1349:
744:
1325:
1367:
1337:
1378:
1398:
1223:
1260:, then General Miles' troops, aided by Apache scouts from other groups, pursued the exiles until they gave up. Mexico and the United States had negotiated an agreement allowing their troops in pursuit of the Apache to continue into each other's territories. This prevented the Chiricahua groups from using the border as an escape route, and as they could gain little time to rest and consider their next move, the fatigue, attrition and demoralization of the constant hunt led to their surrender.
106:
50:
132:
189:
1316:
Fort Sill or to relocate to the
Mescalero reservation near Ruidoso, New Mexico. Two-thirds of the group, 183 people, elected to go to New Mexico, while 78 remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in these places. At the time, they were not permitted to return to Arizona because of hostility from the long wars. in 1912 many different Apache bands returned to San Carlos Apache lands after their release from Fort Sill Apache Reservation.
3448:
201:
120:
3806:
177:
164:
972:, and their cultural differences made it oftentimes difficult to negotiate treaties and policies between. Their encounters were preceded by more than 100 years of Spanish colonial and Mexican incursions and settlement on the Apache lands, which pushed Apache tribes northward and exacerbated the martial nature of their society. The United States settlers were newcomers to the competition for land and resources in the
1095:, where, probably on Gen. Joseph R. West's orders, Mangas Coloradas was killed by American soldiers (Jan. 18, 1863). His body was mutilated by the soldiers, and his people were enraged by his murder. The Chiricahuas began to consider the Americans as "enemies we go against them." From that time, they waged almost constant war against US settlers and the Army for the next 23 years.
1386:
628:-speakers ranged over eastern Arizona and the American Southwest. The bands that are grouped under the Chiricahua term today had much history together: they intermarried and lived alongside each other, and they also occasionally fought with each other. They formed short-term as well as longer alliances that have caused scholars to classify them as one people.
1249:(all in southeastern Arizona). In late frontier times, the Chiricahua ranged from San Carlos and the White Mountains of Arizona, to the adjacent mountains of southwestern New Mexico around what is now Silver City, and down into the mountain sanctuaries of the Sierra Madre (of northern Mexico). There they often joined with their
1062:
Albuquerque), against
Mogollon and Coyotero Apaches: Loring's Pueblo Indian scouts found and attacked an Apache rancheria in the Canyon de Los Muertos Carneros (May 25, 1857), where Cuchillo Negro and some Mimbreño Apache were resting after a raid against the Navahos. Some Apaches, including Cuchillo Negro himself, were killed.
3017:, Spanish for "Cottonwood Canyon") was headquarters for the Southern Apache Agency before a post was established at nearby Ojo Caliente in 1874. About 500 Apaches lived at Cañada Alamosa in 1870. Cochise and his Chiricahuas visited the area in 1871. Most of the Apaches were gone by 1877. The Chiricahuas called it
3342:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Apache Plain and Other
Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest. In "Serendipity: Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien," edited by R.N. Wiseman, T.C. O'Laughlin, C.T. Snow and C. Travis, pp. 163–86. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34.
1559:
in
Oklahoma say they have four bands in Fort Sill: (some of the Arizona Apaches did not return to San Carlos or Fort Apache, White Mountain Apache warrior Eyelash is buried in Fort Sill cememtry, Southern Tonto Apache Chief/Scout Hosay is buried in Fort Apache cememtery, Hosay has family in Fort Sill
987:
This forced the
Apachean people to change their lives as nomads, free on the land. The US Army defeated them and forced them into the confinement of reservation life, on lands ill-suited for subsistence farming, which the US proffered as the model of civilization. Today, the Chiricahua are preserving
3321:
Seymour, Deni J. (2004) Before the
Spanish Chronicles: Early Apache in the Southern Southwest, pp. 120–42. In "Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America’s Rocky Mountains." Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, edited by Robert H. Brunswig
1315:
military reservation in
Oklahoma. In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, they were released from their prisoner of war status as they were thought to be no further threat. Although promised land at Fort Sill, they met resistance from local non-Apache. They were given the choice to remain at
1075:
to try to convince the miners to move away from the area he loved and to go to the Sierra Madre and seek gold there, but they tied him to a tree and whipped him badly. His Mimbreño and
Ndendahe followers and related Chiricahua bands were incensed by the treatment of their respected chief. Mangas had
983:
The Apache viewed the United States colonists with ambivalence, and in some cases enlisted them as allies in the early years against the
Mexicans. In 1852, the US and some of the Chiricahua signed a treaty, but it had little lasting effect. During the 1850s, American miners and settlers began moving
1061:
and other Mimbreño chiefs, signed a treaty at Fort
Webster in April 1853, but, during the spring of 1857 the U.S. Army set out on a campaign, led by Col. Benjamin L.E. deBonneville, Col. Dixon S. Miles (3°Cavalry from Fort Thorn) and Col. William W. Loring (commanding a Mounted Rifles Regiment from
3349:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans (Proto-Apache) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest. Chapter in edited volume under preparation. Also paper in the symposium: The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest: Implications for Migration, organized and chaired by Deni
663:. Among the last of such splits were those that resulted in the formation of the different Apachean bands whom the later Europeans encountered: the southwestern Apache groups and the Navajo. Although both speaking forms of Southern Athabaskan, the Navajo and Apache have become culturally distinct.
2291:
The Chokonen, Chihenne, Nednhi, and Bedonkohe had probably up to three other groups, named respectively after their leaders or homelands. By the end of the 19th century, surviving Apache no longer identified these groups. They may have been wiped out (like the Pinaleño-Nednhi) or had joined more
1050:(1853), Americans began to enter the territory in greater numbers. This increased the opportunities for incidents and misunderstandings. The Apaches, including Mangas Coloradas and Cuchillo Negro, were not at first hostile to the Americans, considering them enemies of their own Mexican enemies.
3325:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies: An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest. In Texas and Points West: Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. O’Laughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow,
3271:. Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; & in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
3335:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–62, edited by David E. Purcell,
1307:
mountains. There they built hidden camps, raided homes for cattle and other food supplies, and engaged in periodic firefights with units of the Mexican Army and police. Most were eventually captured or killed by soldiers or by private ranchers armed and deputized by the Mexican government.
2089:, eastern local group; often the name Mimbreños is used to identify the whole Chihenne people, sometimes it is just thought of simply as an aggregation of some families belonging to the Chihenne people around the Mimbres Agency established by temporary Indian agent James M. Smith in 1853)
3143:. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press,
1263:
The final 34 hold-outs, including Geronimo and Naiche, surrendered to units of General Miles' forces in September 1886. From Bowie Station, Arizona, they were entrained, along with most of the other remaining Chiricahua (as well as the Army's Apache scouts), and exiled to
1421:, later corrupted into Chiricahui/Chiricahua. The Chiricahua tribal territory encompassed today's SE Arizona, SW New Mexico, NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua. The Chiricahua range extended to the east as far as the Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico and to the west as far as the
666:
The "Chihenne (Tchihende)", "Nednai/Nednhi (Ndendahe)" and "Bedonkohe" intermarried sometimes with Mescalero Bands of New Mexico and Chihuahua and formed alliances with them; therefore their Mescalero kin did know the names of Chiricahua bands and local groups:
355:, and Western Apache. Chiricahua historically shared a common area, language, customs, and intertwined family relations with their fellow Apaches. At the time of European contact, they had a territory of 15 million acres (61,000 km) in Southwestern
3205:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
1408:
In the Chiricahua culture, the "band" as a unit was much more important than the American or European concept of "tribe". The Chiricahua had no name for themselves (autonym) as a people. The name Chiricahua is most likely the Spanish rendering of the
541:. This word has two possible meanings, the first being "strange people, non-Apache people" or "enemy", but another being "eye". Sometimes it is said that all Apaches referred to the Americans and European settlers (with exception of the Mexicans) as
2307:
by the Spanish). The Spanish referred to the Apache band by the same name of Tsebekinéndé. These two different Apache bands were often confused with each other. (Similar confusion arose over distinguishing the Janeros-Nednhi of the Chiricahua
1087:. Remembering how Cochise had escaped, the Chiricahua called the incident "cut the tent." In 1863, Gen. James H. Carleton set out leading a new campaign against the Mescalero Apache, and Capt. Edmund Shirland (10°California Cavalry) invited
707:
The major Chiricahuan deity is called Ussen, an all-powerful creator figure. Other figures in Chiricahuan mythology include White Painted Woman, a virgin who offered herself in sacrifice to end a drought, and her son, Child of the Waters.
2022:
Gileños / Gila Apache (often used as a collective name for different Apache groups living along the Gila River; sometimes for all Chiricahua local groups and sometimes for the Aravaipa / Arivaipa Apache and Pinaleño / Pinal Apache of the
621:(recte, both of them together: Ndendahe). Today, all are commonly referred to as Chiricahua, but they were not historically a single band nor the same Apache division, being more correctly identified, all together, as "Central Apaches".
988:
their culture as much as possible, while forging new relationships with the peoples around them. The Chiricahua are a living and vibrant culture, a part of the greater American whole and yet distinct based on their history and culture.
1027:(a ground corn flour) had been placed for them, Johnson and his men opened fire on the Chihenne with rifles and a concealed cannon loaded with scrap iron, glass, and a length of chain. They killed about 20 Apache, including the chief
1015:(only two days' travel from Santa Rita del Cobre), and his son Cuchillo Negro succeeded him as head chief and went to war against Chihuahua for revenge. In the same 1837, the American John (also known as James) Johnson invited the
3300:
Seymour, Deni J. (2002) Conquest and Concealment: After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 525/528. This document can be obtained by contacting
679:("The People whom We Met", "The People whom We Came Upon"), The Mescalero use the term -õde, -éõde, -néõde, or -héõde ("the people of") instead of the Chiricahua Nde, Ne, Néndé, Héndé, Hen-de or õne ("the people of").
3314:
Seymour, Deni J. (2003) The Cerro Rojo Complex: A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache. Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001. Geo-Marine, El
3307:
Seymour, Deni J. (2003) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–003. This document can be obtained by contacting
1039:, took Mimbreño revenge. The historian Rex W. Strickland argued that the Apache had come to the meeting with their own intentions of attacking Johnson's party, but were taken by surprise. In 1839 scalp-hunter
1190:. It remained open for about 4 years, during which the chief Cochise died (from natural causes). In 1876, about two years after Cochise's death, the US moved the Chiricahua and some other Apache bands to the
3362:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations: Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(3):281–83.
1750:
Dzil-dun-as-le-n / Tsétáguãgáõne local group (′Rocks at Foot of Grass-Expanse′, 'The People of the Plains among the Rocks', 'The People of Rocky Plains', 'The People among White Rocks', lived in the
3332:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 (December 2007):1–7. (This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans.)
3133:. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
3329:
Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Apache, Spanish, and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–005. With Tim Church
3356:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Distinctive Places, Suitable Spaces: Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13(3): 255–81.
557:
means "it is white" or it can be translate as "it is pale colored". The í on the end usually translates as "the one that is", but in the context of human beings, can mean "the group who are".
2377:, Cuchillo Negro, (ca. 1796–1857) war chief of the southern Warm Springs local group of the Tchihende people and principal chief of them after his own father's (Fuerte / Soldado Fiero) death
351:
and Southwestern United States, the Chiricahua (Tsokanende) are related to other Apache groups: Ndendahe (Mogollon, Carrizaleño), Tchihende (Mimbreño), Sehende (Mescalero), Lipan, Salinero,
2030:
Ne-be-ke-yen-de local group (′Country of People′ or ′Earth They Own It People′, presumably a mixed Chihenne-Bedonkohe local group, lived southwest of the Gila River, centered around the
1035:
is said to have witnessed this attack, which inflamed his and other Apache warriors' desires for vengeance for many years; he led the survivors to safety and subsequently, together with
929:
3353:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
3359:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157–64.
921:
643:. As the people moved south and east into North America, groups splintered off and became differentiated by language and culture over time. Some anthropologists believe that the
1955:
Warm Springs Apache (The vicinity of a southern New Mexico hot spring known as Ojo Caliente (Spanish for Hot Spring) was their favourite retreat and was known to the Apache as
2504:
2202:
Haiahende local group (′People of the Rising Sun, i.e. People of the East′, lived in the Peloncillo Mountains, Animas Mountains and Florida Mountains in SE Arizona and in
3375:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events. American Antiquity. (Winter, in press)
1004:
1624:
Other sources list these and additional bands (only the Chokonen and Chihuicahui local groups of the Chokonen band were considered by Chiricahua tribal members to be
1829:
529:("The People, Men", "the People of"); they never called themselves ″Apaches". The Chiricahua referred to outsiders, such as Americans, Mexicans or other Indians, as
1016:
3346:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Surfing Behind The Wave: A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To "A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería." Plains Anthropologist 53(206):241–62.
1000:
up to about 1860, the Chiricahua became increasingly hostile to American encroachment in the Southwest after a number of provocations had occurred between them.
729:
Other traditional practices include death rituals and puberty ceremonies for young women. Caves, waterways, and birthplaces hold special spiritual significance.
3689:
3436:
2270:
2100:(called by the Chihenne Dzilnokone – Long Hanging Mountain) moved to the Rio Grande in the east and south to the Mexican border, southern group)
1706:
1276:
and Gray Lizard, escaped from their prison car and made their way back to San Carlos Arizona in a 1,200-mile (1,900 km) journey to their ancestral lands.
1028:
3318:
Seymour, Deni J. (2004) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site. Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153–92.
2274:
2031:
1128:
1884:
1836:
861:
2329:
2266:
1971:
1818:
399:
1743:
Tse-ga-ta-hen-de / Tséghát'ahéõne local group (′Rock Pocket People′, 'The People beside the Rocks', 'The People on the side of the Rocks', lived in the
781:
2231:
1348:
3372:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape. Accepted at Plains Anthropologist.
3339:
Seymour, Deni J. (2008) A Pledge of Peace: Evidence of the Cochise-Howard Treaty Campsite. Historical Archaeology 42(4):154–79. With George Robertson.
1814:
917:
3414:
2002:
968:
From the beginning of European-Apache relations, there was conflict between them. The two groups contested the control of land and trade routes in
809:
3611:
1008:
946:(known to the Americans as Geronimo). After Victorio's death, Nana, Gerónimo, Mangus (youngest Mangas Coloradas' son) and youngest Cochise's son
865:
789:
4328:
4338:
4313:
1352:
1092:
813:
3309:
3302:
2929:
1219:(the son of Cochise and hereditary leader after Tahzay's death) together led many of the resisters during those last few years of freedom.
976:, but they inherited its complex history, and brought their own attitudes with them about American Indians and how to use the land. By the
913:
743:
2908:
1202:
hated the desert environment of San Carlos, and some frequently began to leave the reservation and sometimes raided neighboring settlers.
4343:
4323:
3366:
2195:
was in the bend of the Papigochic River (Aros River) east of the border of Sonora in the vicinity of a mountain, which called the Apache
1324:
793:
805:
797:
4333:
3682:
3429:
1740:
Cai-a-he-ne local group (′Sun Goes Down People, i.e. People of the West′, were the westernmost of all Chihuicahui, western local group)
1100:
984:
into Chiricahua territory, beginning encroachment that had been renewed in the migration to the Southwest of the previous two decades.
833:
1209:
in 1886. The best-known warrior leader of the "renegades", although he was not considered a 'chief', was the forceful and influential
586:
2413:, (ca. 1793–1863) war chief of the Copper Mines local group of the Tchihende people and principal chief after Juan José Compà's death
925:
2512:
2425:(ca. 1857–1919), second son of Cochise, was the final hereditary chief of the Chihuicahui local group of the Tsokanende people
1136:
1108:
933:
893:
845:
801:
785:
474:
which means ″Eastern Sunrise″, or ″People in the East″. Sometimes they adapted this appellation and referred to themselves also as
4128:
2292:
powerful groups. For instance, the remnant of the Carrizaleño-Nedhni camped together with their northern kin, the Janero-Nednhi.
909:
1091:
for a "parley" but, after he entered the U.S. camp to negotiate a peace, the great Mimbreño chief was arrested and convicted in
760:. Historians disagree on the exact dates of the migration, with estimates ranging from the early 1100s to about 1500. Historian
3658:
1517:'Enemy People' or 'The Apache People (who live among) Enemies' known as the Southern Chiricahua, Pinery Apache, Bronco Apache,
1303:) were not captured by U.S. forces and refused to surrender. They escaped over the border to Mexico, and settled in the remote
1076:
been just as great a chief in his prime (during the 1830s and 1840s), along with Cuchillo Negro, as Cochise was then becoming.
980:
of 1848, the US took on the responsibility to prevent and punish cross-border incursions by Apache who were raiding in Mexico.
3326:
pp. 117–34. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
490:("Western Apache People", "The People of the Sunset", "The People of the West"), when referring only to Chiricahuas they used
4318:
3675:
3422:
3059:
3039:
3002:
2982:
2610:
2490:
2455:, also Bidu-ya, Beduiat (He who checks his horse) (ca. 1825–1880), chief of the Warm Springs Tchihende (Mimbreño) people
1876:
1779:
1667:
1139:(last son of Mangas Coloradas) and other minor chiefs led on the warpath the Mimbreños, Chiricahuas' cousins and allies, and
341:
1993:
southern Warm Springs local group (Warm Springs proper, settled around a warm spring known as Ojo Caliente near present-day
1787:
1295:. Geronimo's surrender ended the Indian Wars in the United States. However, another group of Chiricahua (also known as the
1280:
1191:
1678:
to the southwest, northeastern local group – headed by Chief Chihuahua (Kla-esh) and his segundo (war chief) and brother
2569:
1119:
and other warring chiefs became a nightmare to settlers and military garrisons and patrols. In the meantime, the great
597:
Several loosely affiliated bands of Apache came improperly to be usually known as the Chiricahuas. These included the
3444:
3276:
3210:
3148:
3112:
3083:
2176:, because they preferred living in the nearly inaccessible Sierra Madre Occidental, their autonym for themselves was
2010:
1805:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in NE Sonora and adjacent Arizona, in Guadalupe Canyon, along the
325:
1065:
In December 1860, after several bad incidents provoked by the miners led by James H. Tevis in the Pinos Altos area,
553:
meaning "White skinned or pale colored people" or literally "Strange, non-Apache people, which are white-skinned").
3098:
2295:
The Carrizaleňo-Nednhi shared overlapping territory in the surroundings of Casas Grandes and Aguas Nuevas with the
2825:"Executive Order of December 14, 1872 ~ Chiricahua Reservation Lands Restored to Public Domain - October 30, 1876"
2156:, Sierra de Carcay, Sierra de Boca Grande, west beyond the Aros River to Bavispe, east along the Janos River and
1446:
1171:
545:("White Eyes"), but this seems a name from Mescalero and Lipan Apache bands, as the Chiricahua bands called them
3156:
An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship
2850:
1896:
2437:(ca. 1843–1876), son of Cochise and his successor as chief of the Chihuicahui local group of Tsokanende people
952:
were the last leaders of the Central Apaches, and their mixed Apache group was the last to continue to resist
4308:
3452:
3131:
The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics
2470:
2465:
2243:
570:
4221:
3698:
3264:(pp. 401–18). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2055:
1390:
1238:
1226:
3408:
3282:
Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache.
4246:
4121:
3161:
Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches.
2962:
977:
391:
31:
17:
3014:
2191:
Tu-ntsa-nde local group (′Big Water People, i.e. People along the Aros River′, their stronghold called
1998:
973:
379:
219:
2013: – hence called Warm Springs or Ojo Caliente Apaches, southern local group – headed by
1690:
1422:
3297:. Apache Indians (No. 4), American Indian ethnohistory, Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
4211:
3249:
Opler, Morris E. (1947). Notes on Chiricahua Apache culture, I: Supernatural power and the shaman.
2720:
Strickland, Rex W. (Autumn 1976) "The Birth and Death of a Legend: The Johnson Massacre of 1837"],
2386:
2235:
1895:, were also known – together with other Apache local groups living along the Gila River and in the
1473:
1430:
1124:
1054:
1003:
In 1835, Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps which further inflamed the situation. In 1837
825:
378:
Today Chiricahua live in Northern Mexico and in the United States where they are enrolled in three
3552:
3367:
The Cerro Rojo Site (LA 37188) – A Large Mountain-Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico
1366:
4236:
4226:
4203:
3919:
3183:
Opler, Morris E. (1937). An outline of Chiricahua Apache social organization. In F. Egan (Ed.),
2333:
2127:
1304:
1072:
407:
2407:, "Dextrous Horse Thief" (ca. 1840–1890), woman warrior and prophet of the Tchihende people
4303:
4231:
4216:
4114:
3969:
2350:
2325:
2242:, controlled the southern part of the Guzmán Basin, and the mountains along the Casas Grandes,
2035:
2009:(Dził Diłhił) west of the Rio Grande to the Rio Gila, used the warm springs in the vicinity of
1994:
1645:
Ch’ók’ánéń, Tsoka-ne-nde, Tcokanene, Chu-ku-nde, Chukunen, Ch’úk’ánéń, Ch’uuk’anén, Chuukonende
1556:
1329:
1284:
383:
243:
3203:
An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians
2389:, (ca. 1810–1864), principal chief of the Copper Mine local group of the Tchihende people
4251:
4186:
4095:
3574:
1975:
1768:
1760:
1710:
1426:
1336:
443:
3322:
and William B. Butler. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.
2827:[Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reserves, from May 14, 1855, to July 1, 1902].
2765:[Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reserves, from May 14, 1855, to July 1, 1902].
2184:– ′Blue Mountain People, i.e. People of the Sierra Madre′, northern local group – headed by
3172:
Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes.
2239:
2047:
1806:
1744:
1434:
1418:
1385:
1377:
1234:
1175:
1020:
997:
726:
to the sun, threw it after snakes, and used it in medicine dances and around dying people.
2603:
Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and Priests on the Spanish Colonial Frontier
2449:(ca. 1821–1909), war chief Chihuahua of the Chokonen local group of Tsokanende people
780:) Apache division was once led, from the beginning of the 18th century, by chiefs such as
651:
were pushed south and west into what is now New Mexico and Arizona by pressure from other
8:
4298:
4161:
4055:
4035:
3619:
3605:
3190:
Opler, Morris E. (1938). A Chiricahua Apache's account of the Geronimo campaign of 1886.
3126:
2824:
2762:
2505:"Fort Sill Apache Tribe Receives U.S. Reservation Proclamation Following a 125 Year Wait"
2203:
2157:
2039:
1979:
1967:
1778:
Animas local group (lived south of the Rio Gila, and west of the San Simon Valley in the
1292:
764:
speculates that there may have been two or more mass migrations during this time period.
719:
644:
566:
403:
264:
71:
1940:– 'Red Painted People', their autonym could relate to the mineral red coloration of the
1701:, and north along the San Simon River to east of SW New Mexico, controlled the southern
577:
language family. It is very closely related to Mescalero, and more distantly related to
4241:
2551:
2401:, (ca. 1825–1883), medicine man and chief of the Janero local group of Nednhi band
1888:
1702:
1686:
1671:
957:
756:
The Athabaskan ancestors of the Chiricahua people migrated south from Canada along the
514:
395:
3272:
3206:
3144:
3108:
3094:
3079:
3055:
3035:
2998:
2978:
2832:
2796:
2770:
2606:
2362:
2278:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2043:
1751:
1246:
1167:
1104:
837:
625:
574:
465:
368:
194:
4090:
2383:, woman warrior and Lozen's companion; sister of Ilth-goz-ay, the wife of Chihuahua,
4181:
4156:
4040:
4030:
3964:
3878:
3712:
3629:
2543:
2410:
2374:
2346:
2169:
2153:
2073:
Mimbreño / Mimbres local group (lived in southeast-central New Mexico, between the
2063:
1795:
1698:
1675:
1659:
1159:
1147:
1088:
1067:
1047:
1032:
1012:
869:
387:
290:
268:
260:
227:
223:
2254: – 'Stone House People' or 'Rock House People', southeastern group)
1962:
northern Warm Springs local group (lived in the northeast of the Bedonkohe in the
1917:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived also in the Mogollon Mountains)
1438:
4277:
4085:
4000:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3792:
3772:
3520:
3505:
2207:
2149:
2092:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in southern New Mexico in the
2082:
1963:
1810:
1694:
1453:
1199:
1163:
1151:
953:
757:
348:
3717:
2165:
1194:, still in Arizona. This was in response to public outcry after the killings of
3782:
3732:
3722:
3667:
3639:
3584:
2788:
2356:
2024:
2014:
1764:
1714:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1357:
1222:
1195:
1036:
873:
761:
578:
455:
272:
59:
2626:
2161:
517:, or name by which they refer to themselves, is simply (depending on dialect)
4292:
4176:
4137:
4075:
4065:
4045:
3974:
3924:
3914:
3811:
3515:
3510:
2428:
2395:, (ca. 1857–1903), woman from the Warm Springs group of Tchihende people
2074:
2067:
1920:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the Tularosa Mountains)
1914:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the Mogollon Mountains)
1844:
1791:
1689:("Wa-CHOO-ka" Mountains; Apache name meaning "thunder mountain") west of the
1370:
1242:
1132:
1084:
1043:
was employed by Robert McKnight to re-open the road to Santa Rita del Cobre.
889:
881:
648:
636:
503:
352:
276:
256:
111:
75:
2431:, (ca. 1805/1810?–1896), war chief of the Warm Springs Tchihende people
1828:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived east of Fronteras in der
4191:
4070:
3898:
3853:
3838:
3727:
3564:
3136:
2247:
1908:
1840:
1467:'Red Paint People' (also known as Eastern Chiricahua, Warm Springs Apache,
1257:
1206:
1183:
1040:
699:
representing and performing their traditional dances and other ceremonies.
671:("The People of Red Ceremonial Paint", "The Red Ceremonial Paint People"),
652:
239:
4171:
3762:
2419:, also Mah–sii (ca. 1847–1906/1911), warrior of the Mimbres Tchihende band
1725:("Western People", "Sunset People"), southwestern local group – headed by
1571:, more correctly known as the Warm Springs and Coppermine Mimbreño bands,
4267:
4080:
4025:
3959:
3949:
3929:
3863:
3843:
3742:
3589:
3557:
3525:
3485:
3227:
Opler, Morris E. (1946). Chiricahua Apache material relating to sorcery.
2213:
Hakaye local group (were part of Sierra Madre Mountains of Sonora Mexico)
2006:
1875:– 'Standing in front of the enemy', lived in West New Mexico between the
1429:
just below present day Hwy I-40 corridor in New Mexico and with the town
1265:
1080:
738:
49:
3873:
3767:
3398:
2122:– 'Enemy People', 'People who make trouble', the Mexicans adopted it as
2001:, between the Cuchillo Negro Creek and the Animas Creek, controlled the
1079:
In 1861, the US Army seized and killed some of Cochise's relatives near
3858:
3569:
3470:
2434:
2262:
1983:
1880:
1663:
1187:
1011:
also known as Fuerte was killed by Mexican soldiers of the garrison at
696:
632:
356:
137:
4010:
3547:
2555:
2141:
Nednhi / Ndendahe Apache (they were subdivided in three local groups)
1495:‘Ridge of the Mountainside People’ (also known as Central Chiricahua,
1186:
for the Chiricahua Reservation residing near Apache Pass, Arizona and
4272:
4166:
4060:
4020:
3848:
3540:
3490:
2324:
For people after the 19th century, see the pages of specific tribes:
2300:
1822:
1786:– "Black Mountain") along the Arizona–New Mexico border south to the
1312:
1179:
1112:
969:
877:
849:
692:
481:
67:
63:
4015:
3392:
3369:. Digital History Project. New Mexico Office of the State Historian.
3238:
Opler, Morris E. (1946). Mountain spirits of the Chiricahua Apache.
2443:, also Panayotishn, Pe-nel-tishn, "Peaches," Scout for General Crook
2349:(Fort Sill Apache Tribe), served as first tribal chairperson of the
2226:– ′Prairie Dog People′, lived exclusively in Chihuahua, between the
1754:– according to Christian Naiche Jr. this was Cochise's local group.)
824:
meaning "having the quality of oak") and, after his death, his sons
4050:
3984:
3868:
3833:
3500:
2547:
2452:
2380:
2340:
2227:
2199:– ′Mountain Holding Head Up And Peering Out′, smallest local group)
1987:
1904:
1341:
1210:
1120:
1058:
1019:
in the Pinos Altos area to trade with his party (near the mines at
941:
885:
832:, under the guardianship of Cochise's war chief and brother-in-law
656:
206:
125:
3386:
2682:
2134:
of NW Chihuahua, NO Sonora and SE Arizona, therefore often called
2120:
Ndéndai, Nde-nda-i, Nédnaa’í, Ndé’indaaí, Ndé’indaande, Ndaandénde
635:
migration into the North American continent from Asia, across the
3979:
3888:
3828:
3787:
3777:
3737:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3530:
3480:
3456:
3447:
2631:
2368:
2343:(1829–1909), warrior, medicine man of the Bedonkohe Ndendahe band
2258:
2206:
and south into the deserts and mountains of NE of Sonora and the
1726:
1311:
Eventually, the surviving Chiricahua prisoners were moved to the
1288:
1269:
1155:
1096:
817:
715:
640:
360:
4106:
2949:
three variants of Chiricahua band names are listed: First: i.e.
2836:
2800:
2774:
2534:
Hoijer, Harry (1943). "Pitch Accent in the Apachean Languages".
1023:, New Mexico) and, when they gathered around a blanket on which
3883:
3752:
3747:
3260:
Opler, Morris E. (1983). Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
2446:
2440:
2422:
2416:
2392:
2371:, chief of the Chihuicahui local group of the Tsokanende people
2359:, also Bidayajislnl or Pedes-klinje (1854–1934), warrior, scout
2131:
1941:
1679:
1273:
1215:
1116:
948:
841:
829:
602:
582:
372:
364:
338:
299:
182:
169:
79:
55:
3403:
3216:
Opler, Morris E. (1942). The identity of the Apache Mansos.
3893:
3757:
3579:
2404:
1946:
Copper Mine, Ojo Caliente / Warm Springs, Mimbreños / Mimbres
996:
Although they had lived peaceably with most Americans in the
660:
484:
called the Western Apache and Chiricahua bands to their west
311:
296:
1389:
Viola and Agnes Chihuahua, Chiricahuas, photographed at the
631:
The Apachean groups and the Navajo peoples were part of the
58:
tribes in the late 18th century (Ch – Chiricahua, WA –
3535:
3495:
3158:. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
317:
2769:. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 5–6.
1835:
local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the
1046:
After the conclusion of the US/Mexican War (1848) and the
3187:(pp. 171–239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2398:
2185:
1166:
establishing the Chiricahua Reservation in the southeast
1140:
937:
302:
2831:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 6.
2218:
Carrizaleños local group (known by other Chiricahua as
1729:("wood") and after him by his sons, therefore known as
860:) people was led, during the same period, by chiefs as
3052:
Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio 1750–1858
2957:
is used by Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, Third:
2148:, lived in NW Chihuahua and NE Sonora, south into the
1617:) to refer to the Chiricahua in general, and the word
687:
Chiricahuas from Mexico participate every year in the
3350:
Seymour, Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.
326:
314:
308:
293:
3801:
1938:
Chi-he-nde, Tci-he-nde, Chíhéne, Chííhénee’, Chiende
496:("People of a ridge or mountainside ") or sometimes
3267:Opler, Morris E.; & French, David H. (1941).
2887:
Mexicans Recall Last Apaches Living in Sierra Madre
2330:
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation
2319:
675:("The Apache People (who live among) Enemies") and
400:
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation
305:
3343:Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
2570:"Catálogo Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas de México"
1456:(1941), the Chiricahuas consisted of three bands:
1143:led the Ndendahe (Nednhi and Bedonkohe together).
3032:Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches
2365:, also Chewawa, Kla-esh, Tłá’í’ez (ca. 1825–1901)
2050:along the Mimbres River in the east, then called
1585:, also known as the Chiricahua band, Chokonende),
4290:
3697:
3269:Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians
2909:"Fort Sill Apache Tribe – Tribal Territory"
82:, a separate people speaking a related language)
2257:Pinaleños / Pinery local group (lived south of
2238:and Agua Nuevas 60 miles (97 km) north of
1401:Hattie Tom, Chiricahua Apache, photographed by
3034:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
2997:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
2605:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 16.
2265:in NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua, controlled the
1759:Dzilmora local group (in SW New Mexico in the
1685:Chihuicahui group (lived in SE Arizona in the
1557:Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache tribe
908:) Apache people, in the meanwhile, was led by
747:Ba-keitz-ogie (Yellow Coyote), U.S. Army Scout
4122:
3683:
3430:
3295:A study of the Apache Indians: Parts IV and V
1733:("The People of Wood", "The Wood People") or
1433:(276 km northwest of the state capital,
820:(whose name was derived from the Apache word
718:pollen, is used in many Chiricahuan rituals.
3185:Social anthropology of North American tribes
2763:"Chiricahua Reservation ~ December 14, 1872"
1198:and Nicholas Rogers at Sulpher Springs. The
963:
1693:, in the northwest along a line of today's
1279:After a number of Chiricahua deaths at the
592:
442:, were given that name by the Spanish. The
4129:
4115:
3690:
3676:
3437:
3423:
1662:, Arizona, along the upper reaches of the
1328:Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at the
48:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2281: – hence they were called
2168:, because they traded at the presidio of
2058:at Santa Rita del Cobre they were called
1911:(but not a chief) belonged to this band)
581:. It's considered a national language of
458:, referred to the Chiricahua by the name
2953:is now the common / usual form, Second:
2601:Stockel, Henrietta (15 September 2022).
2042:, controlled the Pinos Altos Mountains,
1477:Apache, Coppermine Apache, Copper Mine,
1417:('mountain of the wild turkey') for the
1396:
1384:
1376:
1365:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1221:
1154:, succeeded in negotiating a peace with
742:
3076:Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place,
2600:
1170:encompassing the Chiricahua Mountains,
587:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
418:The Chiricahua Apache, also written as
14:
4291:
3659:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
3464:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
3404:Allan Houser, Chiricahua Apache artist
3107:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
3078:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
2627:"Danza Apache Chiricahua in Comonfort"
2585:
2533:
2234:in the east, south toward Corralitos,
2230:of Janos in the west and Carrizal and
2066:, an Bedonkohe by birth, and later by
1944:-containing tribal area, often called
1651:– ‘Ridge of the Mountainside People’,
4329:Native American history of New Mexico
4110:
3671:
3418:
3399:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts
3141:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts
3054:, University of Oklahoma Press 1998,
2977:, University of Oklahoma Press 1995,
2822:
2795:. United States General Land Office.
2760:
2277:, the mountains had a large stock of
2210:in NW Chihuahua, eastern local group)
1621:, to refer to the Apache in general.
1287:, the survivors were moved, first to
722:recorded that the Chiricahua offered
549:, meaning "Blue/green eye people" or
363:in the United States and in Northern
4339:Native American tribes in New Mexico
4314:History of Catron County, New Mexico
2126:– ′Wild, Untamed Apaches′, lived in
1658:Chokonen local group (lived west of
1192:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
543:Bi'ndah-Li'ghi' / Bi'nda-li'ghi'o'yi
98:Regions with significant populations
3336:Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.
2889:, Chicago Tribune, 7 September 1997
2144:Janeros local group (also known as
1986:, northern local group – headed by
1771:(which were known to the Apache as
1525:Schroeder (1947) lists five bands:
24:
4344:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
4324:Native American history of Arizona
3118:
2995:Victorio: Apache Warrior and Chief
2511:. 23 November 2011. Archived from
2062:, western local group – headed by
1674:in New Mexico in the east and the
1362:, Head Chief, Warm Springs Apaches
1158:. On December 14, 1872, President
751:
25:
4355:
4334:Native American tribes in Arizona
4136:
3380:
3093:New York: Simon & Schuster.
2793:United States Library of Congress
2683:"Chiricahua Apache Indian Nation"
1952:, improperly Eastern Chiricahua)
1595:, also known as Bidanku, Bronco),
1103:(war chief of Cochise's people),
3804:
3446:
2789:"Territory of Arizona Map, 1876"
2320:Notable Chiricahua Apache people
2261:, between the Bavispe River and
1867:– 'In Front of the End People',
1605:, also known as Ndénai, Nednai).
1449:), as their southernmost range.
1272:. At least two Apache warriors,
289:
199:
187:
175:
162:
130:
118:
104:
3599:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
3139:and Opler, Morris E. (1938).
3044:
3024:
3007:
2987:
2967:
2943:
2922:
2901:
2892:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2843:
2816:
2807:
2781:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2054:, after discovering profitable
1883:to the southeast, lived in the
1847:towards Fronteras in the north)
1613:(derived from the Spanish word
1521:), or "those ahead at the end".
1437:, and 536 km southwest of
1007:' head chief and famed raider,
767:
624:Many other bands and groups of
502:("The Ones who are Covered ").
27:Band of Apache Native Americans
3091:Once They Moved Like the Wind,
3068:
2648:
2639:
2619:
2576:
2562:
2527:
2497:
2483:
1237:, part of which is now inside
1233:They made a stronghold in the
1083:, in what became known as the
991:
444:White Mountain Coyotero Apache
13:
1:
3293:Schroeder, Albert H. (1974).
3013:Monticello (originally named
2724:, Vol. 18, No. 3. pp. 257–86.
2476:
2471:Southern Athabaskan languages
2466:Mescalero-Chiricahua language
2303:band (which was often called
2077:and the Rio Grande up in the
1887:and in their stronghold, the
1241:, and across the intervening
836:, and the independent chiefs
246:, traditional tribal religion
4319:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
4222:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
3699:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
3192:New Mexico Historical Review
2285:, southwestern local group).
2164:in the northern part of the
1903:, Northeastern Chiricahua –
1809:, northwestern parts of the
1775:), southeastern local group)
1391:Mescalero Apache Reservation
1239:Chiricahua National Monument
1227:Chiricahua National Monument
1205:They surrendered to General
1182:were designated as the U.S.
1053:Cuchillo Negro, with Ponce,
571:Southern Athabaskan language
7:
4247:White Mountain Apache Tribe
3201:Opler, Morris E. (1941).
3154:Opler, Morris E. (1933).
2973:Edwin R. Sweeney: Cochise:
2459:
1447:Mexico–United States border
1373:, Warm Springs Apache chief
1172:Mexico–United States border
978:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
702:
677:Bidáõ'kaõde / Bidáõ'kahéõde
560:
506:refer to the Chiricahua as
380:federally recognized tribes
32:Chiricahua (disambiguation)
10:
4360:
3105:The Conquest of Apacheria,
2823:Grant, Ulysses S. (1912).
2761:Grant, Ulysses S. (1912).
2283:Pinaleños / Pinery Apaches
2087:Mimbreño / Mimbres Apaches
1713:, Chiricahua, Dragoon and
1626:the real Chiricahua people
1415:Chihuicahui or Chiguicagui
736:
732:
673:Ndé'ndaa'õde / Ndé'ndaaõde
220:Chiricahua Apache language
29:
4260:
4202:
4144:
3993:
3907:
3821:
3799:
3705:
3653:
3598:
3463:
3125:Castetter, Edward F. and
2993:Kathleen P. Chamberlain,
2222:– ′Open Place People′ or
1907:, a prominent leader and
1891:, therefore often called
1719:Huachuca Mountains Apache
1507:), or the Sunrise People;
1245:to the northeast, in the
964:European-Apache relations
682:
551:Indaaɫigáí / Indaaɫigánde
410:in southeastern Arizona.
255:
250:
238:
233:
218:
213:
160:
152:
144:
102:
97:
92:
87:
47:
4212:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
3706:More than 100,000 people
3365:Seymour, Deni J. (2009)
2932:. Fortsillapache-nsn.gov
2911:. Fortsillapache-nsn.gov
2855:SouthernArizonaGuide.com
1609:Today they use the word
1485:, Mogollones, Tcihende),
1381:Bonito, Chiricahua chief
1319:
714:, ceremonially prepared
609:(recte: Tchihende), the
593:Culture and organization
585:and is regulated by the
499:Tã'aa'ji k'ee'déõkaa'õde
480:('Sunrise People'). The
4237:San Carlos Apache Tribe
4227:Jicarilla Apache Nation
3822:20,000 – 100,000 people
3411:, National Park Service
3284:American Anthropologist
3218:American Anthropologist
3174:American Anthropologist
3163:American Anthropologist
3089:Roberts, David. (1993)
3021:– "Dilapidated Houses".
2975:Chiricahua Apache Chief
2334:San Carlos Apache Tribe
2138:, Southern Chiricahua)
2128:Sierra Madre Occidental
1959:– ′four broad plains′)
1830:Sierra Pilares de Teras
1655:or Central Chiricahua)
1127:(soon killed in 1864),
1073:Pinos Altos, New Mexico
864:, Fuerte also known as
413:
408:San Carlos Apache Tribe
4232:Mescalero Apache Tribe
4217:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
3994:Less than 1,000 people
3393:Mescalero Apache Tribe
3387:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
3103:Thrapp, Dan L. (1988)
2685:. Chiricahuaapache.org
2351:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
2326:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
2052:Gileños / Gila Apaches
1995:Monticello, New Mexico
1950:Gileños / Gila Apaches
1901:Gileños / Gila Apaches
1825:, as their stronghold)
1721:or by the Apache name
1560:and San Carlos today)
1423:San Pedro River Valley
1405:
1394:
1382:
1374:
1363:
1345:
1333:
1330:Carlisle Indian School
1285:St. Augustine, Florida
1230:
1005:Warm Springs Mimbreños
748:
689:Fiesta de los Remedios
384:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
244:Native American Church
4252:Yavapai Apache Nation
4187:Western Apache people
3908:1,000 – 20,000 people
3409:The Chiricahua Apache
2491:"Explore Census Data"
2011:Truth or Consequences
1976:Plains of San Agustin
1769:Big Hatchet Mountains
1503:proper, Chiricaguis,
1425:in Arizona, north of
1400:
1388:
1380:
1369:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1225:
1178:border. Jeffords and
1099:, his brother-in-law
746:
737:Further information:
655:Indians, such as the
569:(n'dee biyat'i) is a
519:Nde, Ne, Néndé, Héndé
510:("Southern People").
424:Apaches de Chiricahui
251:Related ethnic groups
4309:Chiricahua Mountains
3074:Debo, Angie. (1976)
3050:William B. Griffen:
2722:Arizona and the West
2271:Sierra de los Alisos
2136:Sierre Madre Apaches
2048:Santa Rita del Cobre
2046:and the vicinity of
1879:in the West and the
1807:San Bernardino River
1800:southern local group
1790:and eastward in the
1780:Peloncillo Mountains
1745:Chiricahua Mountains
1670:in the north to the
1419:Chiricahua Mountains
1235:Chiricahua Mountains
1176:New Mexico Territory
1021:Santa Rita del Cobre
1017:Coppermine Mimbreños
998:New Mexico Territory
906:Carrizaleño / Janero
30:For other uses, see
2867:Roberts pp. 223–24.
2857:. 28 November 2016.
2515:on 26 November 2015
2381:Dahteste (Tahdeste)
2275:Sierra Nacori Chico
2204:New Mexico Bootheel
2158:Casas Grandes River
2060:Copper Mine Apaches
2040:Big Burro Mountains
2032:Santa Lucia Springs
1978:, and from today's
1877:San Francisco River
1727:Cochise (Kùù'chish)
1668:San Francisco River
1441:(formerly known as
1293:Fort Sill, Oklahoma
1150:, with the help of
720:John Gregory Bourke
605:: Tsokanende), the
567:Chiricahua language
404:Ruidoso, New Mexico
44:
4242:Tonto Apache Tribe
3453:Indigenous peoples
3395:, official website
3389:, official website
3030:Edwin R. Sweeney.
2876:Thrapp pp. 366–67.
2316:of the Mescalero.
2279:Apache Pine forest
1889:Mogollon Mountains
1885:Tularosa Mountains
1873:Bedonkohe Ndendahe
1837:Sierra de los Ajos
1798:in SW New Mexico,
1782:(called by Apache
1687:Huachuca Mountains
1672:Mogollon Mountains
1593:Bedonkohe Ndendahe
1499:, Cochise Apache,
1406:
1395:
1383:
1375:
1364:
1346:
1334:
1231:
958:American Southwest
749:
477:Ha’ishu Na gukande
396:Deming, New Mexico
40:
4286:
4285:
4104:
4103:
3665:
3664:
3060:978-0-8061-3084-2
3040:978-0-8061-3063-7
3003:978-0-8061-3843-5
2983:978-0-8061-2606-7
2751:Roberts pp. 21–29
2612:978-0-8263-4327-7
2353:, elected in 1976
2310:Dzilthdaklizhéndé
2267:Sierra Huachinera
2178:Dzilthdaklizhénde
2172:they were called
2098:Florida Mountains
2094:Pyramid Mountains
2079:Mimbres Mountains
2044:Pyramid Mountains
1972:Socorro Mountains
1869:Bi-da-a-naka-enda
1839:northeast of the
1819:Sierra Pitaycachi
1752:Dragoon Mountains
1550:Chiricahua proper
1344:), in native garb
1247:Dragoon Mountains
1168:Arizona Territory
1146:In 1872, General
626:Apachean language
466:San Carlos Apache
359:and Southeastern
282:
281:
16:(Redirected from
4351:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4108:
4107:
3920:Chichimeca Jonaz
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3614:
3606:Ancestral Pueblo
3451:
3450:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3127:Opler, Morris E.
3062:
3048:
3042:
3028:
3022:
3011:
3005:
2991:
2985:
2971:
2965:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:"Tribal History"
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2829:Internet Archive
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2767:Internet Archive
2758:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2598:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2411:Mangas Coloradas
2347:Mildred Cleghorn
2250:, likely called
2232:Lake Santa Maria
2154:Sierra del Tigre
2064:Mangas Coloradas
1982:east toward the
1893:Mogollon Apaches
1796:Animas Mountains
1788:Guadalupe Canyon
1717:, also known as
1676:San Simon Valley
1361:
1229:entrance roadway
1148:Oliver O. Howard
1089:Mangas Coloradas
1068:Mangas Coloradas
1048:Gadsden Purchase
1033:Mangas Coloradas
912:and, after him,
870:Mangas Coloradas
482:Mescalero Apache
446:, including the
388:Apache, Oklahoma
342:Native Americans
333:
329:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
269:Mescalero Apache
261:Jicarilla Apache
205:
203:
202:
193:
191:
190:
181:
179:
178:
168:
166:
165:
136:
134:
133:
124:
122:
121:
110:
108:
107:
88:Total population
52:
45:
39:
21:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4256:
4198:
4140:
4135:
4105:
4100:
3989:
3903:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3701:
3696:
3666:
3661:
3649:
3610:
3594:
3521:Southern Paiute
3459:
3445:
3443:
3383:
3378:
3121:
3119:Further reading
3071:
3066:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3012:
3008:
2992:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2898:Debo pp. 447–48
2897:
2893:
2885:Salopek, Paul,
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2715:
2711:Roberts: p. 36.
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:Thrapp, p. 366.
2644:
2640:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2599:
2586:
2582:Debo, pp. 9–13.
2581:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2462:
2322:
2208:Mexican Plateau
2182:Dził Dklishende
2150:Sierra San Luis
2118:(also known as
2085:, hence called
2005:as well as the
1936:(also known as
1815:Batepito Valley
1811:Sierra San Luis
1691:San Pedro River
1643:(also known as
1603:Nednhi Ndendahe
1454:Morris E. Opler
1355:
1332:in Pennsylvania
1322:
1291:, and later to
1200:mountain people
1164:Executive Order
1152:Thomas Jeffords
1029:Juan José Compá
994:
966:
956:control of the
954:U.S. government
918:Coleto Amarillo
862:Juan José Compa
770:
758:Rocky Mountains
754:
752:Great Migration
741:
735:
705:
685:
595:
563:
513:The Chiricahua
416:
390:, with a small
386:, located near
349:Southern Plains
337:) is a band of
331:
327:
292:
288:
200:
198:
188:
186:
176:
174:
172:
163:
161:
131:
129:
119:
117:
115:
105:
103:
83:
42:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4096:Western Apache
4093:
4091:Tohono Oʼodham
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:Western Apache
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3558:Akimel O'odham
3555:
3553:Tohono Oʼodham
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3381:External links
3379:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3280:
3265:
3258:
3247:
3236:
3225:
3214:
3199:
3188:
3181:
3170:
3159:
3152:
3134:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3101:
3087:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3043:
3023:
3015:Cañada Alamosa
3006:
2986:
2966:
2942:
2921:
2900:
2891:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:"Tom Jeffords"
2842:
2815:
2806:
2780:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2654:Thrapp pp. 6–8
2647:
2638:
2618:
2611:
2584:
2575:
2561:
2548:10.2307/410317
2526:
2496:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2344:
2321:
2318:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2255:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2200:
2197:Dzil-da-na-tal
2189:
2174:Janeros Apache
2124:Bronco Apaches
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2071:
2025:Western Apache
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:Cuchillo Negro
1999:Cañada Alamosa
1991:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1897:Gila Mountains
1850:
1849:
1848:
1833:
1826:
1803:
1776:
1765:Little Hatchet
1757:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1735:Cochise Apache
1715:Mule Mountains
1683:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1508:
1486:
1443:Paso del Norte
1403:Frank Rinehart
1321:
1318:
1196:Orizoba Spence
1037:Cuchillo Negro
993:
990:
965:
962:
936:, and finally
874:Cuchillo Negro
816:, and finally
810:Miguel Narbona
782:Pisago Cabezón
769:
766:
762:Jack D. Forbes
753:
750:
734:
731:
704:
701:
684:
681:
594:
591:
579:Western Apache
562:
559:
456:Western Apache
454:groups of the
415:
412:
280:
279:
273:Western Apache
253:
252:
248:
247:
236:
235:
231:
230:
216:
215:
211:
210:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
100:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
60:Western Apache
53:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4356:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Apache tribes
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4138:Apache people
4132:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3812:Mexico portal
3802:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:0-8032-8602-3
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:Primitive Man
3248:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3235:(3–4), 81–92.
3234:
3230:
3229:Primitive Man
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:0-8032-8610-4
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:0-404-15783-1
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:Hoijer, Harry
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:0-8061-1286-7
3110:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:0-8061-1828-8
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2963:transcription
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2813:Thrapp p. 168
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2742:Roberts p. 35
2739:
2733:Roberts p. 37
2730:
2723:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2299:, a southern
2298:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:Casas Grandes
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:Mimbres River
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1845:Bavispe River
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Animas Valley
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1452:According to
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:Ciudad Juárez
1436:
1432:
1431:Ciudad Madera
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:Bronco Apache
1298:
1297:Nameless Ones
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Willcox Playa
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Indian Agents
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Ulysses Grant
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Bascom Affair
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Soldado Fiero
1006:
1001:
999:
989:
985:
981:
979:
975:
971:
961:
959:
955:
951:
950:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:Soldado Fiero
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:Posito Moraga
787:
783:
779:
775:
765:
763:
759:
745:
740:
730:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
700:
698:
694:
690:
680:
678:
674:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Bering Strait
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:Daadatlijende
544:
540:
539:Indah / N'daa
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
488:
483:
479:
478:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:Based in the
345:
343:
340:
336:
335:
322:
286:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Plains Apache
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
208:
196:
184:
171:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
127:
113:
112:United States
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
77:
76:Plains Apache
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
51:
46:
33:
19:
4261:Other topics
4151:
4066:Motozintleco
4005:
3839:Chontal Maya
3655:
3570:Southern Ute
3565:Tonto Apache
3475:
3294:
3290:(4), 617–34.
3287:
3283:
3268:
3261:
3257:(1–2), 1–14.
3254:
3250:
3246:(4), 125–31.
3243:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3202:
3198:(4), 360–86.
3195:
3191:
3184:
3180:(4), 620–33.
3177:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3140:
3130:
3104:
3099:0-671-702211
3090:
3075:
3051:
3046:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3009:
2994:
2989:
2974:
2969:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2924:
2913:. Retrieved
2903:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2828:
2818:
2809:
2792:
2783:
2766:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2687:. Retrieved
2677:
2672:Thrapp p. 19
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2630:
2621:
2602:
2578:
2564:
2542:(1): 38–41.
2539:
2535:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2508:
2499:
2485:
2323:
2314:Dzithinahndé
2313:
2309:
2305:Aguas Nuevas
2304:
2297:Tsebekinéndé
2296:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2252:Tsebekinéndé
2251:
2248:Carmen River
2223:
2220:Gol-ga-he-ne
2219:
2196:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:Guzmán Basin
2145:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2086:
2083:Cook's Range
2059:
2056:copper mines
2051:
2036:Little Burro
1956:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1909:medicine man
1900:
1892:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1843:, along the
1841:Sonora River
1799:
1783:
1772:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1666:, along the
1652:
1649:Ch'úk'ânéõne
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1583:Tsoka-ne-nde
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1474:Ojo Caliente
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1414:
1407:
1310:
1305:Sierra Madre
1300:
1296:
1283:prison near
1278:
1262:
1258:George Crook
1255:
1253:Apache kin.
1250:
1232:
1214:
1207:Nelson Miles
1204:
1145:
1078:
1066:
1064:
1052:
1045:
1041:James Kirker
1024:
1002:
995:
986:
982:
967:
947:
942:
905:
901:
897:
857:
853:
828:and, later,
821:
777:
773:
771:
768:18th century
755:
728:
723:
711:
710:
706:
688:
686:
676:
672:
668:
665:
653:Great Plains
645:Lipan Apache
630:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
564:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
507:
498:
497:
493:Ch'úk'ânéõde
492:
491:
486:
485:
476:
475:
470:
469:
468:called them
464:, while the
460:
459:
451:
447:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
417:
377:
346:
284:
283:
265:Lipan Apache
240:Christianity
54:Location of
37:Ethnic group
4268:Apache Wars
3620:Basketmaker
3486:Halchidhoma
3169:(1), 65–70.
3069:Cited works
2961:is another
2702:Debo p. 42.
2663:Thrapp p. 7
2519:25 November
2244:Santa Maria
2162:Lake Guzmán
2160:toward the
2146:real Nednhi
2007:Black Range
1767:and in the
1761:Alamo Hueco
1711:Dos Cabezas
1697:, Johnson,
1569:Tchi-he-nde
1545:Warm Spring
1535:Copper Mine
1493:Ch'uuk'anén
1356: [
1353:Ka-e-te-nay
1281:Fort Marion
1266:Fort Marion
1093:Fort McLane
1081:Apache Pass
992:Hostilities
814:Esquinaline
739:Apache Wars
428:Chiricahues
392:reservation
18:Chiricahuas
4299:Chiricahua
4293:Categories
4152:Chiricahua
4006:Chiricahua
3970:Qʼanjobʼal
3950:Mexicanero
3476:Chiricahua
3471:Chemehuevi
2959:Tsokanende
2955:Chukunende
2936:2012-07-16
2915:2013-11-06
2689:2010-03-11
2477:References
2312:) and the
2263:Aros River
1997:along the
1984:Rio Grande
1957:Tih-go-tel
1881:Gila River
1861:Bidankande
1832:in Sonora)
1821:, east of
1784:Dziltilcil
1731:Chishhéõne
1707:Winchester
1664:Gila River
1641:Tsokanende
1637:Chukunende
1615:Chiricahua
1611:Chidikáágu
1511:Ndé'indaaí
1501:Chiricahua
1497:Ch'ók'ánéń
1489:Ch'úk'ánéń
1465:Chííhénee’
1188:Fort Bowie
1162:issued an
914:Mano Mocha
778:Chiricahua
774:Tsokanende
697:Guanajuato
633:Athabaskan
487:Shá'i'áõde
440:Chiricagua
436:Chilecagez
432:Chilicague
420:Chiricagui
406:; and the
357:New Mexico
285:Chiricahua
153:New Mexico
138:New Mexico
41:Chiricahua
4273:Apacheria
4172:Mimbreños
4167:Mescalero
4157:Jicarilla
4061:Mezcalero
4031:Kaqchikel
4021:Ixcatecos
3965:Pima Bajo
3879:Tojolabal
3763:Purépecha
3713:Chinantec
3656:See also:
3612:dwellings
3541:Hopi-Tewa
3491:Havasupai
3262:Southwest
3240:Masterkey
3224:(1), 725.
3129:(1936).
2387:Delgadito
2363:Chihuahua
2301:Mescalero
2240:Chihuahua
2228:presidios
2224:Gul-ga-ki
2003:San Mateo
1968:Magdalena
1934:Tchihende
1865:Bi-dan-ku
1853:Bedonkohe
1823:Fronteras
1817:with the
1813:, in the
1723:Shaiahene
1505:Tcokanene
1479:Mimbreños
1445:) on the
1435:Chihuahua
1427:Magdalena
1340:Goyaałé (
1313:Fort Sill
1213:. He and
1180:John Clum
1125:Delgadito
1113:Pionsenay
1105:Chihuahua
1055:Delgadito
974:Southwest
970:Apacheria
880:, Ponce,
878:Delgadito
854:Tchihende
850:Pionsenay
838:Chihuahua
794:Yrigollen
724:hoddentin
712:Hoddentin
693:Comonfort
619:Bedonkohe
573:from the
461:Ha'i’ą́há
369:Chihuahua
214:Languages
195:Chihuahua
145:Fort Sill
68:Jicarilla
64:Mescalero
4278:Language
4182:Salinero
4001:Awakatek
3975:Qʼeqchiʼ
3955:Ocuiltec
3945:Lacandon
3940:Jakaltek
3935:Guarijio
3889:Wixarika
3874:Tepehuán
3869:Popoluca
3849:Cuicatec
3773:Tlapanec
3768:Rarámuri
3630:Mogollon
3506:Maricopa
3501:Hualapai
2951:Chokonen
2837:34008449
2801:99446141
2775:34008449
2536:Language
2460:See also
2453:Victorio
2341:Geronimo
2193:Guaynopa
2116:Ndendahe
2112:Nde’ndai
2081:and the
1988:Victorio
1930:Chihende
1926:Chihenne
1905:Geronimo
1773:Dzilmora
1703:Pinaleño
1633:Chokonen
1579:Chukunen
1530:Mogollon
1515:Nédnaa'í
1393:in 1916.
1342:Geronimo
1256:General
1211:Geronimo
1135:, young
1121:Victorio
1101:Nahilzay
1071:went to
1059:Victorio
902:Mogollón
898:Ndendahe
886:Victorio
858:Mimbreño
834:Nahilzay
703:Religion
669:Chíhéõde
657:Comanche
647:and the
607:Chihenne
599:Chokonen
561:Language
471:Hák'ą́yé
394:outside
234:Religion
207:Coahuila
126:Oklahoma
4036:Kʼicheʼ
4011:Cochimí
3985:Tepehua
3980:Tacuate
3834:Chatino
3793:Zapotec
3788:Tzotzil
3783:Tzeltal
3778:Totonac
3738:Mazatec
3733:Mazahua
3723:Huastec
3645:Sinagua
3635:Patayan
3625:Hohokam
3585:Yavapai
3548:Oʼodham
3531:Quechan
3481:Cocopah
3457:Arizona
3019:Kegotoi
2632:YouTube
2509:Reuters
2375:Baishan
2369:Cochise
2259:Bavispe
2132:deserts
2034:in the
1980:Quemado
1857:Bidánku
1699:Willcox
1660:Safford
1601:(recte
1599:Ndéndai
1591:(recte
1589:Bidánku
1581:(recte
1567:(recte
1565:Chíhéne
1540:Mimbres
1519:Ne'na'i
1483:Mimbres
1469:Gileños
1461:Chíhéne
1289:Alabama
1270:Florida
1156:Cochise
1097:Cochise
943:Goyaałé
926:Laceres
818:Cochise
733:History
716:cattail
641:Siberia
575:Na-dene
515:autonym
448:Cibecue
361:Arizona
228:Spanish
224:English
74:, Pl –
4204:Tribes
4177:Plains
4076:Paipai
4051:Kumiai
4046:Kiliwa
4041:Kikapú
4016:Cucapá
3925:Chocho
3915:Akatek
3884:Triqui
3829:Amuzgo
3748:Mixtec
3640:Salado
3516:Navajo
3511:Mohave
3275:
3209:
3147:
3111:
3097:
3082:
3058:
3038:
3001:
2981:
2835:
2799:
2773:
2609:
2556:410317
2554:
2447:Ulzana
2441:Tso-ay
2435:Tahzay
2423:Naiche
2417:Massai
2393:Gouyen
2332:, and
2108:Nednhi
1974:, the
1942:copper
1695:Benson
1680:Ulzana
1653:proper
1573:Chinde
1274:Massai
1251:Nednai
1216:Naiche
1174:, and
1137:Mangus
1117:Ulzana
1109:Skinya
1025:pinole
949:Naiche
934:Natiza
930:Felipe
894:Mangus
846:Skinya
842:Ulzana
830:Naiche
826:Tahzay
822:Cheis,
806:Vívora
802:Teboca
798:Tapilá
786:Relles
683:Dances
649:Navajo
617:) and
615:Nednhi
611:Nednai
583:Mexico
523:Hen-de
508:Chíshí
504:Navajo
438:, and
398:; the
382:: the
373:Mexico
365:Sonora
353:Plains
339:Apache
277:Navajo
204:
192:
183:Sonora
180:
170:Mexico
167:
135:
123:
109:
80:Navajo
78:, N –
70:, L –
66:, J –
62:, M –
56:Apache
4192:Tonto
4162:Lipan
4145:Bands
4071:Opata
4056:Lipán
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