: 6176:

Confirmed: Russian Patriarch Worked with KGB, Catholic World News. Retrieved 29 December 2007.

5006: 4057:). In the periods between the Councils the highest administrative powers are exercised by the 3599:, Kirill said that his faithful should be to ready "protect our home" under any circumstance. 3379:

allowed the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP) to retain its name.

12353: 7622: 6365:Телеграмма Патриаха Алексия Патриаху Константинопольскому Варфоломею I от 23 февраля 1996 // 5684:

Historical and canonical reference for reasons making believers leave the Moscow patriarchate

5552: 4829:"Внутренняя жизнь и внешняя деятельность Русской Православной Церкви с 2009 года по 2019 год" 4641: 4134: 3757: 3163: 2754:

between the Bolsheviks trying to take control of the monastery's premises and the believers,

2350: 2275: 1821: 1579: 846:

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

610: 172: 160: 138: 10793: 9455:

The Making of Holy Russia: The Orthodox Church and Russian Nationalism Before the Revolution

8968: 8240:"Kirill de Moscú sigue llamando a la guerra santa: "Este sacrificio lava todos los pecados"" 6344: 6191: 6153: 4493:

in AD 988. As a general rule, these icons strictly followed models and formulas hallowed by

4016:(OCU) despite strident objections from the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian government.) 2570:

leanings elaborated some key concepts of the renovated Orthodox doctrine, including that of

2172: 13224: 13174: 13154: 13067: 13030: 12896: 12631: 12329: 11740: 11558: 11369: 10450: 9655: 9535: 9470: 8914: 8321: 7698:"Russian Orthodox Church alleges gay pride parades were part of the reason for Ukraine war" 7263: 7189: 5058: 4662:

in some areas very strongly" and "believes that it destroys something very essential about

4430: 4099: 4077: 3762: 3444: 3346: 3263: 2951: 2543: 2491: 2470: 2414: 2283: 2017: 1831: 1796: 1301: 1181: 729: 635: 606: 12782:

of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.

9338:

Freeze, Gregory L. "Handmaiden of the state? The church in Imperial Russia reconsidered."

8371:"Ukrainian Lawmakers Approve Law Banning Religious Groups Tied To Russian Orthodox Church" 7211: 6400: 6056: 3288: 2118: 43: 8: 13648: 13621: 12762: 10415: 10070: 9915: 9680: 9645: 8627:

Belarus Digest: News and analytics on Belarusian politics, economy, human rights and more

8519: 8446: 8342: 7916:"With war in Ukraine, Pope Francis' years long outreach to Kirill appears to be in ruins" 7779: 6444: 6042: 5775: 5431:"«Передача» Киевской митрополии Московскому патриархату в 1686 году: канонический анализ" 4743: 4035: 3971: 3745:, said that the patriarch's legitimization of the "brutal and absurd war" is "a heresy." 3707: 3582: 3537: 3506: 3080: 2741:

In early February 1918, the Bolshevik-controlled government of Soviet Russia enacted the

2495: 2231: 2223: 2094: 2036: 1841: 1811: 12518: 9513:

Department for External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church official website

9259: 7992:"About 200 priests of the UOC-MP demand International Ecclesiastical Tribunal for Kiril" 6806:"Из-за чего Путин сторонится патриарха: "Собеседник" узнал, за что Кирилл попал в опалу" 6439: 6175: 3532:— a recognized religious organization founded by other dissident priests such as Father 3133: 2126:(often "INRI") affixed by the Roman authorities to Christ's cross during his crucifixion 13452: 12943: 12926: 12298: 12274: 10410: 10215: 9980: 9720: 9665: 9640: 8815: 8781: 8343:"Russian Orthodox Church calls invasion of Ukraine "holy war", Ukrainian church reacts" 8294:"Russian Orthodox priest faces expulsion for refusing to pray for victory over Ukraine" 8016:"Pressure on Kirill intensifies – 400 priests call for condemnation by world Orthodoxy" 6512: 5880: 5788: 5365:"РПЦ: вмешательство Константинополя в ситуацию на Украине может породить новые расколы" 5256: 5248: 4591: 4590:

Bell ringing, which has a history in the Russian Orthodox tradition dating back to the

4160: 3794: 3603: 3257: 2849: 2731: 2670: 2584: 2398: 2338: 2322: 2021: 1791: 1721: 1435: 1374: 1239: 1176: 1150: 614: 524: 357: 264: 6420: 6254: 5995: 5806:"Московський патріархат створювали агенти НКВС, – свідчать розсекречені СБУ документи" 3977: 2822: 13071: 12212: 12158: 11643: 11495: 10420: 10295: 10170: 10160: 10020: 9840: 9630: 9037: 9027: 9000: 8658: 8108: 7829:[To Acting Secretary of the World Council of Churches Archpriest John Sauca] 7380: 6730: 6318: 6133: 6107: 6103: 6018: 5976: 5868: 5858: 5762: 5706: 5601: 5338: 5279: 5260: 5086: 3558: 3248: 3235: 3193: 3100: 3000: 2892: 2876: 2834: 2766: 2676: 2609: 2559: 2551: 2503: 2443: 2422: 2380: 2048: 1786: 1781: 1750: 1639: 1229: 588: 311: 117: 12778:

with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the

8596: 6130:

The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future

5793:

Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s

4677: 4068:

Although the Patriarch of Moscow enjoys extensive administrative powers, unlike the

2856:), a move that caused division among clergy and faithful that persisted until 1946. 2620: 13596: 12888: 12779: 12653: 12389: 12377: 12365: 12336: 12324: 11873: 11531: 11378: 10145: 10115: 9955: 9870: 8347: 7677:"After supporting Ukraine invasion, Russia's Patriarch Kirill criticized worldwide" 7427: 7264:"Russian Church has established a day of remembrance for the victims of repression" 6492: 6480: 6341:"The Russian Orthodox Church's Basic Teaching on Human Dignity, Freedom and Rights" 6099: 6010: 5968: 5530: 5240: 4747: 4663: 4617: 3940: 3924: 3908: 3892: 3806: 3695: 3448: 3383: 3252: 3224: 3152: 3088: 2796: 2755: 2738:

was selected as the first Russian Patriarch after about 200 years of Synodal rule.

2604:. Marrying outside of these priestly families was strictly forbidden; indeed, some 2547: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2499: 2330: 2219: 2196: 2187:

As Kiev was losing its political, cultural, and economical significance due to the

2089:, which had refused to recognise the authority of the Moscow Patriarchate that was 2081:(or ROCOR, also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad), headquartered in the 1998: 1971: 1947: 1826: 1801: 1629: 1404: 1281: 1066: 803: 798: 630: 290: 282: 268: 165: 142: 107: 8597:"Білоруська православна церква хоче автономії від Москви | Українська правда" 8422:"Ukrainian Parliament bans Russian-linked religious organizations, targets UOC-MP" 7723:"Russia's Patriarch Kirill defends invasion of Ukraine, stoking Orthodox tensions" 7343:"Moscow and Ukrainian Orthodox leaders call for peace – but define it differently" 6076: 5152: 4928: 4647:

The Metropolitan also believes in the possibility of peaceful coexistence between

2052: 1684: 1679: 12988: 12906: 12648: 12498: 12446: 10340: 9625: 9226: 9198: 7801: 7757: 7499: 7289: 7027: 7001: 6912: 6887: 6844: 6698: 6565: 6533: 6487: 6427: 6261: 6211: 6160: 6125: 6063: 5918: 5824:"СБУ рассекретила архивы: московского патриарха в 1945 году избирали агенты НКГБ" 5725: 5694: 5393:"Ecumenical Patriarch Takes Moscow Down a Peg Over Church Relations With Ukraine" 5345: 5231:

Strémooukhoff, Dimitri (1953). "Moscow the Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine".

5029:"Number of Orthodox Church Members Shrinking in Russia, Islam on the Rise - Poll" 4846: 4828: 4711: 4691: 4440:

In 1989, the Holy Synod established the Synodal Commission for canonization. The

3725:

Kirill with Volodin, Medvedev, Lavrov, Shoigu and other prominent figures of the

3650: 3275: 3221:

unilateral suspension of eucharistic relationship between the churches by the ROC

2888: 2853: 2837: 2642: 2247: 2239: 2200: 1851: 1806: 1061: 936: 889: 427: 129: 12843: 8548: 6204: 5502:"What role did the Orthodox Church play in the Reformation in the 16th Century?" 5183: 5106: 4955: 4901: 4702:

as well as Russian-speakers from Russia who are members of other ethnic groups (

3166:

and even, in the opinion of some analysts, became "a separate branch of power".

12691: 12683: 12616: 11732: 9056:"Religions in Russia: a New Framework : A Russian Orthodox Church Website" 8174:"Top Vatican prelate calls Russian patriarch's defense of Ukraine war 'heresy'" 7053:"Ukraine's President Signs Law Forcing Russia-Affiliated Church To Change Name" 6676: 6380:"No 130 (October 21, 2007) » Europaica Bulletin » OrthodoxEurope.org" 6379: 5653:

ower and the Sacred in Revolutionary Russia: Religious Activists in the Village

4707: 4625: 4502: 4498: 4482: 4179: 4163:. One of its effects was a flood of refugees from Russia to the United States, 3993: 3817: 3668: 3646:. In this letter, he did not express condolences over deaths among Ukrainians. 3628: 3596: 3356: 3316: 3091:, the highest-ranking US military officer ever indicted for, and convicted of, 2707: 2601: 2563: 2555: 2474: 2346: 2150: 2123: 1876: 1634: 1599: 1521: 1271: 1234: 1056: 377: 301: 124: 11778: 9383:

The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Crisis, Reform, Counter-Reform

9041: 8499:"Russia set to escalate fight against Ukrainian Orthodox independence in 2020" 7824: 7659:"Патріарх Кирило благословив війська РФ на війну проти України. Як це сталось" 7658: 7115: 6163:, an excerpt from a forthcoming book, "Russian Americans: A New KGB Asset" by 6014: 5972: 4977: 13670: 13660: 13601: 12971: 12641: 11468: 11409: 9520: 9371: 9296:

The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture and Greater Russia

9264: 9251: 7238:"Patriarchate of Alexandria recognizes Autocephalous Church of Ukraine (upd)" 6813: 6066:

Excerpts from KGB reports on work with the leaders of the Moscow Patriarchate

6022: 5980: 5872: 5579: 4530: 4494: 4467: 4458: 4212:

Currently both the OCA and ROCOR, since 2007, are in communion with the ROC.

4103: 3872: 3781: 3703: 3464: 3096: 3028: 2955: 2845: 2580: 2402: 2376: 2359: 2082: 1816: 1740: 1705: 1046: 421: 337: 324: 9427:

Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond

8047:"Resolution of the Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of May 27, 2022" 5655:(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); Daniel Peris, 5460:"The Russian Clergy. Translated from the French ... By C. Du Gard Makepeace" 4602: 4594:, plays an important part in the traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church. 3227:, walked out of the meeting due to the presence of representatives from the 2417:(1654) that heralded the subsequent incorporation of eastern regions of the 12934: 12892: 12878: 12874: 12621: 12237: 7212:"РПЦ считает невозможным дальнейшее поминовение Александрийского патриарха" 6081: 5455: 4797: 4652: 4407: 4225: 4114: 3661: 3654: 3533: 3364:

to Ukraine, the ROC's and the Kremlin's fierce opposition notwithstanding.

3209: 3076: 3043: 3024: 2922: 2879:

and acting against his will, had no right to assume according to the XXXIV

2844:

The Russian Orthodox church was drastically weakened in May 1922, when the

2390: 2142: 2086: 2085:. The ROCOR was instituted in the 1920s by Russian communities outside the 2044: 1569: 1424: 677: 625: 528: 12114: 9359:

Freeze, Gregory L. "The Orthodox Church and Serfdom in Prereform Russia."

8946: 8490: 7482:"Russian Priest Defends Calling Ukraine Conflict a 'War' After $ 330 Fine" 6854: 6264:, by St. John (Maximovich) of Shanghai and San Francisco, 31 December 2007 5299: 3162:

The Russian Church also sought to fill the ideological vacuum left by the

3073:, people could watch live transmissions of church services on television. 12166: 11689: 11418: 11330: 7849:"Response by H.H. Patriarch Kirill of Moscow to Rev. Prof. Dr Ioan Sauca" 5209: 4719: 4518: 4463: 4118: 3798: 3789: 3361: 3240: 3201: 2157:. According to one of the legends, Andrew reached the future location of 2104:; the ROCOR is now a self-governing part of the Russian Orthodox Church. 1991: 1644: 1564: 1554: 1539: 1414: 1379: 743: 697: 672: 289:

professing Eastern Orthodoxy; local languages in diaspora (first of all,

8472:"The Ukrainian Parliament supported the draft law on banning the UOC MP" 8447:"Parliament passes law banning religious organisations linked to Russia" 5665:

Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905–1946

5649:

A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies

5643:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Dimitry V. Pospielovsky, 5487:, vol. 68 (June 1996): 308–50; Mark Steinberg and Heather Coleman, eds. 4555: 3585:". Kirill has said that the Russian army has chosen a very correct way. 2032:

remained in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate until 1686.

12815:

UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.

12312: 11635: 11585: 11444: 9376: 9364: 9354: 8189:"Putin's top priest tells Russians not to fear death amid mobilization" 8150:

Official website of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

8130:

Official website of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

7556:"Russian Orthodox Priest In Kazakhstan Forced Out Over Anti-War Stance" 6781:"Борьба башен или неумеренный аппетит? Почему Путин избегает патриарха" 6621:Решением Священного Синода образован Среднеазиатский митрополичий округ 6440:"Ecumenical progress, Russian isolation, after Catholic-Orthodox talks" 5252: 4723: 4659: 4361: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3986: 3967: 3952: 3802: 3624: 3518: 2861: 2567: 2514: 2162: 1745: 1624: 1604: 1458: 218:

40,514 full-time clerics, including 35,677 presbyters and 4,837 deacons

9023:

Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia: Conversion, Apostasy, and Literacy

9021: 8697:"The UOC priest protested his inclusion in the ROC Publishing Council" 8146:"The UOC priest protested his inclusion in the ROC Publishing Council" 6977:"Russian Orthodox Church Breaks Ties With Constantinople Patriarchate" 5683: 4694:

in terms of numbers of followers. Within Russia the results of a 2007

3053: 2210: 75: 13742:

Russian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions

13357: 12964: 12175: 11671: 7643: 7143: 6645:"Archbishop's defiance threatens Putin's vision of Russian greatness" 6465: 5941:

Keston Institute and the Defence of Persecuted Christians in the USSR

5364: 4740:

Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe

4715: 4703: 4610: 4514: 4272: 4023:(previously fully independent and deemed schismatic by the ROC). The 3777: 3738: 3676: 3619: 3589: 3367:

While the Ecumenical Patriarchate finalised the establishment of the

3092: 3016: 2912: 2728: 2692: 2572: 2530: 2255: 2235: 2154: 1674: 1669: 1659: 1649: 1574: 1482: 1394: 1276: 645: 582: 9406:

Orthodox Russia in Crisis: Church and Nation in the Time of Troubles

5244: 4336: 4182:

with the Moscow Patriarchate, celebrated by a Divine Liturgy at the

3505:. On 6 March 2022, Russian Orthodox priest of Moscow Patriarchate's 2981:

lifted classified top secret status of documents revealing that the

13004: 11602: 11567: 11436: 9319:

Cross and Kremlin: A Brief History of the Orthodox Church in Russia

8326: 8077: 7891:"Report: EU commission proposes sanctions against Patriarch Kirill" 6600: 5350: 4699: 4629: 3982: 3955:). There are 261 Russian Orthodox eparchies worldwide (June 2012). 3810: 3785: 3773: 3197: 3189: 3059: 2791: 2759: 2658: 2307: 2259: 1534: 1464: 1452: 1441: 880: 187: 9312:

The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretative History of Russian Culture

7956:"Russian Orthodox church in Amsterdam announces split with Moscow" 7592:"Kirill's provocative statement: Russia has never attacked anyone" 7428:"'I'm shocked by my church leaders in Moscow' – priest in Ukraine" 7070: 6243:

A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy

6225:

A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy

5663:(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000; Edward Roslof, 4194:

and the First Hierarch of ROCOR concelebrated for the first time.

4125:. But its autocephalous status is not universally recognized. The 3833:

State Service of Ukraine for Ethnopolicy and Freedom of Conscience

3459:, and the war between these peoples is a repetition of the sin of 13643: 13616: 13361: 12757: 12429: 11653: 11521: 9420:

A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People

8396:"Ukraine's parliament passes law banning Russian Orthodox Church" 7411: 5687: 5479:

A. S. Pankratov, Ishchushchie boga (Moscow, 1911); Vera Shevzov,

4754:(VCIOM) estimated that 66% of Russians were Orthodox Christians. 4656: 4470: 4205:. Some others opposed to the Act have joined themselves to other 4140: 3932: 3920: 3436: 3382:

In October 2019, the ROC unilaterally severed communion with the

3349:

that had been prepared by all the Orthodox Churches for decades.

3216: 3032: 2696: 2650: 2628: 2605: 2577: 2538: 2490:

Russian Church, which continued well into the 18th century, with

2463: 2146: 2063: 2013: 1549: 1399: 857:

Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:

749:

Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

9168:

Russian Orthodox Church severs ties with Ecumenical Patriarchate

8623:"Belarusian Orthodox Church Seeks More Independence from Russia" 7864:"Exclusive | Pope Francis: "I am ready to meet Putin in Moscow"" 7825:

H.H. Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and all Russia (10 March 2022).

7121:

Department of External Church Affairs of the Moscow Patriarchate

7091:"Supreme Court of Ukraine rules in favor of Moscow Patriarchate" 6663: 6057:Выписки из отчетов КГБ о работе с лидерами Московской патриархии 4389: 4240:

The Russian Orthodox Church has four levels of self-government.

3341:

In 2018, the Moscow Patriarchate's traditional rivalry with the

2833:, northeast China. In 1921, Harbin was home of at least 100,000 2743:

Decree on separation of church from state and school from church

2250:, whereby the Eastern Church would recognise the primacy of the 9488: 9254:. "The Russian Orthodox Church and political party platforms." 8863:"The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia – Official Website" 8841: 8571:"The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia – Official Website" 7974:"Orthodox Church of Lithuania to seek independence from Moscow" 7538:"Russian priest under investigation after criticising military" 7522: 6722: 6672:"In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower" 5744:

s Catacomb Church. History of the Russian True Orthodox Church"

5657:

Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless

4695: 4316: 4233: 4187: 4168: 4164: 4061:, which includes seven permanent members and is chaired by the 3959: 3948: 3936: 3904: 3607: 3181: 3105: 2830: 2734:

in Petrograd on 25 October (O.S.). On 5 November, Metropolitan

2688: 2684: 2680: 2597: 2204: 1836: 1429: 460: 315: 260: 88: 84: 13338:

Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon

9216:

Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia

8520:"A History and Introduction of the Orthodox Church in America" 6833: 6831: 6038:"Born Again. Putin and Orthodox Church Cement Power in Russia" 5659:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); William B. Husband, 4640:" and desire "vigorous grassroots engagement" between the two 4220: 4038:

and sometimes also have one or more bishops assigned to them.

3820:

banned the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine by adopting the

3352:

The Holy Synod of the ROC, at its session on 15 October 2018,

13346:

Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon

6980: 4764:

Eparchies and Metropolitanates of the Russian Orthodox Church

4648: 4433:, the elder of Mount Athos, already canonized in 1987 by the 4229: 3543: 3475:

to the war is one of the oft quoted reasons. The head of the

2808: 2637: 1544: 1447: 489: 12899:

legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants:

9565: 9502: 7116:"Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church" 7071:"Poroshenko signs law on Ukrainian Orthodox Church renaming" 6630:ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 5–6 октября 2011 года 4681:

Percentage of followers of the ROC in the Russian Federation

3273:

On 5 December 2008, the day of Patriarch Alexy's death, the

12984: 9441:

Apology of Culture: Religion and Culture in Russian Thought

7148: 7075: 6828: 5598:

Father Arseny 1893–1973 Priest, Prisoner, Spiritual Father.

5369: 4510: 4478: 4159:

Russia's Church was devastated by the repercussions of the

4069: 4041:

The highest level of authority in the ROC is vested in the

3765:, Moscow, was removed from his post for calling for peace. 3460: 2337:. With some Eastern Orthodox believers calling Moscow the " 2317: 2251: 2158: 1409: 407:

1593, by Pan-Orthodox Synod of Patriarchs at Constantinople

11616:

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia and the Other States

10549:

Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe

6546:Ветряные мельницы православия Kommersant, 15 December 2008 5661:"Godless Communists": Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia 5489:

Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia

4310:

Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe

4174:

On 28 December 2006, it was officially announced that the

4155:

Timeline of some Churches which came from within the ROCOR

3750:

the mobilization of citizens to go to the front in Ukraine

3015:

Some Orthodox believers and even priests took part in the

2917:

Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe

1966:, abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the 13188: 11746:

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Russia

11703:

Russian Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Union)

8894:"BBC - Religions - Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church" 8545:"Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (ROCA), Synod of Bishops" 7446:"The Latvian Orthodox Church condemns the war in Ukraine" 6106:: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), 4624:

of the Russian Orthodox Church, stated that Orthodox and

3117: 3084: 9512: 9422:(2000) This highly influential holy man lived 1829–1908. 9399:

Russian Levites: Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century

8266:"Praying for Putin: Spies in Cassocks Threaten the West" 7164:"Church of Greece calmly monitors the actions of Moscow" 5954:"The Russian Orthodox Church and nationalism after 1988" 2661:, and various forms of popular Orthodoxy and mysticism. 463:, total of 15 million in the linked autonomous churches) 6937: 4952:"The Baptism of Ukraine and Its Significance for Today" 4628:

Christians share the same positions on "such issues as

4243:

The autonomous churches which are part of the ROC are:

2325:), and therefore, according to them, the center of the 13375:

Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin)

12806:

Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.

8760: 8029:"Patriarch Kirill 'Understands' Ukraine Church Schism" 7464:"Russian Orthodox priest arrested for anti-war stance" 5651:(New York; St. Martin's Press, 1987); Glennys Young, P 5176:"The Baptism of Russia and Its Significance for Today" 4894:"The Baptism of Russia and Its Significance for Today" 4072:, he has no direct canonical jurisdiction outside the 3919:). All parishes in a geographical region belong to an 3408:

On 27 September 2021, the ROC established a religious

3083:

who was one of those who briefly gained access to the

2615: 830:

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches

13632: 9475:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

7931:"Expel Russian Orthodox from WCC says Rowan Williams" 7695: 6527:Патриарх Алексий Второй: эпоха упущенных возможностей 4978:"Primacy and Synodality from an Orthodox Perspective" 4597: 4215: 3569:

as "current events" and has avoided using terms like

2635:

In 1909, a volume of essays appeared under the title

1985: 1961: 8322:"Ukraine Is Now 'Holy War,' Russian Church Declares" 8065: 8039: 5645:

The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime 1917–1982

5600:

Introduction pp. vi–1. St Vladimir's Seminary Press

5542:, The Catholic World, Vol. CV, N°. 629, August 1917. 5419:

website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, 2 July 2018.

4690:, the Russian Orthodox Church is only second to the 3042:, by 1988 the number of functioning churches in the 2305:

within Eastern Orthodoxy. Having lost its Christian

9471:

Recent Scholarship on Russian Orthodoxy: A Critique

9333:

The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History

8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8073:"Ukraine hunts collaborators in its divided church" 5641:

The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History

5107:"I. Общие положения – Русская православная Церковь" 4746:showed that 71% of Russians declared themselves as 4083: 3761:priest of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in 3595:In the days after the world learned about the 2022 3128: 3054:

Glasnost and evidence of collaboration with the KGB

2974:, which had been closed since 1918, was re-opened. 2664: 2612:outside of the priestly families of their diocese. 2477:(supposedly acting on behalf of the Russian regent 2429:was transferred to the Moscow Patriarchate (1686). 2345:gained influence in the orthodox world outside the 7500:"Ukraine war: Russians grieve for fallen soldiers" 5619:"Anti-Communist Priest Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa" 4190:, at which the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia 285:(sermon and paperwork); in addition: languages of 12873: 6458: 5996:"The millennium celebrations of 1988 in the USSR" 5278:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 490. 4949: 4442:1990 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church 4397:. The slanted bottom bar represents the footrest. 2699:with a total of 95,259 monks and nuns in Russia. 13668: 11662:Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists 9163:Tomos for Ukraine: rocking the Moscow foundation 8304: 6965:. 13 October 2018 – via www.bloomberg.com. 6508:"At Expense of All Others, Putin Picks a Church" 6505: 6214:Biography information on the web-site of the ROC 5795:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 179-82. 5339:Yuri Kagramanov, The war of languages in Ukraine 5276:The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity 4250:, a special status autonomy close to autocephaly 3743:Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity 3283: 11808: 9271:49#1 (2011): 3–7. introduction to special issue 9233:Baltic worlds: scholarly journal: news magazine 9188:The Orthodox Church and Civil Society in Russia 8703:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 8681:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 8340: 8051:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patrirachate) 7407:"How is Russia-Ukraine war linked to religion?" 6959:"Putin Is the Biggest Loser of Orthodox Schism" 5059:"Russian Orthodox Church | History & Facts" 4865:"Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)" 4248:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 4098:A commemoration service for the victims of the 4010:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 3998:Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate 3864:Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church 3715:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 3692:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 3453:Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 2993: 2926:Photograph taken of the 1931 demolition of the 2409:, who "was much embarrassed for want of funds". 2242:, who represented the Russian Church, signed a 1997:church. It has 194 dioceses inside Russia. The 11698:Russian Union of Churches of Evangelical Faith 6669: 6282: 6035: 5647:(St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1984); idem., 5448: 4857: 4622:external relations for the Moscow Patriarchate 4620:, the Metropolitan of Volokolamsk and head of 4141:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) 4019:Similar status, since 2007, is enjoyed by the 3958:Further, some eparchies may be organized into 3415: 2765:The church was caught in the crossfire of the 2183:15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism 12859: 12831:whose autonomy is not universally recognized. 12130: 11794: 11346: 9551: 9115: 8651: 8101: 7769: 7767: 7744:"The pro-Putin preacher the U.S. won't touch" 7742:Gedeon, Joseph; Toosi, Nahal (22 June 2022). 6723:Julia Gerlach and Jochen Töpfer, ed. (2014). 6255:History of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad 5491:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007) 5230: 4922: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 3849: 3597:Bucha massacre by Russian invaders of Ukraine 3498:, condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine. 3330: 2787:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union 2077:The ROC should also not be confused with the 1919: 63: 12887:Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of 9206:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 8725:Gan, Archpriest Serafim (12 February 2023). 8319: 8093: 7800:Kirill, Patriarch of Moscow (9 March 2022). 7319: 7317: 7315: 6726:The Role of Religion in Eastern Europe Today 5675: 5673: 5273: 4419:Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church 4265:, Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia) 4121:in 1970, the Metropolia became known as the 3868:Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church 3731:Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly 3536:— said that "The church now works like the 2675:In 1914, there were 55,173 Russian Orthodox 2303:division between Greek and Russian believers 13717:Members of the National Council of Churches 13565:Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia 12823: 12821: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12144: 9147:(in Russian). Levada Center. 21 April 2021. 8805: 8803: 8769: 8547:. Sinod.ruschurchabroad.org. Archived from 7741: 7618:"The Orthodox Response to Putin's Invasion" 6863:"Ukrainian Question Divides Orthodox World" 6638: 6636: 5078: 4449:others unknown by name but "known to God". 3675:The Russian Orthodox St Nicholas church in 3137:Russian Orthodox episcopal consecration by 13204:Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria 13183:Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria 12866: 12852: 12137: 12123: 11801: 11787: 11360: 11353: 11339: 9558: 9544: 9231:Kahla, Elina. "Civil Religion in Russia." 8937: 8935: 8909: 8907: 8883:Eastern Orthodoxy, specifically in Russia. 8842:"Russian Orthodox Mission in Haiti – Home" 7764: 7002:"Russian Church breaks with Orthodox body" 6860: 5994:Bell, Helen; Ellis, Jane (December 1988). 5899:"Dissent in the Russian Orthodox Church," 5885:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5639:(Boston: Little Brown, 1953); Jane Ellis, 5481:Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution 4814: 3561:complex after Russian shelling in May 2022 2811:, and later could also be incarcerated in 2329:should be located in Moscow, and thus the 2266:in Constantinople then. In December 1448, 1926: 1912: 74: 13579:Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea 13330:Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad 13171:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria 13041:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 12509:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 8496: 7312: 6121: 6119: 5993: 5903:, Vol. 28, N 4, October 1969, pp. 416–27. 5670: 5274:Parry, Ken; Melling, David, eds. (1999). 5079:Brien, Joanne O.; Palmer, Martin (2007). 4435:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 4377:Learn how and when to remove this message 4059:Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 3856:Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 3681:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 3292:Annual procession with the Albazin icon, 2952:Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union 2365: 2079:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 434:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 178:Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 13712:Members of the World Council of Churches 13692:Eastern Orthodox Church bodies in Europe 13235:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem 13131:Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch 12818: 12809: 12785: 12768: 12745:Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church 9434:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 9121: 8996:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 8800: 8187:Brugen, Isabel van (23 September 2022). 7996:Religious Information Service of Ukraine 7773: 7020: 6633: 6143: 5616: 5536:"The Church and the Russian Revolution," 5085:. Univ of California Press. p. 22. 5074: 5072: 5021: 4676: 4601: 4462: 4388: 4326: 4277:Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia 4219: 4150: 4093: 3976: 3871: 3720: 3552: 3542: 3419: 3287: 3234: 3171: 3132: 2921: 2821: 2790: 2619: 2457: 2369: 2209: 2117: 32:Russian Orthodox Church (disambiguation) 13404:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 13123:Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch 13090:Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch 13056:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople 9019: 8969:"Большинство, напоминающее меньшинство" 8932: 8904: 8212: 7861: 7735: 7425: 6642: 6050: 5637:The Russian Church and the Soviet State 5617:Sullivan, Patricia (26 November 2006). 5572: 5454: 5173: 4991: 4891: 4281:Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe 3700:autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches 3690:On 10 April 2022, 200 priests from the 2315:soon began to consider themselves real 2286:) metropolitanate in Kiev (then in the 14: 13669: 13108:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch 12735:Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches 11055:Diocese of the Philippines and Vietnam 8186: 7928: 7799: 6557: 6169: 6116: 6089: 5951: 5855:Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964 5707:The Moscow Patriarchate and Sergianism 4999:"Religions in Russia: a New Framework" 4752:Russian Public Opinion Research Center 4147:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 4065:, Primate of the Moscow Patriarchate. 4021:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 3974:(Среднеазиатский митрополичий округ). 3399:Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa 3176:Opening of monument to the victims of 2915:of the Ecumenical Patriarchate as the 2885:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 2536:The late 18th century saw the rise of 2407:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 2383:, Disputing the Matters of Faith with 2114:History of the Russian Orthodox Church 2026:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 403:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 13722:15th-century establishments in Russia 12847: 12155:Autocephalous and autonomous churches 12118: 11782: 11621:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria 11611:Evangelical Lutheran Church "Concord" 11334: 9539: 8603:from the original on 19 December 2014 6849:European Council on Foreign Relations 6481:Piety's Comeback as a Kremlin Virtue. 6459:Michael Bourdeaux (11 January 2008). 6245:(Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p. 89 5906: 5852: 5174:Voronov, Theodore (13 October 2001). 5069: 4950:Voronov, Theodore (13 October 2001). 4892:Voronov, Theodore (13 October 2001). 4131:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 3565:Patriarch Kirill has referred to the 2024:—and his people by the clergy of the 27:Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church 13472:Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć 13048:Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople 11626:Siberian Evangelical Lutheran Church 10934:Patriarch's Parishes in Turkmenistan 9413:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 9326:The Church Reform of Peter the Great 9122:Mitchell, Travis (29 October 2018). 8992: 7774:Kelaidis, Katherine (4 April 2022). 7359: 6670:Andrew Higgins (13 September 2016). 6461:"President Putin and the patriarchs" 5327:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 4954:. orthodox.clara.net. Archived from 4550: 4359:adding citations to reliable sources 4330: 4226:Church of the Resurrection of Christ 3685:Russian Orthodox Church in Lithuania 3513:, with some facing arrest under the 3477:Russian Orthodox Church in Lithuania 3219:in the mid-1990s, which resulted in 2776: 2732:overthrew the Provisional Government 2727:, a decision taken 3 days after the 2596:In the Russian Orthodox Church, the 2214:Russian Orthodox monks defended the 1882:Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs 1492:Differences from the Catholic Church 1358:History of Eastern Orthodox theology 242:972 (474 male and 498 female) (2019) 12529:Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania 8724: 8497:Dickinson, Peter (3 January 2020). 8368: 7882: 6558:Clover, Charles (5 December 2008). 6036:Andrew Higgins (18 December 2007). 4774:Russian Church property restitution 4295:Metropolitan District of Kazakhstan 3010:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2972:Moscow Theological Academy Seminary 2616:Fin-de-siècle religious renaissance 2462:St. Sophia-Assumption Cathedral in 2035:The ROC currently claims exclusive 1204:Other possible ecumenical councils: 967:Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania 24: 13396:Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem 13242:Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem 12482:Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate) 11477:Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church 11170:Khmelnytskyi and Starokostiantyniv 9439:Mrowczynski-Van Allen, Artur, ed. 9174: 9099:. 18 December 2012. Archived from 9069:. 22 December 2012. Archived from 8915:"Документ не найден - "Интерфакс"" 8751:in History and Technology: No. 51. 6643:Tisdall, Simon (14 October 2018). 6560:"Russia's church mourns patriarch" 6506:Clifford J. Levy (24 April 2008). 6285:"Russia's church mourns patriarch" 6283:Charles Clover (5 December 2008). 5146: 4718:etc.) and a similar percentage of 4598:Ecumenism and interfaith relations 4216:Self-governing branches of the ROC 4063:Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia 3579:Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine 3465:killed his own brother out of envy 3405:recognized the OCU that same day. 3229:Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church 3123: 2432: 25: 13753: 13387:Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia 13293:Latin Catholic titular episcopate 13100:Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia 12457:Estonia (Ecumenical Patriarchate) 12452:Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate) 10771:San Francisco and Western America 10726:Sydney, Australia and New Zealand 9482: 9341:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 9214:Garrard, John and Carol Garrard. 8341:Tetyana Oliynyk (28 March 2024). 7862:Fontana, Luciano (5 March 2022). 7636: 7188:. 8 November 2019. Archived from 6315:"The Basis of the Social Concept" 5952:Dunlop, John B. (December 1990). 5573:Ostling, Richard (24 June 2001). 5314:A history of the Christian Church 5131: 3981:Cathedral of the Annunciation in 3337:2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism 2600:, over time, formed a hereditary 2517:was established under Archbishop 2487:Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' 2427:Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' 2218:against Polish troops during the 2177:independence of the Moscow Church 2145:, who is thought to have visited 2030:Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' 1074:American Orthodox Catholic Church 13654: 13642: 13615: 13196:Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria 12756: 12697:Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom 12627:State church of the Roman Empire 12539:Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg 12477:Americas (Romanian Patriarchate) 12428: 11455:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 11125:Dniprodzerzhynsk and Tsarychanka 11115:Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi 9580:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' 9487: 9137: 9085: 9048: 9013: 8986: 8961: 8886: 8876: 8855: 8834: 8754: 8744: 8718: 8706:(in Ukrainian). 31 December 2022 8652:Dmytro Horevo (4 January 2023). 8645: 8615: 8589: 8563: 8537: 8512: 8464: 8439: 8414: 8388: 8362: 8286: 8272: 8258: 8232: 8206: 8180: 8166: 8152:(in Ukrainian). 31 December 2022 8102:Dmytro Horevo (4 January 2023). 8021: 8009: 7984: 7966: 7948: 7929:Hudson, Patrick (4 April 2022). 7922: 7908: 7855: 7841: 7818: 7793: 7750: 7715: 7689: 7669: 7651: 7630: 7610: 7584: 7566: 7548: 7530: 7510: 7492: 7474: 7456: 7438: 7426:Maqbool, Aleem (15 April 2022). 7419: 7399: 7353: 7335: 7282: 7256: 7230: 7204: 7174: 7156: 7136: 6861:Chichowlas, Ola (30 June 2016). 6077:"Russian Patriarch 'was KGB spy" 5686:. Created for the government of 4927:. chrysostom.org. Archived from 4554: 4513:is typically separated from the 4452: 4335: 4321:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4084:Orthodox Church in America (OCA) 3881:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' 3860:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' 3694:released an open request to the 3567:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3515:Russian 2022 war censorship laws 3129:Patriarch Aleksey II (1990–2008) 2883:, which led to a split with the 2665:Russian Revolution and Civil War 2321:(this title was already used by 2311:after the Turkish conquest, the 2153:along the northern coast of the 2003:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' 977:Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg 517: 42: 30:For buildings of this name, see 13520:Patriarchate of the East Indies 13504:Patriarchate of the West Indies 13250:Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem 12895:, sorted according to earliest 12612:First seven ecumenical councils 12499:Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate) 11320:Zhytomyr and Novohrad-Volynskyi 11305:Vinnytsia and Mohyliv-Podilskyi 11155:Kamianets-Podilskyi and Horodok 9020:Kefeli., Agnès Nilüfer (2017). 8761:Father Vladimir Ivanov (1988). 8246:(in Spanish). 23 September 2022 8018:, Orthodox Times, 14 April 2022 7888: 7560:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7108: 7083: 7063: 7045: 6994: 6969: 6951: 6930: 6905: 6880: 6798: 6773: 6743: 6716: 6691: 6624: 6615: 6585: 6551: 6539: 6520: 6499: 6474: 6452: 6432: 6414: 6393: 6372: 6359: 6333: 6307: 6276: 6267: 6248: 6230: 6217: 6198: 6180: 6069: 6029: 5987: 5945: 5934: 5893: 5853:Sally, Waller (30 April 2015). 5846: 5816: 5798: 5782: 5731: 5712: 5699: 5629: 5610: 5591: 5566: 5545: 5524: 5494: 5473: 5423: 5411: 5385: 5357: 5332: 5319: 5306: 5292: 5267: 5224: 5198: 5167: 5140: 5125: 5099: 5051: 4769:List of Slavic studies journals 4540: 4401: 4346:needs additional citations for 4285:Patriarchal Exarchate of Africa 4184:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 4129:(who has jurisdiction over the 3067:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 2928:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 2762:the perpetrators of such acts. 2566:and other lay theologians with 2234:, some Orthodox hierarchs from 2173:Transfer of the see to Moscow; 2137:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 2010:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 1963:Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov' 1297:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 1158:First Seven Ecumenical Councils 81:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 13512:Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia 12658:Moscow–Constantinople schisms 10736:Buenos Aires and South America 8320:Brendan Cole (28 March 2024). 7152:(in Russian). 3 November 2018. 6369:1996, № 3 (Официальная часть). 6128:and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. 4970: 4943: 4916: 4885: 4839: 4791: 4319:were excluded' (following the 3805:"should be recognised only as 3795:triunity of the Russian people 3770:World Russian People's Council 3343:Patriarchate of Constantinople 3192:, especially since 2002, when 2747:separation of church and state 2419:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2292:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2130: 2028:. The ecclesiastical title of 13: 1: 13139:Latin Patriarchate of Antioch 12607:Apostles in the New Testament 12584:Switzerland and Liechtenstein 12504:Estonia (Moscow Patriarchate) 12487:Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate) 12472:Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate) 11310:Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Kovel 11020:Patriarchal parishes in Italy 8795:either one child or no child. 8369:Service, RFE/RL's Ukrainian. 7218:(in Russian). 8 November 2019 4779: 4672: 4568:Russian Orthodox bell ringing 4547:Russian Orthodox bell ringing 4102:at St. Nicholas Cathedral in 3935:). Eparchies are governed by 3471:. The attitude and stance of 3284:Patriarch Kirill (since 2009) 2254:. However, the Moscow Prince 1727:Intercession of the Theotokos 1502:Opposition to papal supremacy 1321:Moscow–Constantinople schism 1022:Switzerland and Liechtenstein 287:national minorities in Russia 13697:Eastern Orthodoxy by country 12827:Semi-autonomous part of the 12740:Eastern Orthodoxy by country 11768:Russian Evangelical Alliance 11680:Seventh-day Adventist Church 11482:Russian True Orthodox Church 11427:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church 11270:Severodonetsk and Starobilsk 11245:Oleksandriia and Svitlovodsk 11150:Ivano-Frankivsk and Kolomyia 11130:Dnipropetrovsk and Pavlohrad 10746:Eastern America and New York 9026:. Cornell University Press. 8375:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 6851:, retrieved January 26, 2022 6847:May 30, 2019, policy brief, 6599:(in Russian). Archived from 6188:"George Trofimoff Affidavit" 5667:(Bloomington, Indiana, 2002) 5316:. Oxford, 1855. p. 481. 5151:. Chrysostom. Archived from 5149:"Life of the Apostle Andrew" 4925:"Life of the Apostle Andrew" 4807: 2994:Persecution under Khrushchev 2889:Russian True Orthodox Church 2854:Russian True Orthodox Church 2783:Religion in the Soviet Union 2608:did not even tolerate their 2453: 1952:Русская православная церковь 1292:Christianization of Bulgaria 65:Русская православная церковь 7: 13702:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe 13682:Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia 12467:China (Moscow Patriarchate) 12462:Japan (Moscow Patriarchate) 11810:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe 11450:Russian Old-Orthodox Church 11235:Nova Kakhovka and Henichesk 11185:Kirovohrad and Novomyrhorod 10514:Argentina and South America 9448:Russia under the Old Regime 9283:Journal of Church and State 9276:Religion, State and Society 9256:Journal of Church and State 8053:(in Ukrainian). 27 May 2022 6003:Religion in Communist Lands 5961:Religion in Communist Lands 5857:(Second ed.). Oxford. 4757: 4533:The "appearance" (Russian: 3557:St. George's church in the 3503:anti-war protests in Russia 3416:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3071:history of the Soviet Union 2979:Security Service of Ukraine 2864:and confessors of Russia". 2758:issued a proclamation that 2483:Patriarch of Constantinople 2051:. The ROC also created the 1986: 1962: 1847:Photios I of Constantinople 1364:20th century (Neo-Palamism) 1287:Christianization of Georgia 459:110 million (95 million in 10: 13758: 13727:State churches (Christian) 12176:Four ancient patriarchates 11315:Zaporizhzhia and Melitopol 11010:Spanish-Portuguese diocese 10781:Belarusian Orthodox Church 10693:of the Moscow Patriarchate 9391:European History Quarterly 9269:Russian Politics & Law 9155: 7728:National Catholic Reporter 7682:National Catholic Reporter 6165:Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy 6150:Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy 5134:"Union Between Christians" 4544: 4497:, led from the capital in 4456: 4405: 4269:Belarusian Orthodox Church 4176:Act of Canonical Communion 4144: 4123:Orthodox Church in America 4090:Orthodox Church in America 4087: 4029:Japanese Orthodox Churches 4014:Orthodox Church of Ukraine 3853: 3850:Structure and organization 3644:Orthodox Church of Ukraine 3473:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow 3469:Orthodox Church of Ukraine 3369:Orthodox Church of Ukraine 3334: 3331:Schism with Constantinople 3251:, former president of the 3108:, who died in July 1999). 3057: 2780: 2668: 2523:Russian Revolution of 1917 2436: 2341:", or the "New Rome", the 2180: 2134: 2111: 2107: 2012:commenced in 988 with the 1995:Eastern Orthodox Christian 1497:Opposition to the Filioque 1040:Noncanonical jurisdictions 29: 13610: 13589: 13544: 13489: 13430: 13356: 13311: 13271: 13264: 13214: 13149: 13066: 13019: 12983: 12963: 12942: 12885: 12753: 12727: 12682: 12597: 12559:Great Britain and Ireland 12517: 12437: 12426: 12309: 12235: 12174: 12165: 12152: 12074: 11816: 11758: 11731: 11711: 11688: 11670: 11652: 11634: 11601: 11584: 11566: 11557: 11530: 11512: 11504:Armenian Apostolic Church 11494: 11467: 11435: 11417: 11408: 11386: 11377: 11368: 11105:Bila Tserkva and Bohuslav 11090:Ukrainian Orthodox Church 11088: 11063: 11028: 10985: 10978: 10942: 10907: 10862: 10779: 10756:Great Britain and Ireland 10751:Geneva and Western Europe 10714: 10689: 10666: 10623: 10585: 10557: 10504: 9593: 9577: 9350:Journal of Modern History 7835:World Council of Churches 7833:(in Russian) – via 7812:Patriarch / Patriarchy.ru 7268:www.interfax-religion.com 7186:www.interfax-religion.com 6938:"Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο" 6729:. Springer. p. 135. 6496:, 12 February 2008. p. 1. 6015:10.1080/09637498808431389 5973:10.1080/09637499008431483 5485:Journal of Modern History 5469:– via Google Books. 4870:World Council of Churches 3944: 3931:—equivalent to a Western 3928: 3912: 3896: 3818:Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 3649:Kirill participated in a 3640:World Council of Churches 3616:Luhansk People's Republic 3424:Russia-born Metropolitan 2846:Renovated (Living) Church 2546:and his disciples at the 2397:During the reign of Tsar 2355:Patriarch Nikon of Moscow 2102:reconciled on 17 May 2007 1975: 1951: 1734:The four fasting periods: 1615:Eastern Orthodox marriage 1223:Other important councils: 1079:American World Patriarchs 997:Great Britain and Ireland 484: 467: 455: 440:Ukrainian Orthodox Church 414: 394: 383: 368: 353: 307: 297: 274: 256: 251:World Council of Churches 246: 238: 230: 222: 214: 206: 193: 183: 171: 159: 154:Eastern Orthodox theology 149: 123: 113: 103: 95: 73: 64: 60: 41: 13460:Patriarchate of Bulgaria 13445:Patriarchate of Aquileia 12589:United States of America 12494:Semi-autonomous churches 12373:Czech Lands and Slovakia 11540:Armenian Catholic Church 10879:Karaganda and Shakhtinsk 10691:Estonian Orthodox Church 10625:Moldovan Orthodox Church 10572:Sendai and Eastern Japan 10559:Orthodox Church in Japan 8999:. ABC-CLIO. p. 74. 8919:www.interfax-religion.ru 8811:"From Russia, with Love" 8777:"From Russia, with Love" 8701:Official website of the 8679:Official website of the 7808:Патриарх / Патриархия.ru 7802: 7216:www.interfax-religion.ru 6486:11 December 2008 at the 6426:26 December 2008 at the 6291:. London. Archived from 6154:Putin's Espionage Church 5693:29 November 2006 at the 5506:Living the Orthodox Life 4784: 4607:Church of Mary Magdalene 4300:Japanese Orthodox Church 4290:Pakistan Orthodox Church 4253:Self-governed churches ( 4006:Moldovan Orthodox Church 3816:On August 20, 2024, the 3784:, which has fallen into 3666:Archbishop of Canterbury 3523:Russian Apostolic Church 3377:Supreme Court of Ukraine 3300:On 27 January 2009, the 3294:Jewish Autonomous Region 3142:of Moscow and All Russia 2940:1936 Soviet Constitution 2469:In the aftermath of the 2439:Church reform of Peter I 2413:Several years after the 2290:and subsequently in the 2288:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2280:Moscow as the Third Rome 2238:as well as Metropolitan 2199:in 1299; his successor, 1777:Athanasius of Alexandria 1027:United States of America 819:Czech Lands and Slovakia 641:Four Marks of the Church 358:Saint Vladimir the Great 13677:Russian Orthodox Church 13622:Christianity portal 13574:(1992–2018; since 2019) 13558:Patriarchate of Romania 13466:Patriarchate of Georgia 13412:Patriarchate of Cilicia 12916:Eastern Orthodox Church 12829:Russian Orthodox Church 12763:Christianity portal 12146:Eastern Orthodox Church 11400:Russian Orthodox Church 11225:Mykolaiv and Voznesensk 11120:Chernivtsi and Bukovina 10929:Tashkent and Uzbekistan 10924:Dushanbe and Tajikistan 10741:Chicago and Mid-America 10716:Russian Orthodox Church 10668:Latvian Orthodox Church 10587:Chinese Orthodox Church 10567:Kyoto and Western Japan 10507:dioceses outside Russia 9571:Russian Orthodox Church 9522:Russian Orthodox Church 9494:Russian Orthodox Church 8765:. Rizzoli Publications. 8215:"Russia's Last Crusade" 6843:21 January 2022 at the 6490:, Alexander Osipovich, 6210:9 November 2007 at the 6159:9 December 2008 at the 6062:8 December 2008 at the 5705:Talantov, Boris. 1968. 5397:orthodoxyindialogue.com 5329:(1998) pp. 332–56. 5182:. Clara. Archived from 5063:Encyclopedia Britannica 4305:Chinese Orthodox Church 4078:Catholic-Orthodox split 4074:Urban Diocese of Moscow 4036:Metropolitan archbishop 4025:Chinese Orthodox Church 4002:Latvian Orthodox Church 3708:canonical subordination 3660:Representatives of the 3496:Latvian Orthodox Church 3206:Eastern Orthodox Church 3035:), a spiritual father. 3023:. The Orthodox priests 3021:prisoners of conscience 2904:Eulogius (Georgiyevsky) 2625:Russian Orthodox church 2327:Eastern Orthodox Church 2203:moved the residence to 2060:Chinese Orthodox Church 1940:Russian Orthodox Church 1610:Eastern Orthodox bowing 511:Eastern Orthodox Church 446:Latvian Orthodox Church 48:Russian Orthodox Church 13737:Christianity in Russia 13534:Patriarchate of Lisbon 13527:Patriarchate of Moscow 13479:Patriarchate of Venice 12776:severed full communion 12707:Liturgy of Saint James 12702:Liturgy of Saint Basil 12167:Autocephalous churches 11859:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11514:Spiritual Christianity 11362:Christianity in Russia 11290:Ternopil and Kremenets 11275:Shepetivka and Slavuta 11220:Mukachevo and Uzhhorod 11200:Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol 11160:Kharkiv and Bohodukhiv 11145:Horlivka and Sloviansk 11100:Berdiansk and Prymorsk 11093:(de facto independent) 11000:Diocese of Chersonesus 10979:Patriarchal Exarchates 10919:Bishkek and Kyrgyzstan 10884:Kostanay and Petropavl 10681:Daugavpils and Rēzekne 9436:(1981) pp. 111–22 9432:de Madariaga, Isabel. 9415:(1998) pp. 332–56 9394:13#.2 (1983): 177–200. 9225:13 August 2020 at the 9208:51#4 (2012): 795–808. 8993:Cole, Jeffrey (2011). 5709:(English translation). 5344:1 October 2007 at the 5312:Karl August von Hase. 4682: 4613: 4477:The use and making of 4474: 4412:List of Russian saints 4398: 4237: 4156: 4106: 3989: 3883: 3797:" and it claimed that 3734: 3562: 3550: 3457:Dnieper Baptismal font 3440: 3388:Ieronymos II of Athens 3297: 3244: 3239:A cross Procession in 3185: 3144: 2977:In December 2017, the 2964:Nicholas (Yarushevich) 2931: 2902:In 1927, Metropolitan 2841: 2799: 2752:Alexander Nevsky Lavra 2632: 2515:Holy and Supreme Synod 2496:Epiphanius Slavinetsky 2485:into transferring the 2466: 2401:, his brother-in-law, 2393: 2366:Autocephaly and schism 2299:fall of Constantinople 2272:fall of Constantinople 2227: 2167:St. Andrew's Cathedral 2127: 1987:Moskovskiy patriarkhat 1887:Eastern Orthodox cross 1052:Spiritual Christianity 13453:Patriarchate of Grado 13115:Maronite Patriarchate 12712:Liturgy of Saint Mark 11576:Roman Catholic Church 11545:Greek Catholic Church 11300:Uman and Zvenyhorodka 11280:Simferopol and Crimea 11140:Dzhankoy and Rozdolne 11065:Patriarchal Exarchate 11030:Patriarchal Exarchate 10987:Patriarchal Exarchate 10943:Patriarchial Parishes 10911:Metropolitan District 10866:Metropolitan District 10839:Polotsk and Hlybokaye 10824:Mogilev and Mstsislaw 10658:Ungheni and Nisporeni 10653:Tiraspol and Dubăsari 10544:Vilnius and Lithuania 10505:Directly subordinated 9496:at Wikimedia Commons 9310:Billington, James H. 9258:(2007) 49#1: 117–34. 9197:21 March 2017 at the 9145:"Великий пост — 2021" 7347:Religion News Service 6536:RISU 11 December 2008 6532:3 August 2009 at the 5724:29 April 2007 at the 5635:John Shelton Curtis, 5575:"Cross meets Kremlin" 5082:The Atlas of Religion 4692:Roman Catholic Church 4680: 4605: 4491:Orthodox Christianity 4466: 4392: 4327:Worship and practices 4223: 4207:Greek Old Calendarist 4154: 4097: 3980: 3875: 3758:Patriarch Bartholomew 3724: 3556: 3546: 3492:Aleksandrs Kudrjašovs 3423: 3401:after the latter and 3304:elected Metropolitan 3291: 3238: 3178:political repressions 3175: 3164:collapse of Communism 3136: 3040:Metropolitan Vladimir 2925: 2825: 2809:imprisonment in camps 2794: 2623: 2461: 2415:Council of Pereyaslav 2373: 2351:Greek Orthodox Church 2213: 2181:Further information: 2121: 1976:Московский патриархат 1897:Statistics by country 1822:Maximus the Confessor 1250:Constantinople (1872) 338:55.71111°N 37.62917°E 13572:Patriarchate of Kyiv 11741:New Apostolic Church 11559:Western Christianity 11370:Eastern Christianity 11295:Tulchyn and Bratslav 11255:Poltava and Myrhorod 11205:Luhansk and Alchevsk 11195:Kremenchuk and Lubny 11175:Khust and Vynohradiv 11135:Donetsk and Mariupol 11040:Diocese of Singapore 11005:Diocese of The Hague 10889:Pavlodar and Oskemen 10809:Grodno and Vawkavysk 10600:Harbin and Manchuria 10529:Budapest and Hungary 9469:Freeze, Gregory L. " 9418:Kizenko, Nadieszda. 9408:(2012); 17th century 9344:36#1 (1985): 82–102. 9278:41.3 (2013): 226–43. 8599:. 19 December 2014. 7895:Catholic News Agency 5531:Palmieri, F. Aurelio 5458:(25 December 1872). 4642:Christian communions 4431:Silouan the Athonite 4355:improve this article 4161:Bolshevik Revolution 4127:Ecumenical Patriarch 4100:September 11 attacks 3964:Belarusian exarchate 3511:opposed the invasion 3325:pro-Russian uprising 3139:Patriarch Alexius II 3019:movement and became 2873:Metropolitan Sergius 2827:St. Sophia Cathedral 2714:in the Kremlin, the 2631:, built in the 1870s 2529:, was named through 2492:Theophan Prokopovich 2471:Treaty of Pereyaslav 2098:Sergius Stragorodsky 2018:Grand Prince of Kiev 1832:Theodore the Studite 1797:Gregory of Nazianzus 1655:Russian bell ringing 1580:Liturgical entrances 1390:Essence vs. Energies 1385:Contemplative prayer 1138:Evangelical Orthodox 960:Episcopal assemblies 683:Ecumenical Patriarch 636:Apostolic succession 13687:1448 establishments 13301:Archbishop of Tunis 12439:Autonomous churches 12075:States with limited 11759:Interdenominational 11250:Ovruch and Korosten 11190:Konotop and Hlukhiv 11165:Kherson and Taurica 11050:Diocese of Thailand 10996:Diocese of Brussels 10899:Shymkent and Akmola 10829:Novogrudok and Lida 10789:Babruysk and Bykhaw 10761:Montreal and Canada 10534:Yerevan and Armenia 10519:Baku and Azerbaijan 9477:2#2 (2008): 269–78. 9450:(2nd ed. 1976) ch 9 9397:Freeze, Gregory L. 9381:Freeze, Gregory L. 9186:Daniel, Wallace L. 9073:on 25 December 2012 8949:on 25 December 2018 8282:. 3 September 2023. 7868:Corriere della Sera 7814:] (in Russian). 7780:Religion Dispatches 7626:. 27 February 2022. 7415:. 27 February 2022. 7349:. 24 February 2022. 7270:. 27 September 2021 7079:. 22 December 2018. 7059:. 22 December 2018. 6761:on 27 November 2022 6445:Catholic World News 6401:"Interfax-Religion" 6260:13 May 2009 at the 6085:. 12 February 1999. 6043:Wall Street Journal 5834:on 11 December 2017 5789:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 5623:The Washington Post 5009:on 25 December 2012 4750:, and in 2021, the 4744:Pew Research Center 3780:and the victory of 3741:, president of the 3733:on 21 February 2023 3638:In a letter to the 3583:canonical territory 3481:Innocent (Vasilyev) 3426:Innocent (Vasilyev) 3296:, Russian Far East. 3081:Moscow Patriarchate 3065:anniversary of the 2895:, sometimes coined 2871:(acting Patriarch) 2712:Dormition Cathedral 2552:Demetrius of Rostov 2544:Paisiy Velichkovsky 2504:Demetrius of Rostov 2448:Catherine the Great 2232:Council of Florence 2224:Sergey Miloradovich 2100:. The two churches 1968:Moscow Patriarchate 1842:Cyril and Methodius 1812:Cyril of Alexandria 1699:Liturgical calendar 1515:Liturgy and worship 1151:Ecumenical councils 554:History of theology 477:Moscow Patriarchate 334: / 53:Moscow Patriarchate 13317:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 12928:Oriental Orthodoxy 12579:Spain and Portugal 11265:Sarny and Polissia 11230:Nizhyn and Pryluky 11110:Cherkasy and Kaniv 11032:in South-East Asia 11015:Diocese of Sourozh 10834:Pinsk and Luninets 10814:Minsk and Zaslawye 10731:Berlin and Germany 10648:Edineț and Briceni 10539:Vienna and Austria 10524:Berlin and Germany 9791:Ivanovo-Voznesensk 9594:Dioceses in Russia 9453:Strickland, John. 8816:Christianity Today 8782:Christianity Today 8684:. 31 December 2022 8577:on 16 October 2014 8551:on 18 January 2010 8300:. 14 January 2024. 8268:. 31 October 2023. 8132:. 31 December 2022 7580:. 14 January 2023. 7391:has generic name ( 7294:www.patriarchia.ru 7192:on 9 November 2019 7170:. 4 November 2019. 7032:www.patriarchia.ru 6917:www.patriarchia.ru 6892:www.patriarchia.ru 6816:on 19 October 2018 6703:www.patriarchia.ru 6513:The New York Times 6448:. 19 October 2007. 6096:Christopher Andrew 5682:Alekseev, Valery. 5587:on 13 August 2007. 5147:Damick, Andrew S. 5111:www.patriarchia.ru 5065:. 27 January 2024. 4923:Damick, Andrew S. 4898:orthodox.clara.net 4851:www.patriarchia.ru 4833:www.patriarchia.ru 4748:Orthodox Christian 4688:Christian churches 4683: 4614: 4570:. You can help by 4475: 4399: 4238: 4157: 4107: 4055:Архиерейский Собор 3990: 3884: 3844:Orthodox canon law 3735: 3604:Forgiveness Sunday 3563: 3551: 3441: 3410:day of remembrance 3347:Holy Great Council 3306:Kirill of Smolensk 3298: 3258:The New York Times 3245: 3186: 3145: 3079:, a critic of the 2987:1945 Local Council 2960:Alexius (Simansky) 2932: 2877:Metropolitan Peter 2842: 2800: 2704:forced to abdicate 2671:Russian Revolution 2633: 2590:Brothers Karamazov 2585:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 2479:Sophia Alekseyevna 2467: 2394: 2333:should become the 2228: 2201:Metropolitan Peter 2128: 2022:Vladimir the Great 2001:of the ROC is the 1792:Cyril of Jerusalem 1722:Feast of Orthodoxy 1017:Spain and Portugal 525:Christ Pantocrator 424:(mid-17th century) 343:55.71111; 37.62917 265:post-Soviet states 13732:Culture of Russia 13707:National churches 13630: 13629: 13426: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13260: 13259: 12841: 12840: 12424: 12423: 12159:Eastern Orthodoxy 12112: 12111: 11776: 11775: 11754: 11753: 11727: 11726: 11553: 11552: 11496:Oriental Orthodox 11490: 11489: 11463: 11462: 11328: 11327: 11285:Sumy and Okhtyrka 11084: 11083: 10989:in Western Europe 10874:Astana and Almaty 10854:Vitebsk and Orsha 10804:Gomel and Zhlobin 10633:Bălți and Fălești 10491:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 9492:Media related to 9411:Hughes, Lindsey. 9324:Cracraft, James. 9294:Richters, Katja. 9033:978-0-8014-5231-4 9006:978-1-59884-302-6 8659:Radio Free Europe 8109:Radio Free Europe 8081:. 9 December 2022 7978:orthodoxtimes.com 7366:orthodoxtimes.com 7244:. 8 November 2019 7124:. 17 October 2019 7008:. 16 October 2018 6223:Nathaniel Davis, 6205:Ириней (Зуземиль) 6104:Mitrokhin Archive 5914:"Fr Dmitry Dudko" 5512:on 29 August 2015 5285:978-0-631-23203-2 5092:978-0-520-24917-2 4588: 4587: 4531:said to "appear". 4503:paintings on wood 4387: 4386: 4379: 3807:sub-ethnic groups 3748:Kirill supported 3602:On 6 March 2022 ( 3559:Sviatohirsk Lavra 3302:ROC Local Council 3249:Michael Bourdeaux 3194:Pope John Paul II 3101:life imprisonment 3099:and sentenced to 3001:Nikita Khrushchev 2934:Moreover, in the 2777:Under Soviet rule 2767:Russian Civil War 2560:Aleksey Khomyakov 2425:, the see of the 2423:Tsardom of Russia 2385:Patriarch Joachim 2381:Nikita Pustosviat 2335:head of Orthodoxy 2216:Trinity monastery 1984: 1960: 1936: 1935: 1787:Basil of Caesarea 1782:Ephrem the Syrian 1665:Sign of the cross 1640:Paschal troparion 1420:Mystical theology 1230:Quinisext Council 931:Semi-Autonomous: 576:View of salvation 496: 495: 362:Michael I of Kiev 312:Danilov Monastery 118:Russian Orthodoxy 56: 16:(Redirected from 13749: 13659: 13658: 13657: 13647: 13646: 13638: 13620: 13619: 13597:Apostolic Throne 13580: 13566: 13551: 13496: 13491:Early Modern era 13437: 13405: 13397: 13388: 13376: 13366: 13322: 13285: 13269: 13268: 13243: 13228: 13184: 13164: 13101: 13091: 13081: 13057: 13034: 12997: 12981: 12980: 12977: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12929: 12924: 12913: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12845: 12844: 12832: 12825: 12816: 12813: 12807: 12804: 12783: 12772: 12761: 12760: 12654:Old Calendarists 12632:East–West Schism 12495: 12432: 12172: 12171: 12139: 12132: 12125: 12116: 12115: 11817:Sovereign states 11803: 11796: 11789: 11780: 11779: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11564: 11563: 11415: 11414: 11384: 11383: 11379:Eastern Orthodox 11375: 11374: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11332: 11331: 11260:Rivne and Ostroh 11240:Odesa and Izmail 11215:Lviv and Galicia 11045:Diocese of Korea 10983: 10982: 10799:Brest and Kobryn 10701:Narva and Peipus 10638:Cahul and Comrat 10186:Saint Petersburg 9588: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9537: 9536: 9532: 9523: 9517: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9503:Official website 9491: 9446:Pipes, Richard. 9425:Kozelsky, Mara. 9404:Gruber, Isaiah. 9375:(1974): 641–62. 9363:(1989): 361–87. 9353:(1996): 308–50. 9317:Bremer, Thomas. 9245:7#1 (1999): 12+ 9243:Demokratizatsiya 9149: 9148: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9068: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9017: 9011: 9010: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8945:. 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Archived from 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4825: 4801: 4795: 4736: 4644:on such issues. 4618:Hilarion Alfeyev 4583: 4580: 4558: 4551: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4339: 4331: 4224:Interior of the 4115:Second World War 4051:Bishops' Council 3946: 3930: 3914: 3903:), constitute a 3898: 3841: 3830: 3653:video call with 3531: 3507:Kostroma Diocese 3489: 3434: 3384:Church of Greece 3321:election in 2012 3253:Keston Institute 3225:Hilarion Alfeyev 3157:Patriarch Kirill 3089:George Trofimoff 2813:mental hospitals 2797:Tikhon of Moscow 2756:Patriarch Tikhon 2745:that proclaimed 2736:Tikhon of Moscow 2602:caste of priests 2556:Platon of Moscow 2548:Optina Monastery 2519:Stephen Yavorsky 2511:Patriarch Adrian 2500:Stephen Yavorsky 2481:) pressured the 2410: 2405:, contacted the 2331:bishop of Moscow 2284:initially Uniate 2230:In 1439, at the 2220:Time of Troubles 2041:member republics 1989: 1979: 1977: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1827:John of Damascus 1802:Gregory of Nyssa 1630:Paschal greeting 1595:Memorial service 1405:Hypostatic union 1282:Byzantine Empire 1067:Old Calendarists 688:Episcopal polity 631:Christian Church 521: 498: 497: 492: 485:Official website 349: 348: 346: 345: 344: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 269:Russian diaspora 201:Kirill of Moscow 108:Eastern Orthodox 78: 69: 67: 66: 50: 46: 39: 38: 21: 18:Church of Russia 13757: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13667: 13666: 13665: 13655: 13653: 13641: 13633: 13631: 13626: 13614: 13606: 13585: 13578: 13564: 13549: 13548: 13546:Late Modern era 13540: 13494: 13493: 13485: 13435: 13434: 13418: 13403: 13395: 13386: 13374: 13364: 13352: 13320: 13319: 13307: 13279: 13256: 13241: 13222: 13210: 13182: 13158: 13157: 13145: 13099: 13089: 13075: 13074: 13062: 13055: 13028: 13027: 13015: 12991: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12967: 12955: 12954: 12948: 12945: 12938: 12927: 12919: 12911: 12907:Catholic Church 12900: 12881: 12872: 12842: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12826: 12819: 12814: 12810: 12805: 12786: 12773: 12769: 12755: 12749: 12723: 12678: 12649:Catacomb Church 12593: 12564:Italy and Malta 12520: 12513: 12493: 12433: 12420: 12409:North Macedonia 12311: 12305: 12231: 12161: 12148: 12143: 12113: 12108: 12094:Northern Cyprus 12076: 12070: 11991:North Macedonia 11812: 11807: 11777: 11772: 11760: 11750: 11723: 11707: 11684: 11666: 11648: 11630: 11589: 11588: 11580: 11549: 11526: 11508: 11486: 11459: 11431: 11404: 11391: 11389: 11364: 11359: 11329: 11324: 11210:Lutsk and Volyn 11092: 11080: 11066: 11059: 11031: 11024: 10988: 10974: 10938: 10910: 10903: 10894:Oral and Atyrau 10865: 10858: 10849:Turaw and Mazyr 10775: 10717: 10710: 10692: 10685: 10662: 10619: 10581: 10553: 10506: 10500: 10381:Velikiye Ustyug 10056:Nizhny Novgorod 10021:Moscow (Oblast) 9896:Khanty-Mansiysk 9846:Kamensk-Uralsky 9701:Blagoveshchensk 9589: 9582: 9573: 9564: 9530: 9521: 9515: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9485: 9480: 9460: 9301: 9227:Wayback Machine 9199:Wayback Machine 9177: 9175:Further reading 9172: 9158: 9153: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9128: 9126: 9120: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9091: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9062: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9034: 9018: 9014: 9007: 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8967: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8941: 8940: 8933: 8923: 8921: 8913: 8912: 8905: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8821: 8819: 8809: 8808: 8801: 8787: 8785: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8735: 8733: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8707: 8695: 8694: 8687: 8685: 8673: 8672: 8665: 8663: 8650: 8646: 8636: 8634: 8633:on 5 March 2016 8621: 8620: 8616: 8606: 8604: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8580: 8578: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8377: 8367: 8363: 8353: 8351: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8318: 8305: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8219:www.asianews.it 8211: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8185: 8181: 8176:. 30 June 2022. 8172: 8171: 8167: 8155: 8153: 8144: 8135: 8133: 8124: 8115: 8113: 8098: 8094: 8084: 8082: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8056: 8054: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7927: 7923: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7860: 7856: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7830: 7823: 7819: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7772: 7765: 7756: 7755: 7751: 7740: 7736: 7731:. 8 March 2022. 7721: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7694: 7690: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7637:Tebor, Celina. 7635: 7631: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7562:. 26 June 2023. 7554: 7553: 7549: 7544:. 13 July 2022. 7536: 7535: 7531: 7526:. 13 June 2022. 7516: 7515: 7511: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7452:. 7 March 2022. 7444: 7443: 7439: 7424: 7420: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7388: 7387: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7368: 7358: 7354: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7323: 7322: 7313: 7299: 7297: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6859: 6855: 6845:Wayback Machine 6836: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6787: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6603:on 1 March 2009 6591: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6566:Financial Times 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6534:Wayback Machine 6525: 6521: 6504: 6500: 6488:Wayback Machine 6479: 6475: 6457: 6453: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6428:Wayback Machine 6419: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6289:Financial Times 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6262:Wayback Machine 6253: 6249: 6235: 6231: 6222: 6218: 6212:Wayback Machine 6203: 6199: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6161:Wayback Machine 6148: 6144: 6126:Yevgenia Albats 6124: 6117: 6094: 6090: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6064:Wayback Machine 6055: 6051: 6034: 6030: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5919:The Independent 5912: 5911: 5907: 5898: 5894: 5878: 5877: 5865: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5787: 5783: 5771: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5750: 5748:catacomb.org.ua 5737: 5736: 5732: 5726:Wayback Machine 5717: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5695:Wayback Machine 5679: 5678: 5671: 5634: 5630: 5615: 5611: 5596: 5592: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5346:Wayback Machine 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5272: 5268: 5245:10.2307/2847182 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5155:on 27 July 2007 5145: 5141: 5132:Hanna, Alfred. 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5077: 5070: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5033:www.pravmir.com 5027: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5003:www.pravmir.com 4997: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4931:on 27 July 2007 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4760: 4730: 4712:Caucasus Greeks 4675: 4600: 4592:baptism of Rus' 4584: 4578: 4575: 4564:needs expansion 4549: 4543: 4461: 4455: 4414: 4404: 4383: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4352: 4340: 4329: 4218: 4149: 4143: 4092: 4086: 3962:(currently the 3879:is the current 3870: 3852: 3835: 3824: 3729:during Putin's 3525: 3483: 3479:, Metropolitan 3445:Onufriy of Kyiv 3428: 3418: 3339: 3333: 3286: 3276:Financial Times 3149:Alexy (Ridiger) 3131: 3126: 3124:Post-Soviet era 3062: 3056: 2996: 2968:Apostolic canon 2887:abroad and the 2881:Apostolic canon 2789: 2779: 2673: 2667: 2643:Sergei Bulgakov 2618: 2610:clergy marrying 2509:In 1700, after 2456: 2444:Peter the Great 2441: 2435: 2433:Peter the Great 2396: 2368: 2191:, Metropolitan 2189:Mongol invasion 2185: 2179: 2139: 2133: 2116: 2110: 2056:Church of Japan 1932: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1852:Gregory Palamas 1807:John Chrysostom 1771: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1731: 1711:12 Great Feasts 1701: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1585:Liturgical fans 1527:Divine Services 1517: 1507: 1506: 1488: 1353: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1220: 1201: 1153: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1083: 1062:Catacomb Church 1041: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1002:Italy and Malta 961: 953: 952: 951: 929: 920:Bessarabia (RP) 884: 873: 872: 871: 869: 867: 844: 828: 824:North Macedonia 747: 736: 735: 734: 662: 652: 651: 650: 619: 616: 601: 593: 531: 488: 480: 451: 428:Catacomb Church 410: 376: 364:(controversial) 342: 340: 336: 333: 328: 325: 323: 321: 320: 319: 279:Church Slavonic 137: 134:Church Slavonic 130:Elizabeth Bible 91: 61: 49: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13755: 13745: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13664: 13663: 13651: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13604: 13599: 13593: 13591: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13583: 13575: 13569: 13561: 13554: 13552: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13530: 13524: 13516: 13508: 13499: 13497: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13475: 13469: 13463: 13457: 13449: 13440: 13438: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13408: 13400: 13392: 13381: 13380: 13369: 13367: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13342: 13334: 13325: 13323: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13305: 13297: 13288: 13286: 13266: 13262: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13254: 13246: 13238: 13231: 13229: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13208: 13200: 13192: 13178: 13167: 13165: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13143: 13135: 13127: 13119: 13111: 13105: 13095: 13084: 13082: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13060: 13052: 13044: 13037: 13035: 13025:Constantinople 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13000: 12998: 12978: 12958: 12940: 12939: 12933:italic blue = 12886: 12883: 12882: 12871: 12870: 12863: 12856: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12817: 12808: 12784: 12766: 12765: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12731: 12729: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12692:Byzantine Rite 12688: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12617:Church Fathers 12614: 12609: 12603: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12525: 12523: 12515: 12514: 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11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11879:Czech Republic 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11813: 11806: 11805: 11798: 11791: 11783: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11764: 11762: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11737: 11735: 11733:Restorationist 11729: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11676: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11658: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11640: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11607: 11605: 11596: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11578: 11572: 11570: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11518: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11500: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11473: 11471: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11457: 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10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10785: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10718:Outside Russia 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10695: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10678: 10672: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10629: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10591: 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10563: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10510: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10231:Severobaykalsk 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10016:Moscow (Urban) 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9931:Krasnoslobodsk 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9563: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9518: 9510: 9484: 9483:External links 9481: 9479: 9478: 9466: 9463:Historiography 9459: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9386: 9379: 9367: 9357: 9345: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9307: 9300: 9299: 9292: 9279: 9272: 9265:Papkova, Irina 9262: 9252:Papkova, Irina 9249: 9239: 9229: 9212: 9202: 9183: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9136: 9114: 9103:on 30 May 2013 9084: 9047: 9032: 9012: 9005: 8985: 8960: 8931: 8903: 8885: 8875: 8854: 8833: 8799: 8768: 8753: 8743: 8717: 8662:(in Ukrainian) 8644: 8614: 8588: 8562: 8536: 8511: 8489: 8463: 8438: 8413: 8387: 8361: 8303: 8285: 8271: 8257: 8231: 8205: 8179: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8142: 8122: 8112:(in Ukrainian) 8092: 8064: 8038: 8035:. 29 May 2022. 8020: 8008: 7983: 7965: 7947: 7921: 7907: 7881: 7854: 7840: 7817: 7792: 7763: 7749: 7734: 7714: 7688: 7668: 7650: 7629: 7609: 7596:Orthodox Times 7583: 7565: 7547: 7529: 7509: 7491: 7473: 7455: 7437: 7418: 7398: 7352: 7334: 7311: 7281: 7255: 7242:Orthodox Times 7229: 7203: 7173: 7168:Orthodox Times 7155: 7135: 7107: 7095:www.unian.info 7082: 7062: 7044: 7019: 6993: 6968: 6950: 6929: 6904: 6879: 6853: 6827: 6797: 6772: 6742: 6736:978-3658024413 6735: 6715: 6690: 6677:New York Times 6662: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6584: 6550: 6538: 6519: 6498: 6473: 6451: 6431: 6413: 6392: 6371: 6358: 6332: 6306: 6275: 6266: 6247: 6229: 6216: 6197: 6179: 6168: 6142: 6115: 6088: 6068: 6049: 6028: 6009:(4): 292–328. 5986: 5967:(4): 292–306. 5944: 5933: 5922:. 30 June 2004 5905: 5901:Russian Review 5892: 5863: 5845: 5815: 5797: 5781: 5730: 5711: 5698: 5669: 5628: 5625:. p. C09. 5609: 5590: 5565: 5544: 5523: 5493: 5472: 5447: 5422: 5410: 5384: 5356: 5331: 5318: 5305: 5291: 5284: 5266: 5223: 5197: 5166: 5139: 5124: 5098: 5091: 5068: 5050: 5039:on 30 May 2013 5020: 4990: 4969: 4942: 4915: 4884: 4873:. January 1961 4856: 4838: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4756: 4674: 4671: 4599: 4596: 4586: 4585: 4561: 4559: 4545:Main article: 4542: 4539: 4499:Constantinople 4487:its conversion 4457:Main article: 4454: 4451: 4403: 4400: 4385: 4384: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4266: 4251: 4217: 4214: 4145:Main article: 4142: 4139: 4088:Main article: 4085: 4082: 4047:Pomestny Sobor 3994:self-governing 3851: 3848: 3669:Rowan Williams 3629:Gospel of John 3494:, head of the 3417: 3414: 3392:that of Athens 3373:was its branch 3357:full communion 3332: 3329: 3317:Vladimir Putin 3285: 3282: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3058:Main article: 3055: 3052: 2995: 2992: 2945:1937 elections 2936:1929 elections 2778: 2775: 2708:Russian empire 2666: 2663: 2617: 2614: 2564:Ivan Kireevsky 2455: 2452: 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2367: 2364: 2360:Old Ritualists 2353:. Eventually, 2347:Ottoman Empire 2343:Russian Church 2222:. Painting by 2178: 2171: 2151:Greek colonies 2143:Apostle Andrew 2132: 2129: 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1751:Apostles' Fast 1748: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1685:Use of incense 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635:Paschal Homily 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1600:Memory Eternal 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1522:Divine Liturgy 1518: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 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5112: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4853:(in Russian). 4852: 4848: 4842: 4835:(in Russian). 4834: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4813: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4616:In May 2011, 4612: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4582: 4579:December 2015 4573: 4569: 4565: 4562:This section 4560: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4495:Byzantine art 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4469: 4468:Andrei Rublev 4465: 4460: 4459:Russian icons 4453:Icon painting 4450: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4396: 4395:Russian cross 4391: 4381: 4378: 4370: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4344:This section 4342: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4104:New York City 4101: 4096: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4043:Local Council 4039: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3951:or архиерей, 3950: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3704:Russian world 3701: 3698:of the other 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3443:Metropolitan 3438: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147:Metropolitan 3143: 3140: 3135: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3097:United States 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038:According to 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029:Aleksandr Men 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956:Joseph Stalin 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2760:anathematised 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2403:Boris Godunov 2400: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313:Moscow rulers 2310: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083:United States 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1992:autocephalous 1988: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1817:John Climacus 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770:Major figures 1767: 1766: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741:Nativity Fast 1739: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715:Other feasts: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706:Paschal cycle 1704: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1317:North America 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1047:Old Believers 1045: 1044: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1007:Latin America 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 957: 956: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 932: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 915:Americas (RP) 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 883:jurisdictions 882: 877: 876: 870: 864: 863:Ukraine (UOC) 861: 860: 858: 853: 852:Ukraine (OCU) 850: 849: 847: 841: 838: 837: 835: 833: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 746:jurisdictions 745: 744:Autocephalous 740: 739: 731: 728: 724: 721: 720: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 656: 655: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 618: 612: 608: 604: 603: 597: 596: 590: 589:View of icons 587: 585: 584: 580: 578: 577: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 555: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 540: 539: 535: 534: 530: 526: 520: 516: 515: 512: 509: 508: 504: 500: 499: 491: 487: 483: 476: 473: 472: 470: 468:Other name(s) 466: 462: 458: 454: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 422:Old Believers 420: 419: 417: 413: 406: 404: 400: 399: 397: 393: 390: 386: 382: 379: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 356: 352: 347: 317: 313: 310: 306: 303: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 270: 266: 262: 259: 255: 252: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 226:38,649 (2019) 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 202: 199: 196: 192: 189: 186: 182: 179: 176: 174: 170: 167: 164: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 139:Synodal Bible 135: 131: 128: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 72: 68: 59: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 13649:Christianity 13582:(since 1994) 13568:(since 1959) 13560:(since 1925) 13550:(since 1789) 13537:(since 1716) 13532: 13529:(since 1589) 13526: 13523:(since 1572) 13518: 13510: 13507:(since 1524) 13502: 13495:(1517–1789) 13482:(since 1451) 13477: 13474:(since 1346) 13468:(since 1010) 13451: 13443: 13415:(since 1742) 13410: 13407:(since 1461) 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Politico. 7371:28 February 7307:заключении. 7300:14 November 7274:14 November 7100:25 December 7037:25 December 6943:25 December 6922:25 December 6897:25 December 6790:25 December 6765:25 December 6708:25 December 6607:25 December 5926:25 December 5838:11 December 5753:25 December 5465:25 December 5440:25 December 5403:25 December 5377:25 December 5354:, 2006, № 8 5043:25 December 5013:25 December 4877:25 December 4731: [ 4728:Pravmir.com 4720:Belarusians 4626:Evangelical 4566: with: 4519:iconostasis 4507:krasny ugol 4483:Kievan Rus' 4119:autocephaly 4113:During the 3836: [ 3825: [ 3799:Belarusians 3790:Russophobic 3768:During the 3625:referencing 3526: [ 3484: [ 3429: [ 3362:autocephaly 3264:in symphony 3241:Novosibirsk 3202:proselytize 2862:new martyrs 2693:monasteries 2679:and 29,593 2649:and former 2539:starchestvo 2131:Kievan Rus' 1645:Prayer rope 1565:Iconostasis 1555:Euchologion 1540:Apolytikion 1415:Metousiosis 1380:Chrismation 1012:Scandinavia 718:Monasticism 673:Autocephaly 607:Crucifixion 436:(1927-2007) 415:Separations 395:Recognition 378:Kievan Rus' 341: / 281:(worship), 239:Monasteries 114:Orientation 13671:Categories 13456:(725–1451) 13448:(568–1751) 13436:(476–1517) 13321:(280–1552) 13155:Alexandria 12912:light blue 12521:Assemblies 12402:Epiphanius 12354:Anastasios 12330:George III 12196:Alexandria 12021:San Marino 11981:Montenegro 11961:Luxembourg 11941:Kazakhstan 11844:Azerbaijan 11644:Mennonites 11636:Anabaptist 11586:Protestant 11445:Edinoverie 10401:Volgodonsk 10151:Pyatigorsk 10046:Neftekamsk 10041:Naryan-Mar 10011:Michurinsk 9906:Kolpashevo 9891:Khabarovsk 9831:Kalachinsk 9731:Cheboksary 9621:Almetyevsk 9616:Alexandrov 9606:Akhtubinsk 9524:'s channel 9304:Historical 9180:Since 1991 9042:1229885054 8953:8 December 8555:25 January 7935:The Tablet 7623:Commonweal 7360:NewsRoom. 7248:8 November 7222:8 November 7196:8 November 7012:16 October 6986:15 October 6872:14 October 6820:18 October 6683:26 January 6655:14 October 6577:8 December 6299:8 December 5810:espreso.tv 5772:|url= 4780:References 4724:Ukrainians 4673:Membership 4664:human life 4660:secularism 4485:following 4426:Holy Synod 4406:See also: 4367:April 2017 4192:Alexius II 3987:Kazakhstan 3968:Kazakhstan 3960:exarchates 3953:archiereus 3901:nastoyatel 3897:настоятель 3854:See also: 3803:Ukrainians 3538:commissars 3519:Kazakhstan 3403:his Church 3335:See also: 3243:, Siberia. 3196:created a 2909:Photius II 2897:Sergianism 2850:Josephites 2795:Patriarch 2781:See also: 2729:Bolsheviks 2683:, 112,629 2669:See also: 2568:Slavophile 2339:Third Rome 2297:After the 2135:See also: 2093:headed by 2062:. The ROC 2053:autonomous 1746:Great Lent 1625:Paraklesis 1605:Omophorion 1560:Holy Water 1459:Philokalia 1118:Montenegro 947:ROCOR (MP) 937:Crete (EP) 910:China (MP) 905:Japan (MP) 881:Autonomous 759:Alexandria 600:Background 523:Mosaic of 329:37°37′45″E 326:55°42′40″N 234:314 (2019) 210:382 (2019) 173:Governance 13358:Patriarch 13313:Patriarch 13282:2nd cent. 13273:Patriarch 13220:Jerusalem 13216:Patriarch 13161:1st cent. 13151:Patriarch 13078:1st cent. 13068:Patriarch 13021:Patriarch 13010:1st cent. 12994:1st cent. 12985:Patriarch 12972:apostolic 12965:Pentarchy 12951:Antiquity 12902:bold blue 12897:apostolic 12378:Rastislav 12263:Porfirije 12220:Jerusalem 11956:Lithuania 11672:Adventist 11067:of Africa 10471:Yeniseysk 10451:Yaroslavl 10406:Volgograd 10356:Uryupinsk 10316:Theodosia 10311:Tikoretsk 10291:Syktyvkar 10286:Stavropol 10281:Solikamsk 10271:Slavgorod 10241:Shadrinsk 10196:Salekhard 10166:Rubtsovsk 10126:Pesochnya 10051:Nerchinsk 9746:Chistopol 9711:Borovichi 9656:Astrakhan 9567:Eparchies 8973:Газета.Ru 8710:6 January 8688:6 January 8666:6 January 8482:20 August 8456:20 August 8431:20 August 8406:20 August 8380:20 August 8244:El Debate 8156:6 January 8136:6 January 8116:6 January 7644:USA Today 6466:The Times 6023:0307-5974 5981:0307-5974 5881:cite book 5873:913789474 5516:25 August 5261:161446879 4808:Citations 4716:Kryashens 4704:Ossetians 4611:Jerusalem 4523:ikonostas 4521:(Russian 4515:sanctuary 4273:exarchate 4180:communion 4135:communion 3778:globalism 3763:Ostankino 3739:Kurt Koch 3737:Cardinal 3713:When the 3677:Amsterdam 3620:gay pride 3590:gay pride 3153:Leningrad 3093:espionage 3017:dissident 2954:in 1941, 2930:in Moscow 2913:Exarchate 2720:) Council 2718:Pomestniy 2573:sobornost 2454:Expansion 2421:into the 2256:Vasili II 2246:with the 2236:Byzantium 2207:in 1325. 2195:moved to 2155:Black Sea 2064:eparchies 1990:), is an 1981:romanized 1957:romanized 1756:Dormition 1680:Vestments 1675:Troparion 1670:Sticheron 1660:Semantron 1650:Prosphora 1575:Kontakion 1483:Theotokos 1436:Oikonomia 1395:Hesychasm 1277:Pentarchy 1245:Jerusalem 1089:churches: 769:Jerusalem 693:Canon law 646:Orthodoxy 615:Ascension 545:Structure 401:1589, by 198:Patriarch 188:Communion 184:Structure 166:Episcopal 125:Scripture 13277:Carthage 13005:Holy See 12889:primates 12780:primates 12774:The ROC 12519:Diaspora 12270:Bulgaria 12084:Abkhazia 12036:Slovenia 12031:Slovakia 12006:Portugal 11864:Bulgaria 11603:Lutheran 11568:Catholic 11532:Catholic 11437:Popovtsy 11390:Orthodox 10643:Chișinău 10615:Xinjiang 10605:Shanghai 10416:Voronezh 10391:Vladimir 10351:Ulan-Ude 10276:Smolensk 10261:Simbirsk 10251:Shchigry 10226:Serdobsk 10141:Pokrovsk 10096:Orenburg 10071:Novgorod 10036:Nakhodka 10031:Murmansk 10006:Melekess 9996:Mariinsk 9946:Kuznetsk 9941:Kudymkar 9916:Kostroma 9886:Kineshma 9876:Kemerovo 9781:Gorodets 9761:Gatchina 9681:Belgorod 9676:Bezhetsk 9661:Balashov 9646:Arsenyev 9377:in JSTOR 9365:in JSTOR 9355:in JSTOR 9285:(2010): 9235:(2014). 9223:Archived 9218:(2008). 9195:Archived 9107:12 March 9077:12 March 8601:Archived 8476:babel.ua 8354:29 March 8333:29 March 8327:Newsweek 8193:Newsweek 8085:29 March 8078:Politico 8001:12 April 7578:Euronews 7542:CNE News 7504:BBC News 7486:Newsweek 7432:BBC News 7381:cite web 7329:The Week 7006:BBC News 6841:Archived 6651:. 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