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chronograph until the Louis Moinet pocket chronograph discovery in 2013 when history was rewritten. In addition to inventing the chronograph, Louis Moinet is also the father of High
Frequency. In 1816, his Compteur de Tierces timepiece beat at a rhythm of 216,000 vibrations per hour (30 Hz). This frequency record stood for exactly one century, before eventually being broken in 1916, after which standard chronometer frequencies returned to present-day levels (generally 5-10 Hz, or 18,000 to 36,000 vibrations per hour). Still in perfect working order, the Compteur de Tierces is preserved at Ateliers Louis Moinet.
70:
57:
334:, the official Swiss Chronometer testing institute, after undergoing a series of rigorous tests for robustness, accuracy and precision under adverse conditions (though these requirements fall far short of the accuracy achieved by even the cheapest modern quartz watch). A simple mechanical watch, without the stopwatch functionality, can be certified a chronometer, as can a clock, for example a ship's clock, used for navigation. The terms are not mutually exclusive either, for instance the Omega Seamaster 300M Chronograph GMT Co-Axial is also a COSC certified chronometer
107:
39:
284:, chronographs were on the wrists of many early astronauts. Chronograph usage followed a similar trajectory for many fields that involve very precise and/or repeated timing around increasingly more complicated high performance machinery, automobile racing and naval submarine navigation being two examples. As different uses for the chronograph were discovered, the industry responded with different models introducing such features as the
367:
upper had a pen-like needle attached to it. When activated, the upper face pushed down on the lower face, while revolving around a central axis, which pulled the needle. This dragged the ink, in a circular fashion, recording the time elapsed by the line of ink that the motion created. There was room left for improvement, because
Rieussec's chronograph was not easily ready for multiple uses.
387:
chronographs there are more wheels) train wheels start turning. The smallest has a revolution time of one second, the next sixty seconds, and the final one has a revolution time of sixty minutes. The three train wheels interact with one another and record how long it has been since the start button has been activated.
473:, to zero. Ordinarily the sweep second hand is stopped to record the time and started again at that spot on the dial, or reset by spinning the second hand all the way to zero again, clockwise. The flyback allows a reading and a quick reset—a counterclockwise flyback—for the next measurement to start at zero.
538:
allows the user to approximately measure the distance to an event that can be both seen and heard (e.g. a lightning bolt or a torpedo strike) using the speed of sound. The user starts the chronograph (stopwatch) at the instant the event is seen, and stops timing at the instant the event is heard. The
137:
combined with a display watch. A basic chronograph has hour and minute hands on the main dial to tell the time, a small seconds hand to tell that the watch is running, and a seconds hand on the main dial usually equipped with a sweeping movement for precision accompanied by a minutes sub dial for the
366:
Chronographs can be extremely complicated devices, but they all have the basic function of telling time, as they are watches, and of displaying elapsed time. Rieussec's chronograph was fairly simple. It was composed of two faces, a top and bottom face. The bottom face held a pool of ink, while the
279:
Chronographs were very popular with aviators as they allowed them to make rapid calculations and conduct precise timing. The demand for chronographs grew along with the aviation industry in the early part of the 20th century. As the US exploration of outer space initially involved only test pilots,
341:
and the velocity of missiles. The
Chronograph's main function is to allow a comparison of observation between a time base and, before the electronic stopwatch was invented, a permanent recording of the observer's findings. For example, one of the first applications of the chronograph was to record
245:
in 1821. The King greatly enjoyed watching horse races, but wanted to know exactly how long each race lasted, so
Rieussec was commissioned to invent a contraption that would do the job: as a result he developed the first ever commercialized chronograph. Rieussec was considered the inventor of the
453:
Metered bezels: Many chronographs have a bezel, that is either fixed or can rotate, around the outside of the dial that is marked to specific scales to allow rapid calculations. While any wristwatch can have a bezel, the chronograph stop start feature, as well as the rotation of the bezel, allows
499:
set in a cage and placed in a rotating balance in order to minimize the effects of gravity on the escapement and increase precision. Because chronograph escapements are generally larger and connect with more complications, a tourbillion in a chronograph will differ from a tourbillion in a more
249:
In 1913, Longines created the 13.33Z, one of the first chronograph movements ever developed for a wristwatch, featuring 18 jewels, a diameter of 29 mm and height of 6 mm, and a beat rate of 18,000 vph. It utilized a crown that was used both for winding the watch and serving as a pusher for the
138:
stopwatch. Another sub dial to measure the hours of the stopwatch may also be included on a chronograph. The stopwatch can be started, stopped, and reset to zero at any time by the user by operating pushers usually placed adjacent to the crown. More complex chronographs often use additional
386:
The modern day chronograph works by pushing a start button, normally located at the two o'clock position, to begin recording time, and by pushing the same button to stop the recording. When the button is pushed to start the recording, a series of three (in more complicated and more precise
449:
divers. While basic functionality is the same as other chronographs, diving models have longer and more practical straps to wear over equipment, are made to be waterproof to deeper depths, have more rounded corners to prevent catching and luminous dials for reading in the murky depths.
233:'to write'). Early versions of the chronograph are the only ones that actually used any "writing": marking the dial with a small pen attached to the index so that the length of the pen mark would indicate how much time had elapsed. The first modern chronograph was invented by
303:, and movement specialist Dubois Dépraz, developed the first automatic chronograph in partnership. They developed this technology secretly in an effort to prevent other watchmaking houses from releasing an automatic chronograph first, namely their competition
437:
The original chronographs that
Rieussec invented were called tape chronographs. They consisted of a tape that was constantly being dragged along at a controlled speed. When activated, a pen would be pushed onto the tape and begin recording until deactivated.
345:
Some more important uses of the chronograph include the
Langley Chronograph, which is used by the US Navy to record, calculate, and analyse data given off by aeroplane launching catapults. Another famous usage of the chronograph was during NASA's
370:
This paved the way for the hundreds of patents that have been handed out to people for updating and upgrading this device. Automatic, non-digital chronographs do not require a battery, because the arm or wrist of the wearer creates
142:
and can have multiple sub-dials to measure more aspects of the stopwatch such as fractions of a second as well as other helpful things such as the moon phase and the local 24-hour time. In addition, many modern chronographs include
264:
In 1844 Adolphe Nicole's updated version of the chronograph was the first to include a re-setting feature which now allowed successive measurements, unlike the constantly moving needle in the original chronograph.
462:
scale, for distance. The watchmaking company
Breitling offers a model with a rotating bezel, in conjunction with another, fixed, meter on the dial, scaled for use as a slide rule for more complex calculations.
511:. The automatic chronograph depends solely on kinetic energy as its power source, while the digital chronograph is much like the common stopwatch and uses a battery to gain power, as well as quartz for timing.
330:. Where "Chronograph" refers to the function of a watch, chronometer is a measure of how well a given mechanical timepiece performs: in order to be labeled a chronometer the timepiece must be certified by the
539:
seconds hand will point to the distance measured on a scale, usually around the edge of the face. The scale can be defined in any unit of distance, but miles or kilometers are most practical and commonplace.
1104:
486:, has multiple second hands, at least one of which can be stopped and started independently. When not activated, the second hands travel together, one under the other, to appear as just one second hand.
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514:
Other, more specific, types of chronographs include split second chronographs, tide chronographs, and asthmometer chronographs. Each of these chronographs has an added feature that sets them apart.
396:
bezels are a complication that allows rapid calculations of speed or distance. Rotating bezels allow for more complex calculations or repeated calculations without requiring a reset of the timer.
257:
produced the first chronograph with a central seconds hand and a 30-minute counter. Later, in 1923, Gaston
Breitling introduced the first chronograph with a separate pusher at 2 o'clock. In 1934
390:
In addition to the start button, it also features a reset button normally located at the four o'clock position. When the reset button is pushed the chronograph hand will reset back to zero.
375:, which results in the total energy source needed for this device to work. Throughout the day, while the wearer of the watch is walking, the swinging motion of his arm forces a semicircular
299:
watches and clockwork have been around since the late 1700s, the automatic (self winding) chronograph was not invented until the late 1960s. In 1969, the watch companies Heuer, Breitling,
261:
further developed the concept of the chronograph with the addition of the second pusher at 4 o'clock. Since then the 3-pusher chronograph design has been adopted by the entire industry.
358:
chronograph was used. Chronographs are routinely used to record heart beats within hospitals, calculate speed and/or distance on athletic fields, or even as simple timers in kitchens.
318:
Many companies sell their own styles of chronographs. While today most chronographs are in the form of wristwatches, in the early 20th century pocket chronographs were very popular.
315:
and in New York that this partnership shared the first automatic chronograph with the world on March 3, 1969. These first automatic chronographs were labelled "Chrono-matic".
700:
648:
404:
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William Pogue's Seiko 6139 Watch Flown on Board the Skylab 4 Mission, from his
Personal Collection... The First Automatic Chronograph to be Worn in Space.
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Mond, Robert L., and Meyer
Wilderman. "A New Improved Type of Chronograph". Philosophical Magazine Series 6 (2003). Taylor and Francis, 16 Apr. 2009.
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292:(or multiple second hands one of which can be stopped and started independently) and waterproof models for divers and swimmers.
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52:)—complex mechanical chronograph with 12-hour recording capabilities, automatic day, date, month, and moon phase display.
963:
Baugh, Frank G.; Benjamin Jr, Ludy T. (2006). "Walter Miles, Pop Warner, B. C. Graves, and the Psychology of Football".
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631:
Cowan, Harrison J. Time and Its Measurement; from the Stone Age to the Nuclear Age. Cleveland: World Pub., 1958. Print.
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invented the chronograph in 1816 for use in tracking astronomical objects. Chronographs soon found a widespread use in
268:
In the early part of the 20th century, many chronographs were sold with fixed bezels marked in order to function as a
155:
fire in the mid to late 1800s. Over time, the chronograph found its use to be in several different fields, such as
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more complex calculations or repeated measurements for a series of calculations. The most popular meter is for
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1025:
Jin-He, Tao (2006). "The General Method For Fixing the Gauges of Relativistic Astronomical Reference Systems".
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missions to the moon, when each astronaut was equipped with a fully functioning chronograph, the
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Professional, which is commonly regarded as one of the most iconic chronographs ever produced.
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917:
Stein, Jeffrey M. (2008), Project 99 – The Race to Develop the First Automatic Chronograph
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8:
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775:"In-Depth: A Detailed Look At Early Longines Chronographs, Including The Legendary 13ZN"
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Elizabeth Doerr, Forbes, History Rebooted: The Chronograph's Inventor is...Louis Moinet!
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readings: a simple scale that allows rapid calculations of speed. Other bezels feature
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831:"Heuer's Innovation — the Rotating Tachymeter Bezel for Race Timing | OnTheDash"
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De, Carle Donald. Watch and Clock Encyclopedia. Ipswich England: N.A.G., 1983. Print.
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introduced a model with a rotating bezel tachymeter for more complex calculations.
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that winds the mainspring in the watch, so that it is ready for use at all times.
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Once and for all: it never happened that way. That story s a complete invention.
288:(where the second hand could be rapidly reset to zero), minute and hour timers,
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Tianjin Sea-Gull ST1901 chronograph movement (based on the Swiss Venus 175)
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Linz, Alexander; James H. Ragan (June 2009). "How Omega Got to the Moon".
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A technical perspective, the chronograph, Xavier Markl, Monochrome-watches
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Louis Moinet unveils the world's first chronograph, Monochrome-watches
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908:"Chronometer". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2011)
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1081:"What's the difference between chronograph and chronometer watches?"
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Hood, Peter. How Time Is Measured. London: Oxford U.P., 1969. Print.
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Originally the term chronograph was mainly used in connection with
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733:"Louis Moinet - The first ever chronograph - Brands - WorldTempus"
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in 1816, solely for working with astronomical equipment. It was
76:
Escapement Time Quartz Pilot Watch containing a Japanese movement
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to turn on a pivot within the watch. The rotor is attached to a
1195:
TAG Heuer’s 01 chronograph watch movement explained with videos
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347:
312:
950:"Omega Seamaster 300M Chronograph GMT Co-Axial Watch Hands-On"
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who developed the first marketed chronograph at the behest of
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Seiko Flyback-Automatic-Chronograph Cal. 7016, the so-called
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on the bezels for rapid calculations of speed or distance.
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Chronomaster Mechanical Watches. Accessed 25 March 2012.
1200:
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495:, although not strictly limited to chronographs, is an
579:"Worldtempus, Louis Moinet The chronograph's inventor"
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The term chronograph is often confused with the term
1000:
Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers
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930:So what is a Chronograph and why is a Chronometer?
920:
890:
757:"Keeping up with the World's Fastest Chronographs"
117:ATV53-3023 analog-digital chronograph with 4 area
965:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
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862:"James H. Ragan: NASA's man behind the MoonWatch"
469:have a timing hand that can be rapidly reset, or
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998:Vroom, G. B. (1923). "The Langley Chronograph".
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667:"Review: Skywatch Black & White Chronograph"
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503:Other types of modern-day chronographs are the
1201:Cronosurf - The online interactive chronograph
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530:Tachymeter (watch) § Measuring distance
1175:Keulen, Robert. 1996. Accessed 25 MAR 2012
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421:, the first automatic chronograph in space
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19:For historical works with this name, see
1185:A technical perspective, the chronograph
939:chronograph.org.uk Accessed 25 MAR 2012.
902:
868:. OMEGA SA. 21 July 2009. Archived from
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93:caliber 6S21 quartz chronograph movement
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185:that incorporate a stopwatch function.
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848:"What is a Tachymeter? (With picture)"
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1179:Patek Philippe Chronograph Comparison
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441:Specialized chronographs are used by
342:the time elapsed during horse races.
121:(North America, Europe, China, Japan)
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100:Quartz chronograph and its movement
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1012:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1923.tb00184.x
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415:-Chronograph' Cal. 6139, the
181:has also been applied to all
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272:. In 1958 the watch company
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177:Since the 1980s, the term
119:Radio Controlled reception
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1047:10.1007/s10509-005-9009-4
651:October 13, 2016, at the
1181:Gray & Sons NOV 2014
655:Accessed 25 March 2012
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239:Nicolas Mathieu Rieussec
209:'time recording'), from
1152:"Telemeter Chronograph"
1039:2006Ap&SS.302...93T
703:March 25, 2013, at the
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45:MultiChron Astronomic (
524:Rangefinding telemeter
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280:by order of President
129:is a specific type of
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1216:Measuring instruments
1132:Chronograph Functions
536:telemeter chronograph
522:Further information:
505:automatic chronograph
482:, sometimes called a
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354:; in one instance, a
197:comes from the Greek
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467:Flyback chronographs
282:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1197:WatchTime June 2016
1173:Chronograph watches
509:digital chronograph
1122:, dreamchrono.com.
977:10.1002/jhbs.20134
737:en.worldtempus.com
665:Lasky, Michael S.
554:Marine chronometer
500:simple timepiece.
484:double chronograph
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133:that is used as a
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952:. 29 August 2014.
352:Omega Speedmaster
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479:rattrapante
418:Pogue Seiko
328:chronometer
290:Rattrapante
200:χρονογράφος
195:chronograph
179:chronograph
164:auto racing
145:tachymeters
127:chronograph
50: 1959
1210:Categories
1091:2020-01-10
893:Watch Time
773:Zhou, Ph.
742:2020-07-06
684:2023-08-11
589:2017-02-20
565:References
528:See also:
497:escapement
492:tourbillon
456:Tachymeter
394:Tachymeter
270:tachymeter
1055:119456275
784:4 October
679:1059-1028
518:Telemeter
460:Telemeter
413:Automatic
339:artillery
295:Although
253:In 1915,
193:The term
172:submarine
153:artillery
135:stopwatch
115:Eco-Drive
1135:Archived
985:16345007
933:Archived
779:Hodinkee
701:Archived
649:Archived
543:See also
507:and the
443:deep sea
362:Function
301:Hamilton
160:piloting
157:aircraft
1221:Watches
1035:Bibcode
876:9 April
471:flyback
381:ratchet
286:flyback
218:khrónos
189:History
113:Atessa
111:Citizen
1226:Timers
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433:(1976)
356:Bulova
348:Apollo
313:Geneva
305:Zenith
230:gráphō
212:χρόνος
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1051:S2CID
671:Wired
447:scuba
410:Seiko
400:Types
377:rotor
309:Seiko
274:Heuer
224:γράφω
131:watch
981:PMID
878:2011
786:2023
675:ISSN
534:The
445:and
332:COSC
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307:and
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