450:
incredible and could not be true, all the more so since Holy
Scripture was clearly against this opinion." Christina asked Castelli for his opinion on the matter, not as a mathematician but as a theologian. Castelli responded that with regards to the exact workings of nature, he gave precedence to natural philosophers, and that theologians should in the light of these findings determine the meaning of the Bible. In the letter to Galileo, Castelli stated that Christina criticized heliocentrism, and Galileo did not like this. However, Christina's disagreement was prompted by Boscaglia rather than by her own thought.
29:
1856:
1711:
363:. Christina took charge of engaging with the Florentine religious establishment. Maria Maddalena assumed the title of archduchess. Christina became known as the Dowager Grand Duchess, and sent Ferdinando II on a tour of Europe in 1627. Maria Maddalena died in November 1631, shortly after her son Ferdinando II had formally assumed the position of grand duke.
303:, and Giovanni Battista Paggi, who worked on the ephemeral decorations. Altogether the wedding spectacles cost approximately fourteen million pounds in today's currency. These lavish and innovative forms of entertainment proved to be more than showmanship. They greatly influenced theatrical practices in European courts throughout the 17th century.
485:) became the principal residence for unmarried Medici princesses. As a young women Christina had expressed the wish to finish her life in a convent, but she never withdrew from political affairs. Though she did build for herself a residence next to Crocetta, and spend less time at the Medici court in
395:
to participate in the government of
Florence. As a consequence patricians started to occupy positions in a range of institutions of the Medici government and in the civil service. This move was intended to weaken the power of the Roman aristocrats in Florentine government. This strategy was continued
449:
Galileo had discovered and named after Cosimo II and his brothers. Boscaglia conceded that these moons were real, and not an illusion produced by the lens of the telescope. But
Boscaglia argued that Galileo's interpretation of his discoveries was wrong, mainly because "the motion of the Earth seemed
330:
was only 19 when he assumed power, and
Christina remained a dominant force at the court. In 1610 the Venetian ambassador Giacomo Vendramin wrote home: "the grand duchess wants thus to govern everything absolutely, without any thought to the reputation and the benefit of her son". Christina was keen
286:
The sumptuous and well-documented wedding festivities, celebrated in
Florence in 1589, were designed to impress the royal houses of Europe. The wedding ceremony in Florence Cathedral was followed by outdoor events for the public, as well as banquets and balls, comedies and musical interludes, and a
459:
Galileo expounded on the relationship between science and revelation. He argued that the
Scripture does not intend to teach natural philosophy, but conveys the message of salvation. Thus there was not need to reconcile the Bible with science, and that it would damage the authority of the Church in
382:
remarked on the co-regency "everything started to decline from the moment of Cosimo II' death". Galluzzi criticised that in the co-regency religious men were allowed to enter administrative ranks in the Tuscan government. Galluzzi also lamented that both women continued to influence
Ferdinando II
283:. Seeking a marriage that would preserve his political independence, Ferdinando chose his distant cousin, Christine of Lorraine, the favourite granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. Catherine had influenced her towards this marriage, to re-align the Medici with France, not Spain.
472:
Christina's reputation for piety stems from her patronage for
Florentine religious institutions, particularly female monasteries. She became an active patron immediately after her marriage. In 1592 she and her daughters were granted permission by Pope
412:
Christina was chosen by
Fernando as bride, not only because she was a devout Catholic, but also because she was intelligent and well educated. Christina had received a scholarly education due to the efforts of
433:
and in the same year asked him to cast a horoscope for her ill husband. Following the death of his father, Cosimo assumed the throne in
February 1609, and Galileo applied for patronage at the Medici court.
460:
the unbelieving world if it was to make rash pronouncements about science. This line of argument resembled Christina's own views on the matter, and is in essence the position the
378:
ideology. Contemporary sources did not pass judgement on the quality of the co-regency, but focused on detailing the daily going-on at court. The 18th Century historian
453:
Galileo had been attacked in front of his paymasters, and after being warned by Castelli and an exchange of views with his former student, he drafted a response. In his
445:
was invited to court. At a breakfast attended by Cosimo II, his wife, his mother Christina and Boscaglia the Medicean stars were discussed. These were the four moons of
359:. Little is known about the relationship of the two women, though they coexisted at court. Maria Maddalena took on the public political role by taking the seat in the
2113:
1100:, by Pierre Jean Mariette, Philippe de Chennevières, Anatole de Montaiglon; Publisher: JB Dumoulin, Quai des Agustins #13, Paris; 1857-1858; pages 68-70.
348:
1812:
384:
272:
1360:
Florentine Patricians and Their Networks: Structures Behind the Cultural Success and the Political Representation of the Medici Court (1600-1660)
1335:
Florentine Patricians and Their Networks: Structures Behind the Cultural Success and the Political Representation of the Medici Court (1600-1660)
300:
1918:
506:
422:
327:
2219:
2321:
2133:
2024:
2311:
2227:
519:
135:
2316:
2301:
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2042:
2326:
2306:
2106:
964:
2122:
2052:
2179:
2155:
1782:
1715:
510:
1923:
1992:
2336:
2266:
1805:
2286:
2281:
2211:
2203:
2099:
2036:
1986:
1980:
1963:
536:
139:
115:
1515:
331:
to bolster the dynastic claim of the Medici, and commissioned a biography of the first grand duke and her father-in-law
1022:
523:
1691:
1660:
1629:
1604:
1573:
1548:
1498:
1473:
1448:
1423:
1398:
1367:
1342:
1317:
1292:
1267:
1236:
1202:
1171:
1137:
455:
104:
2171:
2068:
367:
127:
2276:
2271:
1798:
478:
370:
and she supported his anti-Protestant politics. Together with her brother she supported the militant wing of the
2047:
1952:
562:
2341:
2030:
2008:
1929:
686:
548:
233:
171:
131:
1098:
Abecedario de P.J. Mariette: et autres notes inédites de cet amateur sur les Arts et les Artistes, Volume 4
1831:
2331:
1946:
1772:
628:
1821:
430:
352:
602:
264:. Mary thought that Christina, as her family relation, would be a useful ally to her. Mary wrote to
2261:
494:
379:
213:
990:
722:
265:
241:
39:
391:
acted as if they were in charge". The co-regents did abolish a century old law in 1623 to allow
1957:
1683:
1677:
1652:
1646:
1596:
1590:
1390:
1384:
1259:
1253:
1194:
1188:
1129:
1123:
276:
217:
93:
1310:
Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, Dynastic Continuities
1285:
Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, Dynastic Continuities
1229:
Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, Dynastic Continuities
1164:
Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, Dynastic Continuities
2163:
2003:
1913:
558:
554:
280:
143:
65:
2256:
2251:
2195:
1875:
748:
257:
245:
8:
1908:
844:
780:
414:
375:
311:
660:
220:
jointly with her daughter-in-law during the minority of her grandson from 1621 to 1628.
1886:
1870:
870:
442:
441:. When the court was in Pisa during winter, in December 1613, Galileo's former student
399:
Christina of Lorraine died at the Medici villa in Castello, aged 72, in December 1636.
1998:
1729:
1687:
1656:
1625:
1600:
1569:
1544:
1494:
1469:
1444:
1419:
1394:
1363:
1338:
1313:
1288:
1263:
1232:
1198:
1167:
1133:
527:
291:
for the aristocratic guests. PJ Mariette takes note of the various artists including
209:
155:
122:
69:
1845:
1679:
Echoes of Women's Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence
1648:
Echoes of Women's Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence
1592:
Echoes of Women's Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence
1386:
Echoes of Women's Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence
1255:
Echoes of Women's Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence
1190:
Echoes of Women's Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence
1125:
Echoes of Women's Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence
928:
902:
438:
237:
201:
181:
425:. Among other things, Galilei taught Cosimo the use of the geometric and military
2141:
1765:
1097:
461:
418:
307:
296:
193:
160:
1751:
336:
261:
2245:
2187:
2091:
1881:
292:
288:
229:
85:
28:
355:, acted as regents until the boy came of age. Their regency is known as the
486:
474:
315:
1790:
1086:
James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603
437:
Christina and the Medici Court also offered patronage to the philosopher
477:
to enter Florentine convents during the day. Through her patronage the
392:
326:
Christina's husband died in early 1609, shortly after her son had wed.
347:
Her son Cosimo II died in February 1621, leaving his ten-year-old son
268:, Queen of France, about this marriage plan, but nothing came of it.
208:) (16 August 1565 – 19 December 1637) was a French noblewoman of the
1855:
332:
89:
446:
426:
388:
387:, an important source on the Florentine court lamented that "the
371:
150:
1307:
1282:
1226:
1161:
429:. In 1608 Christina asked Galileo to attend Cosimo's wedding to
1710:
1516:"The Galileo Trial : Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany"
339:
to showcase the life of her late husband Ferdinando I.
366:
Maria Maddalena' brother was the Holy Roman Emperor
314:. The letter was brought to London by Count Alfonso
1909:
Antoinette, Duchess of Duchess of JĂĽlich-Kleve-Berg
351:as grand duke. Christina and her daughter-in-law,
310:to congratulate her and King James coming to the
275:died without a legitimate male heir; his brother
2243:
542:Filippino de' Medici (1598–1602) died unmarried.
533:Francesco de' Medici (1594–1614) died unmarried.
244:. She was named after her paternal grandmother,
2043:Louise Henriette Françoise, Duchess of Bouillon
1357:
1332:
516:Eleonora de' Medici (1591–1617) died unmarried.
2180:Duchess Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
2121:
1675:
1644:
1588:
1382:
1251:
1186:
1121:
545:Lorenzo de' Medici (1599–1648) died unmarried.
493:and had it decorated in iconographic style by
2107:
1806:
273:Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1619:
1563:
1538:
1488:
1463:
1438:
1413:
489:. In 1627 she purchased a villa, renamed it
287:mock sea battle in the flooded courtyard of
1830:The generations start from the children of
1308:Anne J. Cruz; Maria Galli Stampino (2016).
1283:Anne J. Cruz; Maria Galli Stampino (2016).
1227:Anne J. Cruz; Maria Galli Stampino (2016).
1162:Anne J. Cruz; Maria Galli Stampino (2016).
507:Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
260:, hoped that Christina would marry her son
251:
2228:Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies
2114:
2100:
1820:
1813:
1799:
27:
2025:Élisabeth Charlotte, Abbess of Remiremont
1987:Béatrice Hiéronyme, Abbess of Remiremont
1981:Anne Marie Thérèse, Abbess of Remiremont
1682:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1651:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1595:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1389:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1258:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1193:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1128:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
342:
321:
279:immediately declared himself the third
223:
2244:
2156:Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria
2048:Élisabeth Sophie, Duchess of Richelieu
944:
824:
820:
810:
702:
592:
588:
335:. She also commissioned engravings by
2172:Princess Marguerite Louise of Orléans
2095:
1953:Claude Françoise, Duchess of Lorraine
1794:
1020:
1010:
1006:
994:
988:
978:
965:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
962:
952:
948:
932:
926:
916:
900:
890:
886:
874:
868:
858:
842:
832:
828:
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746:
736:
720:
710:
706:
690:
684:
674:
658:
648:
644:
632:
626:
616:
600:
596:
467:
464:takes today on questions of science.
2188:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
2037:Anne Charlotte, Abbess of Remiremont
2031:Élisabeth Thérèse, Queen of Sardinia
2009:Suzanne Henriette, Duchess of Mantua
1930:Louise Marguerite, Princess of Conti
2322:French people of Portuguese descent
2212:Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony
2204:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily
1904:Christine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
1513:
116:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
49:3 May 1589 – 17 February 1609
13:
2004:Charlotte, Mademoiselle d'Armagnac
1624:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 126.
1568:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 126.
1543:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 113.
1493:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 113.
578:Ancestors of Christina of Lorraine
524:Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
14:
2353:
2312:French people of Austrian descent
1704:
1468:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 85.
1443:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 84.
1418:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 43.
1112:, vol. 15 (London, 1930), p. 213.
456:Letter to Grand Duchess Christina
105:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence
2317:French people of Spanish descent
2302:French people of Italian descent
2297:French people of English descent
2292:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
1854:
1773:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany
1709:
128:Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
40:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany
16:Grand Duchess consort of Tuscany
2327:French people of Danish descent
2307:French people of German descent
2069:Joséphine, Princess of Carignan
1924:Catherine, Abbess of Remiremont
1669:
1638:
1613:
1582:
1557:
1532:
1507:
1482:
1457:
1432:
1407:
1376:
1351:
1326:
1301:
1276:
1245:
1023:Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne
781:Archduchess Isabella of Austria
144:Claudia, Archduchess of Austria
2164:Princess Vittoria della Rovere
2148:Princess Christina of Lorraine
1958:Marguerite, Duchess of Orléans
1876:Dorothea, Duchess of Calenberg
1220:
1211:
1180:
1155:
1146:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1078:
807:Princess Christina of Lorraine
563:Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
1:
2220:Princess Maria Anna of Saxony
2134:Archduchess Joanna of Austria
1993:Élisabeth, Princess of Epinoy
1919:Françoise, Duchess of Vendôme
1914:Élisabeth, Electress Palatine
749:Princess Christina of Denmark
687:Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
306:On 28 July 1603 she wrote to
172:Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
2196:Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain
402:
136:Catherine, Governor of Siena
7:
2337:Mothers of Italian monarchs
2267:Nobility from Nancy, France
2053:Louise, Duchess of Bouillon
1947:Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine
629:Francis I, Duke of Lorraine
569:
551:(1600–1633) died unmarried.
539:(1595–1666) died unmarried.
216:by marriage. She served as
33:Portrait of Christine, 1588
10:
2358:
2287:17th-century women regents
2282:Grand duchesses of Tuscany
2123:Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
1871:Reneta, Duchess of Bavaria
1783:Maria Maddalena of Austria
1088:(Routledge, 2024), p. 105.
938:
822:
696:
590:
549:Maria Maddalena de' Medici
511:Maria Maddalena of Austria
431:Maria Maddalena of Austria
407:
383:after he had come of age.
353:Maria Maddalena of Austria
232:, she was the daughter of
132:Maria Maddalena de' Medici
2129:
2077:
2061:
2017:
1999:Marie, Princess of Monaco
1973:
1939:
1896:
1863:
1852:
1838:
1828:
1779:
1770:
1757:
1750:
1723:
1312:. Routledge. p. 45.
1287:. Routledge. p. 44.
1231:. Routledge. p. 44.
1166:. Routledge. p. 44.
1008:
1000:
972:
950:
946:
929:Princess Claude of France
910:
903:Princess Claude of France
888:
880:
852:
830:
826:
788:
766:
758:
730:
708:
704:
668:
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638:
610:
603:Antoine, Duke of Lorraine
594:
177:
167:
149:
121:
111:
99:
75:
57:
53:
45:
38:
26:
21:
1882:Marie, Queen of Scotland
1846:Anne, Princess of Orange
1358:Elisa Goudriaan (2017).
1333:Elisa Goudriaan (2017).
1071:
557:(1604–1648) married (1)
500:
495:Giovanni da San Giovanni
479:Monastero di Santa Croce
380:Jacopo Riguccio Galluzzi
252:Grand Duchess of Tuscany
214:Grand Duchess of Tuscany
1964:Marie, Duchess of Guise
1887:Louise, Queen of France
1676:Kelley Harness (2006).
1645:Kelley Harness (2006).
1589:Kelley Harness (2006).
1383:Kelley Harness (2006).
1252:Kelley Harness (2006).
1187:Kelley Harness (2006).
1122:Kelley Harness (2006).
723:Christian II of Denmark
417:. In 1605, she invited
240:, and granddaughter of
234:Charles III of Lorraine
2277:Princesses of Lorraine
2272:French Roman Catholics
1822:Princesses of Lorraine
1725:Christina of Lorraine
1110:HMC Salisbury Hatfield
205:
197:
2142:Donna Bianca Cappello
1718:at Wikimedia Commons
1716:Christina of Lorraine
1620:Mitch Stokes (2011).
1564:Mitch Stokes (2011).
1539:Mitch Stokes (2011).
1489:Mitch Stokes (2011).
1464:Mitch Stokes (2011).
1439:Mitch Stokes (2011).
1414:Mitch Stokes (2011).
1362:. BRILL. p. 21.
1337:. BRILL. p. 20.
559:Federico della Rovere
343:Co-Regency of Tuscany
281:Grand Duke of Tuscany
198:Christine de Lorraine
190:Christina of Lorraine
66:Ducal Palace of Nancy
61:Christine de Lorraine
22:Christina of Lorraine
2342:17th-century regents
1514:Brecque, Teresa La.
1084:Alexander Courtney,
991:Catherine de' Medici
522:(1593–1629) married
509:(1590–1621) married
423:Cosimo II de' Medici
328:Grand Duke Cosimo II
322:Grand Duke Cosimo II
266:Catherine de' Medici
262:James VI of Scotland
258:Mary, Queen of Scots
246:Christina of Denmark
242:Catherine de' Medici
224:Princess of Lorraine
845:Francis I of France
520:Caterina de' Medici
415:Catherine de Medici
376:Counter-Reformation
2332:Regents of Tuscany
2082:died without issue
1762:Title last held by
871:Henry II of France
561:and had issue (2)
555:Claudia de' Medici
468:Female monasteries
443:Benedetto Castelli
396:by Ferdinando II.
206:Cristina di Lorena
2239:
2238:
2089:
2088:
2084:
1789:
1788:
1780:Succeeded by
1730:House of Lorraine
1714:Media related to
1520:The Galileo Trial
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
528:Governor of Siena
421:to tutor her son
312:throne of England
218:Regent of Tuscany
210:House of Lorraine
187:
186:
156:House of Lorraine
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1745:19 December 1637
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1217:Strathern, p 375
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661:Renée de Bourbon
584:
583:
575:
574:
537:Carlo de' Medici
439:Cosimo Boscaglia
238:Claude of Valois
182:Claude of Valois
140:Carlo de' Medici
82:
79:19 December 1637
31:
19:
18:
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2262:House of Medici
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2013:
1969:
1935:
1892:
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1834:
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1766:Bianca Cappello
1763:
1752:Italian royalty
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1116:
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1104:
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1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
572:
503:
470:
462:Catholic Church
419:Galileo Galilei
410:
405:
345:
324:
308:Anne of Denmark
297:Gregorio Pagani
254:
226:
161:House of Medici
159:
142:
138:
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107:
84:
80:
64:
62:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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81:(1637-12-19)
2257:1637 deaths
2252:1565 births
2231:(1833–1859)
2223:(1824–1832)
2215:(1821–1824)
2207:(1790–1801)
2199:(1765–1790)
2191:(1737–1765)
2183:(1689–1728)
2175:(1670–1721)
2167:(1634–1670)
2159:(1609–1621)
2151:(1589–1609)
2144:(1579–1587)
2137:(1574–1578)
483:La Crocetta
361:primo luogo
158:(by birth)
2246:Categories
1777:1589–1609
1525:2018-04-07
393:patricians
277:Ferdinando
491:La Quiete
403:Patronage
256:In 1584,
570:Ancestry
526:, later
333:Cosimo I
271:In 1587
228:Born in
90:Florence
70:Lorraine
1832:Réné II
1622:Galileo
1566:Galileo
1541:Galileo
1491:Galileo
1466:Galileo
1441:Galileo
1416:Galileo
447:Jupiter
427:compass
408:Science
389:Jesuits
372:Jesuits
357:Tutrici
202:Italian
94:Tuscany
1759:Vacant
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194:French
178:Mother
168:Father
112:Spouse
100:Burial
46:Tenure
1743:Died:
1736:Born:
1072:Notes
501:Issue
230:Nancy
151:House
123:Issue
1688:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1021:15.
963:14.
901:13.
843:12.
779:11.
721:10.
481:(or
76:Died
58:Born
989:7.
927:3.
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685:2.
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192:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
