Christian vegetarianism

2580:' or 'Nazarite' and vegetarian", p. 264 – "One suggestion is that John ate 'carobs'; there have been others. Epiphanius, in preserving what he calls 'the Ebionite Gospel', rails against the passage there claiming that John ate 'wild honey' and 'manna-like vegetarian cakes dipped in oil. ... John would have been one of those wilderness-dwelling, vegetable-eating persons", p. 326 – "They ate nothing but wild fruit milk and honey – probably the same food that John the Baptist also ate.", p. 367 – "We have already seen how in some traditions 'carobs' were said to have been the true composition of John's food.", p. 403 – "his diet was stems, roots and fruits. Like James and the other Nazirites/Rechabites, he is presented as a vegetarian ..". 2001: 1087:

result of the flood. Others interpret the permission given to Noah and his family in Genesis 9:3–4, not as a free pass to kill animals for food because "no matter what you do you can never remove all the blood from the flesh of a slaughtered animal", but as an invitation to scavenge for and eat dead animals if any are found. These approaches are put under pressure, however, with the sheer number of passages which appear to presuppose the legitimacy of eating animals, and the normalcy with which meat eating is treated.

1705: 2599:

similar to the "manna" that the ancient Israelites ate in the desert on the days of Moses.(ref 9) Jesus describes John as "neither eating nor drinking," or "neither eating bread nor drinking wine." Such phrases indicate the lifestyle of one who is strictly vegetarian, avoids even bread since it has to be processed from grain, and shuns all alcohol.(ref 10) The idea is that one would eat only what grows naturally.(ref 11) It was a way of avoiding all refinements of civilization."

1497:

meat, and Webb cites the fact that no lamb is mentioned at the Last Supper as evidence that he did not. According to Clough and King, the fact that Jesus ate fish and possibly other meat only shows that, in some circumstances, it is sometimes permissible to eat some meats but that practices in the modern, industrialized farming system (such as the mass killing of day-old male chicks from laying hens) make the consumption of meat produced in such farms morally problematic.

104: 1091:

of animals into the human diet, and the use of animals in religious sacrifices, were concessions to a Fallen humanity that were used to deal with humanity where it was at. This approach allows the Christian vegetarian or vegan to take the entire biblical witness seriously, while also holding that God's preference is for a peace and shalom throughout creation. Other passages of relevance to the practice of vegetarianism include Numbers 11, where the Israelites tired of

736: 2338: 1155:. The Christian Vegetarian Association of the UK claims that the word "meat" is not used in any one instance in the authorized version of either the Old or New Testament as relating only to animal food (e.g. "flesh"). The CVA states that when the first English translations of the Bible were created, the word for "meat" meant food in general. When any particular kind of food was designated, it was referred to as meal, flour or grain. 3945:

with demons, I admire their wisdom, in having at length discovered, that whenever they eat they eat with demons, although they only refuse to do so when they are looking upon a slain victim; for when they eat bread, or drink wine, or taste fruits, do they not receive these things, as well as the water they drink and the air they breathe, from certain demons, to whom have been assigned these different provinces of nature?

1312: 1250: 1209: 25: 1429: 1370: 1070:

passages for Christian vegetarians are those which include an explicit permission to eat animals. Genesis 9:3–4 is the first such example. In this verse, God tells Noah and his family that animals will now be their food, although they are not to eat animal flesh which contains blood. However, the context of the passage remains contentious to the morality of eating Animals.

1583:, Paul was not referring to vegetarianism, which they say was not an issue in those times, but to the practice of not eating meat from the meat market because of fear that (like the above issue involving Daniel) it was sacrificed to an idol. "Wherefore, if meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend." 1178:"loved the unlovable. In first-century Palestine, the unlovable were women, children, sick people, poor people, Roman soldiers, zealots, lepers, the blind, the outcast", and so on. But today, the unlovable should include those non-human animals who are farmed for food in systems which preclude their flourishing and result in their (often painful) deaths. 2085:

unless, with the permission of the local conference of bishops, another penitential act is substituted. Exceptions are allowed for health and necessity like manual labor and not causing offense when being a guest. The restrictions on eating meat on these days is solely as an act of penance and not because of a religious objection to eating meat. The

1528:. In this vision, Peter is shown a large sheet being lowered from heaven by its four corners. The sheet is said to contain animals of all kinds, and Peter then hears a voice (which he interprets as a command from God) saying, "Get up, Peter; kill and eat". Peter refuses, and the voice says: "What God has made clean, you must not call profane." 4771:

congregations from Washington to Pennsylvania and Maryland have joined in. For the fourth consecutive year, St. Mark's United Methodist Church in Charlotte, N.C., will observe Lent this year with a churchwide Daniel Fast. Young adults in the congregation tend to keep the fast more rigorously than older ones, according to Pastor Paul Milton.

1159:

bread; spoken of fish boiled or broiled"/usage: 1 time); sitometron ("a measured portion of grain or food"/usage: 1 time); trapeza ("a table on which food is placed, an eating place"/usage: 1 time); trophe ("food, nourishment"/usage: 13 times); phago ("to eat, to take food, eat a meal, devour, consume"/usage: 3 times).

2999:

according to the ancient canon. Likewise from wine, which in the primitive ages was no less forbidden on all fasting days than the use of flesh meat itself ... Some mitigations were introduced in part of abstinence in the sixth century ... Fish was in the same age allowed, but not of the dearer and more dainty kinds.

2746:

to a vegetarian diet except in the case of elderly and infirmed members. Eastern Catholic monks and nuns also completely abstain from meat—some even abstain from dairy and seafood also—for the sake of mortification, prayer and asceticism. (Rom 8:17, Php 1:29, 2Th 1:5, 2Ti 1:8, 2Ti 2:3, 2Ti 4:5, Heb 2:10, Heb 12:7)

4856:

Our family and friends are encouraged to take this journey during the season of Lent. This is a time we as Christians mature spiritually the 40 days before Resurrection Sunday. The Daniel Fast begins Ash Wednesday, February 17, 2021 and ends on Resurrection Sunday, April 4, 2021. Our common practice

4740:

Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England, and in the United States by Episcopal, Lutheran, and some other Protestant churches. The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday, which is carried out according to members' personal wishes;

4669:

In many Lutheran churches, the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus (with the exception of Palm/Passion Sunday): Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, and Judica. Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of

1578:

states that people of "weak faith" "eat only vegetables", although he also warns both meat-eaters and vegetarians to "stop passing judgment on one another" when it comes to food in verse 13 and " good neither to eat flesh" in verse 21. Paul also said, "The Spirit clearly says that in later times some

1016:

The wolf shall live with the lamb, the leopard shall lie down with the kid, the calf and the lion and the fatling together, and a little child shall lead them. The cow and the bear shall graze, their young shall lie down together; and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. The nursing child shall play

948:

Christian vegetarianism has not been a common dietary choice throughout Church history. Some have argued, however, that "there is a long-standing tradition of vegetarianism in Christian history." The two most prominent forms are a spirituality-based vegetarianism (where vegetarianism is adopted as an

3944:

If in obedience to the traditions of their fathers they abstain from such victims, they must also abstain from all animal food, in accordance with the opinions of Pythagoras, who thus showed his respect for the soul and its bodily organs. But if, as they say, they abstain that they may not eat along

1172:

Christian vegetarians and vegans often appeal to the ethic that Jesus embodied, and called people to emulate, in making their case for a distinctively Christian vegetarianism. To begin with, Jesus inaugurated the Kingdom of God, but his Kingdom didn't involve the exercise of power as humans tend to

1086:

Some Jewish and Christian vegetarians have attempted to minimize the importance of these passages. It has been suggested, for example, that God's permitting Noah and his family to eat meat was only ever intended as a temporary permission, and was given because all the plants had been destroyed as a

2745:

However, most people, Catholic and otherwise, don't realize that many Catholic monastic orders such as the Franciscan nuns, Trappists, Trappistines, Carthusians and Cistercians are strictly vegetarian. Carmelites and other communities that follow the Rule of St. Albert similarly restrict themselves

1552:

Most Christians maintain that Jesus's teaching in Mark 7 demonstrates that Christians can eat whatever they want, that dietary choices are a matter of "Christian liberty", and that therefore vegetarianism or veganism could never be obligatory for Christians. Christian vegetarians and vegans counter

1500:

Andy Alexis-Baker has appealed to biblical scholarship to argue that biblical passages often need nuanced interpretation, and to guard against a wooden literalism. For example, he cites the work of Gerald O'Collins, SJ, who suggests that differences between the way Luke describes this appearance in

1177:

argues, Christ's power is "the power to serve". Human beings are called to have the same mind that was found in Jesus Christ, i.e., the mind to exercise power in service. And by considering Jesus's life, it is possible to get an idea of what that service means. Sarah Withrow King writes that Jesus

1090:

Another approach to these texts is to suggest that God reluctantly permitted the eating of animals due to human sinfulness. In other words, God permitted humans to eat non-human animals as a concession to the Fallen state of humanity. Richard Young raises the possibility that both the introduction

1000:

not just for humans, but for all land-based non-human animals. Christian vegetarians and vegans point out that it was this creation—where all creatures ate plants—that God then declared "very good" in verse 31. Moreover, that God's initial creation was a vegan creation suggests that this is how God

991:

God said, "See, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food. And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the

2084:

including Good Friday. Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also fast days for Catholics ages 18 to 60, in which one main meal and two half-meals are eaten, with no snacking. Canon Law also obliges Catholics to abstain from meat on the Fridays of the year outside of Lent (excluding certain holy days)

1158:

According to the CVS, examples of New Testament words that were translated as "meat" include: broma ("that which is eaten"/usage: 16 times ); brosimos ("eatable"/usage: 1 time); brosis ("act of eating; that which is eaten, food; food of the souls"/usage: 7 times); prosphagion ("anything eaten with

4800:

Many parishioners at St. Philip Neri are participating in the Daniel fast, a religious diet program based on the fasting experiences of the Old Testament prophet Daniel. ... participating parishioners started the fast Ash Wednesday (Feb. 10) and will continue through Holy Saturday, the day before

4770:

In some cases, entire churches do the Daniel Fast together during Lent. The idea strikes a chord in Methodist traditions, which trace their heritage to John Wesley, a proponent of fasting. Leaders in the African Methodist Episcopal Church have urged churchgoers to do the Daniel Fast together, and

1496:

Jesus's eating of fish and telling his disciples where to catch fish, before cooking it for them to eat, is a common subject in Christian ethical vegetarian and vegan writings. The original version does not mention fish at all and only bread. The Bible does not explicitly state that Jesus ate any

1025:

which humans are given over the non-human animals in Genesis 1:26–28 must be understood in light of Genesis 1:29–30 which decrees a plant-based diet for all creatures. Genesis 1:26–28 has, it is acknowledged by Christian vegetarians, often been used to justify the eating of animals. But this is a

1193:

Aware of the suffering and pain experienced by animals raised and killed for food, with a knowledge of the immense waste of natural resources and subsequent impact on both our fellow humans and the rest of creation, and acknowledging that flesh is not a dietary necessity for the vast majority of

1099:

held that had whatever taste and flavor the eater desired at the time of eating" and which probably was not an animal product. Manna was given to the Israelites by God, but they complained about it and wanted meat instead. They were condemned for this, although God relented and gave them meat,

1082:

records God giving the Israelites rules about what types of meat may be eaten, which implies that certain meats were acceptable. During the Exodus out of Egypt, God commanded that all of the Israelites to slaughter a lamb and eat it, and instituted the Passover as a lasting tradition to remember

2598:

p. 134 and footnotes p. 335, p. 134 – "The Greek New Testament gospels says John's diet consisted of "locusts and wild honey" but an ancient Hebrew version of Matthew insists that "locusts" is a mistake in Greek for a related Hebrew word that means a cake of some type, made from a desert plant,

1535:

Sarah Withrow King writes that God uses this vision to remind Peter that he is to "remove barriers of fellowship and to reconcile with those from whom we have been separated in order to further the reign of God on earth.... the vision is one of radical inclusion." John Vujicic agrees with King,

1069:

The opening chapters of Genesis are, of course, only the beginning of the biblical story. And just as there are passages which can be cited in support of a Christian vegetarianism or veganism, so there are passages which suggest that eating animals is morally permissible. The most problematic

2998:

The primitive Christians in Lent broke their fast only after sunset, and then usually only with herbs, roots, and bread. At least all were obliged to abstain not only from flesh meat, but also from fish, and whatever had life; also whatever is derived from flesh, as eggs, milk, cheese, butter,

1862:

Sarx is a UK-based organization which aims to "empower Christians to champion the cause of animals and live peacefully with all God’s creatures". Sarx publishes interviews with Christian vegans and vegetarians on its website, and provides people to speak at Churches in the UK on topics such as

1531:

Christian vegetarians and vegans argue that this passage is not about which animals one may or may not eat but it is about who the Gospel is for. According to Laura Hobgood-Oster, "The vision, it seems, is not about eating animals; rather it is about extending hospitality to all humans. While

1734:

adopted a vegetarian diet during the nineteenth century, and Ellen White reportedly received visions regarding the health benefits of a vegetarian diet. More recently, members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in California have been involved in research into longevity due to their healthy

1536:

observing that, after receiving the vision, Peter did not eat anything. Vujicic writes, "In the sheet were also so called CLEAN animals. Peter could have at least selected some sheep or cattle and killed but he didn’t." According to Vujicic, the reason Peter didn't simply take up and eat a

1866:

CreatureKind is an organization which exists "to encourage Christians to recognize faith-based reasons for caring about the well-being of fellow animal creatures used for food, and to take practical action in response". It was founded by David Clough, Professor of Theological Ethics at the

956:

vegetarians. For this reason, Christian ethical vegetarians often give a scriptural justification for their position. While there are biblical passages which provide support for ethical vegetarianism, there are also passages which seem to imply that eating animals is morally permissible.

1759:), which states that "flesh also of beasts and of fowls of the air... are to be used sparingly," and that "it is pleasing unto that they should not be used, only in times of winter, or of cold, or famine". Unlike injunctions against tobacco and alcohol, compliance with this part of the 1871:, and is directed by Clough and Sarah Withrow King, an American author and deputy directory of the Sider Center at Eastern University. CreatureKind produces a course for churches to do which facilitates church groups to think through how Christians should respond to and treat animals. 1965:, though the Eastern Orthodox allow fish only on days on which the fasting is lessened but meat still not allowed). For these practices, "animal rights" are no motivation and positive environmental or individual health effects only a surplus benefit; the actual reason is to practice 2056:

are emphasized by Western certain Christian denominations as especially important days of fasting within the Lenten season. In many Western Christian Churches, including those of the Catholic, Methodist and Baptist traditions, certain congregations have committed to undertaking the

1603:

where Jesus has a confrontation with the high priest. Jesus chastises the leadership saying, "I am come to end the sacrifices and feasts of blood; and if ye cease not offering and eating of flesh and blood, the wrath of God shall not cease from you; even as it came to your fathers

5204:, wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.' 5147:, there is a list of "Days of Fasting, or Abstinence", consisting of the 40 days of Lent, the ember days, the three rogation days (the Monday to Wednesday following the Sunday after Ascension Day), and all Fridays in the year (except Christmas, if it falls on a Friday). 4741:

however, it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion. Among Lutherans as well, there are no set rules for fasting, although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees.

5106:

By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare,

1771:

became church president in 1901, emphasis on refraining from meat has largely been dropped. An official church publication states, "odern methods of refrigeration now make it possible to preserve meat in any season". As recently as 2012, official church spokesperson

1038:: humans are called to rule creation in the sense of caring for it and seeking its flourishing, just as a good Sovereign would seek the flourishing of his or her realm. In a survey of the scholarly literature on the relevant Hebrew terms, Carol J. Adams lists 949:

ascetic practice, or as a way of opposing the sin of gluttony, in the hope it will draw the person to God) and an ethically based vegetarianism (where it is adopted for ethical reasons; for example, those to do with the treatment of non-human animals).

1189:. These and other aspects of Jesus's attitudes towards others are used to extract ethical principles which, according to Christian vegetarians and vegans, lead one to a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. Sarah Withrow King summarizes the point like this: 1133:, Strong's #2235). However, current common theology argues that in this instance Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah are rejecting food that is considered to be unholy by their faith (eating food that had been sacrificed to pagan gods), and not meat 2631:

p. 102 – "Probably the most interesting of the changes from the familiar New Testament accounts of Jesus comes in the Gospel of the Ebionites description of John the Baptist, who, evidently, like his successor Jesus, maintained a strictly vegetarian

1641:

Although early Christian vegetarianism appears to have been downplayed in favor of more "modern" Christian culture, the practice of vegetarianism appears to have been very widespread in early Christianity, both in the leadership and among the laity.

1579:

will abandon the faith and follow deceiving spirits and things taught by demons. Such teachings come through hypocritical liars, whose consciences have been seared as with a hot iron. They order to abstain from certain foods". According to the

1701:. Cowherd emphasized that vegetarianism was good for health, whilst eating meat was unnatural and likely to cause aggression. Later he is reputed to have said "If God had meant us to eat meat, then it would have come to us in edible form ." 1743:

recommends vegetarianism as a part of fellowship, with many of its members being practicing vegans as well. Typically, however, these sabbatarian pro-vegetarian Christian fellowships do not "require vegetarianism as a test of fellowship."

1922:, all meals during this 40-day period are prepared without animal products and are essentially vegan. Unlike veganism, however, abstaining from animal products during Lent is intended to be only temporary and not a permanent way of life. 1877:

is a virtual Christian church community, founded in 2021, that teaches a Bible-based approach to caring for the earth and all its inhabitants, including living a compassionate vegan lifestyle that shows mercy to all of God’s creatures.

2105:

described one person (who was also ill and might not have been Catholic) eating a rabbit fetus during Lent. The rules are widely ignored; a 2016 survey found that only 62% of U.S. Catholics said they avoid meat on Fridays during Lent.

1885:

The group Evangelicals for Social Action have suggested that a vegan diet is a way of demonstrating Christian love and compassion to farmed animals, and argue in particular that this is what a consistently pro-life ethic looks like.

3256: 1881:

Catholic Concern for Animals (CCA) is a charity which calls Catholics "to cherish and care for all of creation". CCA has for "many years" promoted a vegetarian/vegan diet as a way of caring for creation, in particular animals.

1017:

over the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put its hand on the adder’s den. They will not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain; for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.

1634:, states, "The unnatural eating of flesh meats is as polluting as the heathen worship of devils, with its sacrifices and its impure feasts, through participation in it a man becomes a fellow eater with devils." While the 1987:

monastics abstain from meat year-round, and many abstain from dairy and seafood as well. Through obedience to the Orthodox Church and its ascetic practices, the Orthodox Christian seeks to rid himself or herself of the

2326:(put together by John Wesley), as well as The Directions Given to Band Societies (25 December 1744), mandate fasting and abstinence from meat on all Fridays of the year (except Christmas Day, if it falls on a Friday). 1532:

animals in sacred texts are often real animals and should be considered as such, in this particular case it seems that in Peter’s vision animals symbolized human categories that exclude other humans from community."

3717: 1076:"The fear and dread of you shall rest on every animal of the earth, and on every bird of the air, on everything that creeps on the ground, and on all the fish of the sea; into your hand they are delivered." 4098: 4784: 1553:

that the point of Jesus's teaching in Mark 7 is that his followers should concern themselves with the status of their heart which "informs our relationship with God, with each other, and the world".

1074:

Indicating that God has deemed Humanity 'evil from youth' and perhaps within the context of this understanding, says he will not smite them for doing evil, potentially such as eating meat. Similarly

5070:

The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting.

1855:(CVA) is an international, non-denominational Christian vegetarian organization that promotes responsible stewardship of God's creation through plant-based eating. The CVA produced the 2006 film 1026:

mistake, they suggest. Once it is recognized that humans are given dominion over creation, and that in the very next verse humans are prescribed a plant-based diet, it will become apparent that

2683:

p. 104 – "And when he had been brought to Archelaus and the doctors of the Law had assembled, they asked him who he is and where he has been until then. And to this he made answer and spake:

1501:

Luke 24:41–43 and in Acts 1, and a tension between Luke 24:41–43 and 1 Corinthians 6, preclude us from reading this verse literally. Vujicic explains this passage by appealing to a so-called

3264: 1021:

Some Christian vegetarians have suggested that this eschatological view provides reasons to adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet here and now. Moreover, the point has often been made that the

2642: 622: 1072:“I will never again curse the ground because of humankind, for the inclination of the human heart is evil from youth; nor will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done." 3349:

points out that Christians are forbidden both human and animal blood (Apology 9). Sandmel states that blood could refer either to the blood of a sacrificed animal or to human violence:

1919: 2159:(the Monday to Wednesday following the Sunday after Ascension Day, which is also known as Holy Thursday), and all Fridays in the year (except Christmas, if it falls on a Friday)": 2392: 1638:

does not itself endorse vegetarianism, it records a group of individuals who believe they "should not eat flesh, and said that a man must not eat anything that has a soul in it."

4670:

the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude. Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday.

4484: 3034:

Calvert, Samantha Jane (2008). "'Ours is the food that Eden Knew': Themes in the Theology and Practice of Modern Christian Vegetarians". In Grummet, David; Muers, Rachel (eds.).

1626:

Other early Christian historical documents observe that many influential Christians during the formative centuries of Christianity were vegetarian, though certainly not all. The

1078:

seems to emphasise the immorality and evil of the act. This new situation – that of humans eating animals – is then taken largely for granted in much of the biblical narrative.

4903: 4189: 1656:

commenting vegetarian practices among Christians he had contact with. Although not vegetarian himself and vehemently against the idea that Christians must be vegetarians,

4170: 3714: 2132:

Abstain from or limit a favorite activity (television, movies, etc.) for the entire season, and spend more time in prayer, Bible study, and reading devotional material.

1001:

intended all his creatures to live. This idea—that God intended for all his creatures to eat plants—is sometimes further supported by noting that the vision of the

6482: 1137:, despite that "at the end of ten days their countenances appeared fairer and fatter in flesh than all the children which did eat the portion of the king's meat". 1821:

and others following the Rule of St. Albert also maintain a vegetarian diet, although the old and sick are permitted to eat meat according to this rule of life.

4993: 6810: 4152: 1623:, but because they are in their very nature repulsive to God; not because they have ceased to be right, but because they never were right from the beginning". 1776:

stated "the church has also encouraged limiting meat consumption in favor of grains, fruits and vegetables." Of note is that the LDS Church owns and operates

6514: 5018: 4606:

Disclaimer: "The meaning of asceticism discourses is complex." The word, however, is frequently used in a derogatory way against the veg(etari)an movement.

2012:: this particular meal includes black bean spaghetti, quinoa, and mixed vegetables composed of cucumbers, mushrooms, microgreens, arugula, and baby carrots. 5584: 5282: 2090: 1954: 1925:

Eastern Orthodox laity traditionally abstains from animal products on Wednesdays (because, according to Christian tradition, Judas betrayed Jesus on the

2285:

Note: if any of these Feast-Days fall upon a Monday, then the Vigil or Fast-Day shall be kept upon the Saturday, and not upon the Sunday next before it.

5771: 2302:

at the Four Seasons, being the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the First Sunday in Lent, the Feast of Pentecost, September 14, and December 13.

1194:

Western humans, why would we continue to participate in a system that dishonors God’s creation and perpetuates violence on a truly phenomenal scale?

2089:

has made substitution of a different penitential or charitable act an option for ordinary Fridays in their territory. After previous abolition, the

2905: 1764: 612: 766: 2558:, p. 188 "The vegetarianism of John the Baptist and of Jesus is an important issue too in the Ebionite interpretation of the Christian life. " 1767:(LDS Church), the largest Latter Day Saint denomination. Many LDS Church leaders have expressed their views on the subject of meat, but since 1722:

present a health message that recommends vegetarianism and expects abstinence from pork, shellfish and other foods proscribed as "unclean" in

6240: 4510: 4083: 2086: 952:

Christian ethical vegetarianism (or veganism) usually carries with it a commitment to the normative claim that (at least some) Christians

4037: 1439: 5781: 4706:

The Protestant Episcopal, Lutheran, and Reformed churches, as well as many Methodists, observe the day by fasting and special services.

3962: 6778: 6602: 1521: 4813: 4116: 2155:

prescribes certain days as days for fasting and abstinence from meat, "consisting of the 40 days of Lent, the ember days, the three

6428: 5786: 5577: 4693: 3768:

Hobgood-Oster, Laura (2012). "7. Does Christian Hospitality Require that We Eat Meat?". In York, Tripp; Alexis-Baker, Andy (eds.).

2489: 1222: 5556: 8413: 7015: 2093:

restored the meatless ordinary Friday requirement for their territory effective September, 2011. A popular misconception is that

1889:

Christian Vegetarians and Vegans UK is an organization seeking to promote a vegetarian/vegan lifestyle in the Church in the UK.

8171: 6453: 722: 669: 3927: 3738: 2464: 6570: 6230: 5415: 5276: 5259: 5136: 5093: 4753: 4136: 3514:

An Exegesis of "Meat" in the New Testament Archive of Comments and Discussions – Questions and Answers From All-Creatures.org

3424: 2697: 2676: 2652: 2624: 1740: 1540:

animal was because Peter was in fact a vegetarian. Peter is reported as describing himself as a vegetarian in the apocryphal

1151:…, but hold it right to dedicate their own hearts as a worthy offering". They maintained that the sacrifices "polluted" the 7758: 7453: 5164: 2323: 644: 4064: 3337:

5.1.26, reports an early Christian martyr who interpreted the prohibition of the blood of animals to imply vegetarianism.

2906:"Christian Vegetarian Association (CVA) | Engaged Projects | Christianity | Religion | Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology" 8418: 7793: 6311: 6153: 5570: 3012: 1686: 902: 607: 4131: 3799: 3477:

St. Paul's epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon : a revised text with introductions, notes, and dissertations

6506: 5466: 5025: 2782:

Also, John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, who promoted the idea that vegetarianism was a more healthful way to live.

1608:, who lusted for flesh, and did sate to their content, and were filled with rottenness, and the plague consumed them." 759: 1799:, extending non-violence towards animals. Historically, the early vegetarian movement had many Quaker promoters. Some 1615:, "the Christianized Essennes condemned the slaughter of victims on grounds very different from those alleged in the 8423: 6474: 6368: 5483: 5435: 5395: 5380: 5296: 5193: 5063: 4986: 4733: 4662: 4569: 4286: 3892: 3323: 3051: 2874: 2853: 2775: 2572: 2555: 2527: 1478: 1460: 1410: 1351: 1293: 1236: 68: 1275: 50: 8403: 8186: 7618: 6321: 6188: 5279:. A systematic and historical assessment of Christian attitudes to food and its role in shaping Christian identity. 4839: 4785:"The Fast and the Faithful: Catholic parish in Oklahoma takes up Lenten discipline based on biblical Daniel's diet" 1852: 1580: 918: 679: 7803: 7377: 6762: 6730: 5029: 3229: 2126:

Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season. Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter.

1907: 414: 4956: 1949:. Catholic laity traditionally abstain from animal flesh on Fridays and through the Lenten season leading up to 8318: 7858: 6413: 6398: 6341: 5501: 5365: 5335: 5244: 5229: 1260: 811: 617: 562: 35: 8333: 8257: 8095: 7508: 6943: 6855: 6634: 6498: 6265: 4929: 3215: 752: 323: 277: 245: 4614:"Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK national newspapers" 6682: 6193: 5902: 5776: 5144: 1792: 1719: 1712: 1660:

nevertheless wrote that those Christians who "abstain both from flesh and from wine" are "without number".

1392: 1388: 1228: 1114: 1002: 910: 5438:, A sound and informative view on Biblical and Christian vegetarianism, from Genesis to modern day saints. 4485:"Bishop John Arnold Calls for Urgent Action on Climate Change, including a Move to More Plant Based Diets" 3475: 3453: 3439: 3380:

Barad, Judith (2012). "2. What about the Covenant with Noah?". In York, Tripp; Alexis-Baker, Andy (eds.).

3152:

Barad, Judith (2012). "2. What about the Covenant with Noah?". In York, Tripp; Alexis-Baker, Andy (eds.).

2048:

during his temptation in the desert. While some Western Christians fast during the entire season of Lent,

8302: 7362: 6722: 5840: 5695: 5544: 3860: 3197:

Adams, Carol J. (2012). "1. What about Dominion in Genesis?". In York, Tripp; Alexis-Baker, Andy (eds.).

3122:

Adams, Carol J. (2012). "1. What about Dominion in Genesis?". In York, Tripp; Alexis-Baker, Andy (eds.).

2729: 2387: 552: 255: 1803:

groups – non-conformist Christian groups that existed in seventeenth-century England – were vegetarian.

7608: 7327: 6818: 6754: 6594: 6562: 6336: 6250: 5885: 4197: 3994: 3073: 2963: 2913: 2733: 2442: 2076:

are required to abstain from meat (defined as all animal flesh and organs, excluding water animals) on

1966: 1100:

which then made them ill. Because of their lust, the place where the incident happened became known as

972: 807: 8408: 7658: 7513: 7473: 6911: 6802: 6786: 6331: 6326: 6316: 6019: 5982: 5662: 5455:

A Faith Embracing All Creatures: Addressing Commonly Asked Questions about Christian Care for Animals

4201: 2120:

Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat.

1752: 1620: 649: 602: 592: 447: 287: 250: 1079: 8226: 8201: 8085: 7588: 7478: 6887: 6403: 6218: 6061: 5745: 5700: 5383:. The life stories of 150 individuals canonized into sainthood who were committed to vegetarianism. 3682:

Alexis-Baker, Andy (2012). "6. Didn't Jesus Eat Fish?". In York, Tripp; Alexis-Baker, Andy (eds.).

1976: 1727: 717: 664: 7788: 4689: 3498: 2936: 1735:

lifestyle, which includes maintaining a vegetarian diet. This research has been included within a

1121:

also specifically promotes veganism as empowering. Daniel specifically refuses the king's "meat" (

1012:

suggests that, one day, God will restore the creation to such a state of universal vegetarianism:

103: 8348: 7940: 7458: 6658: 6554: 6373: 5860: 5730: 5715: 5620: 3607:

Webb, Stephen H. (2012). "5. Didn't Jesus Eat Lamb?". In York, Tripp; Alexis-Baker, Andy (eds.).

3471: 2427: 2372: 1980: 1612: 1600: 1384: 1333: 1271: 1267: 1126: 913:. Cowherd, who founded the Bible Christian Church in 1809, helped to establish the world's first 727: 684: 459: 308: 46: 42: 4518: 3966: 2136:

It is the practice of many Lutherans to abstain from alcohol and meat on the Fridays of Lent; a

7733: 7633: 7317: 7062: 6714: 6666: 6650: 6213: 6208: 6173: 6168: 6163: 5893: 5735: 5690: 5533: 5128: 4193: 4113: 3701: 3043: 2845: 2367: 2362: 2309:, being the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, before Holy Thursday, or the Ascension of our Lord. 1760: 1616: 1503: 822:

is not using any animal products for reasons connected to or derived from the Christian faith.

791: 597: 409: 292: 8025: 6044: 4880: 4725: 4719: 4276: 3882: 3313: 2616: 2610: 2123:

Refrain from eating meat (bloody foods) on all Fridays in Lent, substituting fish for example.

854: 8363: 8155: 8070: 7823: 7488: 7167: 6794: 6578: 5940: 5925: 5845: 5650: 3338: 2767: 2237: 2152: 2000: 1915: 1868: 1596: 1541: 847: 547: 353: 338: 262: 151: 116: 87: 5120: 4559: 3414: 3287: 3035: 2759: 2711: 1693:

in 1809 followed a vegetarian diet. Cowherd was one of the philosophical forerunners of the

8206: 8060: 7975: 7883: 7738: 7548: 7408: 6983: 6674: 6642: 6530: 6522: 6433: 6383: 5935: 5740: 3330: 2417: 2017: 1517: 966: 373: 146: 4586: 8: 8323: 8252: 8055: 7813: 7808: 7798: 7783: 7773: 7708: 7688: 7643: 7297: 7157: 6975: 6838: 6690: 6108: 5791: 5761: 5710: 5089: 4817: 4175: 4127: 3868: 2822: 2343: 2188: 2184: 1824: 1698: 1152: 803: 740: 735: 699: 454: 426: 368: 313: 235: 7843: 7538: 7382: 4683: 4305:

Samantha Jane Calvert (2007). "A Taste of Eden: Modern Christianity and Vegetarianism".

2493: 8277: 8267: 8181: 8110: 8045: 7995: 7853: 7563: 7418: 7192: 6698: 6546: 6408: 6378: 6158: 6148: 5930: 5875: 5725: 5559:(Article in the Washington Post summarizing some reasons why Christians might go vegan) 5541:(An organization seeking to engage the contemporary Church on issues of animal welfare) 4934: 4322: 3916:

Quoted from Holger Zellentin, The Qur'an's Legal Culture, Mohr Siebeck 2013, pp. 82-83.

3649: 3104: 2941: 2838: 2437: 2407: 2377: 2277: 2271: 2207: 2033: 1781: 1694: 1657: 1567: 914: 894: 479: 472: 363: 358: 343: 228: 156: 5517: 5056:

Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context

4904:"The restoration of the Friday fast is a historic day for English and Welsh Catholics" 2065:

from meat, lacticinia and alcohol for the entire forty days of the liturgical season.

8191: 8075: 7945: 7935: 7930: 7828: 7568: 7543: 7448: 7433: 7398: 7342: 7292: 7247: 7197: 7152: 7102: 6999: 6927: 6895: 6879: 6863: 6538: 6490: 6270: 6083: 5720: 5667: 5511: 5479: 5462: 5431: 5411: 5391: 5376: 5361: 5331: 5316: 5292: 5272: 5255: 5240: 5225: 5189: 5132: 5121: 5059: 4729: 4658: 4635: 4630: 4613: 4565: 4326: 4282: 3888: 3653: 3513: 3420: 3319: 3108: 3096: 3082: 3047: 3036: 2849: 2807:

It is a great delusion to suppose that flesh-meat of any kind is essential to health.

2771: 2760: 2672: 2648: 2620: 2594: 2551: 2523: 2402: 2069: 2041: 1938: 1605: 1110: 1102: 704: 674: 654: 587: 537: 465: 282: 141: 131: 4458: 2666: 2062: 1836: 8353: 8343: 8282: 8196: 8145: 8115: 8090: 8050: 7960: 7718: 7698: 7623: 7438: 7272: 7227: 7182: 7147: 7048: 7041: 6991: 6959: 6847: 6626: 6388: 6143: 6056: 5908: 5529:

Christianity and Vegetarianism PowerPoint presentation, by God's Creatures Ministry

5418:. A Cultural History of Vegetarianism from 1600 to Modern Times (Quaker reference) 5312: 4625: 4314: 3931: 3746: 3639: 3631: 3086: 2471: 2357: 2352: 2225: 2102: 2037: 1984: 1773: 1592: 1148: 1066:, and notes that the common characteristic of these concepts "is their benignity". 997: 940:

for forty days, with the allowance of one vegetarian meal with water after sunset.

929: 882: 839: 799: 689: 582: 333: 205: 136: 7212: 1795:(also known as Quakers) practice vegetarianism or veganism as a reflection of the 8358: 8297: 8287: 8262: 8105: 8035: 8030: 8000: 7915: 7873: 7743: 7713: 7703: 7663: 7653: 7593: 7553: 7533: 7483: 7443: 7413: 7372: 7367: 7137: 7112: 6967: 6738: 6610: 6356: 6290: 5950: 5657: 5506: 5473: 5458: 5426: 5421: 5406: 5401: 5287: 5266: 5252:

Familiar Strangers: The Church and the Vegetarian Movement in Britain (1809–2009)

4590: 4539: 4068: 3835: 3721: 2909: 2567: 2243: 2164:

A Table of the Vigils, Fasts, and Days of Abstinence, to be Observed in the Year.

2073: 2029: 2025: 1796: 1777: 1768: 1690: 976: 898: 890: 527: 436: 8272: 5171:

Days of Fasting or Abstinence: All the Fridays in the Year, except Christmas-Day

2685:

I am pure; the Spirit of God hath led me on, and cane and roots and tree-food.

8380: 8375: 8370: 8065: 8040: 8015: 7848: 7693: 7673: 7638: 7583: 7573: 7523: 7518: 7428: 7403: 7357: 7302: 7267: 7252: 7222: 7217: 7142: 7127: 7107: 7097: 6871: 6770: 6618: 6586: 6351: 6260: 5987: 5825: 5812: 5766: 5625: 5083: 4061: 2990:

The Moveable Feasts, Fasts, and Other Annual Observances of the Catholic Church

2094: 1962: 1942: 1926: 1806: 1748: 1731: 1708: 1682: 1327: 1322: 1118: 1006: 906: 843: 815: 573: 532: 512: 383: 348: 200: 121: 5528: 4318: 3341:

refers to bloodshed in the arena and the blood of animals in the same breath (

2101:

were not meat. This is apparently a corruption of a manuscript in which Saint

984: 936:. Prior to the 6th century, Lent was normatively observed through keeping the 8397: 8328: 8231: 8135: 8020: 7985: 7970: 7838: 7818: 7778: 7768: 7753: 7728: 7723: 7678: 7603: 7528: 7493: 7352: 7322: 7282: 7117: 7092: 6903: 6235: 6178: 5820: 5682: 5672: 5645: 5630: 5597: 5562: 5353: 5342: 5323: 4788: 4254: 3635: 3529: 3100: 3091: 3068: 3013:"Lenten Observance Over Time: A Comparison of Regulations Over the Centuries" 2548:

The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian literature

2432: 2422: 2397: 2306: 2249: 2156: 2097:(who ruled from 590 to 604, and who is also a canonized saint) declared that 2077: 2049: 2005: 1946: 1832: 1785: 1648: 1631: 1571: 1525: 1174: 1009: 886: 783: 486: 393: 190: 185: 5523: 4016: 8292: 8236: 8221: 8216: 8130: 8120: 8010: 8005: 7910: 7878: 7833: 7683: 7503: 7423: 7347: 7332: 7312: 7307: 7287: 7277: 7202: 7177: 7162: 7132: 7007: 6746: 6706: 6423: 6418: 6306: 6245: 6133: 6051: 6039: 5992: 5913: 5850: 5835: 5640: 5635: 5303:

Kristin Johnston Largen (2009). "A Christian Rationale for vegetarianism".

4639: 4342: 2612:

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

2219: 2195: 1863:

Christianity and veganism, animal welfare and faith, creation and animals.

1575: 858: 827: 787: 442: 215: 95: 2878: 1957:), some also, as a matter of private piety, observe Wednesday abstinence. 1726:. A number of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, including 8125: 8100: 7980: 7965: 7920: 7868: 7863: 7748: 7648: 7628: 7613: 7598: 7578: 7498: 7463: 7262: 7237: 7232: 7207: 7187: 7172: 7122: 6361: 6088: 6029: 5977: 5955: 5865: 5855: 5159: 4587:"The Goodlife: Egyptian Christians (Copts) on Lenten fasting and penance" 2794: 2589: 2382: 2148: 2141: 2058: 2053: 2009: 1930: 1840: 1828: 1814: 1810: 1697:. Cowherd encouraged members to abstain from eating of meat as a form of 992:

breath of life, I have given every green plant for food". And it was so.

878: 874: 870: 862: 823: 557: 517: 502: 388: 328: 272: 5358:

Why Animal Suffering Matters: Philosophy, Theology, and Practical Ethics

4843: 4408: 3989: 3644: 2712:"A Medieval Monk's Menu | Historic Environment Scotland | HES" 1704: 8338: 8176: 8150: 8080: 7990: 7955: 7950: 7905: 7763: 7558: 7468: 7034: 6951: 6826: 6346: 6275: 6255: 6113: 6093: 5870: 5705: 5496: 5450: 4383: 3346: 2299: 2265: 2137: 1970: 1934: 1818: 1674: 1635: 937: 831: 497: 4229: 3233: 1929:) and Fridays (because Jesus is thought to have been crucified on the 924:

Additionally, many Christians may choose to practice vegetarianism or

7668: 7337: 7242: 6935: 6280: 6138: 6078: 4433: 2602: 2577: 2319: 2255: 2231: 2213: 2177: 1756: 1723: 1678: 1566:

Vegetarianism appears to have been a point of contention within some

980: 866: 857:

of various Christian Churches practice pescetarianism, including the

835: 795: 659: 522: 492: 4685:

The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge

4215: 1278:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 971:

One of the most important passages for Christian vegetarians is the

53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 8140: 6393: 6224: 6128: 5612: 5593: 5553:(Organization encouraging vegetarianism as a Christian way of life) 5550: 2259: 2113: 925: 877:. Various Church leaders have recommended vegetarianism, including 830:, among both the clergy and laity. Among the early Judeo-Christian 507: 378: 5547:(An Interfaith Peace Effect for Plant-based, Nonviolent Nutrition) 4842:. Enon Tabernacle Baptist Church. 17 February 2021. Archived from 1874: 1630:, a second-century work purportedly based on the teachings of the 8211: 7055: 6919: 6034: 5830: 5502:

All-Creatures – A project of the Christian Vegetarian Association

2412: 2337: 1933:), as well as during the four major fasting periods of the year: 1911: 1147:, "being more scrupulous than any in the worship of God … do not 1144: 542: 267: 240: 5524:

Christianity and Animals: An Interview with Andrew Linzey (1996)

3254: 2668:

Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book

7257: 6285: 6118: 6098: 6012: 6007: 5918: 5444: