20:
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1980:
2056:. Through studies, he showed that the human eye has high resolution only for black and white, somewhat less for "mid-range" colors like yellows and greens, and much less for colors on the end of the spectrum, reds and blues. This knowledge allowed RCA to develop a system in which they discarded most of the blue signal after it comes from the camera, keeping most of the green and only some of the red; this is chroma subsampling in the
57:
1918:
refers to an analog TV encoding scheme (ITU-R Rec. BT.470) while Y'CbCr refers to a digital encoding scheme. One difference between the two is that the scale factors on the chroma components (U, V, Cb, and Cr) are different. However, the term YUV is often used erroneously to refer to Y'CbCr encoding.
1897:
green and blue values. As displays cannot output negative light (negative light does not exist), these negative values will effectively be clipped, and the resulting luma value will be too high. Other sub-sampling filters (especially the averaging "box") have a similar issue that is harder to make a
1723:
Used by Sony in their HDCAM High
Definition recorders (not HDCAM SR). In the horizontal dimension, luma is sampled horizontally at three quarters of the full HD sampling rate – 1440 samples per row instead of 1920. Chroma is sampled at 480 samples per row, a third of the luma sampling
1714:
support it, but it is not widely used. This ratio uses half of the vertical and one-fourth the horizontal color resolutions, with only one-eighth of the bandwidth of the maximum color resolutions used. Uncompressed video in this format with 8-bit quantization uses 10 bytes for every macropixel (which
380:
Gamma-correcting electro-optical transfer functions (EOTF), are used due to the nonlinear response of human vision. The use of gamma improves perceived signal-to-noise in analogue systems, and allows for more efficient data encoding in digital systems. This encoding uses more levels for darker colors
2900:
NOTE – The term chroma is used rather than the term chrominance in order to avoid the implication of the use of linear light transfer characteristics that is often associated with the term chrominance. NOTE – The term luma is used rather than the term luminance in order to avoid the implication of
1836:
Gamma-corrected signals like Y'CbCr have an issue where chroma errors "bleed" into luma. In those signals, a low chroma actually makes a color appear less bright than one with equivalent luma. As a result, when a saturated color blends with an unsaturated or complementary color, a loss of luminance
1663:
In the 4:2:0 interlaced scheme, however, vertical resolution of the chroma is roughly halved, since the chroma samples effectively describe an area 2 samples wide by 4 samples tall instead of 2Ă—2. As well, the spatial displacement between both fields can result in the appearance of comb-like chroma
1408:
color encoding system, since like that format, 4:2:0 only stores and transmits one color channel per line (the other channel being recovered from the previous line). However, little equipment has actually been produced that outputs a SECAM analogue video signal. In general, SECAM territories either
1617:
motion artifacts. The MPEG-2 standard allows for an alternate interlaced sampling scheme, where 4:2:0 is applied to each field (not both fields at once). This solves the problem of motion artifacts, reduces the vertical chroma resolution by half, and can introduce comb-like artifacts in the image.
1892:
colors can occur upon chroma reconstruction. Suppose the image consisted of alternating 1-pixel red and black lines and the subsampling omitted the chroma for the black pixels. Chroma from the red pixels will be reconstructed onto the black pixels, causing the new pixels to have positive red and
1901:
It is possible for the decoder to deal with out-of-gamut colors by considering how much chroma a given luma value can hold and distribute it into the 4:4:4 intermediate accordingly, termed "in-range chroma reconstruction" by Glenn Chan. The "proportion" method is in spirit similar to
Kornelski's
1616:
material, 4:2:0 chroma subsampling can result in motion artifacts if it is implemented the same way as for progressive material. The luma samples are derived from separate time intervals, while the chroma samples would be derived from both time intervals. It is this difference that can result in
2878:
luma: To avoid the interdisciplinary confusion resulting from the two distinct definitions of luminance, it has been proposed that the video documents use luma for luminance, television (i.e., the luminance signal), and chroma for chrominance television (i.e., the chrominance
1953:
Similarly, the chroma of video engineering differs from the chrominance of color science. The chroma of video engineering is formed from weighted tristimulus components (gamma corrected, OETF), not linear components. In video engineering practice, the terms
1919:
Hence, expressions like "4:2:2 YUV" always refer to 4:2:2 Y'CbCr, since there simply is no such thing as 4:x:x in analog encoding (such as YUV). Pixel formats used in Y'CbCr can be referred to as YUV too, for example yuv420p, yuvj420p and many others.
68:
Digital signals are often compressed to reduce file size and save transmission time. Since the human visual system is much more sensitive to variations in brightness than color, a video system can be optimized by devoting more bandwidth to the
1211:
The two chroma components are sampled at half the horizontal sample rate of luma: the horizontal chroma resolution is halved. This reduces the bandwidth of an uncompressed video signal by one-third, which means for 8 bit per component without
472:
This notation is not valid for all combinations and has exceptions, e.g. 4:1:0 (where the height of the region is not 2 pixels, but 4 pixels, so if 8 bits per component are used, the media would be 9 bits per pixel) and 4:2:1.
2901:
the use of linear light transfer characteristics that is often associated with the term luminance. The symbol L is sometimes used instead of the symbol Y to avoid confusion with the symbol y as used for vertical location.
1562:
are taken on midpoint of the left-edge of the 2×2 square. In other words, they have the same horizontal location as the top-left pixel, but is shifted one-half pixel down vertically. Also called "left".
1294:-based formats (some of which use 4:1:1 chroma subsampling) have been used professionally in electronic news gathering and in playout servers. DV has also been sporadically used in feature films and in
1744:
notation, with each part describing the amount of resolution for the corresponding component. It is unspecified whether the resolution reduction happens in the horizontal or vertical direction.
1631:
1732:
A number of legacy schemes allow different subsampling factors in Cb and Cr, similar to how a different amount of bandwidth is allocated to the two chroma values in broadcast systems such as
1648:
1622:
1715:
is 4Ă—2 pixels) or 10 bit for every pixel. It has the equivalent chrominance bandwidth of a PAL-I or PAL-M signal decoded with a delay line decoder, and still very much superior to NTSC.
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are taken at the center of 2×2 the square. In other words, they are offset one-half pixel to the right and one-half pixel down compared to the top-left pixel. Also called "center".
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1286:
In 4:1:1 chroma subsampling, the horizontal color resolution is quartered, and the bandwidth is halved compared to no chroma subsampling. Initially, 4:1:1 chroma subsampling of the
288:
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defines a "constant luminance" Yc'CbcCrc, which is calculated from linear RGB components and then gamma-encoded. This version does not suffer from the luminance loss by design.
175:
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Assumes that the image will be upsampled using a bilinear filter. If nearest neighbor is used instead, the upsampled image might look worse than with standard downsampling.
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are sampled at the same location as the group's top-left Y pixel ("co-sited", "co-located"). Also called "top-left". An analogous co-sited sampling is used in MPEG-2 4:2:2.
2585:
64:, this image shows the difference between four subsampling schemes. Note how similar the color images appear. The lower row shows the resolution of the color information.
1837:
occurs at the border. This can be seen in the example between magenta and green. This issue persists in HDR video where gamma is generalized into a transfer function "
1396:
channels are only sampled on each alternate line in this scheme, the vertical resolution is halved. The data rate is thus the same. This fits reasonably well with the
1550:
There are four main variants of 4:2:0 schemes, having different horizontal and vertical sampling siting relative to the 2×2 "square" of the original input size.
325:
247:
1702:
If the interlaced material is to be de-interlaced, the comb-like chroma artifacts (from 4:2:0 interlaced sampling) can be removed by blurring the chroma vertically.
401:(e.g. 4:2:2) or four parts, if alpha channel is present (e.g. 4:2:2:4), that describe the number of luminance and chrominance samples in a conceptual region that is
375:
1171:. To calculate required bandwidth factor relative to 4:4:4 (or 4:4:4:4), one needs to sum all the factors and divide the result by 12 (or 16, if alpha is present).
1188:
components has the same sample rate, thus there is no chroma subsampling. This scheme is sometimes used in high-end film scanners and cinematic post-production.
1167:
The mapping examples given are only theoretical and for illustration. Also the diagram does not indicate any chroma filtering, which should be applied to avoid
348:
1542:
are each subsampled at a factor of 2 both horizontally and vertically. Most digital video formats corresponding to 576i "PAL" use 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.
2798:
Chung, Kuo-Liang; Liang, Yan-Cheng; Wang, Ching-Sheng (March 2019). "Effective
Content-Aware Chroma Reconstruction Method for Screen Content Images".
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2210:
2041:
1421:
1275:
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1922:
In a similar vein, the term luminance and the symbol Y are often used erroneously to refer to luma, which is denoted with the symbol Y'. The
1822:
Chroma subsampling suffers from two main types of artifacts, causing degradation more noticeable than intended where colors change abruptly.
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3467:
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2060:
color space and is roughly analogous to 4:2:1 subsampling, in that it has decreasing resolution for luma, yellow/green, and red/blue.
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2418:
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1943:
1931:
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simple example out of. Similar artifacts arise in the less artificial example of gradation near a fairly sharp red/black boundary.
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color space, which implicitly also does not have any chroma subsampling (except in JPEG R'G'B' can be subsampled). Formats such as
3170:
44:
It is used in many video and still image encoding schemes – both analog and digital – including in
2593:
3867:
3444:
2106:
2867:
2777:
2690:
2194:
1950:
adopted
Engineering Guideline EG 28, clarifying the two terms. The prime symbol ' is used to indicate gamma correction.
2774:"BT.2020: Parameter values for ultra-high definition television systems for production and international programme exchange"
3597:
1314:
1724:
rate. In the vertical dimension, both luma and chroma are sampled at the full HD sampling rate (1080 samples vertically).
1290:
format was not considered to be broadcast quality and was only acceptable for low-end and consumer applications. However,
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2001:
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information, taking advantage of the human visual system's lower acuity for color differences than for luminance.
4097:
3935:
3786:
3705:
3499:
464:: horizontal factor (relative to first digit). May be omitted if alpha component is not present, and is equal to
1344:(or equivalently for I/Q). Thus the DV system actually provides a superior color bandwidth compared to the best
4070:
3690:
3484:
3272:
2005:
2911:
Poynton, Charles. "Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and
Interfaces". U.S.: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2003.
4167:
3203:
2563:
3832:
2495:
4157:
4060:
3602:
3160:
2974:
1966:
are often used interchangeably to refer to chroma, but it is not a good practice, as ITU-T Rec H.273 says.
1776:
4:1:0.5 or 4:1:0.25 are variants of 4:1:0 with reduced horizontal resolution on Cb, similar to VHS quality.
114:
3150:
3145:
2331:
2395:"VCFe Vortrag vom 2016.04.30 – Homecomputer und Spielkonsolen – Videoarchitekturen als visuelles Medium"
1831:
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2101:
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4102:
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3257:
3100:
1348:
specifications for NTSC, despite having only 1/4 of the chroma bandwidth of a "full" digital signal.
2947:
4107:
3680:
3474:
3175:
2961:
1990:
1490:
1256:
19:
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135:
4048:
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1994:
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1626:
Original. This image shows a single field. The moving text has some motion blur applied to it.
1333:
1295:
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2517:
2182:
1238:
4077:
2934:
2437:
ArqueologĂa informática: los ordenadores MSX en los inicios de la microinformática domĂ©stica
2227:
1577:
1355:
252:
183:
3761:
3223:
3185:
3006:
2807:
2477:
1471:
1377:
456:(except in rare irregular cases like 4:4:1 and 4:2:1, which do not follow this convention).
249:
component. The color difference components are created by subtracting two of the weighted
8:
3992:
3883:
3842:
3827:
3796:
3791:
3700:
3607:
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material. The chroma leads and trails the moving text. This image shows a single field.
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3250:
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color encoding system, since this has only half the vertical chrominance resolution of
356:
333:
328:
110:
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1287:
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460:
98:
61:
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2440:(Proyecto/Trabajo fin de carrera/grado thesis). Universitat Politècnica de València.
89:. This reduction results in almost no visual difference as perceived by the viewer.
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3940:
3913:
3908:
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3751:
3661:
3570:
3565:
3394:
3127:
3105:
2997:
2855:
2815:
2755:
2678:
2650:
2639:"Toward Better Chroma Subsampling: Recipient of the 2007 SMPTE Student Paper Award"
1447:
178:
2892:"H.273 : Coding-independent code points for video signal type identification"
2891:
3903:
3717:
3641:
3622:
3592:
3560:
3526:
3085:
3023:
2053:
1903:
1345:
1321:
encoder" would have a
Nyquist bandwidth of 1.5 MHz and 0.5 MHz for the
1305:"NTSC" system, if the luma is sampled at 13.5 MHz, then this means that the
1228:
125:
121:
2706:
3695:
3489:
3218:
3213:
3070:
3043:
3015:
2873:
1873:
Iterative or closed-form luma correction to minimize luminance error (HDRTools)
1630:
1313:
signals will each be sampled at 3.375 MHz, which corresponds to a maximum
2673:
Larbier, Pierre (October 2015). "High
Dynamic Range: Compression Challenges".
1647:
117:
color information at a lower resolution while maintaining good image quality.
4187:
4002:
3950:
3617:
3612:
3587:
3519:
3140:
3038:
2819:
2096:
1733:
1443:
412:: horizontal sampling reference (width of the conceptual region). Usually, 4.
291:
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1621:
1233:
4123:
3090:
3065:
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2827:
2773:
2435:
2275:
2079:
1524:
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In 4:2:0, the horizontal sampling is doubled compared to 4:1:1, but as the
351:
222:
106:
70:
38:
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pixels wide and 2 pixels high. The parts are (in their respective order):
113:(lightness/darkness information in an image). Therefore it is possible to
4082:
3960:
3756:
3632:
3582:
2615:"Support decoding yuv442 and yuv421 jpeg images. · FFmpeg/FFmpeg@387d860"
2304:
2074:
1520:
129:
34:
31:
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73:
component (usually denoted Y'), than to the color difference components
4139:
3930:
3925:
3812:
3771:
3577:
2759:
1906:. Improving chroma reconstruction remains an active field of research.
1888:
Another artifact that can occur with chroma subsampling is that out-of-
1690:
1613:
1410:
1260:
30:
is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for
1938:(tristimulus) RGB components. Luminance is formed as a weighed sum of
1804:
1790:
1317:
bandwidth of 1.6875 MHz, whereas traditional "high-end broadcast
2089:
1877:
1595:
is sampled at the same location as the group's top-left Y pixel, but
1485:
1453:
1247:
1223:
2682:
2356:
1979:
1870:
RGB subsampling in linear space before chroma subsampling (HDRTools)
1336:, the chroma channels have only the 0.5 MHz bandwidth for both
1219:
Many high-end digital video formats and interfaces use this scheme:
4053:
3898:
3555:
2655:
2111:
2084:
2052:
standard; luma–chroma separation was developed earlier, in 1938 by
1810:
Image after color subsampling (Sony Vegas DV codec, box filtering.)
1325:
channels. However, in most equipment, especially cheap TV sets and
1252:
1196:
1168:
389:
The subsampling scheme is commonly expressed as a three-part ratio
85:
scheme requires two-thirds the bandwidth of non-subsampled "4:4:4"
2754:. SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, 2016. pp. 99710E.
2160:
The prime signs indicates gamma-correction or any non-linear EOTF.
1668:
3822:
3296:
3245:
2707:"Gamma-correct chroma subsampling · Issue #193 · mozilla/mozjpeg"
2181:
S. Winkler, C. J. van den
Branden Lambrecht, and M. Kunt (2001).
1330:
1416:
Different variants of 4:2:0 chroma configurations are found in:
3336:
2851:
Annotated
Glossary of Essential Terms for Electronic Production
2377:
Issues on YJK colour model implemented in Yamaha V9958 VDP chip
1528:
1265:
1200:
381:
than for lighter ones, accommodating human vision sensitivity.
221:
components are weighted and then summed together to create the
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3316:
2317:
2136:
2126:
2120:
2069:
1947:
1889:
1711:
1500:
1481:
1432:
1405:
1270:
1185:
82:
2232:
considered harmful: A plea for precise terminology in video"
2187:
Vision models and applications to image and video processing
1946:
symbol Y is often incorrectly used to denote luma. In 1993,
56:
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3180:
3165:
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2509:
2115:
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1359:
1318:
1302:
45:
1902:
luma-weighted average, while the "spill" method resembles
1699:
sampling applied to a still image. Both fields are shown.
1686:
sampling applied to a still image. Both fields are shown.
3301:
3267:
2354:
2141:
2131:
2057:
2045:
1915:
1848:
Luma-weighted average (Kornelski, experiment for mozjpeg)
1748:
In JPEG, 4:4:2 and 4:2:1 half the vertical resolution of
1516:
1476:
1397:
1363:
1326:
1322:
1192:
297:
102:
86:
1216:(24 bit per pixel) only 16 bits are enough, as in NV16.
2577:
2292:
2243:
2675:
SMPTE 2015 Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition
359:
350:. The presence of gamma encoding is denoted with the
336:
308:
255:
230:
186:
138:
2748:
HDR color conversion with varying distortion metrics
2123:– Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
1796:
Original image without color subsampling. 200% zoom.
1450:
allow higher-quality sampling schemes such as 4:4:4)
1174:
2583:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2185:. In Christian J. van den Branden Lambrecht (ed.).
1841:". A steeper EOTF shows a stronger luminance loss.
1351:Formats that use 4:1:1 chroma subsampling include:
2766:
369:
342:
319:
282:
241:
213:
169:
2040:Chroma subsampling was developed in the 1950s by
4185:
2586:"DVD Player Benchmark – Chroma Upsampling Error"
2537:
1816:Note the bleeding in lightness near the borders.
1413:to convert the PAL signal to SECAM for display.
2914:
1942:(tristimulus) RGB components. In practice, the
1769:(and a quarter of the horizontal resolution of
81:. In compressed images, for example, the 4:2:2
2797:
384:
2982:
1844:Some proposed corrections of this issue are:
1607:
294:methods can be used to limit the resolution.
128:image, with separated color difference data (
2996:
2433:
2298:
2209:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1926:(Y') of video engineering deviates from the
1832:Gamma correction § Scaling and blending
1727:
1404:. It would also fit extremely well with the
1191:"4:4:4" may instead be wrongly referring to
436:: number of changes of chrominance samples (
2917:"Chrominance Subsampling in Digital Images"
2301:"HDMI Enhanced Black Levels, xvYCC and RGB"
2183:"Vision and Video: Models and Applications"
2044:for the development of color television by
2008:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1660:material. This image shows a single field.
1442:implementations (although some profiles of
2989:
2975:
2668:
2666:
2564:"y4minput.c - webm/libvpx - Git at Google"
2654:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2590:Secrets of Home Theater and High Fidelity
2450:
2267:
2237:
2028:Learn how and when to remove this message
1934:). Luma is formed as the weighted sum of
2373:
2244:Jennings, Roger; Bertel Schmitt (1997).
1825:
290:components from the third. A variety of
109:) at about a third of the resolution of
92:
55:
18:
2672:
2663:
2572:420paldv chroma samples are sited like:
2515:
1736:. These schemes are not expressible in
1438:H.26x video coding standards including
1409:have to use a PAL-capable display or a
1199:can record 4:4:4 R'G'B' over dual-link
4186:
2744:
2625:
2423:. United Technical Publications. 2001.
2222:
2220:
2107:Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding
1765:horizontal resolution is half that of
298:Regarding gamma and transfer functions
23:Widely used chroma subsampling formats
2970:
2800:IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
2778:International Telecommunication Union
2725:"WebP: sharpyuv/sharpyuv.h | Fossies"
2478:"V9958 MSX-VIDEO TECHNICAL DATA BOOK"
1580:content (in particular on Blu-rays),
1545:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
2884:
2745:Norkin, Andrey (27 September 2016).
2636:
2493:
2470:
2273:
2006:adding citations to reliable sources
1973:
1930:(Y) of color science (as defined by
2584:Munsil, Don; Stacey Spears (2003).
2434:MartĂn Sesma, Sergio (2016-10-03).
2217:
452:is usually either zero or equal to
327:should not be confused with linear
101:(HVS) processes color information (
13:
2496:"Schermen op MSX – De 2+ schermen"
2355:MSX Licensing Corporation (2022).
444:) between first and second row of
14:
4215:
2962:Chroma Sampling: An Investigation
2955:
2374:Niemietz, Ricardo Cancho (2014).
1883:
1710:This ratio is possible, and some
1599:is sampled one pixel down. It is
1565:In JPEG/JFIF, H.261, and MPEG-1,
1175:Types of sampling and subsampling
418:: number of chrominance samples (
16:Practice of encoding color images
4163:
4162:
4153:
4152:
2503:MSX Computer & Club Magazine
2276:"DV, DVCAM & DVCPRO Formats"
1978:
1803:
1789:
1740:notation. Instead, they adopt a
1689:
1676:
1667:
1646:
1629:
1620:
2842:
2791:
2738:
2717:
2699:
2607:
2556:
2487:
2444:
2427:
2411:
2387:
1591:In 4:2:0 PAL-DV (IEC 61834-2),
1266:ProRes (HQ, 422, LT, and Proxy)
2915:Douglas A. Kerr (2012-01-19).
2453:"MSX – Vari Costruttori- 1983"
2367:
2348:
2174:
2154:
1909:
1:
2518:"Chroma Subsampling Notation"
2167:
120:This is achieved by encoding
2643:SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal
1780:
1752:compared to 4:4:4 and 4:4:0.
1603:called "top-left" in ffmpeg.
1554:In MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and AVC,
170:{\displaystyle Y'C_{b}C_{r}}
124:image data into a composite
51:
7:
2330:. Telairity. Archived from
2299:Clint DeBoer (2008-04-16).
2063:
2048:, which developed into the
1656:sampling applied to moving
1639:sampling applied to moving
1158:full horizontal resolution,
1151:full horizontal resolution,
385:Sampling systems and ratios
10:
4220:
4044:Compressed data structures
3366:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
3034:Asymmetric numeral systems
2102:High-definition television
1969:
1829:
1608:Interlaced and progressive
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
4199:Film and video technology
4148:
4132:
4116:
4034:
3959:
3891:
3882:
3805:
3739:
3730:
3631:
3548:
3539:
3455:
3403:Discrete cosine transform
3393:
3384:
3333:LZ77 + Huffman + context
3286:
3196:
3126:
3014:
3005:
2568:chromium.googlesource.com
2516:Poynton, Charles (2008).
2189:. Springer. p. 209.
1728:Different Cb and Cr rates
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1042:
1035:
1020:
1018:
998:
918:
913:
897:
892:
876:
871:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
647:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
4108:Smallest grammar problem
2820:10.1109/TIP.2018.2875340
2637:Chan, Glenn (May 2008).
2451:Redazione (2008-10-20).
2147:
1718:
1705:
1576:In HEVC for BT.2020 and
1491:Apple Intermediate Codec
1383:
1281:
1257:Serial digital interface
1206:
1179:
1160:full vertical resolution
1146:full vertical resolution
1144:½ horizontal resolution,
1137:½ horizontal resolution,
1132:full vertical resolution
1130:ÂĽ horizontal resolution,
4049:Compressed suffix array
3598:Nyquist–Shannon theorem
2860:10.5594/SMPTE.EG28.1993
2942:Cite journal requires
2876:on November 30, 2017.
2357:"The YJK screen modes"
2325:"Digital Color Coding"
2274:Wilt, Adam J. (2006).
1863:. Sharp YUV assumes a
1755:In another version of
1673:Original still image.
1296:digital cinematography
426:) in the first row of
371:
344:
321:
284:
283:{\displaystyle R'G'B'}
243:
215:
214:{\displaystyle R'G'B'}
171:
65:
24:
4078:Kolmogorov complexity
3946:Video characteristics
3323:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
2551:enum AvChromaLocation
1867:upscaling for chroma.
1830:Further information:
1826:Gamma luminance error
1153:½ vertical resolution
1139:½ vertical resolution
372:
345:
322:
285:
244:
216:
172:
93:How subsampling works
59:
22:
4168:Compression software
3762:Compression artifact
3718:Psychoacoustic model
2494:Alex, Wulms (1995).
2002:improve this section
357:
334:
306:
253:
228:
184:
136:
132:). For example with
4158:Compression formats
3797:Texture compression
3792:Standard test image
3608:Silence compression
2812:2019ITIP...28.1108C
2246:"DV vs. Betacam SP"
1523:implemented by the
1440:H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2
302:Gamma encoded luma
99:human vision system
4066:Information theory
3921:Display resolution
3747:Chroma subsampling
3136:Byte pair encoding
3081:Shannon–Fano–Elias
2760:10.1117/12.2237040
2226:Poynton, Charles.
1546:Sampling positions
1184:Each of the three
367:
340:
320:{\displaystyle Y'}
317:
280:
242:{\displaystyle Y'}
239:
211:
167:
66:
28:Chroma subsampling
25:
4204:Image compression
4181:
4180:
4030:
4029:
3980:Deblocking filter
3878:
3877:
3726:
3725:
3535:
3534:
3380:
3379:
2869:978-1-61482-022-2
2692:978-1-61482-956-0
2361:MSX Assembly Page
2196:978-0-7923-7422-0
2038:
2037:
2030:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
370:{\displaystyle '}
343:{\displaystyle Y}
4211:
4194:Data compression
4166:
4165:
4156:
4155:
3985:Lapped transform
3889:
3888:
3767:Image resolution
3752:Coding tree unit
3737:
3736:
3546:
3545:
3391:
3390:
3012:
3011:
2998:Data compression
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2904:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2872:. Archived from
2846:
2840:
2839:
2806:(3): 1108–1117.
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2721:
2715:
2714:
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2696:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2634:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2592:. Archived from
2581:
2575:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2507:
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2500:
2491:
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2442:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2399:neil.franklin.ch
2391:
2385:
2384:
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2371:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2241:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2178:
2161:
2158:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2013:
1982:
1974:
1855:method, used by
1807:
1793:
1760:
1759:
1693:
1680:
1671:
1650:
1633:
1624:
1527:graphic chip on
1519:, a proprietary
1448:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
1346:composite analog
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
476:
475:
376:
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4209:
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4184:
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4177:
4144:
4128:
4112:
4093:Rate–distortion
4026:
3955:
3874:
3801:
3722:
3627:
3623:Sub-band coding
3531:
3456:Predictive type
3451:
3376:
3343:LZSS + Huffman
3293:LZ77 + Huffman
3282:
3192:
3128:Dictionary type
3122:
3024:Adaptive coding
3001:
2995:
2958:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2923:
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2908:
2907:
2890:
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2767:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2683:10.5594/M001639
2671:
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2159:
2155:
2150:
2066:
2054:Georges Valensi
2034:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1999:
1983:
1972:
1936:gamma-corrected
1912:
1904:error diffusion
1886:
1859:and optionally
1834:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1818:
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1813:
1812:
1811:
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1730:
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1708:
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1672:
1651:
1634:
1625:
1610:
1548:
1503:implementations
1386:
1284:
1276:Canon MXF HD422
1229:Digital Betacam
1209:
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1177:
1159:
1152:
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1138:
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387:
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126:black and white
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3530:
3529:
3527:Psychoacoustic
3524:
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3504:
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3395:Transform type
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2957:
2956:External links
2954:
2953:
2952:
2944:|journal=
2912:
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2656:10.5594/J15100
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2469:
2457:CyberLudus.com
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1884:Gamut clipping
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3951:Video quality
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3672:
3671:
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3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
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3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Speech coding
3616:
3614:
3613:Sound quality
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Dynamic range
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
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3409:
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3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:LZ77 + Range
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
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3308:
3305:
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3300:
3298:
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3279:
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3259:
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3207:
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3149:
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3139:
3137:
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3125:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
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3089:
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3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2985:
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2973:
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2969:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2936:
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2897:
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2875:
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2825:
2821:
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2809:
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2720:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2596:on 2008-06-06
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2553:, ffmpeg 3.1.
2552:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2337:on 2014-01-07
2333:
2326:
2320:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:on 2008-07-02
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Digital video
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:This section
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1872:
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1862:
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1854:
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1847:
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1833:
1823:
1806:
1792:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:CCIR System M
1725:
1716:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
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1598:
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1498:
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1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:MPEG-4 Part 2
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
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1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:AVC-Intra 100
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1170:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
928:
926:
923:
921:
916:
911:
907:
905:
902:
900:
895:
890:
886:
884:
881:
879:
874:
870:
866:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
767:
766:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
737:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
695:
694:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
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671:
669:
667:
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663:
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659:
657:
655:
652:
650:
646:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
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617:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
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594:
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586:
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582:
580:
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571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
532:
530:
526:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
478:
477:
474:
468:when present.
467:
463:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
407:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
382:
378:
363:
361:
353:
337:
330:
313:
310:
295:
293:
276:
273:
268:
265:
260:
257:
235:
232:
224:
207:
204:
199:
196:
191:
188:
180:
179:gamma encoded
162:
158:
152:
148:
143:
140:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
63:
58:
49:
47:
42:
40:
36:
33:
29:
21:
4124:Hutter Prize
4088:Quantization
3993:Compensation
3787:Quantization
3746:
3510:Compensation
3076:Shannon–Fano
3016:Entropy type
2935:cite journal
2924:. Retrieved
2899:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2874:the original
2850:
2844:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2780:. 2014-07-17
2768:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2674:
2649:(4): 39–45.
2646:
2642:
2618:
2609:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:the original
2589:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:
2511:
2502:
2489:
2472:
2461:. Retrieved
2459:(in Italian)
2456:
2446:
2436:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2350:
2339:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2294:
2283:. Retrieved
2280:adamwilt.com
2279:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2249:
2239:
2229:
2186:
2176:
2156:
2080:Color vision
2042:Alda Bedford
2039:
2024:
2015:
2000:Please help
1988:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1876:
1852:
1843:
1835:
1821:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1525:Yamaha V9958
1495:Most common
1486:AVC-Intra 50
1458:Blu-ray Disc
1415:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1285:
1218:
1210:
1190:
1183:
1166:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
877:
872:
862:
842:
822:
802:
782:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
648:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
471:
465:
459:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
402:
398:
394:
390:
388:
379:
352:prime symbol
301:
119:
107:colorfulness
96:
78:
74:
67:
43:
27:
26:
4083:Prefix code
3936:Frame types
3757:Color space
3583:Convolution
3313:LZ77 + ANS
3224:Incremental
3197:Other types
3116:Levenshtein
2896:www.itu.int
2729:fossies.org
2525:Poynton.com
2305:Audioholics
2075:Color space
1960:chrominance
1910:Terminology
1684:progressive
1664:artifacts.
1637:progressive
1521:color space
1319:analog NTSC
1271:XDCAM HD422
35:information
4188:Categories
4140:Mark Adler
4098:Redundancy
4015:Daubechies
3998:Estimation
3931:Frame rate
3853:Daubechies
3813:Chain code
3772:Macroblock
3578:Companding
3515:Estimation
3435:Daubechies
3141:Lempel–Ziv
3101:Exp-Golomb
3029:Arithmetic
2926:2022-02-14
2784:2014-08-31
2600:2008-08-29
2530:2008-10-01
2463:2022-11-13
2404:2022-11-13
2341:2013-06-02
2310:2013-06-02
2285:2008-08-29
2260:2008-08-29
2250:DV Central
2168:References
1964:saturation
1851:Iterative
1697:interlaced
1658:interlaced
1654:interlaced
1641:interlaced
1614:interlaced
1531:computers.
1411:transcoder
1234:Betacam SX
48:encoding.
4117:Community
3941:Interlace
3327:Zstandard
3106:Fibonacci
3096:Universal
3054:Canonical
2420:IC Master
2230:luminance
2228:"YUV and
2205:cite book
2090:Cone cell
2018:July 2022
1989:does not
1928:luminance
1914:The term
1878:Rec. 2020
1853:sharp YUV
1781:Artifacts
1497:JPEG/JFIF
1454:DVD-Video
1248:Digital-S
1243:DVCPRO HD
867:= 4
847:= 4
827:= 4
807:= 4
787:= 4
329:luminance
292:filtering
111:luminance
62:full size
52:Rationale
37:than for
4103:Symmetry
4071:Timeline
4054:FM-index
3899:Bit rate
3892:Concepts
3740:Concepts
3603:Sampling
3556:Bit rate
3549:Concepts
3251:Sequitur
3086:Tunstall
3059:Modified
3049:Adaptive
3007:Lossless
2898:. 2016.
2836:52964340
2828:30307864
2677:: 1–15.
2112:Rec. 601
2085:Rod cell
2064:See also
1895:negative
1865:bilinear
1253:CCIR 601
1239:DVCPRO50
1197:HDCAM SR
1169:aliasing
873:(Cr, Cb)
448:pixels.
364:′
314:′
277:′
269:′
261:′
236:′
208:′
200:′
192:′
144:′
4061:Entropy
4010:Wavelet
3989:Motion
3848:Wavelet
3828:Fractal
3823:Deflate
3806:Methods
3593:Latency
3506:Motion
3430:Wavelet
3347:LHA/LZH
3297:Deflate
3246:Re-Pair
3241:Grammar
3071:Shannon
3044:Huffman
3000:methods
2879:signal)
2808:Bibcode
2483:. 1988.
2010:removed
1995:sources
1970:History
1742:Y:Cb:Cr
1578:BT.2100
1372:"NTSC"
1358:/ D-7 (
1331:Betamax
1315:Nyquist
1301:In the
1117:=
1076:=
1055:=
1028:=
1011:=
991:=
960:=
929:=
908:=
887:=
430:pixels.
4172:codecs
4133:People
4036:Theory
4003:Vector
3520:Vector
3337:Brotli
3287:Hybrid
3186:Snappy
3039:Golomb
2866:
2834:
2826:
2711:GitHub
2689:
2619:GitHub
2193:
2114:4:2:2
1962:, and
1956:chroma
1940:linear
1712:codecs
1695:4:2:0
1682:4:2:0
1652:4:2:0
1635:4:2:0
1466:"PAL"
1356:DVCPRO
1201:HD-SDI
1193:R'G'B'
1186:Y'CbCr
696:
653:
576:
533:
529:Y'CrCb
130:chroma
115:sample
87:R'G'B'
83:Y'CbCr
32:chroma
3963:parts
3961:Codec
3926:Frame
3884:Video
3868:SPIHT
3777:Pixel
3732:Image
3686:ACELP
3657:ADPCM
3647:ÎĽ-law
3642:A-law
3635:parts
3633:Codec
3541:Audio
3480:ACELP
3468:ADPCM
3445:SPIHT
3386:Lossy
3370:bzip2
3361:LZHAM
3317:LZFSE
3219:Delta
3111:Gamma
3091:Unary
3066:Range
2920:(PDF)
2832:S2CID
2752:(PDF)
2521:(PDF)
2505:(72).
2499:(PDF)
2481:(PDF)
2381:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
2328:(PDF)
2148:Notes
2137:YPbPr
2127:YCbCr
2121:SMPTE
2070:Color
1948:SMPTE
1890:gamut
1758:4:2:1
1738:J:a:b
1719:3:1:1
1706:4:1:0
1612:With
1529:MSX2+
1501:MJPEG
1482:AVCHD
1472:DVCAM
1433:ITU-T
1406:SECAM
1384:4:2:0
1378:DVCAM
1282:4:1:1
1214:alpha
1207:4:2:2
1180:4:4:4
520:4:4:4
511:4:4:0
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