Christian views on alcohol

4961:'The Canons had also a great Respect to the external and publick Behaviour of the Clergy; obliging them to walk circumspectly, and abstain from things of ill Fame, though otherwise innocent and indifferent in themselves; that they might cut off all Occasions of Obloquy, by avoiding all suspicious Actions and All Appearances of Evil. In regard to which they not only censured them for Rioting and Drunkenness (which were vices not to be tolerated even in laymen) but forbad them to so much as eat or appear in a publick Inn or Tavern, except they were upon a Journey, or some such necessary Occasion required them to do it under Pain of ecclesiastical censure. The Council of Laodecia and the third council of Carthage forbid it universally to all Orders of the Clergy; and the Apostolic Canons more expressly, with a Denunciation of Censure...' 2442:,' which included whisky, rum, gin, and brandy, and fermented drinks, such as wine, cider, and beer." In a sermon he warned: "You see the wine when it sparkles in the cup, and are going to drink of it. I tell you there is poison in it! and, therefore, beg you to throw it away". In an early letter to his mother Susanna, he simply dismissed those who thought she was unusual and too restrictive to have but one glass of wine. In a series of letters dated to 1789, he noted that experiments prove "ale without hops will keep just as well as the other"—thus he directly contradicted claims by vested interests, whom he likened to the pretentious silversmiths who stirred up violence: 'Sir, by this means we get our wealth.' (Acts 19:25). He rejected their claims of wholesomeness for this poisonous herb. Wesley, beyond many in his era, deplored 2559:

We believe that the State and the citizen each has solemn responsibilities and duties to perform in regard to this evil. We believe that for the State to enact any law to license or tax the traffic, or derive revenues therefrom, is contrary to the policy of good government, and brings the State into guilty complicity with the traffic and all the evils growing out of it, and is also unscriptural and sinful in principle and ought to be opposed by every Christian and patriot. We therefore believe that the only true and proper remedy for the gigantic evil of the liquor traffic is its entire suppression; and that all our people and true Christians everywhere should pray and vote against this evil, and not suffer themselves to be controlled by or support political parties which are managed in the interest of the drink traffic.

1683: 194: 9382:

and for prohibition by the government, local, State, and National, and that we declare relentless war upon the liquor traffic, both legal and illegal, until it shall be banished.... his Convention earnestly recommends to our Baptist people, both pastors and churches, that the churches take a firm and consistent stand against all indulgence in the use of intoxicating liquors, including wine and beer, and against all participation in their sale by members of the churches, and that we seek as rapidly as possible to educate our people against the folly and sin of such use and sale, and that as rapidly as possible our churches shall be relieved of the open shame and burden of church members in any way connected with the unholy traffic

599: 3565:

manufactured brandy, liqueurs and cordials by perfuming, flavoring, or sweetening its wines; and such products may too have fallen under the term 'sekar', but until the Hellenistic period there is no direct evidence that it distilled them to raise their alcoholic content. The only method our documents know about raising the alcoholic level is to augment the sugar content of grapes by drying them in the sun before they are processed for fermentation. It is possible that the same result was obtained by boiling mashed pulp; in either case, however, the wine of Hebrew carousers was relatively mild alcoholically; and to fully earn the condemnations of Hebrew prophets and moralists, revellers must drink hard and long."

1249:(died 407) said: "they who do not drink take no thought of the drunken." So Chrysostom insisted deacons cannot taste wine at all in his homily on 1 Timothy 3:8-10: "The discretion of the blessed Paul is observable. When he would exhort the Deacons to avoid excess in wine, he does not say, 'Be not drunken,' but 'not' even 'given to much wine.' A proper caution; for if those who served in the Temple did not taste wine at all, much more should not these, For wine produces disorder of mind, and where it does not cause drunkenness, it destroys the energies and relaxes the firmness of the soul." Of course he was aware that not all wines were intoxicating; they had opposite effects and were not all alike. His homily on 9490:

The earth nowhere produces a drop of it. The good creatures of God have to be tortured and perverted before any of it can be obtained. There is not a drop in all creation made by God or that owes its existence to purely natural causes.... Make your children understand that it is not safe for them or anybody else to take strong drink in what is called moderation, and that even if it were, their example would be sure to induce others to take it, some of whom would be almost certain to go to excess.... Therefore, the only way of safety for your children as regards themselves and the answer of a good conscience with respect to others, is total abstinence from the evil.

3498:

readers was natural wine that had an alcoholic content of 11-12 percent (before dilution). Second, ancient wine was normally diluted. Even ancient pagans considered drinking wine full strength to be a barbaric practice. They typically diluted wine with large amounts of water before the wine was consumed...A careful study of the Mishnah and Talmuds shows that the normal dilution rate among the Jews was 3 parts water to 1 part wine...This dilution rate reduces the alcohol content of New Testament wine to 2.75 to 3.0 percent...Certainly, it was fermented and had a modest alcohol content. But the alcohol content was negligible by modern standards.

9438:'Those beer shops are the curse of this country—no good ever can come of them, and the evil they do no tongue can tell; the publics were bad enough, but the beer-shops are a pest; I wish the man who made the law to open them had to keep all the families that they have brought to ruin. Beer shops are the enemies of the home; therefore, the sooner their licenses are taken away, the better. Poor men don't need such places, nor rich men either; they are all worse and no better, like Tom Norton's wife. Anything that hurts the home is a curse and ought to be hunted down, as gamekeepers do to the vermin in the copses.' 2473:, the churchmen opposed distilled liquors and determined to "disown those who would not renounce the practice" of producing it. In opposing liquors, the American Methodists anticipated the first wave of the temperance movement that would follow. They expanded their membership rule regarding alcohol to include other alcoholic beverages over the next century. Despite pressure from interested parties to relax rules of all kinds, the American Methodists afterwards reverted to Wesley's—namely, to avoid "runkenness, buying or selling spirituous liquors, or drinking them, unless in cases of extreme necessity". 352:, where most of the Bible takes place, were well-suited to growing grapes, and the wine that the vineyards produced was a valued commodity in ancient times, both for local consumption and for its value in trade. Trade with Egypt was quite extensive. Jews were a wine-drinking culture well before the foundation of Rome. Vintage wines were found in the tomb of King Scorpion in Hierakonpolis. Archaeological evidence suggests that Semitic predecessors were thought to be responsible for the vintages that were found in the tomb. Vineyards were protected from robbers and animals by walls, hedges, and manned 1029: 3524:

Testament never uses this adjective to describe the wine consumed by Jesus and the disciples or to describe the wine approved for use in moderation by Christians. New Testament wine is typically heavily diluted wine...Ancient rabbis clearly prohibited consumption of undiluted wine as a beverage. Some rabbis prohibited reciting the normal blessing over wine at mealtime "until one puts water into it so that it may be drunk" (m. Ber. 7:4–5). The rabbis of the Talmud taught that undiluted wine was useful only for the preparation of medicines (b. Ber. 50b; cf. b. Nid 67b; 69b).

6170:

ecclesiastical and conventual fasts were largely increased and the daily food was bread and water ... They were also fanatical total abstainers; not only was St. Benedict's kindly concession of a hemina of wine rejected, but the vineyards were rooted up and the wine-presses and vessels destroyed ... Truly, relaxation was inevitable. It was never reasonable that the heroic austerities of St. Bernard and his companions should be made the rule, then and always, for every monk of the order ... It was always the custom for each one to dilute the wine given him.

7404:

large numbers took the pledge at his hands. It is not surprising that a reaction followed this swift success. Many pledged themselves by a sudden impulse, moved thereto by the enthusiasm of assembled multitudes, with little, clear, intelligent, fixed conviction of the evils inseparable from the habits which they were renouncing. The pope, their infallible teacher both in regard to faith and morals, had never pronounced moderate drinking a sin, either mortal or venial; and even occasional drunkenness had been treated in the confessional as a trivial offence.... he

1343:, still seems to prefer that monks should do without wine as a daily staple, but he indicates that the monks of his day found the old regulation too burdensome. Thus he offers the concession of a quarter liter (or perhaps, a half liter) of wine per day as sufficient for nourishment, with allowance for more in special circumstances and for none as a punishment for repeated tardiness. Even so, he believes that abstinence is the best path for those who have a gift from God allowing them to restrain their bodily appetites. 451:

standards. The low alcoholic content was due to the limitations of fermentation in the ancient world. From the Mishnah and Talmuds, the common dilution rate for consumption for Jews 3 parts water to 1 part wine (3:1 dilution ratio). Wine in the ancient world had a maximum possible alcoholic content of 11-12 percent (before dilution) and once diluted, it reduced to 2.75 or 3%. Other after-dilution estimates of neighbors like the Greeks have dilution of 1:1 or 2:1 which place the alcohol content between 4-7%.

30: 2927:

Moreover, moderationists suggest that the prohibitionist and abstentionist positions denigrate God's creation and his good gifts and deny that it is not what goes into a man that makes him evil but what comes out (that is, what he says and does). The Bible never uses the word 'wine' of communion. Yet moderationists hold that in banishing wine from communion and dinner tables, prohibitionists and abstentionists go against the 'witness of the Bible' and the church throughout the ages and implicitly adopt a

12359: 270: 1178:(died 220) insisted clergy must be sober in church, citing the biblical non-drinking precedent: "the Lord said to Aaron: 'Wine and spirituous liquor shall ye not drink, thou and thy son after thee, whenever ye shall enter the tabernacle, or ascend unto the sacrificial altar; and ye shall not die.' So true is it, that such as shall have ministered in the Church, being not sober, shall 'die.' Thus, too, in recent times He upbraids Israel: 'And ye used to give my sanctified ones wine to drink.' " 1286: 1715: 12333: 11123: 12371: 12322: 2389: 106:. However, the alcoholic content of ancient alcoholic beverages was significantly lower than that of modern alcoholic beverages. The low alcoholic content was due to the limitations of fermentation and the nonexistence of distillation methods in the ancient world. Rabbinic teachers wrote acceptance criteria on consumability of ancient alcoholic beverages after significant dilution with water, and prohibited undiluted wine. 360: 2910:, St. Paul does not require total abstinence from drink but love for one another that would express itself in moderate, selfless behavior. However, moderationists approve of voluntary abstinence in several cases, such as for a person who finds it too difficult to drink in moderation and for the benefit of the "weaker brother," who would err because of a stronger Christian exercising their liberty to drink. 1243:, and commented: "We note how much is required of us. The minister of the Lord should abstain from wine, so that he may be upheld by the good witness not only of the faithful but also by those who are without." Likewise, he said: "Let a widow, then, be temperate, pure in the first place from wine, that she may be pure from adultery. He will tempt you in vain, if wine tempts you not." 4105:'Wine,' according to the absolutely unanimous, unexceptional testimony of every scholar and missionary, is in its essence 'fermented grape juice.' Nothing else is wine ... There has been absolutely universal consent on this subject in the Christian Church until modern times, when the practice has been opposed, not upon change of evidence, but solely on prudential considerations. 5062:

was primarily consumed as wine. Wine was, in antiquity, an important food and not just an embellishment to a feast ... Wine was essentially a man's drink in antiquity, when it became a significant dietary component. Even slaves were given a generous wine ration. Scholars estimate that in ancient Rome an adult consumed a liter of wine daily. Even a minimal estimate of 700

1623:, or 4 litres/person/day), and once settled, they served alcohol at "virtually all functions, including ordinations, funerals, and regular Sabbath meals." M. E. Lender summarizes the "colonists had assimilated alcohol use, based on Old World patterns, into their community lifestyles" and that "ocal brewing began almost as soon as the colonists were safely ashore." 2685:, the Irish apostle of temperance, administered an abstinence pledge to some three to four million of his countrymen, though his efforts had little permanent effect there, and then starting in 1849 to more than 500,000 Americans, chiefly his fellow Irish Catholics, who formed local temperance societies but whose influence was limited. In 1872 the 1140:(died 100) said: "Seeing, therefore, that we are the portion of the Holy One, let us do all those things which pertain to holiness, avoiding all evil-speaking, all abominable and impure embraces, together with all drunkenness, seeking after change, all abominable lusts, detestable adultery, and execrable pride." The earliest references from the 2781:", sharing some similar arguments. However, prohibitionists abstain from alcohol as a matter of law (that is, they believe God requires abstinence in all ordinary circumstances), while abstentionists abstain as a matter of prudence (that is, they believe total abstinence is the wisest and most loving way to live in the present circumstances). 2666:

including American Protestantism, though some churches had detractors who thought wine was to be given strong preference in the rite. Some denominational statements required "unfermented wine" for the Lord's Supper. For example, the Wesleyan Methodists (since founded 1843, some fifty years after Wesley's death) required "unfermented wine".

4613:.Raymond understands this to mean that "if an individual by drinking wine either causes others to err through his example or abets a social evil which causes others to succumb to its temptations, then in the interests of Christian love he ought to forego the temporary pleasures of drinking in the interests of heavenly treasures" (p. 87). 2757:(Religious Society of Friends) came to be a strong influence for the temperance cause. By the 1830s, Quakers were in agreement with the dominant moral philosophy of this era in regarding distilling spirits as sinful while accepting beer brewing. Several prominent Quaker families in this era were involved in large London breweries. 1069:

appreciated medicine; an essential provision and the wine that the vineyards produced was a valued commodity in ancient times, both for local consumption and for its value in trade or any fortress; and an important commodity," and it served as "a necessary element in the life of the Hebrews." Wine was also used

3256:

unfermented grape juice, and for this reason the context must determine which meaning is required. In passages where the beverages are viewed negatively, prohibitionists understand them to mean the alcoholic drinks, and where they are viewed positively, they understand them to mean non-alcoholic drinks.

8321:

51. If any bishop, or presbyter, or deacon, or indeed any one of the sacerdotal catalogue, abstains from marriage, flesh, and wine, not for his own exercise, but because he abominates these things, forgetting that 'all things were very good,' and that 'God made man male and female,' and blasphemously

7549:

Engs: "Levine has noted that 'in Western societies, only Nordic and English-speaking cultures developed large, ongoing, extremely popular temperance movements in the nineteenth century and the first third or so of the twentieth century.' He also observed that temperance – anti alcohol – cultures have

7403:

McClintock and Strong, "Temperance Reform", p. 248: "he cause received a new impulse from the presence and labors of father Mathew, the Irish apostle of temperance, who came to America in June and spent sixteen months of hard work chiefly among the Irish Catholics. Crowds greeted him everywhere, and

6110:

A man may have wisdom in two ways. First, in a general way, according as it is sufficient for salvation: and in this way it is required, in order to have wisdom, not that a man abstain altogether from wine, but that he abstain from its immoderate use. Secondly, a man may have wisdom in some degree of

3804:

Christians who are committed to total abstinence have sometimes interpreted biblical references to wine as meaning unfermented grape juice, but this is surely inconsistent with the recognition of both good and evil in the biblical attitude to wine. It is self-evident that human choice plays a crucial

3010:

Abstentionists believe that although alcohol consumption is not inherently sinful or necessarily to be avoided in all circumstances, it is generally not the wisest or most prudent choice. Many abstentionists do not require abstinence from alcohol for membership in their churches, though they do often

2876:

says that "it is lawful to use wine not only in cases of necessity, but also thereby to make us merry," and in his Genevan Catechism, he answers that wine is appropriate in the Lord's Supper because "by wine the hearts of men are gladdened, their strength recruited, and the whole man strengthened, so

2726:

temperance societies refused to make abstention a requirement for membership, and their position remained moderationist in character. It was non-Lutheran Protestantism from which the temperance movement drew its greatest strength. Many Methodists, Presbyterians, and other Protestants signed on to the

2484:

commented that frequent fasting and abstinence are "highly necessary for the divine life." Asbury strongly urged citizens to lay aside the use of alcohol. Likewise, the listed duties for Methodist preachers indicate that they should choose water as their common drink and use wine only in medicinal or

1253:

shows he was not as certain heretics and immature Christians who even "blame the fruit given them by God" when saying there should be no wine. He emphasized the goodness of God's creation and adjured: "Let there be no drunkenness; for wine is the work of God, but drunkenness is the work of the devil.

1238:

required. She had never let herself drink much at all, not even "more than one little cup of wine, diluted according to her own temperate palate, which, out of courtesy, she would taste." But now she willingly drank none at all. Augustine cited a reason for her bishop's rule: "even to those who would

1171:

is acceptable—lest it make the health worse. Even those who are "moored by reason and time" (such that they are not as much tempted by drunkenness after a day's work), he still encouraged to mix "as much water as possible" in with the wine to inhibit inebriation. For at all hours, let them keep their

379:

time brought much joy and play, as "en, women and children took to the vineyard, often accompanied by the sound of music and song, from late August to September to bring in the grapes." Some grapes were eaten immediately, while others were turned into raisins. Most of them, however, were put into the

8275:

ven if the wine Jesus drank had a lower alcohol context than today's wine, the issue is still moderation not abstinence. The believer may not be able to drink as many glasses of modern wine compared to ancient wine and remain within the bounds of moderation. Instead of drinking 20 glasses of ancient

3523:

When the ancients referred to undiluted wine, they specified this by adding the adjective "unmixed" (ἄκρατος) which indicated that the wine had not been poured into the krater, the large mixing bowl where the wine and water were combined (Rev 14:10; Jer 32:15 LXX; Ps 74:9 LXX; Ps. Sol 8:14). The New

2651: 2568:

in 1987 titled "Through a Glass Darkly", a more extensive reconsideration of attitudes was undertaken; it recommended that Methodists commit to either total abstinence or responsible drinking (moderationism). The 2000 Methodist Conference re-affirmed the church's position on personal consumption and

1166:

and "flee as far as possible from wine, shunning it as they would the danger of fire." He strongly warned youth to "flee as far as possible" from it so as not to inflame their "wild impulses." He said Christ did not teach affected by it. "...the soul itself is wisest and best when dry." He also said

399:

was usually left in the collection vat for a few days to allow the initial, "tumultuous" stage of fermentation to pass. The wine makers soon transferred it either into large earthenware jars, which were then sealed, or, if the wine were to be transported elsewhere, into wineskins (that is, partially

113:

moved from a position of allowing moderate use of alcohol (sometimes called "'moderationism") to either deciding that not imbibing was wisest in the present circumstances ("abstentionism") or prohibiting all ordinary consumption of alcohol because it was believed to be a sin ("prohibitionism"). Many

9489:

Make the children understand that the thing is an evil in itself. Show them that it is manufactured by man - that God never made a drop of alcohol. To say that alcohol is a good creature of God is one of the devil's own lies fathered on foolish and ignorant people. It is a man-manufactured article.

8831:

For the general population, no specific Scriptures forbid wine consumption in small amounts ... In our society, with so much damage being done by drinking, many who think it is okay to drink need to reexamine the practice ... And for us parents who have to be concerned about the behaviors

5061:

In the biblical description of the agricultural products of the Land, the triad 'cereal, wine, and oil' recurs repeatedly (Deut. 28:51 and elsewhere). These were the main products of ancient Palestine, in order of importance. The fruit of the vine was consumed both fresh and dried (raisins), but it

4936:

Quarles, Charles L. (23 July 2021). "Was New Testament Wine Alcoholic?". Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. "One of the most helpful discussions of dilution rates appears in a work by Athenaus of Naucratis called Deipnosophistae (Banquet of the Learned; c. AD 228). Athenaus mentions several

4924:

The Greco-Roman classics abound with descriptions of drinking and often of drunkenness. The wine of the ancient Greeks, like that of the Hebrews of the same time, was usually drunk diluted with an equal part or two parts of water, and so the alcohol strength of the beverage was presumably between 4

3848:

Wherever the Scriptures speak of wine as a comfort, a blessing or a libation to God, and rank it with such articles as corn and oil, they mean—they can mean only—such wine as contained no alcohol that could have a mischievous tendency; that wherever they denounce it, prohibit it and connect it with

3497:

First, ancient beverages did not contain distilled alcohol like modern alcoholic beverages often do. Distillation was invented by Arab alchemists in the 8th century long after the New Testament era. The strongest alcoholic beverage that was accessible to the New Testament authors and their original

3043:

drinking water), modern circumstances have changed the nature of a Christian's responsibility in this area. First, some abstentionists argue that wine in biblical times was weaker and diluted with water such that drunkenness was less common, though few non-abstentionists accept this claim as wholly

3026:

Christians must be sensitive to the "weaker brother", that is, the Christian who believes imbibing to be a sin. On this point MacArthur says, "he primary reason I don't do a lot of things I could do, including drinking wine or any alcoholic beverage, because I know some believers would be offended

2913:

While all moderationists approve of using (fermented) wine in the Eucharist in principle (Catholics, the Orthodox, and Anglicans require it), because of prohibitionist heritage and a sensitivity to those who wish to abstain from alcohol, many offer either grape juice or both wine and juice at their

2558:

We believe total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors as a beverage to be the duty of all Christians. We heartily favor moral suasion and the gospel remedy to save men from the drink habit. We believe that law must be an adjunct of moral means in order to suppress the traffic side of this evil.

9381:

We declare afresh our unalterable opposition to the whole liquor traffic, whisky, beer, and wine, and to the license system by which this most blighting and corrupting traffic fastened upon our body social and body politic.... We stand unalterable for total abstinence on the part of the individual

7844:

vangelical leaders are divided over the consumption of alcohol. About four-in-ten (42%) say it is compatible with being a good evangelical, while 52% say it is incompatible. Leaders from sub-Saharan Africa are especially likely to oppose alcohol use; 78% of them say it is incompatible with being a

7441:

Wide scale temperance movements and anti-alcohol sentiments have not been, and are not, found in southern European Roman Catholic countries.... In hard-drinking eastern European Catholic countries, such as Russia and Poland, sporadic anti-drunk campaigns have been launched but have only been short

6588:

Wine, in moderate quantity, has a wondrous tendency to revive and invigorate the human being. Ardent spirits exhilarate, but they exhaust the strength; and every dose leaves man the worse. Unadulterated wine, on the contrary, exhilarates and invigorates: it makes him cheerful, and provides for the

5139:

Clarke, commentary on Is 1:22: "It is remarkable that whereas the Greeks and Latins by mixed wine always understood wine diluted and lowered with water, the Hebrews on the contrary generally mean by it wine made stronger and more inebriating by the addition of higher and more powerful ingredients,

3759:

This favourable view , however, is balanced by an unfavourable estimate ... The reason for the presence of these two conflicting opinions on the nature of wine consequences of wine drinking follow its use and not its nature. Happy results ensue when it is drunk in its proper measure and evil

3062:

Abstentionists also reject the position of moderationists that in many circumstances Christians should feel free to drink for pleasure because abstentionists see alcohol as inherently too dangerous and not "a necessity for life or good living," with some even going so far as to say, "Moderation is

2514:

explained 1 Cor. 11:21-22: "One was hungry, and the other was drunken, μεθυει, was filled to the full; this is the sense of the word in many places of Scripture." Likewise, Coke and Asbury commented on it saying Paul's objection here concerned the Corinthians (including laymen) and "... their both

1015:

It is not disputed whether the regular use of wine in the celebration of the Eucharist and in daily life were the virtually universal practice in Christianity for over 1,800 years; all written evidence shows that the Eucharist consisted of bread and wine, not grape juice. During the 19th and early

7952:

So alcohol, sex, the body, money, television, and music are all good things. It is only the abuse of these things that is bad—drunkenness, pornography, compulsive gambling, etc. Even drugs marijuana, cocaine, heroin—all have good uses for medical and other reasons. It's only the abuse of them for

7593:

Despite the Scottish heritage of whisky drinking, Presbyterians were strong supporters of temperance and prohibition. They believed (with some justification) that 'the demon drink' was destructive of family life. The church was a stronghold of the temperance organisation the Band of Hope... which

6859:

after fermentation... By the ancient Hebrews, I believe it was chiefly drunk in its first or simple state; hence it was termed among them the fruit of the vine; ... The matters made use of by Jesus Christ, on this solemn occasion, were unleavened bread, and the produce of the vine, i.e. pure wine.

3704:

These two aspects of wine, its use and its abuse, its benefits and its curse, its acceptance in God's sight and its abhorrence, are interwoven into the fabric of the so that it may gladden the heart of man (Ps. 104:15) or cause his mind to err (Is. 28:7), it can be associated with merriment (Ec.

3057:

The consumption of food and drink is in itself no basis for judging a person's standing with God ... approach to these abuses was never to forbid food or drink. It was always to forbid what destroyed God's temple and injured faith. He taught the principle of love, but did not determine its

1084:

Although some abstentionists argue that wine in the Bible was almost always cut with water greatly decreasing its potency for inebriation, there is general agreement that, while Old Testament wine was sometimes mixed with various spices to enhance its flavor and stimulating properties, it was not

454:

The adjective “unmixed” (ἄκρατος) is used in the ancient texts to designate undiluted wine, but the New Testament never uses this adjective to describe the wine consumed by Jesus, the disciples or to describe the wine approved for use in moderation by Christians. Though ancient rabbis opposed the

122:

of the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, all three positions exist in Christianity, but the original position of alcohol consumption being permissible remains the most common and dominant view among Christians worldwide, in addition to the adherence by the largest bodies of Christian denominations,

6858:

it was widely different from that medicated and sophisticated beverage which goes now under that name. The yayin of the Hebrews, the oinos of the Greeks, and vinum of the ancient Romans, meant simply the expressed juice of the grape, sometimes drunk just after it was expressed ... at other times

2665:

Consequently, alcohol itself became an evil in the eyes of many (but not all) abstainers and so had to be expunged from Christian practice—especially from the holy rite of the Lord's Supper. The use of a grape-based drink other than wine for the Lord's Supper took a strong hold in many churches,

2563:

However, in the mainline British Methodist Church, the Commission on Methodism and Total Abstinence in 1972 reported that only 30% of ministers affirmed their total abstention from alcohol. Discerning merits in both abstinent and non-abstinent perspectives, the report proposed evaluating alcohol

1553:

reformed Zurich in many ways; in 1530 he reduced the closing time of taverns to 9 pm. He warned: "Let every youth flee from intemperance as he would from a poison ... it makes furious the body, ... it brings on premature old age." The monks under the Papacy refused to abstain from drinking: this

1068:

As the Jews returned from the Babylonian exile (starting in 537 BC) and the events of the Old Testament drew to a close, wine was "a common beverage for all classes and ages, including the very young; an important source of nourishment; a prominent part in the festivities of the people; a widely

2926:

In addition to lexical and historical differences, moderationism holds that prohibitionism errs by confusing the Christian virtues of temperance and moderation with abstinence and prohibition and by locating the evil in the object that is abused rather than in the heart and deeds of the abuser.

3022:

The Bible warns that alcohol can hinder moral discretion. Proverbs 31:4-5 warns kings and rulers that they might "forget what is decreed, and pervert the rights of all the afflicted." Some abstentionists speak of alcohol as "corrupt" the body and as a substance that can "impair my judgment and

2856:

Moderationism argues that, according to the biblical and traditional witness, (1) alcohol is a good gift of God that is rightly used in the Eucharist and for making the heart merry, and (2) while its dangers are real, it may be used wisely and moderately rather than being shunned or prohibited

8692:

The Salvation Army ... has historically required total abstinence of its soldiers and officers. While not condemning those outside its ranks who choose to indulge, it nevertheless believes total abstinence to be the only certain guarantee against overindulgence and the evils attendant on

6169:

St. Bernard Ptolomei's idea of monastic reform was that which had inspired every founder of an order or congregation since the days of St. Benedict—a return to the primitive life of solitude and austerity. Severe corporal mortifications were ordained by rule and inflicted in public. The usual

450:

Alcoholic wine in the ancient world was significantly different than modern wines in that it had much lower alcohol content and was consumed after significant dilution with water (as attested by even other cultures surrounding Israel), thus rendering its alcoholic content negligible by modern

4165:

The Scriptures, rightly understood, are thus the strongest bulwark of a true doctrine of total abstinence, so false exegesis of the Scriptures by temperance advocates, including false theories of unfermented wine, have done more than almost anything else to discredit the good cause. The full

3564:

Sasson, Jack M. "The Blood of Grapes: Viticulture and Intoxication in the Hebrew Bible." Drinking in Ancient Societies; History and Culture of Drinks in the Ancient Near East. Ed. Lucio Milano. Padua: Sargon srl, 1994. 399-419. "Here is the third point: Israel, as did its neighbors, probably

3549:

The beverages of ancient societies may have been far lower in alcohol than their current versions, but people of the time were aware of the potentially deleterious behavioral effects of drinking. The call for temperance began quite early in Hebrew, Greek and Roman cultures and was reiterated

2508:) in 1784, rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation of elements in the Lord's Supper (Article XVIII), and said the use of both bread and the cup together extends to all the people (Article XIX), not only one element for laymen and two for ministers as in the Catholic practice of the time. 7114:

a series of articles in which he took the ground that the only real antidote for the evils deprecated is total abstinence, not only from distilled spirits, but from all intoxicating beverages. His position, however, was generally regarded as extreme, and he had few immediate converts to his

6142:

This sacrament can only be performed with wine from the grape.... Now that is properly called wine, which is drawn from the grape, whereas other liquors are called wine from resemblance to the wine of the grape.... Must, however, has already the species of wine, for its sweetness indicates

3255:

hold that the Bible forbids partaking of alcohol altogether, with some arguing that the alleged medicinal use of wine in 1 Timothy 5:23 is a reference to unfermented grape juice. They argue that the words for alcoholic beverages in the Bible can also refer to non-alcoholic versions such as

5254:

The use of wine at the paschal feast was not enjoined by the law, but had become an established custom, at all events in the post-Babylonian period. The wine was mixed with warm water on these occasions.... Hence in the early Christian Church it was usual to mix the sacramental wine with

4051:

There is nothing known in the East of anything called 'wine' which is unfermented ... attitude towards the drinker of unfermented grape juice may be gathered from the saying in Pirke Aboth (iv. 28), 'He who learns from the young, to what is he like? to one who eats unripe grapes and

4091:, means the fermented juice of the grape, is hardly an open question. It has never been questioned in the Church, if we except a few Christians of the present day. And it may safely be said that there is not a scholar on the continent of Europe, who has the least doubt on the subject. 3705:

10:19) or with anger (Is. 5:11), it can be used to uncover the shame of Noah (Gn. 9:21) or in the hands of Melchizedek to honour Abraham (Gn. 14:18) ... The references in the are very much fewer in number, but once more the good and the bad aspects are equally apparent ...

3550:

throughout history. The Old Testament frequently disapproves of drunkenness, and the prophet Ezra and his successors integrated wine into everyday Hebrew ritual, perhaps partly to moderate undisciplined drinking, thus creating a religiously inspired and controlled form of prohibition.

4440:

nor Paul. It is obvious, however, that according to custom Jesus was proffering wine in the cup over which He pronounced the blessing; this may be seen especially from the solemn (Mark 14:25 and par.) which was borrowed from Judaism." Compare "fruit of the vine" as a formula in the

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I have had one thought about our citizens in general. I wish they would lay aside the use of wine and strong drink in general. God would suddenly and certainly work. I am determined not to go out of my way on that matter for five hundred presidents and all the bishops in the

3202:

resolved that their "churches be urged to give their full moral support to the prohibition cause, and to give a more liberal financial support to dry organizations which stand for the united action of our people against the liquor traffic." Influential Baptist preacher

1049:

The Hebraic opinion of wine in the time before Christ was decidedly positive: wine is part of the world God created and is thus "necessarily inherently good," though excessive use is soundly condemned. The Jews emphasized joy in the goodness of creation rather than the

2710:

from assisting the movement but suggested they preach on moderation. In the end, Catholicism was largely unaffected in doctrine and practice by the movements to eliminate alcohol from church life, and it retained its emphasis on the virtue of temperance in all things.

2669:

Since grape juice begins naturally fermenting upon pressing, opponents of wine utilized alternate methods of creating their ritual drink such as reconstituting concentrated grape juice, boiling raisins, or adding preservatives to delay fermenting and souring. In 1869,

164:

expression. The Bible is ambivalent towards alcohol, considering it both a blessing from God that brings merriment and a potential danger that can be unwisely and sinfully abused. Christian views on alcohol come from what the Bible says about it, along with Jewish and

6147:. iv); consequently this sacrament can be made from must.... It is furthermore forbidden to offer must in the chalice, as soon as it has been squeezed from the grape, since this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must. But in case of necessity it may be done. 2595:, drunkenness was on the rise and was blamed as a major contributor to the increasing poverty, unemployment, and crime. Yet the temperate sentiments of the Methodists were shared only by a few others, until the publication of a tract by eminent physician and patriot 2769:, and a few other places. The practice of the Protestant churches were slower to revert, and some bodies, though now rejecting their formerly prohibitionist platform, still retain vestiges of it such as using grape juice alone or beside wine in the Lord's Supper. 3218:

was a prohibitionist, and saw alcohol as evil in itself and not safe for anyone to drink in moderation. In 1990, the Salvation Army re-affirms: "It would be inconsistent for any Salvationist to drink while at the same time seeking to help others to give it up."

5102:

epoch ... t was customary to dilute wine before drinking by adding one-third water. The main meal of the day, taken in the evening (only breakfast and supper were eaten in talmudic times), consisted of two courses, with each of which a cup of wine was

2760:

The legislative and social effects resulting from the temperance movement peaked in the early 20th century and began to decline afterward. The effects on church practice were primarily a phenomenon in American Protestantism and to a lesser extent in the

1376:. This was justified by the Church. Bread and water that made up ale's ingredients was considered to not be a sin like that of wine. Brewing in monasteries increased and a number of modern breweries can trace their origins back to medieval monasteries. 2689:

united these societies and by 1913 reached some 90,000 members including the juvenile, women's, and priestly contingents. The Union pursued a platform of "moral suasion" rather than legislative prohibition and received two papal commendations. In 1878

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Initially the vast majority of the temperance movement had opposed only distilled alcohol, which they saw as making drunkenness inexpensive and easy, and espoused moderation and temperance in the use of other alcoholic beverages. Fueled in part by the

301:

further instructs Christians regarding their duty toward immature Christians: "It is better not to eat meat or drink wine or to do anything else that will cause your brother to fall." Jewish priests cannot bless a congregation after consuming alcohol.

7990:

While many Lutheran congregations also provide grape juice or unfermented wine as an alternative, Lutherans have more emphasized the historical and ecumenical continuities which wine provides, as well as the richness and multivalences of its symbolic

1638:, expressed the common view in a sermon against drunkenness: "Drink is in itself a good creature of God, and to be received with thankfulness, but the abuse of drink is from Satan; the wine is from God, but the drunkard is from the Devil." This 4298: 3953:

There were ... two kinds of wine. We have no reason to believe that Jesus used the fermented wine unless we can prove it ... God is making unfermented wine and putting in skin cases and hanging it upon the vines in clusters every

418:

Spices and scents were often added to wine in order to hide "defects" that arose from storage that was often not sufficient to prevent all spoiling. One might expect about 10% of any given cellar of wine to have been ruined completely, but

3052:

On historical and lexical grounds, many abstentionists reject the argument of prohibitionists that wine in the Bible was not alcoholic and that imbibing is nearly always a sin. Piper summarizes the abstentionist position on this point:

9276: 2623:, could observe in 1879 that in America "almost every Christian minister has become an abstainer." The movement saw the passage of anti-drinking laws in several states and peaked in its political power in 1919 with the passage of the 1239:

use it with moderation, lest thereby an occasion of excess might be given to such as were drunken." Ambrose of course expected leaders and deacons to practice the same rule too. He cited Paul's instructions to them about alcohol in

407:-skins, sewn up where the legs and tail had protruded but leaving the opening at the neck). After six weeks, fermentation was complete, and the wine was filtered into larger containers and either sold for consumption or stored in a 315:

says, "The sin of drunkenness ... must have been not uncommon in the olden times, for it is mentioned either metaphorically or literally more than seventy times in the Bible." Additionally, the consequences of the drunkenness of

3044:

accurate or conclusive. Also, the invention of more efficient distillation techniques has led to more potent and cheaper alcohol, which in turn has lessened the economic barrier to drinking to excess compared to biblical times.

3186:

Other prohibitionist organizations advocate for the cause prohibition but do not require their members to follow the rule, and the prohibitionist position has experienced a general reduction of support since the days of the

1197:(died 395) made the same distinction between types of wine, "not that wine which produces drunkenness, plots against the senses, and destroys the body, but such as gladdens the heart, the wine which the Prophet recommends". 6806: 4402:

accounts on whether the meal was part of the Passover proper. In any case, it seems that the Last Supper was most likely somehow associated with Passover, even if it was not the paschal feast itself. See the discussion in

3030:

Christians should make a public statement against drunkenness because of the negative consequences it can have on individuals, families, and society as a whole. Some abstentionists believe that their witness as persons of

225:

The Bible also speaks of wine in general terms as a bringer and concomitant of joy, particularly in the context of nourishment and feasting. Wine was commonly drunk at meals, and the Old Testament prescribed it for use in

5938:

If doth not amend after , let him not be permitted to eat at the common table; but separated from the company of all, let him eat alone, his portion of wine being taken from him, until he hath made satisfaction and hath

3207:

wrote: "I wish the man who made the law to open them had to keep all the families that they have brought to ruin. Beer shops are the enemies of the home; therefore, the sooner their licenses are taken away, the better."

7922:

The Church teaches ... that wine, like food, sex, laughter, and dancing, is a good thing when enjoyed in its proper time and context. To abuse any good thing is a sin, but the thing abused does not itself become

3136:, members must also abide by a health code that includes not drinking alcohol or consuming any other recreational drugs. North American Adventist health study recruitments from 2001-2007 found that 93.4% of Adventists 371:

In Hebrew, grape juice need not ferment before it is called wine: "When the grapes have been crushed and the wine begins to flow, even though it has not descended into the cistern and is still in the wine press...".

1208:

Rule XXIV: "No one of the priesthood, from presbyters to deacons, and so on in the ecclesiastical order to subdeacons, readers, singers, exorcists, door-keepers, or any of the class of the Ascetics, ought to enter a

9502: 4275: 5744:'... for the drunkard is not always drunk, and a man may be drunk on one occasion without being a drunkard. However, in the case of a righteous man, we require to account for even one instance of drunkenness.' 1562:

and the priests who were forbidden the use of wine in the Jewish Temple. With Calvin at Geneva, "Low taverns and drinking shops were abolished, and intemperance diminished." However, Calvin's annual salary in

1409:, initially following a much more ascetic Rule than Benedict's. The Olivetans uprooted all their vineyards, destroyed their wine-presses, and were "fanatical total abstainers," but the rule was soon relaxed. 6111:

perfection: and in this way, in order to receive wisdom perfectly, it is requisite for certain persons that they abstain altogether from wine, and this depends on circumstances of certain persons and places.

3089:

congregations ("Finnish Lutherans"), such as the First Apostolic Lutheran Church, dominated by Finns in Michigan and Minnesota, are ambivalently against alcoholic consumption, as the Church has roots as a

3011:

require it for leadership positions (as with many Baptist churches), while other abstentionist denominations require abstinence from alcohol for all their members, both clergy and laypersons (as with the

9471:... as alcoholism destroyed families and neighborhoods in England during the late 1800s, Spurgeon decided that total abstinence was the wisest practice for the cultural context in which he found himself. 3243:, said: "After all is said that can be said on the liquor traffic, its influence is degrading on the individual, the family, politics and business and upon everything that you touch in this old world." 3891:

is used in the Septuagint for both fermented and unfermented grape juice. Since it can mean either one, it is valid to insist that in some cases it may simply mean grape juice and not fermented wine.

2890:

to counter the idea that abuse should be met with disuse: "e must not ... reject condemn anything because it is abused ... ine and women bring many a man to misery and make a fool of him (

185: 5098:

As a beverage, it regularly accompanied the main meal of the day. Wherever the Bible mentions 'cup' — for example, 'my cup brims over' (Ps. 23:5)—the reference is to a cup of wine ... In the

5070:• Raymond, p. 23: " was a common beverage for all classes and ages, even for the very young. Wine might be part of the simpelest meal as well as a necessary article in the households of the rich. 2706:

denounced the prohibition movement as being founded on an "absolutely false principle" and as trying to undermine the Church's "most sacred mystery," the Eucharist, and he forbade pastors in his

266:). Alcohol was also used for medicinal purposes in biblical times, and it appears in that context in several passages—as an oral anesthetic, a topical cleanser and soother, and a digestive aid. 5348:(died 235) says, "By thanksgiving the bishop shall make the bread into an image of the body of Christ, and the cup of wine mingled with water according to the likeness of the blood." Quoted in 9280: 8291:, especially pp. 48f. He adds on p. 85, "St. Paul regards wine as intrinsically good, 'for every creature of God is good, and nothing is to be rejected, if it be received with thanksgiving' ." 5198:

Wine diluted with water was obviously considered to be of inferior quality (Isa.1:22), although the Greeks, considering the drinking of pure wine to be an excess, routinely diluted their wine.

173:

have several words for alcoholic beverages, and though prohibitionists and some abstentionists dissent, there is a broad consensus that the words did ordinarily refer to intoxicating drinks.

1390:

but that for certain persons perfection requires abstinence, and this was dependent upon their circumstance. With regard to the Eucharist, he says that grape wine should be used and that "

1324:

Vitae Patrum (from the third and fourth centuries) states: "When abba Pastor was told of a certain monk who wouldn't drink wine he replied, 'A monk should have nothing to do with wine.'" "

4228:• Pierard, p. 28: "No evidence whatsoever exists to support the notion that the wine mentioned in the Bible was unfermented grape juice. When juice is referred to, it is not called wine ( 2599:, who argued against the use of "ardent spirits" (i.e., distilled alcohol), introduced the notion of addiction, and prescribed abstinence as the only cure. Some prominent preachers like 5165: 8547: 2777:

Today, the views on alcohol in Christianity can be divided into moderationism, abstentionism, and prohibitionism. Abstentionists and prohibitionists are sometimes lumped together as "

5568:

Also among the beliefs of the Encratites is the rejection of the drinking of wine. In fact, the Encratites even went so far as to substitute water for wine in the Eucharist service.

6589:

continuance of that cheerfulness by strengthening the muscles, and bracing the nerves. This is its use. Those who continue drinking till wine inflames them, abase this mercy of God.

293:

from birth. Nazirite vows excluded not only wine, but also vinegar, grapes, and raisins. (Jesus evidently did not take such a vow during the three years of ministry depicted in the

1041:(1635) depicts the Babylonian king's drinking party the same night the kingdom fell to the sober Persians. "Lest they drink" (Prov. 31:5) Of course Daniel was absent. (Dan. 5:13) ( 6812: 4299:

Ps 60:3; 75:8; Is 51:17-23; 63:6; Jr 13:12-14; 25:15-29; 49:12; 51:7; La 4:21f; Ezk 23:28-33; Na 1:9f; Hab 2:15f; Zc 12:2; Mt 20:22; 26:39, 42; Lk 22:42; Jn 18:11; Re 14:10; 16:19

9451: 3836:

appears in the New Testament, we may understand it as unfermented grape juice unless the passage clearly indicates that the inspired writer was speaking of an intoxicating drink.

2788:

leaders around the world say drinking alcohol is incompatible with being a good Evangelical. Even now, nominally "Christian" countries still have 42% who say it is incompatible.

5189:

Dommershausen, p. 61: "The custom of drinking wine mixed with water—probably in the ratio of two or three to one—seems to have made its first appearance in the Hellenistic era."

1124:

drank an estimated liter (about a quarter of a gallon, or a modern-day bottle and a third—about 35 oz.) of wine per day, though beer was more common in some parts of the world.

7968: 3367:

ine has traditionally been held to be one of the essential materials for a valid Eucharist, though some have argued that unfermented grape-juice fulfils the Dominical command.

2698:

lauded its efforts in "persuading men to practise one of the principal Christian virtues — temperance." By the time the Eighteenth Amendment was up for consideration, however,

1593:, who sought to expunge every trace of Roman Catholicism and to rely only on the Bible, also assumed wine was to be used, and despite their reputation as killjoys, the English 8255: 5140:

such as honey, spices, defrutum, (or wine inspissated by boiling it down to two-thirds or one- half of the quantity,) myrrh, mandragora, opiates, and other strong drugs."

7181: 4266:

Raymond, p. 24: "The numerous allusions to the vine and wine in the Old Testament furnish an admirable basis for the study of its estimation among the people at large."

9506: 4276:

Ge 27:28; 49:9-12; Dt 7:13; 11:14; 15:14; compare 33:28; Pr 3:9f; Jr 31:10-12; Ho 2:21-22; Jl 2:19,24; 3:18; Am 9:13f; compare 2Ki 18:31-32; 2Ch 32:28; Ne 5:11; 13:12

2857:

because of potential abuse. Moderationism holds that temperance (that is, moderation or self-control) in all of one's behavior, not abstinence, is the biblical norm.

11533: 9040: 4152: 3027:

by it ... any Christians will drink their beer and wine and flaunt their liberty no matter what anyone thinks. Consequently, there is a rift in the fellowship."

1152:, an early Christian treatise which is generally accepted to be from the late 1st century, instructs Christians to give a portion of their wine in support of a true 10534: 2628: 222:

as a mocker and beer a brawler, and drinking a cup of strong wine to the dregs and getting drunk are sometimes presented as a symbol of God's judgment and wrath.

6677: 5066:. per day means that wine constituted about one quarter of the caloric intake (600 out of 2,500 cal.) and about one third of the minimum required intake of iron. 3941:

Oinos is a generic word, and, as such, includes all kinds of wine and all stages of the juice of the grape, and sometimes the clusters and even the vine ...

1531:

of vines and vineyard workers. "Of course, no events have been found in the life of the saint that show a special relationship among him and vineyard or wine."

3111: 2624: 1020:, came to believe that the Bible prohibited alcohol or that the wisest choice in modern circumstances was for the Christian to abstain from alcohol willingly. 2458:

who sold indiscriminately to anyone were nothing more than poisoners and murderers accursed by God. In 1744, the directions the Wesleys gave to the Methodist

8756: 8615: 8360: 11568: 9787: 8642: 3728:

But while liberty to use wine, as well as every other earthly blessing, is conceded and maintained in the Bible, yet all abuse of it is solemnly condemned.

3778: 1254:

Wine makes not drunkenness; but intemperance produces it. Do not accuse that which is the workmanship of God, but accuse the madness of a fellow mortal."

10458: 2735: 2462:(small groups of Methodists intended to support living a holy life) required them "to taste no spirituous liquor ... unless prescribed by a physician." 6009: 5673:

Like his contemporaries, Chrysostom distinguished between types of wine, saying 'it cannot be that one and the same thing should work opposite effects.'

3622:

Prohibition: Methodists supported efforts for the prohibition of alcoholic beverages as a social extension of their concern for temperance or abstinence

2784:

Some groups of Christians fall entirely or virtually entirely into one of these categories, while others are divided between them. Fifty-two percent of

9302: 10463: 9868: 824: 5295: 3912: 10845: 10407: 4601:

I. W. Raymond p. 81: "Not only did Jesus Christ Himself use and sanction the use of wine but also ... He saw nothing intrinsically evil in wine."

3155: 7282: 3975: 9653: 4624: 3162:, teaches that "God has spoken against the use of ... lcohol". The church's leaders base this teaching on a revelation received by the prophet 3107: 5383: 4436:

49:6 , but there can be no doubt that it was in use long before." P. 164: "In the accounts of the Last Supper the term occurs neither in the

12036: 11159: 6627: 5169: 3259:

Prohibitionists also accuse most Bible translators of exhibiting a bias in favor of alcohol that obscures the meaning of the original texts.

1941: 9056: 8709: 8551: 5130:, pp. 143-146: "ecognized biblical scholars of every stripe are in virtual agreement on the nondiluted nature of wine in the Old Testament." 1926: 415:, lasting for three to four years. Even after a year of aging, the vintage was still called "new wine," and more aged wines were preferred. 9749: 5208: 9217: 9141: 3039:

Additionally, abstentionists argue that while drinking may have been more acceptable in ancient times (for instance, using wine to purify

9166: 2731: 1162:(died c. 215) wrote in a chapter about drinking that he admired the young and the old who "abstain wholly from drink," who adopt an 7064: 5627: 3540: 3304:

I tell you, I will not drink from this fruit of the vine from now on until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.

3299: 1093:, however, the cutting of wine with water was a common practice used to reduce potency and improve taste. By the time of the writing of 11992: 11048: 10618: 8884: 8795: 8109: 7795: 2686: 2459: 1105:, and the Hellenistic custom had apparently found acceptance with the Jews and was carried into Jewish rituals in New Testament times. 9459: 8610: 8322:

abuses the creation, either let him reform, or let him be deprived , and be cast out of the Church; and the same for one of the laity.

5870: 2546:

and perfection. This continues to be reflected in the teaching of certain Methodist denominations today. For example, ¶91 of the 2014

11543: 10600: 9950: 9394: 8263: 7975: 7038: 5540: 4475: 2531: 2527: 1739: 2678:

grape juice, and he used his particular preservation method to prepare juice for the Lord's Supper at a Methodist Episcopal church.

11495: 11447: 9991: 9365: 7738: 4232:). Nor can 'new wine' ... mean unfermented juice, because the process of chemical change begins almost immediately after pressing." 3423:

For most of Christian history, as in the Bible, moderate drinking of alcohol was taken for granted while drunkenness was condemned.

1860: 844: 17: 9326: 8585: 7616: 1350:(c. 500 – c. 589) was known as "David the water-drinker." He rejected any alcohol. The monasteries he established had water only. 10588: 10107: 9127: 7581: 6948: 6260:. The Place Setting: Timeless Tastes of the Mountain South, from Bright Hope to Frog Level. Mercer University Press. p. 38. 3518: 3126: 3122: 2551: 2148: 1966: 1578: 1200:

Condemnation of drunkenness had increased by the late 4th century. Church rules against drinking entertainments are found in the

7898: 7425: 4519: 2734:

said "the common traffic in, and the moderate use of intoxicants as a beverage are the source of all these evils." In 1843, the

1606: 1227:

who abhorred marriage, rejected wine, and called God's creation "polluted" and who substituted water for wine in the Eucharist.

12403: 11425: 11415: 11179: 10470: 8965: 8893: 6705: 4641: 3140:, 98.9% were non-smokers, and only 54% ate meat. Studies have also shown that Adventist members are healthier and live longer. 3012: 2914:

celebrations of the Lord's Supper. Some Christians mix some water with the wine following ancient tradition, and some attach a

1884: 7185: 5202:• Raymond, p.47: "The regulations of the Jewish banquets in Hellenistic times follow the rules of Greek etiquette and custom." 1212:

Rule LV: "NEITHER members of the priesthood nor of the clergy, nor yet laymen, may club together for drinking entertainments."

447:

speaks of diluted wine as "a more pleasant drink" and of both undiluted wine and unmixed water as "harmful" or "distasteful."

12004: 10571: 9700: 9631: 8999: 8766: 8504: 8067: 7881: 7775: 7748: 7720: 7236: 6610: 6265: 6075: 5091: 5041: 4755: 4504: 4417: 4187: 3752: 3678: 3615: 3416: 3388: 3360: 2872:

but requires that they not "abominate" or detest it, which attitude "blasphemously abuses" the good creation. Going further,

2792: 2743: 2682: 2612: 941: 12129: 10084: 2808: 2006: 8105: 7936: 5490: 4316: 12167: 10805: 10730: 7005: 3458: 2417: 1946: 1682: 1394:", unlike juice from unripe grapes, qualifies as wine because its sweetness will naturally turn it into wine. So freshly 1002: 311: 180: 8855: 8031: 4587: 10703: 10529: 10141: 9803: 9584: 8914: 8010: 7828: 3322: 9251: 8217: 8188: 6683: 6229: 210:

The commonness and centrality of wine in daily life in biblical times is apparent from its many positive and negative

12408: 12393: 12053: 11152: 11088: 11068: 10828: 10511: 7531: 7506: 7450:(2001). "What Should We Be Researching? - Past Influences, Future Ventures". In Elini Houghton; Ann M. Roche (eds.). 7408:, as a body, seem to have made no vigorous effort to hold the ground which the venerable father Matthew won; and the 7334: 7294: 7265: 6652: 6544: 6480: 5992: 5884: 4365: 4251: 3881: 3697: 3647: 3590: 3335: 3152:" of longevity, and attributes that to the large concentration of Seventh-day Adventists and their health practices. 3115: 2199: 1879: 1037: 263: 9414:

RESOLVED ... total opposition to the manufacturing, advertising, distributing, and consuming of alcoholic beverages.

4194:

here is no basis for suggesting that either the Greek or the Hebrew terms for wine refer to unfermented grape juice.

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wine, we'd have to limit ourselves to 2 glasses of modern wine. But still, the issue is moderation, not abstinence.

7859:

Have You Heard The Tramping of the New Crusade?: Organizational Survival and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union

3099: 2812: 2497: 2360: 1845: 1582: 926: 8770: 8364: 8134: 5461: 2493:

held that the fruit of the vine at the Last Supper was pure and incomparable to what some think of as wine today.

11564: 11462: 11430: 10698: 10178: 10131: 6427: 2225: 8653: 7253: 1016:

20th century, as a general sense of prohibitionism arose, many Christians, particularly some Protestants in the

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and tried to persuade people to abstain from these. Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of

2294: 2249: 1971: 1524: 11223: 4770: 4576: 4391: 2899: 1615:

set out for America, they brought a considerable amount of alcohol with them for the voyage (more than 28,617

193: 12063: 11385: 9863: 9717: 7151: 6021: 5354: 4980: 4114: 4067: 2895: 2739: 2171: 1769: 1586: 6431: 4432:

Seesemann, p. 162: "Wine is specifically mentioned as an integral part of the passover meal no earlier than

3492: 3233:: "a little alcohol is too much since drinking in moderation provides Satan an opening to cruel deception." 12068: 11145: 10784: 10751: 10539: 10013: 9955: 9873: 9858: 9848: 7093: 6913: 6899: 6837: 6792: 6096:"Second Part of the Second Part, Question 149, Article 3 - Whether the use of wine is altogether unlawful?" 4915: 4412:. New International Commentary on the New Testament (revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 684–695. 3711: 3133: 1852: 1540: 738: 9427: 3925: 2815:

that requires of its members complete abstinence from alcoholic drink as an expression of devotion to the

1519:

of the Orthodox Church forbid the consumption of wine (and by extension, all alcoholic beverages) on most

12139: 11920: 11782: 11126: 10478: 9792: 9735: 9398: 7376: 5541:"The State of the New Testament Canon in the Second Century: Putting Tatian's Diatessaron in Perspective" 5299: 3199: 3103: 2355: 2118: 1891: 1298: 8003: 6128:"Third Part, Question 74, Article 5 - Whether wine of the grape is the proper matter of this sacrament?" 5216: 1386:

friar and the "Doctor Angelicus" of the Catholic Church, says that moderation in wine is sufficient for

12349: 12249: 12211: 11698: 10957: 10735: 9986: 9878: 9238: 7127: 6386: 6048:

in the late Middle Ages: "a gallon of beer per day was the usual allowance per person, even for nuns" (

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in the eastern and western Churches, likewise allows Church leaders and laity to abstain from wine for

2627:, which established prohibition as the law of the entire country but which was repealed in 1933 by the 2501: 2466: 2166: 1612: 1257:

The virtue of temperance passed from Greek philosophy into Christian ethics and became one of the four

1062: 723: 198: 9142:"Historic Stand for Temperance Principles and Acceptance of Donations Statement Impacts Social Change" 4552: 49: 12398: 12292: 12282: 12244: 11999: 11809: 11777: 11731: 11708: 10893: 10559: 10448: 10001: 9910: 9853: 8533: 8039: 7300: 7097: 6573: 6371: 5083: 5075: 4496: 4488: 3983: 3715: 3159: 2860:

On the first point, moderationists reflect the Hebrew mindset that all creation is good. The ancient

2699: 2343: 1906: 1558:. He said they merely abstained from certain foods instead. He contrasted them against the dignified 1078: 653: 9665: 8335: 12272: 12177: 12172: 11987: 11952: 11878: 11834: 11829: 11626: 11452: 11297: 11194: 11189: 11022: 8440: 7624: 6883: 6401: 5387: 4178:

William Kaiser and Duane Garrett, ed. (2006). "Wine and Alcoholic Beverages in the Ancient World".

2333: 2012: 1181:

Some early Christian leaders focused on the strength and attributes of wines. They taught that two

936: 921: 903: 694: 440: 10424: 8588:. The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention. Archived from 6735: 6416: 6208: 3916: 2569:

the prohibition of alcohol supply, sale or use on Methodist premises (except private residences).

11957: 11691: 11596: 11485: 11435: 11292: 11209: 11184: 11073: 10878: 10815: 10713: 10688: 9960: 8713: 8680: 6144: 5849:"Chapter 35 - The life of ELIAS, archbishop of Jerusalem, and of Flavian, patriarch of Antioch". 5631: 3004: 2505: 2410: 2299: 2219: 2214: 2209: 1504: 1472: 995: 819: 748: 59: 7712: 7042: 5961: 5230: 5205: 2694:

praised the Union's determination to abolish drunkenness and "all incentive to it," and in 1906

2564:

concerns within the broader context of other drug-related issues. In a subsequent report to the

12277: 11868: 11726: 11668: 11559: 11538: 11303: 10646: 10593: 10549: 10434: 10402: 10193: 10166: 9569: 9215: 9145: 7575: 6762:. Vol. 1. New York: T. Mason and G. Lane for the Methodist Episcopal Church. p. 134f. 5653: 5446: 3268: 3145: 2973: 2861: 2850: 2800: 2723: 2722:

churches felt some pressure, they did not alter their moderationist position. Even the English

2636: 2093: 2037: 1911: 1896: 1667: 1290: 1240: 931: 733: 103: 10835: 9170: 7322: 6757: 5740:"Augustine: The Writings Against the Manichaeans and Against the Donatists, Book XXII, Ch. 44" 4790: 1028: 12336: 11935: 11661: 11470: 11373: 11328: 11257: 10439: 10023: 10018: 9922: 9884: 9777: 7765: 7101: 7072: 6961:

Clough, D. (2004). "Theology through social and political action". In C. Marsh et al. (Ed.),

6941:

The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)

6870: 6851: 6255: 6193: 5714: 5408: 4948: 4629:

Even today, priests may not bless the congregation after having even a single glass of wine.

4466:

Raymond, p. 80: "All the wines used in basic religious services in Palestine were fermented."

4380: 3719: 3327: 3317: 3240: 3000: 2671: 2654: 2592: 2204: 2108: 1951: 1916: 1759: 1159: 728: 367:

in Israel with the pressing area in the center and the collection vat off to the bottom left.

8548:"Revising the Practice of the Lord's Supper at Faith Presbyterian Church No. 4, Wine, No. 3" 8410: 7560: 7498: 7492: 6472: 6466: 6287: 5166:"Revising the Practice of the Lord's Supper at Faith Presbyterian Church No. 2, Wine, No. 1" 4853: 2523:

most intemperately" thereby despising the Church of God and shaming those who have nothing.

1487:) and in the "common cup" of wine which is shared by the bride and groom during an Orthodox 12157: 12107: 12092: 11969: 11678: 11578: 11528: 11523: 11480: 11440: 11368: 10999: 10986: 10930: 10745: 10363: 10156: 10075: 10008: 9905: 9485:

The Training of Children: How to Make the Children into Saints and Soldiers of Jesus Christ

9455: 8620: 8441:"Ask the Wise Man: Eucharistic Wine and an Alcoholic Priest; Hosts for the Gluten-allergic" 8386: 7658: 7628: 6412: 6397: 5333: 3519:"Does Approval of the Use of New Testament Wine Justify Use of Modern Alcoholic Beverages?" 3278: 2886: 2644: 2565: 2477: 2365: 2128: 2103: 2047: 1961: 1956: 1659: 1457: 1336: 1325: 1193:(died 395) said: "...if there is any sharp wine I excommunicate it, but I drink the good." 837: 689: 455:

consumption of undiluted wine as a beverage, they taught that it was useful as a medicine.

392:

was a prescribed holiday that immediately followed the harvest and pressing of the grapes.

285:

Kings and priests in the Old Testament were forbidden to partake of wine at various times.

166: 148: 99: 10708: 9678: 9520:

Kang Sim, DE; Hofstetter, CR; Irvin, VL; Ayers, JW; Macera, CA; Ji, M; Hovell, MF (1985).

9402: 8944: 7228: 7216: 7152:"Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 4: Origins of and Reasons for the Rejection of Wine" 6319: 5811: 5739: 5553: 5447:"On Fasting, Ch. 9., From Fasts Absolute Tertullian Comes to Partial Ones And Xerophagies" 5412: 4697: 1714: 8: 12375: 12326: 12302: 12287: 12206: 12196: 12182: 12162: 12152: 12122: 12102: 12031: 11762: 11591: 11518: 11348: 11277: 11204: 11078: 10952: 10693: 10678: 10628: 10333: 10323: 10102: 10032: 9820: 9677:

See also the other installments in the debate between Reynolds and Kenneth Gentry in the

7845:

good evangelical, as do 78% of evangelical leaders who live in Muslim-majority countries.

6975: 6453: 6095: 5760: 5668: 5329: 4830: 4664: 4653: 3971: 3904: 3188: 3091: 2902:); so kill all the women and pour out all the wine." In dealing with drunkenness at the 2746:) considered and narrowly rejected making the selling of alcoholic beverages grounds for 2604: 2584: 2578: 2393: 2350: 2323: 1429: 1221: 1201: 1102: 1051: 969: 796: 436: 274: 119: 91: 83: 71: 9369: 9035: 7662: 7621:

The Bond of Union: The Old School Presbyterian Church and the American Nation, 1837-1861

6742:. with explanatory notes by Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury (10th ed.). p. 150. 6337:

History of the Christian Church, Volume VIII: Modern Christianity. The Swiss Reformation

6257:

The Place Setting: Timeless Tastes of the Mountain South, from Bright Hope to Frog Level

6127: 5051:

Broshi, Magen (1986). "The Diet of Palestine in the Roman Period — Introductory Notes".

4734: 4242:

Dommershausen, W. (1990). "Yayin". In G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren (ed.).

4147: 4031: 3453: 3395:

Drunkenness was biblically condemned, and all denominations disciplined drunken members.

1690:

held that abstinence from alcoholic beverages is "highly necessary for the divine life."

1269:. Drunkenness, on the other hand, is considered a manifestation of gluttony, one of the 458:

Common dilution ratios from the ancient world were compiled by Athenaus of Naucratis in

12201: 12147: 12058: 12048: 11839: 11754: 11703: 11313: 10910: 10853: 10769: 10668: 10661: 10623: 10583: 10389: 10290: 10205: 10183: 10037: 9996: 9758: 9546: 9521: 9105: 8589: 7705: 6774: 6352: 5900: 5756: 5689: 5345: 3212: 2608: 2443: 2403: 2338: 2070: 2057: 2027: 1837: 1793: 1698: 1574: 1332: 1266: 1172:"reason unwavering, their memory active, and their body unmoved and unshaken by wine." 1145: 988: 881: 743: 679: 563: 432: 349: 324:"were intended to serve as examples of the dangers and repulsiveness of intemperance." 262:

in blood," though Christians have differed on the implications of this statement (see

170: 153: 67: 8305: 7670: 6442: 5476: 4610: 4564: 4541: 4530: 4229: 1250: 297:, but in fact was even accused by the Pharisees of eating and drinking with sinners). 12238: 12117: 12023: 11947: 11846: 11819: 11738: 11686: 11636: 11395: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11343: 11333: 11282: 10940: 10810: 10673: 10651: 10554: 10429: 10373: 10151: 10090: 10080: 10052: 10028: 9696: 9627: 9551: 9109: 9097: 8995: 8816: 8649: 8500: 7910: 7877: 7818:

McClintock and Strong, p. 249, lists Sweden, Australia, Madagascar, India, and China.

7771: 7744: 7716: 7682: 7674: 7527: 7502: 7466: 7429: 7330: 7290: 7261: 7232: 6712:. Wesley Center for Applied Theology at Northwest Nazarene University. Archived from 6606: 6540: 6476: 6382: 6302: 6261: 6187: 6071: 5988: 5880: 5512: 5161: 5149: 5087: 5037: 4882: 4751: 4500: 4413: 4361: 4302: 4287: 4247: 4213: 4183: 3877: 3785: 3748: 3693: 3674: 3654:

Most, however, preach moderation: Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, and Eastern Orthodox.

3643: 3611: 3586: 3412: 3384: 3356: 3331: 3230: 2996: 2846: 2289: 2254: 2158: 1998: 1901: 1779: 1651: 1508: 1468: 1270: 1133: 1121: 876: 871: 849: 614: 401: 203: 136: 132: 9570:"Sipping Saints: An outcry against the alarming spread of drinking among Christians" 8969: 6713: 4305: 3102:

movement during the early twentieth century, many Finnish Lutherans were elected to

395:

The fermentation process started within six to twelve hours after pressing, and the

70:

as a common part of everyday life and used "the fruit of the vine" in their central

11982: 11824: 11799: 11378: 11338: 10923: 10873: 10517: 10453: 10419: 10412: 10295: 10262: 10252: 9541: 9533: 9522:"General Presbytery of the Assemblies of God. A biblical perspective on abstinence" 9089: 8113: 7666: 7001: 5904: 5654:"Homilies on the First Epistle of St. Paul to Timothy, Homily XI, 1 Timothy 3:8-10" 5494: 4437: 4399: 4332:. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association. 1997. pp. 374–376. 4115:"Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 3: Historic Reformed & Baptist Testimony" 3204: 2838: 2766: 1936: 1931: 1628: 1550: 1520: 1516: 1402: 1310: 1258: 1194: 1168: 1055: 1042: 974: 758: 714: 619: 286: 279: 9078:"Finns in Michigan. "Discovering the Peoples of Michigan" series by Gary Kaunonen" 9015:

Geisler, Norman (January–March 1982). "A Christian Perspective on Wine-Drinking".

8078: 5923: 2534:

during the 19th and early-20th centuries. Methodists saw alcoholic beverages, and

1285: 1085:

usually diluted with water, and wine mixed with water is used as an Old Testament

12191: 12097: 11888: 11586: 11093: 10774: 10759: 10740: 10245: 10240: 10114: 9654:"Issue and Interchange - Scripture Prohibits the Drinking of Alhocolic Beverages" 9221: 9191: 8990:

Barker, Kenneth L.; Kohlenberger III, John R. (1999). "Commentary on 1 Ti 5:23".

7405: 5924:"Chapter XLIII - Of Those Who Are Tardy in Coming to the Work of God or to Table" 5685: 5623: 5508: 5212: 5031: 5027: 4360:. Vol. V. Translated by Bromiley, Geoffrey W. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 163. 4216: 3222: 3032: 2934:

that is at odds with what moderationists consider the right approach to biblical

2834: 2747: 2616: 2259: 2017: 1764: 1624: 1484: 1453: 1383: 1246: 1217: 1117: 893: 786: 753: 460: 329: 243: 219: 7377:"Prelate Assails Dry Law. Archbishop Messmer Forbids Catholic Help to Amendment" 4447: 1301:

brought with it a significant drop in the production and consumption of wine in

29: 12187: 12087: 11883: 11772: 11718: 11651: 11631: 11390: 11231: 11108: 10918: 10898: 10860: 10725: 10146: 10136: 10126: 9934: 9900: 9766: 8851: 7874:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives

7147: 6123: 6091: 5797: 5792: 5516: 5350: 4976: 4395: 4353: 4110: 4035: 3869: 3639: 3578: 3273: 3226: 3192: 3167: 2988: 2943: 2675: 2658: 2620: 2543: 2481: 2304: 2244: 2098: 2085: 1981: 1976: 1687: 1647: 1500: 1476: 1421: 1406: 1395: 1379: 1306: 1302: 1274: 1141: 1137: 718: 658: 638: 586: 325: 298: 87: 9537: 9232: 8820: 8735: 7014: 6350:

West, Jim (March–April 2000). "A Sober Assessment of Reformational Drinking".

5850: 5581: 4010: 3688:

Fitzsimmonds, F. S. (1982). "Wine and Strong Drink". In Douglas, J. D. (ed.).

1234:(died 387) eagerly kept the strict rule of total abstinence, which her bishop 269: 12387: 12112: 12043: 11893: 11601: 11241: 11236: 11083: 10964: 10868: 10764: 10353: 10285: 10235: 10230: 10215: 10210: 10188: 10097: 10064: 9929: 9798: 9101: 8918: 8863: 8859: 8301: 8163: 7821: 7678: 7351: 7220: 6160: 5833: 5324: 5319: 4063: 3849:

drunkenness and reveling, they can mean only alcoholic or intoxicating wines.

3252: 3215: 3086: 2881: 2762: 2691: 2600: 2596: 2439: 2382: 2269: 2264: 2153: 2138: 2133: 2123: 1820: 1815: 1735: 1424:. The Catholic Church continues to celebrate a number of early and medieval 1190: 1017: 404: 176: 110: 9588: 8922: 6679:

To the Printer of the 'Bristol Gazette'BRISTOL, HORSEFAIR, September 7, 1789

2465:

Early advocacy for abstentionism in Methodism arose in America. At the 1780

579: 12363: 11925: 11873: 11804: 11794: 11475: 11407: 11272: 11168: 11043: 11033: 10823: 10119: 9555: 9077: 8910: 8705: 8142: 8043: 7447: 7422: 6233: 3900: 3692:(2nd ed.). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 1255. 3236: 3163: 3141: 2992: 2977: 2816: 2785: 2588: 2455: 2378: 2143: 2113: 2042: 2032: 1832: 1528: 1433: 1231: 1109: 866: 675: 648: 259: 9093: 7686: 4724:(for instance, p. 29: Palestine was "a country known for its good wines"). 4625:"What is Judaism's take on alcohol consumption? - Questions & Answers" 4166:

abandonment of these bad premises would strengthen the cause immeasurably.

1185:

of wine should be distinguished: wine causing joyousness and that causing

118:, advocated abstentionism or prohibitionism and were early leaders in the 12227: 11977: 11940: 11789: 11641: 11616: 11513: 10974: 10969: 10840: 10720: 10610: 10503: 10275: 10220: 9825: 8465: 7767:

British Quakerism, 1860-1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community

6944: 6569: 6041: 6010:"Sin & Tonic: Making beer, wine, and spirits is not the Devil's work" 4405: 4097: 3137: 3076: 3072: 2981: 2955: 2903: 2873: 2842: 2804: 2778: 2715: 2695: 2647:, the temperance message changed to the outright elimination of alcohol. 2611:, afterward the movement experienced its second wave, spearheaded by the 2539: 2511: 2490: 2435: 2080: 2052: 1754: 1749: 1719: 1671: 1655: 1571: 1555: 1546: 1480: 1437: 1347: 1340: 1314: 1094: 959: 888: 860: 668: 643: 444: 332:

for becoming drunk on wine served at their attempted celebrations of the

321: 306: 305:

Virtually all Christian traditions hold that the Bible condemns ordinary

251: 128: 124: 7796:"Drink to That? Have Baptists watered down their objections to alcohol?" 6853:

A discourse on the nature, design, and institution of the holy eucharist

4676:

Broshi, Magen (1984). "Wine in Ancient Palestine — Introductory Notes".

3932:. New York: National Temperance Society and Publishing House. p. 85 2650: 1597:

were temperate partakers of "God's good gifts," including wine and ale.

1289:

A monk-cellarer tasting wine from a barrel while filling a jug (from an

1167:

wine is an appropriate symbol of Jesus' blood. He noted taking a little

12075: 11814: 11611: 11267: 11199: 11103: 10935: 10883: 10683: 10656: 10566: 10348: 10328: 10257: 9840: 9830: 3080: 2984: 2969: 2959: 2877:

by the blood of our Lord the same benefits are received by our souls."

2828: 2535: 2022: 1921: 1590: 1417: 1318: 1175: 1163: 1148:

used in the Eucharist wine—which was customarily mixed with water. The

854: 801: 381: 364: 353: 63: 3760:

results when it is drunk to excess. The nature of wine is indifferent.

1372:

of beer per day, and were allowed to drink beer (but not wine) during

426: 214:

uses throughout the Bible. Positively, for example, wine is used as a

12232: 12080: 11915: 11905: 11898: 11856: 11851: 11646: 11606: 11038: 10945: 10779: 10578: 10544: 10397: 10368: 10338: 10270: 10225: 10198: 10046: 9981: 9815: 9810: 9727: 8077:. United Church of Christ. 1986. pp. Footnote 27. Archived from 7832: 3409:

Progressive Christians Speak: A Different Voice on Faith and Politics

3149: 3040: 2928: 2915: 2865: 2796: 2703: 2486: 2470: 2431: 1706: 1643: 1639: 1559: 1512: 1496: 1445: 1413: 1387: 1328:

archbishop of Jerusalem , drank no wine, just as if he were a monk."

1230:

A minority of Christians abstained totally from alcoholic beverages.

1059: 1032: 898: 684: 571: 333: 247: 115: 75: 9169:. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 1990. Archived from 9144:. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 1992. Archived from 8945:"Unity in Action: Building Up One Another Without Offending--Part 2" 4246:. Vol. VI. trans. David E. Green. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 64. 3745:

The Teaching of the Early Church on the Use of Wine and Strong Drink

1412:

Because the Catholic Church requires properly fermented wine in the

11621: 11490: 10638: 10302: 7412:, of course, have felt no obligation be wiser than their teachers." 7106:

Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature

4950:

Origines Ecclesiasticæ: Or, The Antiquities of the Christian Church

4433: 3724:

Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature

2965: 2931: 2719: 1663: 1449: 1398:

must is indeed usable (preferably after filtering any impurities).

1354: 1186: 1086: 764: 423:

was also created intentionally for dipping bread among other uses.

408: 290: 255: 231: 211: 7426:"Protestants and Catholics: Drunken Barbarians and Mellow Romans?" 7041:. Wisconsin Clearinghouse for Prevention Resources. Archived from 4981:"Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 1: Thesis; Biblical Witness" 1420:

also brought grapevines so they could make wine and celebrate the

1058:

advocated. Wine formed part of the sacrifices made daily to God. (

12370: 12321: 11930: 11910: 11767: 11656: 10800: 10358: 9917: 9585:"Famous 'Booze' Sermon As preached by Billy Sunday in Boston, MA" 9279:. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Archived from 7943:. Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America: 8–9 7740:

Sons of the Prophets: Evangelical Leaders of the Victorian Church

6186: 6045: 5710: 4495:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference Books. p. 4442: 3776: 3350: 3095: 2907: 2754: 2707: 2388: 1774: 1635: 1594: 1581:

make explicit mention of and assume the use of wine, as does the

1492: 1488: 1461: 1441: 1373: 1262: 1235: 1153: 1149: 1074: 781: 663: 420: 412: 376: 345: 235: 8494: 4177: 359: 11137: 7969:"Responding to Opportunities for 'Interim Eucharistic Sharing'" 5099: 4408:(1995). "Additional Note H: The Last Supper and the Passover". 4347: 3951:. Salem, Ohio: Convention Book Store H. E. Schmul. p. 32. 3178: 2935: 2891: 2674:, an ordained Wesleyan Methodist minister, discovered a way to 2640: 2451: 2447: 1631: 1620: 1564: 1224: 1113: 1090: 1070: 443:

custom of diluting wine had taken hold such that the author of

389: 294: 227: 215: 161: 45: 8519:

See the thorough discussion of lexical differences in Gentry,

6736:"Directions given to the Band-Societies. December 25th, 1744." 5355:"Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 2: Historical Testimony" 11863: 11323: 11262: 11219: 11098: 11006: 10171: 8619:. The United Methodist Publishing House. 2004. Archived from 7594:

encouraged youth... to sign a pledge to abstain from alcohol.

7409: 6808:

To George Roberts, Pastor of Light Street Church in Baltimore

4343: 1827: 1810: 1616: 1425: 1401:

Drinking among monks was not universal, however, and in 1319

1369: 1357: 1156:

or, if they have no prophet resident with them, to the poor.

1098: 776: 554: 385: 157: 79: 33: 9519: 7108:. Vol. X. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 245f. 5669:"Homilies on Ephesians, Homily XIX, Ephesians v. 15, 16, 17" 4937:

different dilution rates that he culled from ancient works."

3726:. Vol. X. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 1016. 3355:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 1767. 218:

of abundance, and of physical blessing. Negatively, wine is

8495:

M. R. P. McGuire and T. D. Terry, ed. (2002). "Eucharist".

8166:. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2004 7649:

Vallee, B. L. (June 1998). "Alcohol in the western world".

7071:. London: S.W. Partridge and Co. p. 29. Archived from 5866: 5063: 4476:

Mt 26:26-29; Mk 14:22-25; Lk 22:17-20; 1 Co 10:16; 11:23-25

3541:"The Conflicted History of Alcohol in Western Civilization" 1391: 1365: 1361: 396: 317: 239: 37: 8499:. Vol. 14 (2nd ed.). Thomson Gale. p. 772. 7442:

lived. This has also been found in Ireland (Levine, 1992).

6740:

Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church

6733: 4642:

Pr 20:1; Is 5:11f; Ho 5:2,5; Ro 13:13; Ep 5:18; 1 Ti 3:2-3

4520:

Pr 31:4-7; Mt 27:34,48; Mk 15:23,36; Lk 23:36; Jn 19:28–30

3058:

application with regulations in matters of food and drink.

3018:

Some reasons commonly given for voluntary abstention are:

2454:

when they were used non-medicinally, and he said the many

1507:

wine is used in the celebration of a service known as the

9503:"Salvation Army, Positional Statement on Social Drinking" 9041:

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

8821:"Myths and Facts about Alcohol Consumption and Jim Burns" 8762: 8681:"Salvation Army's Position Statements: Alcohol and Drugs" 4153:

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

2939: 95: 10535:

Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

8886:

Discipline of the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches

8068:"Introduction to Worship in the United Church of Christ" 7974:. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Archived from 6143:

fermentation which is 'the result of its natural heat' (

2661:

technique that prevented the fermentation of grape juice

258:

celebration, he says that the "fruit of the vine" is a "

9327:"Salvation Army Releases Position Statement on Alcohol" 8712:. Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Archived from 3351:

F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, ed. (2005). "Wine".

3195:, with many advocates instead becoming abstentionists. 2615:, and it was so successful in achieving its goals that 1309:, but the Eastern and Western Church (particularly the 9303:"Southern Baptists: Losing Their Zeal for Temperance?" 8989: 8736:"Living in the Spirit: Be Not Drunk with Wine--Part 3" 7553: 7110:

In January, 1826, Rev. Calvin Chapin published in the

6779:

Quadrennial Register of the Methodist Episcopal Church

6603:

The Lord's Dominion: The History of Canadian Methodism

6070:. New York, New York: Penguine Group Inc. p. 79. 5513:"Letter CXCIX: To Amphilochius, concerning the Canons" 5468: 5033:

Preventing Alcohol Abuse: Alcohol, Culture and Control

4083:

That in the Bible, when unqualified by such terms as

4042:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. p. 824 4011:"Living in the Spirit: Be Not Drunk with Wine--Part 2" 3779:"Alcohol: An inappropriate investment for Anglicanism" 2625:

Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1607:

History of alcoholic beverages § Colonial America

12347: 8616:

The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church

8306:"The Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles" 8004:"Theology and Practice of The Lord's Supper - Part I" 4781:

Sefer Kedushah, MaAchalot Assurot, Ch. 11, Halacha 11

4317:

Jg 9:13; Ps 4:7; 104:15; Ec 9:7; 10:19; Zc 9:17; 10:7

2583:

In the midst of the social upheaval accompanying the

9788:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

6781:. Connecticut: Case, Tiffany & Co. p. 200f. 6321:

Calvin's Commentaries, Harmony of the Law, Numbers 6

6247: 5871:

Ancient Roman units of measurement - Liquid_measures

5252:(3rd ed.). Chicago: Moody Press. p. 1169. 4750:(1st ed.). New York: Gotham Books. p. 41. 3379:

Domenico, Roy P.; Hanley, Mark Y. (1 January 2006).

3229:

rehabilitation organization, said similar things to

1495:) is taken by the faithful together with a piece of 10459:

List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

9368:. Southern Baptist Convention. 1938. Archived from 9192:"Adventist Health Study-2 | Adventist Health Study" 7349: 7327:

Entrepreneur Magazine Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurs

7274: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 2736:

Presbyterian Church in the United States of America

1483:(blessing of bread, wine, wheat and oil during the 427:

Alcoholic content of beverages in the ancient world

9124:Evangelical Methodist Church Conference Discipline 7704: 7260:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 151. 6982:. A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland 5597:"On the Duties of the Clergy", Ch. 50, section 256 5122: 5120: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3930:Laws of Fermentation and the Wines of the Ancients 3846:. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. 1891. p. 621. 3777:Ethical Investment Advisory Group (January 2005). 1097:(2nd or 1st century BC), the Greeks had conquered 10464:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 9869:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 8755:R. Albert Mohler and Russell Moore (2005-09-14). 7829:"Global Survey of Evangelical Protestant Leaders" 5407: 5334:"Chapter LXVII. Weekly worship of the Christians" 3372: 3023:further distract me from God's will for my life." 2799:Christian organization with members from various 12385: 7524:Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition 7473:. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1993 7092: 5073: 4809:Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times 4588:Mt 11:18f; Lk 7:33f; compare Mk 14:25; Lk 22:17f 4398:offers some difficulties when compared with the 4330:Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times 4199: 3913:National Temperance Society and Publishing House 3898: 3710: 2991:. Prominent proponents of abstentionism include 1189:(intoxicating and non-intoxicating). The hermit 58:are varied. Throughout the first 1,800 years of 10846:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility 8856:"FIRST-PERSON: The case for alcohol abstinence" 8832:we are modeling, abstinence is the best choice. 7934: 7314: 7013:. Pilgrim Publishing. p. 6. Archived from 6965:(pp. 41–47). London, United Kingdom: Continuum. 6008:Lynch, Kevin (September 20 – October 3, 2006). 5507: 5474: 5330:"Chapter LXV. Administration of the sacraments" 5117: 4141: 4139: 3997: 3326:. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. pp. 3156:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2742:(generally considered part of the conservative 384:where the men and boys trampled them, often to 339: 8433: 7698: 7696: 7320: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 5921: 5899: 5755: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4693: 4691: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3378: 2841:, and within Protestantism, it is accepted by 2607:to action. Though losing influence during the 12037:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 11736: 11153: 9743: 9476: 9452:"Spurgeon the Drinker: The Rest of the Story" 8994:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. 7789: 7787: 7184:. Third Millennium Ministries. Archived from 6180: 6178: 4971: 4969: 4910: 4908: 4771:Ps 80:8-15; Is 5:1f; Mk 12:1; compare SS 2:15 4597: 4595: 4577:Nu 6:2-4 (compare Jg 13:4-5; Am 2:11f); Jr 35 4241: 3830:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3738: 3736: 3664: 3662: 3534: 3532: 3521:. Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. 3495:. Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. 3353:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3315: 3251:Prohibitionists such as Stephen Reynolds and 3121:Certain Methodist denominations, such as the 3106:, propelling the earliest stages towards the 2603:picked up on Rush's theme and galvanized the 2526:Later, British Methodists, in particular the 2411: 1541:History of alcohol § Early modern period 996: 10408:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day 9647: 9645: 9643: 8675: 8673: 8249: 8247: 8141:, 8th General Assembly. 1980. Archived from 7850: 7454:. International Center for Alcohol Policies. 7350:Liese, W.; Keating, J.; Shanley, W. (1912). 7289:. Signal Press & Biblical Perspectives. 7245: 7182:"Protestant Transubstantiation (History of)" 6935: 6933: 6931: 6054:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 113. 5875:Maynard, Theodore (1945). "Saint Benedict". 5228:Compare the later Jewish views described in 5074:Geoffrey Wigoder; et al., eds. (2002). 4136: 3876:. Kansas City, Missouri: Beacon Hill Press. 3687: 3669:Waltke, Bruce (2005). "Commentary on 20:1". 3599: 3411:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 136. 3173: 1523:throughout the year. The Orthodox celebrate 206:Christ administered "the fruit of the vine". 9483:Booth, William (1888). "27. Strong Drink". 9277:"The Commandments: Obey the Word of Wisdom" 8262:. Reformed Baptist Seminary. Archived from 8211: 8209: 8182: 8180: 7865: 7693: 7617:"Wine, Women, and the Limits of Conscience" 7550:been, and still are, Protestant societies." 7280: 7133: 6759:A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church 6594: 5435:Compare the summary in Raymond, pp. 97-104. 5293: 4940: 4916:"Alcohol consumption - Alcohol and society" 4840: 4838: 4795: 4688: 4358:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament 4244:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament 3959: 3636:100 Tough Questions about God and the Bible 2964:The abstentionist position is held by many 2732:United Presbyterian Church of North America 1642:attitude is likewise found among the early 11160: 11146: 11049:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 10619:List of countries with alcohol prohibition 9750: 9736: 9562: 8110:Christian Reformed Church in North America 7784: 7494:Crusade Against Drink in Victorian England 7000: 6885:Adam Clarke's Commentary, 1 Corinthians 11 6184: 6175: 4966: 4905: 4592: 3946: 3844:Encyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition 3733: 3659: 3627: 3529: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3383:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. 2803:backgrounds that work together to promote 2687:Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America 2418: 2404: 1003: 989: 555:Alcohol in Christian history and tradition 78:or Lord's Supper. They held that both the 9951:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 9640: 9545: 9116: 9075: 8815: 8789: 8787: 8670: 8643:"Position paper: Abstinence from Alcohol" 8244: 8100: 8098: 7707:The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830 7329:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 481–483. 7321:Hallett, Anthony; Hallett, Diane (1997). 7227:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 6928: 6911: 6751: 6749: 6559:Increase Mather (1673)."Wo to Drunkards." 4351: 4217:"GC 70-11: "Bible Questions and Answers"" 3573: 3571: 3560: 3558: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3428: 3381:Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics 9651: 9621: 9425: 8915:"FIRST-PERSON: The great alcohol debate" 8905: 8903: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8796:"Total Abstinence and Church Membership" 8206: 8177: 7963: 7961: 7577:Presbyterian Church - Church and society 7573: 7545: 7543: 7484: 7146: 6838:"Section XIII: Of the Duty of Preachers" 6773:Fox, Henry J.; Hoyt, William B. (1852). 6253: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5349: 4975: 4835: 4707: 4705: 4352:Seesemann, Heinrich (1967). "οινος". In 4109: 3864: 3862: 3825: 3605: 3297: 3246: 3177: 2649: 1861:Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament 1681: 1284: 1220:(died 379) repudiated the views of some 1027: 358: 268: 234:. The Gospel of John recorded the first 192: 28: 10589:Legal drinking age in the United States 9243: 9128:Evangelical Methodist Church Conference 9057:"Flesh Tank and Peashooter Regulations" 9014: 8545: 8391:Works, American Edition, vol. 51, p. 85 8062: 8060: 7856: 7770:. Oxford University Press. p. 48. 7763: 7736: 7702: 7614: 7582:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6949:Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection 6772: 6464: 6300: 5959: 5905:"Chapter XL - Of the Quantity of Drink" 5874: 5628:"Homilies on the Gospel of St. Matthew" 5160: 4946: 4486: 3970: 3742: 3516: 3503: 3490: 3400: 3127:Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection 3123:Evangelical Methodist Church Conference 2552:Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection 1579:Reformed Christian confessions of faith 142: 14: 12386: 9757: 9652:Reynolds, Stephen M. (May–June 1991). 9300: 9249: 8894:Bible Methodist Connection of Churches 8784: 8358: 8215: 8186: 8095: 7896: 7871: 7711:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7648: 7521: 7490: 7251: 7214: 7179: 6849: 6804: 6775:"Rule Respecting Intoxicating Liquors" 6746: 6703: 6653:"To his Mother OXON, January 13, 1735" 6600: 6568: 6534: 6158: 6065: 6049: 5950:Holy Rule of St. Benedict, Chapter XL. 5684: 5666: 5651: 5630:. pp. Homily LVII. Archived from 5622: 5611:"Concerning Widows", Ch. 7, section 40 5538: 5462:""Life of the Holy Fathers", Ch. XXXV" 5444: 5082:. New York University Press. pp. 5050: 5026: 4745: 4675: 4404: 3923: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3668: 3633: 3577: 3568: 3555: 3538: 3473: 3437: 3013:Bible Methodist Connection of Churches 2833:The moderationist position is held by 2572: 2489:contexts, Methodist Bible commentator 1491:service. A small amount of warm wine ( 1456:, the so-called patron saint of wine; 98:, but that over-indulgence leading to 11141: 10572:List of dry communities by U.S. state 9731: 9715: 9482: 9167:"Chemical Use, Abuse, and Dependency" 9054: 8942: 8900: 8837: 8793: 8767:Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 8733: 8164:"Maintain a Balanced View Of Alcohol" 7958: 7872:Martin, Scott C. (16 December 2014). 7540: 7252:Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (2001). 7062: 6755: 6007: 5971: 5966:The monks were to drink only water... 5737: 5579: 5459: 5247: 4702: 4212: 4062: 4029: 4008: 3868: 3859: 3300:"Matthew 26:29;Mark 14:25;Luke 22:18" 2438:lived, "alcohol was divided between ' 1897:Four sources of theological authority 1475:, not only in the celebration of the 1360:, renowned as the finest creators of 464:(Banquet of the Learned; c. AD 228): 246:. Jesus instituted the ritual of the 10085:List of methanol poisoning incidents 9690: 9513: 9366:"Resolution On The Liquor Situation" 9358: 8909: 8850: 8253: 8187:Meyers, Jeffrey J. (November 1996). 8057: 7861:. University of Georgia. p. 52. 7793: 7446: 6805:Asbury, Francis (30 December 1802). 6605:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 68. 6349: 6197:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5982: 5765:On the Morals of the Catholic Church 5036:. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 4. 4748:Drink: a Cultural History of Alcohol 4392:Mt 26:17-19; Mk 14:12-16; Lk 22:7-13 4040:Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels 3805:role in the use or abuse of alcohol. 3671:The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 15-31 3634:Miller, Stephen M. (15 April 2014). 3606:Campbell, Ted A. (1 December 2011). 3517:Quarles, Charles L. (28 July 2021). 3491:Quarles, Charles L. (23 July 2021). 3406: 3291: 2849:. Moderationism is also accepted by 2809:Pioneer Total Abstinence Association 2007:The Sunday Service of the Methodists 1136:make very little reference to wine. 1120:), the average adult male who was a 238:of Jesus: making copious amounts of 10806:Alcohol consumption recommendations 10731:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 9716:Cisco, Hermano (31 December 2015). 9449: 9428:"Alcohol & Charles H. Spurgeon" 9159: 9134: 9033: 8387:"Fourth Invocavit sermon from 1522" 8361:"Catechism of the Church of Geneva" 8216:Meyers, Jeffrey J. (January 1997). 7358:. New York: Robert Appleton Company 7323:"Thomas B. Welch, Charles E. Welch" 6734:Methodist Episcopal Church (1798). 6307:. Collegeville, Pa., Thompson bros. 6122: 6090: 5709: 5608: 5594: 5248:Unger, Merrill F. (1981) . "Wine". 4553:Pr 31:4f; Lv 10:9; compare Ez 44:21 4171: 4145: 3765: 3493:"Was New Testament Wine Alcoholic?" 3182:William Booth of the Salvation Army 1600: 1549:made wine but avoided drunkenness. 1416:, wherever Catholicism spread, the 24: 10530:Alcohol packaging warning messages 10142:Alcohol use among college students 9804:Drunk driving in the United States 9582: 8704: 8384: 8333: 8300: 8218:"Concerning Wine and Beer, Part 2" 8189:"Concerning Wine and Beer, Part 1" 7876:. SAGE Publications. p. 359. 7857:Rollins, Christin Eleanor (2005). 7574:Schrader, Ben (15 November 2012). 7065:"Strong Drink Versus Christianity" 6914:"The temperance movement in Wales" 6912:Carradice, Phil (29 August 2012). 6881: 6675: 6650: 6628:"Sermon 140, On Public Diversions" 6625: 6334: 6317: 4622: 3874:Word Meanings in the New Testament 3608:Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials 3323:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology 3063:the cause of the liquor problem." 2807:. Within the Catholic Church, the 2793:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 2613:Women's Christian Temperance Union 1335:(died c. 547), who formulated the 1112:, which had conquered Judea under 114:Protestant churches, particularly 25: 12420: 11089:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 11069:Index of alcohol-related articles 10512:Administrative License Suspension 8963: 8546:Rayburn, Robert S. (2001-02-11). 7937:"The Spirit of True Christianity" 7671:10.1038/scientificamerican0698-80 7283:"The Preservation of Grape Juice" 7225:The Oxford Companion to the Bible 7128:Temperance movement#United States 6185:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 5417:The Instructor, book 2, chapter 2 4096: 4074:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 3:616 3066: 2200:Methodist Church of Great Britain 1872:Distinctive beliefs and practices 1428:related to alcohol—for instance, 264:Eucharistic theologies contrasted 12369: 12357: 12332: 12331: 12320: 11448:State church of the Roman Empire 11167: 11122: 11121: 10523:Alcoholic beverage control state 10319:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 9709: 9684: 9615: 9610:The Biblical Approach to Alcohol 9602: 9576: 9495: 9443: 9419: 9387: 9344: 9319: 9301:Martin, Stephanie (2018-11-09). 9294: 9269: 9226: 9209: 9184: 9069: 9048: 9027: 9008: 8983: 8957: 8936: 8877: 8808: 8748: 8727: 8698: 8635: 8603: 8578: 8565: 8539: 8526: 8513: 8488: 8479: 8458: 8424: 8415: 8403: 8378: 8352: 8327: 8294: 8281: 8235: 8222:Rite Reasons, Studies in Worship 8193:Rite Reasons, Studies in Worship 8156: 8127: 8024: 7996: 7935:O'Callaghan, Paul (March 1992). 7928: 7890: 7812: 7757: 7729: 7642: 7608: 7599: 7567: 7515: 7471:Catechism of the Catholic Church 7459: 7421: 7415: 7397: 7369: 7343: 7208: 7199: 7173: 7120: 7086: 7056: 7031: 7007:Wine in the Bible and the Church 6994: 6968: 6955: 6905: 6892: 6875: 6864: 6843: 6830: 6798: 6785: 6766: 6727: 6697: 6669: 6644: 6619: 6562: 6553: 6528: 6515: 6502: 6489: 6458: 6447: 6436: 6421: 6406: 6391: 6376: 6365: 6343: 6328: 6311: 6304:The Christian education of youth 6294: 6280: 6222: 6201: 6152: 6116: 6084: 6059: 6035: 6001: 5985:Drinking with Calvin and Luther! 5960:Brookes, Andrew (1 March 2013). 5953: 5944: 5915: 5893: 5859: 5842: 5825: 5804: 5786: 5777: 5749: 5731: 5703: 5678: 5660: 5645: 5616: 5602: 5588: 5573: 5532: 5501: 5483: 3854:The Biblical Approach to Alcohol 3828:The Biblical Approach to Alcohol 3673:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 127. 3539:Vallee, Bert L. (June 1, 2015). 3035:is also enhanced by this choice. 2949: 2822: 2813:teetotal temperance organization 2772: 2387: 2361:Ordination of women in Methodism 1947:Sanctification (growth in grace) 1713: 1583:1689 Baptist Confession of Faith 1567:included seven barrels of wine. 1023: 597: 11431:First seven ecumenical councils 10132:Alcohol in association football 9130:. 15 July 2017. pp. 24–25. 8485:Cross and Livingstone, p. 1767. 6428:Westminster Confession of Faith 5987:. Oakdown Books. p. 22ff. 5879:. Ayer Publishing. p. 14. 5582:""Confessions", Book VI, Ch. 2" 5518:Basil: Letters and Select Works 5453: 5438: 5429: 5401: 5376: 5339: 5313: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5241: 5222: 5183: 5154: 5143: 5133: 5108: 5080:The New Encyclopedia of Judaism 5020: 5011: 5002: 4930: 4896: 4887: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4847: 4824: 4815: 4784: 4775: 4764: 4739: 4727: 4714: 4669: 4658: 4647: 4634: 4616: 4604: 4581: 4570: 4557: 4546: 4535: 4524: 4513: 4480: 4469: 4460: 4426: 4385: 4374: 4336: 4321: 4310: 4292: 4281: 4269: 4260: 4235: 4023: 3909:The Temperance Bible-Commentary 3819: 3810: 3138:abstained from drinking alcohol 3047: 2918:significance to this practice. 1127: 12298:Relations with other religions 11704:Church of the East (Nestorian) 11699:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 10344:List of deaths through alcohol 10162:Epidemiology of binge drinking 9966:Subjective response to alcohol 9250:Benson, Ezra Taft (May 1983). 8992:Zondervan NIV Bible Commentary 8468:. Orthodox Presbyterian Church 8256:"The Son of Man Came Drinking" 8139:Presbyterian Church in America 8011:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 7897:Madrid, Patrick (March 1992). 7497:. St. Martin's Press. p. 6471:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 5549:Bulletin for Biblical Research 3344: 3309: 2532:temperance movement in Britain 2328: 2295:Conservative holiness movement 1686:18th-century Methodist bishop 1534: 1280: 109:In the mid-19th century, some 13: 1: 12404:Christian temperance movement 10829:Sweat alcohol content monitor 9864:Alcoholism in rural Australia 9622:Reynolds, Stephen M. (1983). 8586:"The Bible Speaks on Alcohol" 7526:. Da Capo Press. p. 53. 7491:Shiman, Lilian Lewis (1988). 7281:Bacchiocchi, Samuele (1989). 6068:A Cultural History of Alcohol 5865:That is, either about half a 5690:"First Homily on the Statues" 5477:"Funeral Oration on Meletius" 3826:Reynolds, Stephen M. (1989). 3320:. In Walter A. Elwell (ed.). 3284: 2921: 2530:, took a leading role in the 2226:Other Methodist denominations 1587:Dordrecht Confession of Faith 1479:(Eucharist), but also at the 1313:) preserved the practices of 10752:Adult Children of Alcoholics 10540:Drunk driving law by country 9956:Long-term effects of alcohol 9874:Disease theory of alcoholism 9859:Alcoholism in family systems 9849:Alcohol and Native Americans 9695:. Jack Van Impe Ministries. 9252:"A Principle with a Promise" 7069:Papers on Practical Religion 6963:Unmasking Methodist theology 6836:Methodist Episcopal Church, 6574:"Commentary on Psalm 104:15" 6209:"Wine, Religion and Culture" 4410:The Gospel According to John 4356:; Pitkin, Ronald E. (eds.). 3926:"Christ Eating and Drinking" 3134:Seventh-day Adventist Church 2639:, which emphasized personal 1967:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 1853:Sermons on Several Occasions 1677: 340:Winemaking in biblical times 7: 12005:Views on poverty and wealth 10479:International whisk(e)y day 9793:Driving under the influence 9399:Southern Baptist Convention 9395:"On alcohol use in America" 8112:. 1996–2007. Archived from 7605:Quoted in Williamson, p. 9. 7386:. June 25, 1918. p. 13 6708:. In Thomas Jackson (ed.). 6211:. Macedonian Heritage. 2003 5962:"St David, Patron of Wales" 5814:. Macedonian Heritage. 2003 5719:On the Duties of the Clergy 5296:"Letter to the Corinthians" 4491:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 3947:McLauchlin, G. A. (1973) . 3262: 3200:Southern Baptist Convention 3087:Laestadian Pietist Lutheran 2356:Homosexuality and Methodism 2119:William Williams Pantycelyn 1892:Priesthood of all believers 1299:decline of the Roman Empire 1077:and to celebrate weddings, 10: 12425: 12250:World Evangelical Alliance 12212:Traditionalist Catholicism 10995:Christian views on alcohol 10601:List of alcohol laws of US 9879:High-functioning alcoholic 9693:Alcohol: The Beloved Enemy 9679:same issue of the magazine 9450:Wax, Trevin (2006-12-06). 9426:Spurgeon, Charles (1884). 9220:February 25, 2009, at the 9082:Michigan Historical Review 9076:Šmidchens, Guntis (2009). 9055:Piper, John (1982-01-17). 8794:Piper, John (1981-10-04). 8135:"Alcohol, Beverage use of" 7258:American Methodist Worship 7102:"Temperance Reform (eds.)" 6710:The Sermons of John Wesley 6657:The Letters of John Wesley 6578:The Adam Clarke Commentary 6465:Daniels, Bruce C. (1996). 6288:"500 Years of Reformation" 5194:Archaeological Study Bible 4791:Compare Is 16:10; Jr 48:33 4180:Archaeological Study Bible 3872:(1986). "1 Timothy 5:13". 3158:, the largest body of the 3116:United States Constitution 3070: 2953: 2870:mortification of the flesh 2826: 2576: 2502:Methodist Episcopal Church 2467:Methodist Episcopal Church 2329:Methodist views on alcohol 1604: 1538: 1241:1 Timothy 3:2-4 and 3:8-10 1089:for corruption. Among the 965:Christian views on alcohol 724:Communion under both kinds 181:Excessive citations inline 146: 56:Christian views on alcohol 12315: 12265: 12245:World Council of Churches 12220: 12138: 12022: 12013: 11968: 11753: 11737: 11732:Latter Day Saint movement 11717: 11677: 11577: 11558: 11504: 11461: 11406: 11312: 11291: 11250: 11218: 11175: 11117: 11061: 11015: 10985: 10909: 10894:Alcoholic spirits measure 10879:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 10793: 10637: 10609: 10560:Ignition interlock device 10502: 10493: 10449:Drunken monkey hypothesis 10382: 10311: 10282:Routes of administration 10063: 9974: 9943: 9911:Alcohol congener analysis 9893: 9854:Alcoholism in adolescence 9839: 9776: 9765: 9538:10.1007/s10943-011-9471-y 9352:"SBC Resolutions Alcohol" 8966:"Commentary on 1 Ti 5:23" 8611:"Alcohol and Other Drugs" 8497:New Catholic Encyclopedia 8040:Presbyterian Church (USA) 7356:The Catholic Encyclopedia 7063:Booth, Catherine (1879). 6044:describes the customs of 5928:Holy Rule of St. Benedict 5909:Holy Rule of St. Benedict 5539:Allert, Craig D. (1999). 4864:Dommershausen, pp. 60-62. 4346:each = 234 liters = 61.8 3747:. AMS Press. p. 25. 3585:. Oakdown. pp. 3ff. 3459:Easton's Bible Dictionary 3174:Influential organizations 3160:Latter Day Saint movement 2730:The 1881 assembly of the 2727:prohibitionist platform. 1907:Substitutionary atonement 1589:(1632), even the radical 825:Catholic historical roots 312:Easton's Bible Dictionary 12409:Christianity and society 12394:Christianity and alcohol 12273:Anti-Christian sentiment 11453:Christian biblical canon 9718:"Christians and Alcohol" 9196:adventisthealthstudy.org 8896:. 2018. pp. 29, 46. 8340:Commentary on the Psalms 8254:Gonzales, Robert R. Jr. 7794:Camp, Ken (2007-01-05). 7625:University of Notre Dame 7223:and M. D. Coogan (ed.). 6539:. New York: Free Press. 6301:Zwingli, Ulrich (1899). 5475:Gregory of Nyssa (395). 5250:Unger's Bible Dictionary 4947:Bingham, Joseph (1720). 4854:Lk 5:39; compare Is 25:6 4623:Posner, Rabbi Menachem. 4493:Encyclopedia of Religion 4342:Six pots of thirty-nine 4054:drinks wine from his vat 3949:Commentary on Saint John 3924:Patton, William (1871). 3899:Lees, Frederic Richard; 3816:Fitzsimmonds, pp. 1254f. 3743:Raymond, I. W. (1970) . 3129:, teach prohibitionism. 2334:Methodist local preacher 2013:Covenant Renewal Service 1885:Conditional preservation 1467:Wine has a place in the 1368:, were allotted about 5 916:Denominational teachings 18:Christianity and alcohol 12327:Christianity portal 11486:Investiture Controversy 11074:Alcohol and spaceflight 10816:Alcohol server training 10689:Managed alcohol program 10267:Binge drinking devices 9961:Pharmacology of ethanol 9691:Impe, Jack Van (1980). 8534:Mt 15:11,18; Mk 7:20,23 7953:pleasure that is wrong. 7743:. S.P.C.K. p. 19. 7615:Wallace, Peter (2004). 7561:"Presbyterians Alcohol" 7452:Learning about Drinking 7150:(January 22–28, 2001). 6443:Chapter 30, paragraph 3 6432:chapter 29, paragraph 3 6254:Sauceman, F.W. (2006). 5715:"Book I, chapter XLIII" 4979:(December 4–10, 2000). 4920:Encyclopedia Britannica 4487:Lincoln, Bruce (2005). 4448:"Tractate Berakoth 6.1" 4059:(Emphasis in original.) 2864:, which became part of 2506:United Methodist Church 2394:Christianity portal 2300:Holiness Pentecostalism 2220:Global Methodist Church 2215:World Methodist Council 2210:United Methodist Church 1505:Serbian Orthodox Church 1473:Eastern Orthodox Church 1144:make it clear that the 820:Origin of the Eucharist 749:Feast of Corpus Christi 186:considered for deletion 160:, both in usage and in 50:Visoki Dečani monastery 12278:Christian universalism 11669:Western Rite Orthodoxy 11514:Protestant Reformation 10679:Alcohol rehabilitation 10647:Alcohol detoxification 10550:Field sobriety testing 10435:Health effects of wine 10403:International Beer Day 10167:Holiday heart syndrome 9505:. 1990. Archived from 9401:. 2006. Archived from 7764:Kennedy, T.C. (2001). 7352:"Temperance Movements" 7215:Coogan, M. D. (1993). 6793:Note 6 on Section XIII 6756:Bangs, Nathan (1838). 6704:Wesley, John (1999) . 6632:Sermons of John Wesley 6535:Lender, M. E. (1987). 6230:"St. Tryphon and wine" 6159:Almond, J. C. (1913). 5801:, book 31, chapter 45. 5552:(9): 5. Archived from 4113:(January 8–14, 2001). 3407:Cobb, John B. (2003). 3318:"Alcohol, Drinking of" 3316:R. V. Pierard (1984). 3269:Christian dietary laws 3183: 3146:Loma Linda, California 2862:Canons of the Apostles 2662: 2637:Second Great Awakening 2629:Twenty-first Amendment 2561: 2538:, as the root of many 2149:Countess of Huntingdon 2124:Benjamin Titus Roberts 1912:Imparted righteousness 1691: 1294: 1291:illuminated manuscript 1046: 431:After the conquest of 368: 309:in many passages, and 282: 207: 52: 11936:Anointing of the Sick 10931:Disulfiram-like drugs 10471:Ritual use of alcohol 10440:Wine and food pairing 10425:Apéritif and digestif 10076:Adulterated moonshine 9923:Blood alcohol content 9885:Seeing pink elephants 9624:Alcohol and the Bible 9331:Salvation Army Canada 9094:10.1353/mhr.2009.0031 8466:"Wine or grape juice" 8445:St. Anthony Messenger 8359:Calvin, John (1545). 7522:Kobler, John (1993). 7456:Retrieved 2008-05-19. 7039:"Historical Overview" 6850:Clarke, Adam (1808). 6706:"On the Use of Money" 6601:Semple, Neil (1996). 6194:Catholic Encyclopedia 6165:Catholic Encyclopedia 6066:Gately, Iain (2008). 6050:Durant, Will (1957). 5877:Pillars of the Church 5521:. Philip Schaff (ed.) 5409:Clement of Alexandria 5384:"Didache, chapter 13" 5353:(January 1–7, 2001). 5053:Israel Museum Journal 4746:Gately, Iain (2008). 4678:Israel Museum Journal 3247:Bible interpretations 3241:evangelical Christian 3181: 3001:R. Albert Mohler, Jr. 2987:groups including the 2938:and the doctrines of 2880:On the second point, 2845:, Lutherans and many 2817:Sacred Heart of Jesus 2714:Similarly, while the 2672:Thomas Bramwell Welch 2655:Thomas Bramwell Welch 2653: 2593:Industrial Revolution 2556: 2317:Other relevant topics 2205:Free Methodist Church 2109:John William Fletcher 1952:Sunday Sabbatarianism 1760:First Great Awakening 1685: 1605:Further information: 1539:Further information: 1288: 1160:Clement of Alexandria 1031: 709:Practices and customs 362: 272: 244:wedding feast at Cana 196: 111:Protestant Christians 94:that makes life more 32: 12257:Nondenominationalism 12130:Role in civilization 11597:Independent Catholic 11539:Relations with Islam 11519:Catholic Reformation 11000:Alcohol in the Bible 10987:Religion and alcohol 10953:General anaesthetics 10746:Alcoholics Anonymous 10704:List of mixed drinks 10157:Alcohol intoxication 10072:Adulterated alcohol 9456:The Gospel Coalition 8758:Alcohol and Ministry 7800:The Baptist Standard 7737:Hennell, M. (1979). 7703:Mathias, P. (1959). 7156:IIIM Magazine Online 7112:Connecticut Observer 6900:notes on Article XIX 6413:Thirty-Nine Articles 6398:Heidelberg Catechism 6024:on November 12, 2006 6020:(19). Archived from 5922:Benedict of Nursia. 5869:or a full pint. See 5692:. pp. paras 11f 5359:IIIM Magazine Online 5215:(Vulgate numbering: 4985:IIIM Magazine Online 4119:IIIM Magazine Online 4101:Evangelical Theology 3972:Bacchiocchi, Samuele 3852:Quoted in Reynolds, 3690:New Bible Dictionary 3279:Religion and alcohol 3112:Eighteenth Amendment 2887:reductio ad absurdum 2619:, co-founder of the 2566:Methodist Conference 2528:Primitive Methodists 2504:(a precursor of the 2498:Articles of Religion 2366:Bishops in Methodism 2129:Walter Ashbel Sellew 2048:Brush arbour revival 1962:Second work of grace 1957:Christian perfection 1846:Articles of Religion 1740:in the United States 1293:of the 13th century) 1277:in the 6th century. 1052:virtue of temperance 690:Words of Institution 167:Christian traditions 149:Alcohol in the Bible 143:Alcohol in the Bible 42:The Marriage at Cana 12303:Unlimited atonement 12288:Cultural Christians 11727:Jehovah's Witnesses 11349:Sermon on the Mount 11278:Christian tradition 11205:Lists of Christians 11079:Gateway drug effect 10865:Low-alcohol drinks 10694:Non-alcoholic drink 10629:Temperance movement 10611:Alcohol prohibition 10334:Gilbert Paul Jordan 10324:Dionysian Mysteries 10108:on college campuses 10103:Alcohol advertising 9821:Public intoxication 9664:(2). Archived from 9626:. Challenge Press. 9173:on December 6, 2006 9148:on December 6, 2006 8734:MacArthur, John F. 8310:Ante-Nicean Fathers 7909:(3). Archived from 7663:1998SciAm.278f..80V 7651:Scientific American 7254:"The Lord's Supper" 6951:. 2014. p. 37. 6686:on October 11, 2016 6537:Drinking In America 5491:"Synod of Laodicea" 5235:Jewish Encyclopedia 4072:Systematic Theology 4068:"The Lord's Supper" 3545:Scientific American 3189:temperance movement 3092:temperance movement 2851:Jehovah's Witnesses 2681:From 1838 to 1845, 2605:temperance movement 2585:American Revolution 2579:Temperance movement 2573:Temperance movement 2476:Bishops in America 2444:distilled beverages 2324:Saints in Methodism 1802:Doctrinal standards 1202:Council of Laodicea 1103:Alexander the Great 970:Eucharistic miracle 437:Alexander the Great 275:Drunkenness of Noah 232:festal celebrations 228:sacrificial rituals 154:Alcoholic beverages 120:temperance movement 84:Christian tradition 68:alcoholic beverages 66:generally consumed 12148:Crusading movement 11416:Ante-Nicene period 10911:Addiction medicine 10854:Get Your Sexy Back 10794:Alcohol limitation 10770:Sober living house 10736:Twelve-step groups 10669:Brief intervention 10662:Open-container law 10624:Neo-prohibitionism 10584:Legal drinking age 10390:Alcoholic beverage 10291:Alcohol inhalation 10206:Drinking in public 10184:Blackout Wednesday 10042:Beverage-specific 9759:Alcohol and health 9036:"Total abstinence" 8817:Arterburn, Stephen 7384:The New York Times 6362:Viewed 2007-01-22. 6353:Modern Reformation 6188:"Altar Wine" 5983:West, Jim (2003). 5901:Benedict of Nursia 5757:Augustine of Hippo 5652:Chrysostom, John. 5346:Hippolytus of Rome 5211:2011-07-23 at the 5162:Rayburn, Robert S. 4214:MacArthur, John F. 4148:"Total abstinence" 4030:Ewing, W. (1913). 3610:. Abingdon Press. 3213:The Salvation Army 3184: 2700:Archbishop Messmer 2663: 2609:American Civil War 2339:Itinerant preacher 2250:General Conference 2058:Watchnight service 1880:Assurance of faith 1692: 1634:and president of 1575:Formula of Concord 1460:, patron saint of 1440:, patron saint of 1333:Benedict of Nursia 1295: 1108:Under the rule of 1056:Greek philosophers 1047: 1038:Belshazzar's Feast 882:Transubstantiation 744:Reserved sacrament 633:Ritual and liturgy 369: 283: 208: 171:biblical languages 53: 12345: 12344: 12311: 12310: 12239:Charta Oecumenica 11749: 11748: 11739:Iglesia ni Cristo 11554: 11553: 11534:French Revolution 11524:Thirty Years' War 11396:Apostolic fathers 11364:Great Commandment 11135: 11134: 11057: 11056: 11007:Islam and alcohol 10941:Calcium carbimide 10811:Alcohol education 10699:List of cocktails 10674:Designated driver 10652:Alcohol-free zone 10555:Hip flask defence 10489: 10488: 10430:Hangover remedies 10374:Whiskey Rebellion 10364:Six o'clock swill 10152:Austrian syndrome 10091:Surrogate alcohol 10081:Denatured alcohol 10053:Red wine headache 9702:978-0-934803-07-6 9633:978-0-86645-094-2 9017:Bibliotheca Sacra 9001:978-0-310-57840-6 8943:MacArthur, John. 8650:Assemblies of God 8506:978-0-7876-4004-0 8430:Raymond, pp. 83f. 7899:"Wrath of Grapes" 7883:978-1-4833-3108-9 7777:978-0-19-827035-5 7750:978-0-281-03698-1 7722:978-0-521-05691-5 7563:. nodrinking.com. 7287:Wine in the Bible 7238:978-0-19-504645-8 7002:Williamson, G. I. 6898:Coke and Asbury, 6791:Coke and Asbury, 6612:978-0-7735-1400-3 6383:Belgic Confession 6267:978-0-88146-140-4 6077:978-1-592-40464-3 6014:The Wave Magazine 5793:Gregory the Great 5294:Clement of Rome. 5093:978-0-8147-9388-6 5043:978-0-275-94926-6 4902:2 Maccabees 15:40 4757:978-1-592-40464-3 4506:978-0-02-865733-2 4419:978-0-8028-2504-9 4189:978-0-310-92605-4 4009:MacArthur, John. 3978:Wine in the Bible 3842:"Stuart, Moses". 3786:Church of England 3754:978-0-404-51286-6 3712:McClintock, James 3680:978-0-8028-2776-0 3617:978-1-4267-1364-4 3418:978-0-664-22589-6 3390:978-0-313-32362-1 3362:978-0-19-280290-3 3239:, an influential 3231:Assemblies of God 2997:John F. MacArthur 2847:Reformed churches 2750:from the church. 2500:, adopted by the 2430:At the time that 2428: 2427: 2290:Holiness movement 2255:Methodist Circuit 2159:George Whitefield 1989: 1988: 1902:Covenant theology 1780:Wesleyan theology 1652:George Whitefield 1275:Gregory the Great 1271:seven deadly sins 1134:Apostolic Fathers 1013: 1012: 877:Transignification 872:Sacramental union 850:Consubstantiation 552: 551: 328:later chides the 204:Leonardo da Vinci 137:Eastern Orthodoxy 133:Roman Catholicism 44:, a 14th-century 16:(Redirected from 12416: 12399:Christian ethics 12374: 12373: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12353: 12335: 12334: 12325: 12324: 12168:Environmentalism 12118:Church buildings 12020: 12019: 11835:Eastern Orthodox 11830:Eastern Catholic 11742: 11741: 11709:Eastern Catholic 11687:Eastern Orthodox 11575: 11574: 11496:Age of Discovery 11481:East–West Schism 11379:Great Commission 11310: 11309: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11139: 11138: 11125: 11124: 10924:Chlordiazepoxide 10874:Low-alcohol beer 10518:Alcohol monopoly 10500: 10499: 10420:Drinking culture 10413:Women in brewing 10296:Vodka eyeballing 10263:Passive drinking 9774: 9773: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9729: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9649: 9638: 9637: 9619: 9613: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9587:. 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Archived from 3783: 3774: 3763: 3762: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3707: 3684: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3450: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3295: 3205:Charles Spurgeon 3100:U.S. Prohibition 2839:Eastern Orthodox 2767:Nordic countries 2740:general assembly 2420: 2413: 2406: 2392: 2391: 1937:Prevenient grace 1932:Outward holiness 1799: 1798: 1717: 1694: 1693: 1601:Colonial America 1499:after receiving 1403:Bernardo Tolomei 1259:cardinal virtues 1195:Gregory of Nyssa 1169:wine as medicine 1081:, and Passover. 1043:National Gallery 1005: 998: 991: 975:Host desecration 954:Related articles 932:Latter-day Saint 759:Infant communion 601: 589: 582: 559: 558: 467: 466: 287:John the Baptist 280:Giovanni Bellini 189: 21: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12368: 12358: 12356: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12319: 12307: 12261: 12216: 12134: 12015: 12009: 11964: 11889:One true church 11745: 11713: 11673: 11562: 11550: 11500: 11457: 11402: 11329:in Christianity 11315: 11301: 11295: 11287: 11246: 11222: 11214: 11171: 11166: 11136: 11131: 11113: 11094:Self-medication 11053: 11011: 10981: 10919:Benzodiazepines 10905: 10789: 10775:Sobering center 10760:Sober companion 10741:Al-Anon/Alateen 10633: 10605: 10495: 10485: 10378: 10307: 10247:In vino veritas 10241:Hair of the dog 10059: 9975:Adverse effects 9970: 9939: 9889: 9835: 9779: 9778:Alcohol-related 9769: 9761: 9756: 9726: 9725: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9689: 9685: 9671: 9669: 9650: 9641: 9634: 9620: 9616: 9607: 9603: 9594: 9592: 9583:Sunday, Billy. 9581: 9577: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9518: 9514: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9481: 9477: 9465: 9463: 9448: 9444: 9432: 9430: 9424: 9420: 9408: 9406: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9336: 9334: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9311: 9309: 9299: 9295: 9286: 9284: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9261: 9259: 9248: 9244: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9222:Wayback Machine 9214: 9210: 9200: 9198: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9176: 9174: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9151: 9149: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9074: 9070: 9061: 9059: 9053: 9049: 9034:Beecher, W. J. 9032: 9028: 9013: 9009: 9002: 8988: 8984: 8975: 8973: 8962: 8958: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8928: 8926: 8908: 8901: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8869: 8867: 8852:Akin, Daniel L. 8849: 8838: 8825: 8823: 8813: 8809: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8785: 8776: 8774: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8740: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8719: 8717: 8703: 8699: 8686: 8684: 8679: 8678: 8671: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8626: 8624: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8595: 8593: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8570: 8566: 8557: 8555: 8544: 8540: 8531: 8527: 8518: 8514: 8507: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8471: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8450: 8448: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8421:Raymond, p. 86. 8420: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8395: 8393: 8383: 8379: 8370: 8368: 8357: 8353: 8344: 8342: 8332: 8328: 8315: 8313: 8312:. Vol. VII 8299: 8295: 8286: 8282: 8269: 8267: 8252: 8245: 8241:Pierard, p. 29. 8240: 8236: 8227: 8225: 8214: 8207: 8198: 8196: 8185: 8178: 8169: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8148: 8146: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8119: 8117: 8104: 8103: 8096: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8075:Book of Worship 8070: 8066: 8065: 8058: 8049: 8047: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8016: 8014: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7971: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7946: 7944: 7933: 7929: 7916: 7914: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7870: 7866: 7855: 7851: 7838: 7836: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7804: 7802: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7762: 7758: 7751: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7701: 7694: 7647: 7643: 7634: 7632: 7613: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7586: 7584: 7572: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7489: 7485: 7476: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7435: 7433: 7420: 7416: 7406:Catholic clergy 7402: 7398: 7389: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7359: 7348: 7344: 7337: 7319: 7315: 7306: 7304: 7297: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7213: 7209: 7205:Pierard, p. 28. 7204: 7200: 7191: 7189: 7178: 7174: 7165: 7163: 7148:Mathison, Keith 7145: 7134: 7125: 7121: 7091: 7087: 7078: 7076: 7061: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7010: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6960: 6956: 6939: 6938: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6910: 6906: 6897: 6893: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6865: 6848: 6844: 6835: 6831: 6818: 6816: 6803: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6771: 6767: 6754: 6747: 6732: 6728: 6719: 6717: 6702: 6698: 6689: 6687: 6674: 6670: 6661: 6659: 6649: 6645: 6636: 6634: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6599: 6595: 6582: 6580: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6533: 6529: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6437: 6426: 6422: 6411: 6407: 6402:questions 78-80 6396: 6392: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6348: 6344: 6333: 6329: 6316: 6312: 6299: 6295: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6183: 6176: 6157: 6153: 6136: 6134: 6124:Aquinas, Thomas 6121: 6117: 6104: 6102: 6092:Aquinas, Thomas 6089: 6085: 6078: 6064: 6060: 6052:The Reformation 6040: 6036: 6027: 6025: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5981: 5972: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5932: 5930: 5920: 5916: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5864: 5860: 5855:. Vol. 10. 5848: 5847: 5843: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5791: 5787: 5783:Raymond, p. 78. 5782: 5778: 5769: 5767: 5754: 5750: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5708: 5704: 5695: 5693: 5683: 5679: 5665: 5661: 5650: 5646: 5637: 5635: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5589: 5578: 5574: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5509:Basil the Great 5506: 5502: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5473: 5469: 5458: 5454: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5419: 5406: 5402: 5393: 5391: 5390:on May 28, 2007 5382: 5381: 5377: 5368: 5366: 5351:Mathison, Keith 5344: 5340: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5303: 5292: 5288: 5284:Raymond, p. 88. 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5246: 5242: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5213:Wayback Machine 5203: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5094: 5071: 5069: 5048: 5044: 5025: 5021: 5017:Raymond, p. 49. 5016: 5012: 5008:Raymond, p. 48. 5007: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4977:Mathison, Keith 4974: 4967: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4807:"Wine Making". 4806: 4805: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4390: 4386: 4381:Jn 2:1-11; 4:46 4379: 4375: 4368: 4350:, according to 4341: 4337: 4328:"Drunkenness". 4327: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4200: 4190: 4176: 4172: 4159: 4157: 4146:Beecher, W. J. 4144: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4111:Mathison, Keith 4094: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4045: 4043: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3969: 3960: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3921: 3896: 3894: 3884: 3867: 3860: 3841: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3781: 3775: 3766: 3755: 3741: 3734: 3708: 3700: 3685: 3681: 3667: 3660: 3650: 3642:. p. 225. 3632: 3628: 3618: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3579:Gentry, Kenneth 3576: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3537: 3530: 3515: 3504: 3489: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3451: 3438: 3434:Raymond, p. 90. 3433: 3429: 3419: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3314: 3310: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3265: 3249: 3225:founder of the 3223:David Wilkerson 3211:The founder of 3176: 3083: 3069: 3050: 3033:moral character 2962: 2952: 2924: 2835:Roman Catholics 2831: 2825: 2775: 2748:excommunication 2617:Catherine Booth 2591:induced by the 2581: 2575: 2424: 2386: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2318: 2310: 2309: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2260:Pastoral charge 2240: 2232: 2231: 2195: 2194: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2090: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2028:Mourner's bench 2018:Revival service 2001: 1991: 1990: 1886: 1867: 1864: 1838:Apostles' Creed 1796: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1743: 1730: 1722: 1680: 1625:Increase Mather 1609: 1603: 1577:(1576) and the 1543: 1537: 1485:All Night Vigil 1469:divine services 1382:(died 1274), a 1283: 1273:as compiled by 1247:John Chrysostom 1232:Monica of Hippo 1218:Basil the Great 1138:Clement of Rome 1130: 1118:Iudaea Province 1071:ritualistically 1026: 1009: 980: 979: 955: 947: 946: 917: 909: 908: 894:Sacramentarians 840: 830: 829: 815: 807: 806: 793: 754:First Communion 710: 702: 701: 634: 626: 625: 624: 609: 592: 585: 578: 574: 557: 473:Dilution Ratio 461:Deipnosophistae 429: 390:Feast of Booths 342: 199:The Last Supper 174: 151: 145: 90:is a gift from 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12422: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12379: 12378: 12366: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12329: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12230: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12185: 12180: 12178:Fundamentalism 12175: 12173:Existentialism 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12144: 12142: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12066: 12064:God the Father 12061: 12056: 12051: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12028: 12026: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11985: 11980: 11974: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11950: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11884:Body of Christ 11881: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11759: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11734: 11729: 11723: 11721: 11719:Restorationist 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11683: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11583: 11581: 11572: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11508: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11467: 11465: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11428: 11423: 11421:Late antiquity 11418: 11412: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11391:Church fathers 11388: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11320: 11318: 11307: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11228: 11226: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11165: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11142: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11109:French paradox 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11065: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10991: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10965:Sulfonic acids 10962: 10961: 10960: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10915: 10913: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10899:Standard drink 10896: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10863: 10861:Liquor license 10858: 10857: 10856: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10733: 10728: 10726:Temperance bar 10723: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10649: 10643: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10615: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10515: 10508: 10506: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10473: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10432: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10392: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10196: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10147:Binge drinking 10144: 10139: 10137:Alcohol powder 10134: 10129: 10127:Alcohol myopia 10124: 10123: 10122: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10100: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10078: 10069: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10049: 10040: 10035: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9935:Wine chemistry 9932: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9903: 9901:Beer chemistry 9897: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9845: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9782: 9771: 9763: 9762: 9755: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9732: 9724: 9723: 9708: 9701: 9683: 9639: 9632: 9614: 9601: 9575: 9561: 9526:J Relig Health 9512: 9509:on 2017-06-23. 9494: 9475: 9442: 9418: 9386: 9357: 9343: 9333:. 22 July 2015 9318: 9293: 9268: 9242: 9225: 9208: 9183: 9158: 9133: 9115: 9088:(2): 119–120. 9068: 9047: 9044:. p. 468. 9026: 9007: 9000: 8982: 8964:Guzik, David. 8956: 8935: 8913:(2006-07-24). 8899: 8876: 8854:(2006-06-30). 8836: 8807: 8783: 8747: 8726: 8697: 8669: 8634: 8602: 8577: 8575:, pp. 105-130. 8564: 8538: 8525: 8512: 8505: 8487: 8478: 8457: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8402: 8377: 8351: 8336:"On Ps 104:15" 8334:Calvin, John. 8326: 8302:Schaff, Philip 8293: 8280: 8243: 8234: 8205: 8176: 8155: 8126: 8094: 8056: 8023: 7995: 7957: 7927: 7889: 7882: 7864: 7849: 7820: 7811: 7783: 7776: 7756: 7749: 7728: 7721: 7692: 7641: 7607: 7598: 7566: 7552: 7539: 7532: 7514: 7507: 7483: 7458: 7414: 7396: 7368: 7342: 7335: 7313: 7295: 7273: 7266: 7244: 7237: 7207: 7198: 7172: 7132: 7119: 7085: 7055: 7030: 6993: 6967: 6954: 6927: 6904: 6891: 6882:Clarke, Adam. 6874: 6863: 6856:. p. 62. 6842: 6829: 6797: 6784: 6765: 6745: 6726: 6696: 6676:Wesley, John. 6668: 6651:Wesley, John. 6643: 6626:Wesley, John. 6618: 6611: 6593: 6561: 6552: 6545: 6527: 6514: 6501: 6488: 6481: 6457: 6446: 6435: 6420: 6405: 6390: 6375: 6364: 6342: 6327: 6324:. Vol. 3. 6318:Calvin, John. 6310: 6293: 6279: 6266: 6246: 6221: 6200: 6174: 6151: 6115: 6083: 6076: 6058: 6034: 6000: 5993: 5970: 5952: 5943: 5914: 5892: 5885: 5858: 5841: 5838:. Vol. 5. 5824: 5812:"Wine History" 5803: 5798:Moralia in Job 5785: 5776: 5748: 5730: 5702: 5677: 5659: 5644: 5615: 5601: 5587: 5572: 5531: 5500: 5497:on 2017-01-06. 5482: 5467: 5452: 5437: 5428: 5400: 5375: 5338: 5312: 5286: 5277: 5275:Broshi, p. 22. 5268: 5266:Broshi, p. 33. 5259: 5240: 5221: 5182: 5164:(2001-01-28). 5153: 5142: 5132: 5116: 5107: 5092: 5042: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4965: 4939: 4929: 4925:and 7 percent. 4904: 4895: 4893:Broshi, p. 36. 4886: 4875: 4873:Broshi, p. 27. 4866: 4857: 4846: 4844:Broshi, p. 26. 4834: 4823: 4821:Broshi, p. 24. 4814: 4794: 4783: 4774: 4763: 4756: 4738: 4726: 4713: 4711:Ewing, p. 824. 4701: 4687: 4668: 4657: 4646: 4640:For instance, 4633: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4580: 4569: 4556: 4545: 4534: 4523: 4512: 4505: 4479: 4468: 4459: 4425: 4418: 4396:Gospel of John 4384: 4373: 4366: 4354:Kitte, Gerhard 4335: 4320: 4309: 4291: 4280: 4268: 4259: 4252: 4234: 4198: 4188: 4170: 4135: 4064:Hodge, Charles 4036:James Hastings 4022: 3996: 3976:"A Preview of 3958: 3905:"Appendix C-D" 3882: 3858: 3818: 3809: 3764: 3753: 3732: 3698: 3679: 3658: 3648: 3640:Baker Academic 3626: 3616: 3598: 3591: 3567: 3554: 3528: 3502: 3472: 3436: 3427: 3417: 3399: 3389: 3371: 3361: 3343: 3336: 3308: 3298:Jesus Christ. 3289: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3248: 3245: 3227:Teen Challenge 3193:prohibitionism 3175: 3172: 3168:Word of Wisdom 3068: 3067:Prohibitionism 3065: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3024: 2989:Salvation Army 2951: 2948: 2944:sanctification 2923: 2920: 2824: 2821: 2801:denominational 2774: 2771: 2724:denominational 2659:pasteurization 2643:and sometimes 2621:Salvation Army 2577:Main article: 2574: 2571: 2544:sanctification 2482:Francis Asbury 2469:Conference in 2460:band societies 2440:ardent spirits 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2305:Evangelicalism 2302: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2284:Related groups 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2245:Connexionalism 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099:Francis Asbury 2096: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2086:Charles Wesley 2083: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1982:Works of mercy 1979: 1977:Works of piety 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1688:Francis Asbury 1679: 1676: 1648:Charles Wesley 1627:, a prominent 1602: 1599: 1536: 1533: 1501:Holy Communion 1477:Divine Liturgy 1407:Olivetan Order 1380:Thomas Aquinas 1339:governing the 1337:monastic rules 1307:central Europe 1282: 1279: 1251:1 Timothy 5:23 1214: 1213: 1210: 1142:Church Fathers 1129: 1126: 1025: 1022: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1000: 993: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 956: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 857: 852: 841: 836: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 822: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 799: 792: 791: 790: 789: 784: 779: 770: 769: 768: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 698: 697: 692: 687: 673: 672: 671: 666: 656: 654:Divine Service 651: 646: 641: 639:Divine Liturgy 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 623: 622: 617: 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 594: 593: 591: 590: 583: 575: 568: 567: 556: 553: 550: 549: 546: 542: 541: 538: 534: 533: 530: 526: 525: 522: 518: 517: 514: 510: 509: 506: 502: 501: 498: 494: 493: 490: 486: 485: 482: 478: 477: 471: 470:Ancient source 428: 425: 341: 338: 156:appear in the 147:Main article: 144: 141: 60:Church history 40:from water in 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12421: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12365: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12338: 12330: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12240: 12236: 12235: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12113:Popular piety 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12012: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11967: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11894:People of God 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11752: 11740: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11667: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11573: 11570: 11566: 11561: 11560:Denominations 11557: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11529:Enlightenment 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11460: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11311: 11308: 11305: 11299: 11294: 11290: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11242:New Testament 11240: 11238: 11237:Old Testament 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11163: 11158: 11156: 11151: 11149: 11144: 11143: 11140: 11128: 11120: 11119: 11116: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11084:Mood disorder 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10958:Nitrous oxide 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10929: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10908: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10869:Fermented tea 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10765:Sober curious 10763: 10761: 10758: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10492: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10454:Ladies' night 10452: 10450: 10447: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10354:Rum Rebellion 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10286:Alcohol enema 10284: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10236:Flaming drink 10234: 10232: 10231:Dutch courage 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10216:Drunk walking 10214: 10212: 10211:Drunk dialing 10209: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10189:Drinking game 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10098:Alcohol abuse 10096: 10092: 10089: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10065:Social issues 10062: 10054: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10003: 10002:breast cancer 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9930:Fusel alcohol 9928: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9799:Drunk driving 9797: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9753: 9748: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9719: 9712: 9704: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9668:on 2018-04-14 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9635: 9629: 9625: 9618: 9611: 9605: 9591:on 2013-08-18 9590: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9565: 9557: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9532:(1): 285–98. 9531: 9527: 9523: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9462:on 2013-06-11 9461: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9405:on 2013-11-05 9404: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9372:on 2012-03-19 9371: 9367: 9361: 9353: 9347: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9308: 9307:ChurchLeaders 9304: 9297: 9283:on 2011-07-16 9282: 9278: 9272: 9257: 9253: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9234:The Blue Zone 9229: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9072: 9058: 9051: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9030: 9023:(553): 41–55. 9022: 9018: 9011: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8986: 8972:on 2006-12-08 8971: 8967: 8960: 8946: 8939: 8925:on 2013-06-06 8924: 8920: 8919:Baptist Press 8916: 8912: 8911:Land, Richard 8906: 8904: 8895: 8888: 8887: 8880: 8866:on 2013-06-05 8865: 8861: 8860:Baptist Press 8857: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8833: 8822: 8818: 8814:For example, 8811: 8797: 8790: 8788: 8773:on 2016-10-08 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8751: 8737: 8730: 8716:on 2007-09-26 8715: 8711: 8707: 8706:Graham, Billy 8701: 8694: 8682: 8676: 8674: 8659:on 2010-02-15 8655: 8651: 8644: 8638: 8623:on 2007-06-02 8622: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8606: 8592:on 2011-07-22 8591: 8587: 8581: 8574: 8573:God Gave Wine 8568: 8554:on 2011-08-10 8553: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8529: 8523:, pp. 33-104. 8522: 8521:God Gave Wine 8516: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8482: 8467: 8461: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8427: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8367:on 2017-08-16 8366: 8362: 8355: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8290: 8284: 8277: 8266:on 2012-12-28 8265: 8261: 8260:RBS Tabletalk 8257: 8250: 8248: 8238: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8210: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8181: 8165: 8159: 8145:on 2017-09-12 8144: 8140: 8136: 8130: 8116:on 2012-10-21 8115: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8099: 8084:on 2012-06-08 8080: 8076: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8046:on 2003-04-13 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8012: 8005: 7999: 7992: 7991:associations. 7981:on 2007-02-14 7977: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7954: 7942: 7941:Word Magazine 7938: 7931: 7924: 7913:on 2007-03-07 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7815: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7788: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7760: 7752: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7732: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7699: 7697: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7631:on 2011-02-07 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7602: 7595: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7535: 7533:0-306-80512-X 7529: 7525: 7518: 7510: 7508:0-312-17777-1 7504: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7453: 7449: 7448:Engs, Ruth C. 7445:Adapted from 7443: 7432:on 2017-09-05 7431: 7427: 7424: 7423:Engs, Ruth C. 7418: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7385: 7378: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7336:0-471-17536-6 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7303:on 2012-12-28 7302: 7298: 7296:1-930987-07-2 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7269: 7267:0-19-512698-X 7263: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7221:Bruce Metzger 7218: 7211: 7202: 7188:on 2016-04-24 7187: 7183: 7176: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7129: 7123: 7116: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7098:Strong, James 7095: 7089: 7075:on 2010-08-03 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7045:on 2012-07-19 7044: 7040: 7034: 7020:on 2017-03-19 7016: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6895: 6887: 6886: 6878: 6872: 6867: 6860: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6839: 6833: 6826: 6815:on 2016-06-26 6814: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6794: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6750: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6716:on 2008-05-30 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6672: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6556: 6548: 6546:0-02-918570-X 6542: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6518: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6484: 6482:0-312-16124-7 6478: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6461: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6368: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6331: 6323: 6322: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6297: 6289: 6283: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6236:on 2018-02-06 6235: 6231: 6225: 6210: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6181: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6146: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5994:0-9700326-0-9 5990: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5947: 5940: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5888: 5886:0-8369-1940-8 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5854: 5853: 5852:Vitae Patrum, 5845: 5837: 5836: 5835:Vitae Patrum, 5828: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5780: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5648: 5634:on 2017-06-10 5633: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5559:on 2008-10-11 5555: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5535: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5432: 5418: 5414: 5413:"On Drinking" 5410: 5404: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5325:First Apology 5321: 5320:Justin Martyr 5316: 5302:on 2017-12-07 5301: 5297: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5186: 5172:on 2012-10-15 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5129: 5128:God Gave Wine 5123: 5121: 5111: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4899: 4890: 4884: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4855: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4818: 4810: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4778: 4772: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4598: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4472: 4463: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4377: 4369: 4367:0-8028-2247-9 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4263: 4255: 4253:0-8028-2330-0 4249: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182:. Zondervan. 4181: 4174: 4167: 4156:. p. 472 4155: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4055: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4012: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986:on 2007-02-02 3985: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3942: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3883:0-8341-1176-4 3879: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3813: 3806: 3795:on 2007-02-26 3791: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720:"Wine (eds.)" 3717: 3716:Strong, James 3713: 3706: 3701: 3699:0-8308-1441-8 3695: 3691: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3649:9781441263520 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3592:0-9700326-6-8 3588: 3584: 3583:God Gave Wine 3580: 3574: 3572: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3337:0-8010-3413-2 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253:Jack Van Impe 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3216:William Booth 3214: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098:. During the 3097: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3042: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2950:Abstentionism 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2919: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2882:Martin Luther 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2823:Moderationism 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2773:Current views 2770: 2768: 2764: 2763:British Isles 2758: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:Pope Leo XIII 2688: 2684: 2683:Father Mathew 2679: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2645:perfectionism 2642: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Lyman Beecher 2598: 2597:Benjamin Rush 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2570: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2383:Protestantism 2380: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2344:Circuit rider 2342: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2270:Penitent band 2268: 2267: 2266: 2265:Class meeting 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2154:Phoebe Palmer 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2139:Albert Outler 2137: 2135: 2134:Howell Harris 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2094:Richard Allen 2092: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1942:Real presence 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1887:of the saints 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1821:New Testament 1819: 1817: 1816:Old Testament 1814: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770:Nonconformism 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695: 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1079:circumcisions 1076: 1073:to close the 1072: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1024:Before Christ 1021: 1019: 1018:United States 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 987: 986: 984: 983: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 951: 950: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 862: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 846: 845:Real presence 843: 842: 839: 834: 833: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 811: 810: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 772: 771: 767: 766: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 716: 713: 712: 706: 705: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 681: 677: 674: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 630: 629: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 605: 604: 600: 596: 595: 588: 584: 581: 580:Lord's Supper 577: 576: 573: 570: 569: 565: 561: 560: 547: 544: 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Retrieved 3457: 3430: 3422: 3408: 3402: 3394: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3352: 3346: 3321: 3311: 3303: 3293: 3258: 3250: 3237:Billy Sunday 3235: 3221: 3210: 3197: 3185: 3164:Joseph Smith 3154: 3142:Dan Buettner 3131: 3120: 3108:ratification 3084: 3061: 3051: 3038: 3017: 3009: 2993:Billy Graham 2980:, and other 2978:Pentecostals 2963: 2925: 2912: 2885: 2879: 2859: 2855: 2832: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2759: 2752: 2729: 2713: 2680: 2668: 2664: 2657:developed a 2633: 2589:urbanization 2582: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2495: 2475: 2464: 2429: 2379:Christianity 2377: 2239:Organization 2224: 2144:James Varick 2114:Orange Scott 2043:Tent revival 2033:Camp meeting 2005: 1972:Views on sin 1859: 1851: 1844: 1833:Nicene Creed 1610: 1569: 1544: 1529:patron saint 1466: 1434:patron saint 1418:missionaries 1411: 1405:founded the 1400: 1378: 1352: 1345: 1341:Benedictines 1330: 1323: 1296: 1256: 1245: 1229: 1215: 1199: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1164:austere life 1158: 1146:early Church 1131: 1128:Early Church 1107: 1083: 1067: 1054:, which the 1048: 1036: 1014: 964: 867:Receptionism 859: 763: 739:Thanksgiving 676:Consecration 649:Holy Qurbana 497:Aristophanes 474: 459: 457: 453: 449: 430: 417: 394: 374: 370: 348:and land of 343: 310: 304: 284: 273: 260:New Covenant 224: 212:metaphorical 209: 197: 179: 152: 108: 86:taught that 55: 54: 41: 26: 12293:Persecution 12228:Christendom 12221:Cooperation 12158:Charismatic 12069:Holy Spirit 11978:Natural law 11941:Holy orders 11790:Christology 11783:Holy Spirit 11652:Pentecostal 11632:Evangelical 11627:Charismatic 11471:Monasticism 11463:Middle Ages 11426:Constantine 11369:Crucifixion 11251:Foundations 11024:Beer Street 10975:Homotaurine 10970:Acamprosate 10841:Dry January 10820:Monitoring 10721:Teetotalism 10714:Malt drinks 10504:Alcohol law 10276:Yard of ale 10221:Drunkorexia 10033:intolerance 9826:Rum-running 8710:"My Answer" 6980:dmbi.online 6512:, pp. 79ff. 6499:, pp. 68ff. 6161:"Olivetans" 6042:Will Durant 5738:Augustine. 5580:Augustine. 5460:Palladius. 5217:2 Mac 15:40 5206:2 Mac 15:39 4831:Dt 16:13-15 4665:Ge 19:31-38 4489:"Beverages" 4400:Synoptists' 3915:. pp. 3274:Noah's wine 3166:called the 3077:Prohibition 3073:Teetotalism 2982:evangelical 2956:Teetotalism 2929:Pharisaical 2874:John Calvin 2805:teetotalism 2786:Evangelical 2779:teetotalers 2708:archdiocese 2696:Pope Pius X 2540:social ills 2512:Adam Clarke 2491:Adam Clarke 2487:sacramental 2478:Thomas Coke 2436:John Wesley 2172:Theologians 2104:Thomas Coke 2081:John Wesley 1765:Moravianism 1755:Arminianism 1750:Anglicanism 1720:John Wesley 1672:John Bunyan 1660:Thomas Coke 1656:Adam Clarke 1591:Anabaptists 1554:astonished 1547:Waldensians 1535:Reformation 1525:St. Tryphon 1481:artoklassia 1458:St. Vincent 1448:, and wine 1315:viticulture 1281:Middle Ages 1263:St. Ambrose 1095:2 Maccabees 960:Agape feast 889:Memorialism 861:Metousiosis 644:Holy Qurobo 537:Nichochares 475:Water:Wine 445:2 Maccabees 441:Hellenistic 354:watchtowers 330:Corinthians 307:drunkenness 252:Last Supper 220:personified 129:Lutheranism 125:Anglicanism 100:drunkenness 12388:Categories 12207:Prosperity 12183:Liberation 12123:Cathedrals 12108:Pilgrimage 12093:Literature 11970:Philosophy 11906:Sacraments 11879:Four marks 11840:Protestant 11815:Born again 11612:Anabaptist 11602:Protestant 11544:Influences 11506:Modern era 11210:By country 11104:Town drunk 10936:Disulfiram 10884:Small beer 10850:Campaigns 10684:Drunk tank 10657:Dry campus 10567:Dry county 10349:Rum ration 10329:Dipsomania 10258:Pantsdrunk 10051:Red wine: 9841:Alcoholism 9831:Wine fraud 9672:2007-01-22 9658:Antithesis 9608:Reynolds, 9595:2013-08-19 9466:2013-06-27 9433:2013-06-27 9409:2007-01-22 9376:2008-04-01 9337:2022-05-18 9312:2022-05-18 9287:2007-06-29 9262:2013-10-31 9201:January 5, 9177:2007-02-28 9152:2007-02-28 9062:2007-01-22 8976:2007-01-22 8950:2007-01-22 8929:2013-04-17 8870:2013-04-17 8826:2007-11-19 8801:2007-01-22 8777:2011-07-27 8741:2007-01-22 8720:2007-01-22 8693:addiction. 8687:2012-04-03 8663:2009-08-18 8627:2007-01-22 8596:2011-07-27 8558:2012-04-03 8472:2007-02-24 8451:2007-01-22 8447:. 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