284:
members" gained land by signing the treaty. According to
Foreman, LeFlore had a personal interest in removing the tribes, as he boasted to President Jackson about his ability to remove them even if the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was not ratified. Before the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek had been ratified, the government allowed LeFlore to send numerous unorganized and ill-provisioned tribe members to the west in the first wave of removal. Of the one thousand Choctaw emigrants sent west by Leflore, Foreman said that only eighty-eight arrived. Since then, other historians have suggested that some Choctaw favored removal because they pragmatically wanted to try to get the best deal from a US that seemed implacably intent on forcing them out.
280:. It, and one of the first "significant achievement of Calhoun's policy of moderation." The treaty had the Choctaws ceding five million acres of land, but they were to receive thirteen million acres of land in Arkansas. This treaty foreshadows the removal and degradation of all Indians. This became problematic because the people in Arkansas felt as though their government had abandoned them in order to remove the Indians from Mississippi, so they began launching an all-out effort to prevent the treaty from being ratified. Although the treaty was ratified, President Jackson appointed a surveyor to find another border line that would give the Choctaws the same amount of land without upsetting the status quo of the whites.
216:
bones; they left them as a sacred deposit, and we have been compelled to venerate its trust; it dear to us, yet we cannot stay, my people are dear to me, with them I must go. Could I stay and forget them and leave them to struggle alone, unaided, unfriended, and forgotten, by our great father? I should then be unworthy the name of a
Choctaw, and be a disgrace to my blood. I must go with them; my destiny is cast among the Choctaw people. If they suffer, so will I; if they prosper, then will I rejoice. Let me again ask you to regard us with feelings of kindness.
445:
1241:
186:
112:
254:, and the Chief of Western Division was James King, Jr (Frenchimastvbe') representing the Royal Governor Carondolet. Spain made the earliest claims to the Choctaw country, followed by French claims starting in the late 17th century. Following the Treaty of San Lorenzo, the new United States laid claim to Choctaw country starting in 1795.
304:. When the Choctaw signed the treaty of Fort St. Stephens, they believed they were at "a friendly banquet a meeting of opposing forces". In exchange for the land, the Choctaw received a $ 6,000 annuity for the next 20 years, and goods such as guns, blankets, and tools for an additional value of $ 10,000.
299:
and the respect for his service from the age of 13 in siding with the French of New France. As many
Choctaw fought in the Battle of 1812, some Americans began to view them as allies. They were treated better by white settlers and by the natives from Dimery Settlement who entered into Ft Adams after
472:
The
Choctaw remaining in Mississippi described their situation in 1849, "we have had our habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged, manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such treatment some of our
468:
occurred in three migrations during the 1831–33 period including the devastating winter blizzard of 1830–31 and the cholera epidemic of 1832. About 2,500 died along the trail of tears. Approximately 5,000–6,000 Choctaws remained in
Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts. For the next
241:
The
Choctaw and the United States agreed to nine treaties between 1786 and 1830. The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was the last to be signed by which the Choctaw Nation agreed to cede the last of their lands in the Southeast. Choctaw land was systematically obtained by European governments and the
226:
The people in the first wave of removal suffered the most. The second and third wave "sowed their fields promptly and experienced fewer hardships than the
Indians of most of the other expatriated tribes." Removal continued throughout the 19th century. In 1846 1,000 Choctaw removed, and by 1930 only
215:
We go forth sorrowful, knowing that wrong has been done. Will you extend to us your sympathizing regards until all traces of disagreeable oppositions are obliterated, and we again shall have confidence in the professions of our white brethren. Here is the land of our progenitors, and here are their
283:
Although many leaders of the
Choctaw tribe were opposed to the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, Grant Foreman in 1953 wrote that "most of the leaders had been aligned securely by bribery with the government and the treaty." Greenwood LeFlore, Nitakechi, Mushulatubbe, and more than 50 other "favored
268:
The Treaty of Mount Dexter was signed in
November 1805, and under it the Choctaw ceded more land than by any of the previous treaties. During this time, the plan of the Jefferson administration was to force the Choctaw into debt through trading and then allow them to pay that debt back with their
245:
The
Choctaw considered European laws and diplomacy foreign and puzzling. They found the writing of agreements to be the most confusing aspect of treaty making, as they had no system of written language. As with many Native Americans, the Choctaw transmitted their history orally from generation to
477:
was rampant. Joseph B. Cobb, who moved to Mississippi from Georgia, described the Choctaw as having "no nobility or virtue at all, and in some respect he found blacks, especially native Africans, more interesting and admirable, he considered the red man inferior in every way. The Choctaw and
257:
The Choctaw signed the Treaty of Hopewell in 1786. Although it did not cede any land to the United States, this treaty was important because Article 9 gave the United States Congress the right to regulate, trade, and "manage all their affairs in such a manner as they think proper".
478:
Chickasaw, the tribes he knew best, were beneath contempt, that is, even worse than black slaves." The removals continued well into the early 20th century. In 1903, three hundred Mississippi Choctaws were persuaded to move to the Nation in Oklahoma.
242:
US through treaties, legislation, and threats of warfare. The Choctaw had made treaties with Great Britain, France, and Spain, before nine with the United States. Some treaties, like the Treaty of San Lorenzo, indirectly affected the Choctaw.
265:. The Choctaw believed that ceding over 2 million acres to the United States would be enough to satisfy the American need for land, but it was not. Six months later General Wilkinson came back asking for more land and a new treaty.
269:
land. In the case of the Mount Dexter Treaty, the Choctaw received $ 48,000 for the 4.1 million acres of land that they were giving up. With this money, they had to pay back $ 51,000 to the trading houses they used.
250:
ko" (chief) to represent them. During the Treaty of Natchez, 1793, the Upper Town Chief was last name King according to curated (verified genealogist research), the Chief of Six Towns was
1862:
165:
as saying that the removal was a "trail of tears and death." Since removal, the Choctaw have developed since the 20th century as three federally recognized tribes: the largest, the
197:
After ceding nearly 11,000,000 acres (45,000 km), the Choctaw migrated in three stages: the first in the fall of 1831, the second in 1832, and the last in 1833. The
1736:
549:
288:
1784:
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1882:
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295:. The Mississippi Band of Choctaw chose to stay in Mississippi and not remove, partly due to the Nation of Choctaw Chief being Brig. General
1892:
901:
1887:
287:
American pressure to force the Choctaw to cede their land continued until the Choctaw fought as their allies against the Creek in the
1275:
1741:
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generation. During treaty negotiations, the three main Choctaw tribal areas (Upper Towns, Six towns, and Lower Towns) had a "M
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291:. This was in part a civil war within the nation that broke out while the US was engaged against Great Britain in the
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953:
Walter, Williams (1979). "Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi".
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8:
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69:
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ten years they were objects of increasing legal conflict, harassment, and intimidation.
115:
The complete Choctaw Nation shaded in blue in relation to the U.S. state of Mississippi.
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Nearly 15,000 Choctaws together with 1000 slaves made the move to what would be called
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321:
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in the 1830s by the United States government. A Choctaw Miko (chief) was quoted by the
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was ratified by the U.S. Senate on February 25, 1830, and the U.S. President
92:
38:
1806:
1493:
103:
1503:
1148:
1132:
579:
Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians
507:
292:
262:
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The Treaty of Fort Adams was signed to cede the land at the mouth of the
144:
865:"The Mississippi Choctaw: From the Removal Treaty of the Federal Agency"
1468:
296:
251:
132:
927:
Baird, David (1973). "The Choctaws Meet the Americans, 1783 to 1843".
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185:
140:
1253:
1127:
1061:
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136:
128:
111:
56:
936:
1026:
Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals
641:. Tulane Univ.& Hancock, MS Historical Society. p. 56.
474:
970:
Red, White, and Black; Symposium on Indians in the Old South
577:
Swanton, John (1931). "Choctaw Social and Ceremonial Life".
550:"1831 – December – George W. Harkins to the American People"
205:
was anxious to make the Choctaw project a model of removal.
221:
George W. Harkins, George W. Harkins to the American People
1863:
Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States
1030:
676:. The University of Tennessee Press Knoxville. p. 18.
848:
846:
844:
784:. Oklahoma: The University of Oklahoma Press. pp.
992:
833:. Oklahoma: The University of Oklahoma Press. p.
810:. Oklahoma: The University of Oklahoma Press. p.
761:. Oklahoma: The University of Oklahoma Press. p.
694:
692:
127:
and relocation by the United States government of the
1000:. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. Archived from
189:
In 1832 George Harkins, then 22 years old, wrote the
841:
931:. United States: Indian Tribal Series. p. 36.
899:
689:
863:
826:
803:
777:
754:
602:Schreier, Jesse T. (2011). "Indian or Freedman?".
131:Nation from their country, referred to now as the
968:Hudson, Charles (1971). "The Ante-Bellum Elite".
797:
795:
530:Remini, Robert (1998) . ""Brothers, Listen ...".
272:The Treaty of Doak's Stand was considered one of
1829:
1211:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
16:Attempted ethnic cleansing of the Choctaw Nation
957:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
525:
523:
961:
868:. In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tuby (ed.).
792:
581:. The University of Alabama Press. p. 5.
572:
570:
1797:Native American genocide in the United States
1269:
1046:
895:
893:
538:
906:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 19.
630:
520:
972:. University of Georgia Press. p. 80.
955:Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era
948:
946:
920:
872:. University Press of Mississippi. p.
855:
567:
306:
300:having served in the lands of the Southern
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870:After Removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi
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671:
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184:
110:
824:
801:
775:
752:
665:
576:
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1883:Native American history of Mississippi
1830:
967:
952:
529:
191:Farewell Letter to the American People
1858:Ethnic cleansing in the United States
1257:
1184:Mississippi Choctaw Indian Federation
1034:
926:
861:
433:10,523,130 acres (42,585.6 km)
407:5,169,788 acres (20,921.39 km)
1893:Native American history of Oklahoma
1079:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
381:4,142,720 acres (16,765.0 km)
342:2,641,920 acres (10,691.5 km)
276:'s greatest achievements since the
171:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
13:
1888:Native American history of Alabama
1283:
674:The Removal of the Choctaw Indians
636:
14:
1904:
1019:
534:. History Book Club. p. 273.
1240:
1239:
420:2,000,000 acres (8,100 km)
368:853,760 acres (3,455.0 km)
1754:Indian barrier state (proposed)
818:
769:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
227:1,665 remained in Mississippi.
1292:Battles and military incidents
1159:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
701:
680:
616:10.2307/westhistquar.42.4.0459
595:
503:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
199:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1:
1123:Choctaw Tribal School System
1088:Mount Tabor Indian Community
1084:MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians
1075:Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
900:Sandra Faiman-Silva (1997).
672:DeRosier, Arthur H. (1970).
604:Western Historical Quarterly
439:
175:Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
7:
1873:History of Indian Territory
1802:Reservation checkerboarding
1060:
734:DeRosier (1970), pp. 70-71.
707:DeRosier (1970), pp. 67-68.
481:
230:
180:
10:
1909:
1817:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
1398:Indian removals in Indiana
1391:Removals (chronologically)
1154:Chickasaw Campaign of 1736
1071:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
903:Choctaws at the Crossroads
394:10,000 acres (40 km)
355:10,000 acres (40 km)
234:
167:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
1848:1833 in the United States
1843:1832 in the United States
1838:1831 in the United States
1772:
1729:
1560:
1518:People who helped Indians
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1421:Potawatomi Trail of Death
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1357:
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1237:
1220:
1192:
1141:
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996:; Leigh Marshall (1997).
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88:
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34:
26:
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1807:Reservation diminishment
1785:in the Thirteen Colonies
1479:George Rockingham Gilmer
1313:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
1205:List of Choctaw treaties
1174:Choctaw Capitol Building
513:
498:List of Choctaw Treaties
237:List of Choctaw Treaties
151:), to lands west of the
1790:Land claims settlements
1439:Long Walk of the Navajo
852:DeRosier (1970), p. 37.
825:Foreman, Grant (1953).
802:Foreman, Grant (1953).
776:Foreman, Grant (1953).
753:Foreman, Grant (1953).
743:DeRosier (1970), p. 74.
725:DeRosier (1970), p. 69.
716:DeRosier (1970), p. 65.
698:DeRosier (1970), p. 32.
686:DeRosier (1970), p. 30.
1868:History of Mississippi
1666:Prairie du Chien (4th)
1654:Prairie du Chien (3rd)
1648:Prairie du Chien (2nd)
1642:Prairie du Chien (1st)
1520:or documented removals
1457:and military officials
1403:Choctaw Trail of Tears
1370:Georgia Land Lotteries
1200:List of Choctaw chiefs
624:westhistquar.42.4.0459
473:best men have died."
453:
452:for the Trail of Tears
224:
194:
121:Choctaw Trail of Tears
116:
22:Choctaw Trail of Tears
1759:Indian Reserve (1763)
1561:Land cession treaties
1337:Attack at Fort Hughes
862:Satz, Ronald (1986).
639:Indians (before 1970)
447:
278:Battle of New Orleans
213:
188:
114:
1812:Reservation politics
1660:Dancing Rabbit Creek
1547:Benjamin Marie Petit
1455:American politicians
1381:Worcester v. Georgia
1319:Battle of Negro Fort
1301:Battle of Burnt Corn
426:Dancing Rabbit Creek
1737:Former reservations
1720:Buffalo Creek (4th)
1708:Buffalo Creek (3rd)
1696:Buffalo Creek (2nd)
1588:Buffalo Creek (1st)
1527:Robert C. Ambrister
1004:on October 10, 2007
466:population transfer
448:Historic Marker in
70:Population transfer
1576:Fort Stanwix (2nd)
1570:Fort Stanwix (1st)
1445:Burt Lake burn-out
1427:Sandy Lake Tragedy
1343:Battle of Ocheesee
1325:Battle of Fowltown
1307:Fort Mims massacre
1169:American Civil War
929:The Choctaw People
454:
348:Fort Confederation
195:
123:was the attempted
117:
1825:
1824:
1563:(chronologically)
1358:Policies and laws
1294:(chronologically)
1251:
1250:
979:978-0-8203-0308-6
913:978-0-8032-6902-6
883:978-0-87805-289-9
588:978-0-8173-1109-4
437:
436:
387:Fort St. Stephens
289:Creek War of 1813
209:George W. Harkins
153:Mississippi River
109:
108:
1900:
1780:Aboriginal title
1764:Unassigned Lands
1749:Indian Territory
1537:Benjamin Hawkins
1532:George Arbuthnot
1489:Thomas Jefferson
1415:Cherokee removal
1375:Manifest destiny
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552:. Archived from
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458:Indian Territory
450:Marion, Arkansas
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162:Arkansas Gazette
157:Indian Territory
125:ethnic cleansing
75:Ethnic cleansing
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1678:Payne's Landing
1612:Forbes Purchase
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1464:John C. Calhoun
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1630:Doak's Stand
1624:Creek Agency
1618:Fort Jackson
1494:James Monroe
1402:
1379:
1209:
1179:Code talkers
1163:
1082:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
998:"Chronology"
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558:. Retrieved
554:the original
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374:Mount Dexter
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104:Expansionism
89:Perpetrators
27:Part of the
1742:in Oklahoma
1614:(1804–1811)
1504:John Tipton
1417:(1836–1839)
1411:(1831–1838)
1405:(1831–1833)
1365:Removal Act
1345:(1817–1818)
1149:Nanih Waiya
1133:Stomp dance
655:|work=
508:Perry Cohea
316:Ceded Land
293:War of 1812
263:Yazoo River
145:Mississippi
65:Attack type
1832:Categories
1690:New Echota
1600:Greenville
1469:Lewis Cass
1230:(Oklahoma)
1008:2008-04-23
560:2008-04-23
335:Fort Adams
297:Pushmataha
252:Pushmataha
211:(Choctaw)
173:, and the
133:Deep South
95:Government
1730:Landbases
1221:Education
657:ignored (
647:cite book
440:Aftermath
302:Tuscarora
149:Louisiana
48:1831-1833
1245:Category
1113:Religion
1108:Language
937:73-80708
548:(1831).
482:See also
462:Oklahoma
322:Hopewell
231:Treaties
219:—
181:Overview
141:Arkansas
35:Location
1853:Choctaw
1672:Cusseta
1142:History
1128:Pashofa
1103:Culture
1096:Culture
1062:Choctaw
493:Choctaw
137:Alabama
129:Choctaw
57:Choctaw
1722:(1857)
1716:(1854)
1710:(1842)
1704:(1842)
1698:(1838)
1692:(1835)
1686:(1832)
1680:(1832)
1674:(1832)
1668:(1831)
1662:(1830)
1656:(1829)
1650:(1829)
1644:(1825)
1638:(1821)
1632:(1820)
1626:(1818)
1620:(1814)
1608:(1796)
1602:(1795)
1596:(1790)
1590:(1788)
1584:(1785)
1578:(1784)
1572:(1768)
1447:(1900)
1441:(1864)
1435:(1863)
1429:(1850)
1423:(1838)
1339:(1817)
1333:(1817)
1327:(1817)
1321:(1816)
1315:(1814)
1309:(1813)
1303:(1813)
976:
935:
910:
880:
622:
585:
475:Racism
464:. The
310:Treaty
169:; the
147:, and
100:Motive
81:Deaths
59:people
53:Target
786:27–28
620:JSTOR
514:Notes
84:2,500
1118:Fair
974:ISBN
933:LCCN
908:ISBN
878:ISBN
659:help
583:ISBN
430:1830
417:1825
404:1820
391:1816
378:1805
365:1803
352:1802
339:1801
329:n/a
326:1786
313:Year
119:The
45:Date
612:doi
155:in
1834::
1086:,
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1073:,
945:^
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763:29
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649:}}
645:{{
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661:)
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248:i
193:.
135:(
72:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
