Chinese martial arts

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look more aesthetically pleasing. One manifestation of this tendency toward elaboration beyond combat application is the use of lower stances and higher, stretching kicks. These two maneuvers are unrealistic in combat and are used in forms for exercise purposes. Many modern schools have replaced practical defense or offense movements with acrobatic feats that are more spectacular to watch, thereby gaining favor during exhibitions and competitions. This has led to criticisms by traditionalists of the endorsement of the more acrobatic, show-oriented Wushu competition. Historically forms were often performed for entertainment purposes long before the advent of modern Wushu as practitioners have looked for supplementary income by performing on the streets or in theaters. Documentation in ancient literature during the Tang dynasty (618–907) and the

2436:). There are distinctive differences in the training between different groups of the Chinese martial arts regardless of the type of classification. However, few experienced martial artists make a clear distinction between internal and external styles, or subscribe to the idea of northern systems being predominantly kick-based and southern systems relying more heavily on upper-body techniques. Most styles contain both hard and soft elements, regardless of their internal nomenclature. Analyzing the difference in accordance with yin and yang principles, philosophers would assert that the absence of either one would render the practitioner's skills unbalanced or deficient, as yin and yang alone are each only half of a whole. If such differences did once exist, they have since been blurred. 2185: 1907: 2705: 2445: 1305: 4268: 2542:(steps or 步法) are structural postures employed in Chinese martial arts training. They represent the foundation and the form of a fighter's base. Each style has different names and variations for each stance. Stances may be differentiated by foot position, weight distribution, body alignment, etc. Stance training can be practiced statically, the goal of which is to maintain the structure of the stance through a set time period, or dynamically, in which case a series of movements is performed repeatedly. The 2335: 3083: 646: 3027:

year and were then taught staff fighting so that they could protect the monastery. Although wrestling has been a sport in China for centuries, weapons have been an essential part of Chinese wushu since ancient times. If one wants to talk about recent or 'modern' developments in Chinese martial arts (including Shaolin for that matter), it is the over-emphasis on bare hand fighting. During the Northern Song dynasty (976–997 A.D.) when platform fighting is known as

4282: 4248:, a style of street dance consisting of improvised acrobatic moves. The pioneers of this dance credit kung fu as one of its influences. Moves such as the crouching low leg sweep and "up rocking" (standing combat moves) are influenced by choreographed kung-fu fights. The dancers' ability to improvise these moves led way to battles, which were dance competitions between two dancers or crews judged on their creativity, skills, and musicality. In a documentary, 3031:(Title Fights Challenge on Platform) first appeared, these fights were with only swords and staves. Although later, when bare hand fights appeared as well, it was the weapons events that became the most famous. These open-ring competitions had regulations and were organized by government organizations; the public also organized some. The government competitions, held in the capital and prefectures, resulted in appointments for winners, to military posts. 10122: 6705: 10132: 2396:; Chinese martial arts may even be classified according to their province or city. The main perceived difference between northern and southern styles is that the northern styles tend to emphasize fast and powerful kicks, high jumps and generally fluid and rapid movement, while the southern styles focus more on strong arm and hand techniques, and stable, immovable stances and fast footwork. Examples of the northern styles include 2734:) is generally carried out after the student becomes proficient with the basic forms and applications training. The basic theory for weapons training is to consider the weapon as an extension of the body. It has the same requirements for footwork and body coordination as the basics. The process of weapon training proceeds with forms, forms with partners and then applications. Most systems have training methods for each of the 2886:) in Chinese are series of predetermined movements combined so they can be practiced as a continuous set of movements. Forms were originally intended to preserve the lineage of a particular style branch, and were often taught to advanced students selected for that purpose. Forms contained both literal, representative and exercise-oriented forms of applicable techniques that students could extract, test, and train in through 2898:

and stamina, and they teach balance and coordination. Many styles contain forms that use weapons of various lengths and types, using one or two hands. Some styles focus on a certain type of weapon. Forms are meant to be both practical, usable, and applicable as well as to promote fluid motion, meditation, flexibility, balance, and coordination. Students are encouraged to visualize an attacker while training the form.

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competition, and often include more acrobatic jumps and movements added for enhanced visual effect compared to the traditional styles. Those who generally prefer to practice traditional styles, focused less on exhibition, are often referred to as traditionalists. Some traditionalists consider the competition forms of today's Chinese martial arts as too commercialized and losing much of their original values.

2231:, as Communist ideology became more accommodating to alternative viewpoints. In 1979, the State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports created a special task force to reevaluate the teaching and practice of Wushu. In 1986, the Chinese National Research Institute of Wushu was established as the central authority for the research and administration of Wushu activities in the People's Republic of China. 4236:

movies became a hit in America across all backgrounds; however, black audiences maintained the films' popularity well after the general public lost interest. Black youth in New York City were still going from every borough to Times Square every night to watch the latest movies. Amongst these individuals were those coming from the Bronx where, during this time,

2361:, a multitude of distinct styles have been developed, each with its own unique techniques and philosophies. These styles are often categorized into "families" (家; jiā), "schools" (派; pai), or "sects" (門; men). While each style possesses its own characteristics, there are also common themes that thread through different styles. 2795:

resistance to a technique, in order to allow its demonstrative, clean execution. In more resisting drills, fewer rules apply, and students practice how to react and respond. 'Sparring' refers to a more advanced format, which simulates a combat situation while including rules that reduce the chance of serious injury.

2622:, and health. Therefore, meditation, as a part of foundational training, offers Chinese martial arts practitioners a comprehensive approach to cultivating both the internal and external aspects. It assists them in developing various aspects of their body, energy, and mind, thereby enhancing their technical skills. 4059:

References to the concepts and use of Chinese martial arts can be found in popular culture. Historically, the influence of Chinese martial arts can be found in books and in the performance arts specific to Asia. Recently, those influences have extended to the movies and television that targets a much

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When and how applications are taught varies from style to style. Today, many styles begin to teach new students by focusing on exercises in which each student knows a prescribed range of combat and technique to drill on. These drills are often semi-compliant, meaning one student does not offer active

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The diversity of Chinese martial arts reflects the vast array of cultural and regional influences throughout history. From the graceful and flowing movements of Tai Chi to the explosive and acrobatic techniques of Wushu, China's martial arts traditions showcase a vibrant tapestry of physical prowess,

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In 1958, the government established the All-China Wushu Association as an umbrella organization to regulate martial arts training. The Chinese State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports took the lead in creating standardized forms for most of the major arts. During this period, a national Wushu

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were not only sophisticated and effective methods of passing on the fighting knowledge of the older generation, but they were also essential and effective training methods. The relationship between single sets and contact sets is complicated, in that some skills cannot be developed with solo 'sets',

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forms — choreographed fighting sets performed by two or more people. Sparring forms were designed both to acquaint beginning fighters with basic measures and concepts of combat and to serve as performance pieces for the school. Weapons-based sparring forms are especially useful for teaching students

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in 1910 are examples of organizations that promoted a systematic approach for training in Chinese martial arts. A series of provincial and national competitions were organized by the Republican government starting in 1932 to promote Chinese martial arts. In 1936, at the 11th Olympic Games in Berlin,

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The Shaolin style of kung fu is considered one of the earliest organized Chinese martial arts. The oldest documented evidence of Shaolin's involvement in combat dates back to a stele from 728 AD, which records two significant events: the defense of the Shaolin Monastery against bandits around 610 AD

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also served to popularize the Chinese martial arts on television. With 60 episodes over a three-year span, it was one of the first North American TV shows that tried to convey the philosophy and practice in Chinese martial arts. The use of Chinese martial arts techniques can now be found in most TV

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Overall, Chinese martial arts encompass not just physical techniques but a comprehensive system that encompasses philosophy, ethics, medical knowledge, and cultural appreciation. It is this holistic approach that distinguishes Chinese martial arts as not just a means of self-defense but as a way of

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strong nation. As a result, many training manuals (拳譜) were published, a training academy was created, two national examinations were organized and demonstration teams traveled overseas. Numerous martial arts associations were formed throughout China and in various overseas Chinese communities. The

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as well as the turmoil of the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Civil War, Chinese martial arts became more accessible to the general public as many martial artists were encouraged to openly teach their art. At that time, some considered martial arts as a means to promote national pride and build a

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In the 1970s, Bruce Lee was beginning to gain popularity in Hollywood for his martial arts movies. The fact that he was a non-white male who portrayed self-reliance and righteous self-discipline resonated with black audiences and made him an important figure in this community. Around 1973, Kung Fu

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Many traditional Chinese martial artists, as well as practitioners of modern sport combat, have become critical of the perception that forms work is more relevant to the art than sparring and drill application, while most continue to see traditional forms practice within the traditional context—as

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Even though forms in Chinese martial arts are intended to depict realistic martial techniques, the movements are not always identical to how techniques would be applied in combat. Many forms have been elaborated upon, on the one hand, to provide better combat preparedness, and on the other hand to

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For most of its history, Shaolin martial arts was mostly weapon-focused: staves were used to defend the monastery, not bare hands. Even the more recent military exploits of Shaolin during the Ming and Qing dynasties involved weapons. According to some traditions, monks first studied basics for one

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By the early Song period, sets were not so much "individual isolated technique strung together" but rather were composed of techniques and counter technique groupings. It is quite clear that "sets" and "fighting (two-person) sets" have been instrumental in traditional Chinese martial arts for many

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to be one of the most important practices in Chinese martial arts. Traditionally, they played a smaller role in training for combat application and took a back seat to sparring, drilling, and conditioning. Forms gradually build up a practitioner's flexibility, internal and external strength, speed

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arts serve as a vessel for preserving and transmitting cultural values and attitudes. Respect for teachers, dedication, discipline, and perseverance are instilled in practitioners, fostering a sense of community and loyalty within martial arts schools and lineages. Chinese martial arts also often

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References of martial arts practice in Shaolin appear in various literary genres of the late Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, military encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and poetry. However, these sources do not point out any specific style

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In 495 AD, the first Shaolin temple was constructed on Song Mountain in Henan province. The initial Buddhist monk who propagated Buddhism there was an Indian monk named Buddhabhadra, known as Batuo in Chinese. Historical records suggest that Batuo's first Chinese disciples, Huiguang and Sengchou,

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As forms have grown in complexity and quantity over the years, and many forms alone could be practiced for a lifetime, modern styles of Chinese martial arts have developed that concentrate solely on forms, and do not practice application at all. These styles are primarily aimed at exhibition and

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represents the modern development of Lei Tai contests, but with rules in place to reduce the chance of serious injury. Many Chinese martial art schools teach or work within the rule sets of Sanshou, working to incorporate the movements, characteristics, and theory of their style. Chinese martial

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Some styles draw inspiration from animal movements, replicating the agility and power of creatures such as tigers, snakes, or monkeys. Others derive their inspiration from Chinese philosophies, myths, and legends, incorporating their principles and symbolism into their techniques. Certain styles

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Chinese martial arts training consists of the following components: basics, forms, applications and weapons; different styles place varying emphasis on each component. In addition, philosophy, ethics and even medical practice are highly regarded by most Chinese martial arts. A complete training

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Between the 16th and 17th centuries, at least forty sources exist to provide evidence both that monks of Shaolin practiced martial arts, and that martial practice became an integral element of Shaolin monastic life. The earliest appearance of the frequently cited legend concerning

3052:) became very elaborate and 'flowery', many mainly concerned with aesthetics. During this time, some martial arts systems devolved to the point that they became popular forms of martial art storytelling entertainment shows. This created an entire category of martial arts known as 1861:, composed the "Five Animals Play"—tiger, deer, monkey, bear, and bird, around 208 AD. Taoist philosophy and their approach to health and exercise have influenced the Chinese martial arts to a certain extent. Direct reference to Taoist concepts can be found in such styles as the " 2602:, enhancing their responsiveness and physical coordination. Meditation also cultivates the ability for introspection, enabling practitioners to become more keenly aware of their bodily sensations, energy flow, and inner state. Meditation is also closely related to 4139:

is his very own unique style of martial art that uses little to minimum movement but maximizes the effect to his opponents. The influence of Chinese martial art have been widely recognized and have a global appeal in Western cinemas starting off with Bruce Lee.

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were instrumental in the initial burst of Chinese martial arts' popularity in the West in the 1970s. Bruce Lee was the iconic international superstar that popularized Chinese martial arts in the West with his own variation of Chinese martial arts called

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is renowned as a great general who, prior to becoming China's leader, authored extensive treatises on medicine, astrology, and the martial arts. One of his primary adversaries was Chi You, credited as the progenitor of jiao di, a precursor to modern

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According to legend, Chinese martial arts originated before the semi-mythical Xia dynasty over 4,000 years ago. It is said that the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), who ascended to power in 2698 BC, introduced the earliest fighting systems to China. The

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martial artist, film actor, stuntman, action choreographer, director and producer, and a global pop culture icon, widely known for injecting physical comedy into his martial arts performances, and for performing complex stunts in many of his

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in 527 AD. His Chinese disciple, Huike, was likewise a highly skilled martial artist. There are indications that these first three Chinese Shaolin monks—Huiguang, Sengchou, and Huike—may have had a military background prior to embracing

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are recent inventions designed for light props resembling weapons, with safety and drama in mind. The role of this kind of training has degenerated to the point of being useless in a practical sense, and, at best, is just performance.

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refers to any skill that is acquired through learning or practice. It is a compound word composed of the words 功 (gōng) meaning "work", "achievement", or "merit", and 夫 (fū) which is a particle or nominal suffix with diverse meanings.

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system that included standard forms, teaching curriculum, and instructor grading was established. Wushu was introduced at both the high school and university level. The suppression of traditional teaching was relaxed during the

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regime made an effort to compile an encyclopedic survey of martial arts schools. Since the 1950s, the People's Republic of China has organized Chinese martial arts as an exhibition and full-contact sport under the heading of

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and made it famous. Using Wing Chun as his base and learning from the influences of other martial arts his experience exposed him to, he later developed his own martial arts philosophy that evolved into what is now called

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set. These drills were considered only generic patterns and never meant to be considered inflexible 'tricks'. Students practiced smaller parts/exchanges, individually with opponents switching sides in a continuous flow.

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According to what has been passed on by the older generations, the approximate ratio of contact sets to single sets was approximately 1:3. In other words, about 30% of the 'sets' practiced at Shaolin were contact sets,

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have continued the appeal of movies of this genre. Jackie Chan successfully brought in a sense of humour in his fighting style in his movies. Martial arts films from China are often referred to as "kung fu movies"

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Forms practice is mostly known for teaching combat techniques yet when practicing forms, the practitioner focuses on posture, breathing, and performing the techniques of both right and left sides of the body.

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Another reason why techniques often appear different in forms when contrasted with sparring application is thought by some to come from the concealment of the actual functions of the techniques from outsiders.

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described the breakdancing battle being like an old kung fu movie, "where the one kung fu master says something along the lines of 'hun your kung fu is good, but mine is better,' then a fight erupts."

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Racism and Reverse-Racism: Refusal to teach people of certain races or cultures; or the opposite - the glorification of certain practitioners due to their association with a specific race or culture.

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Nevertheless, not all schools and practitioners are political. That is, as involvement in martial arts politics typically counteracts the principles of Martial Morality, which were detailed earlier.

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In the west, kung fu has become a regular action staple, and makes appearances in many films that would not generally be considered "Martial Arts" films. These films include but are not limited to

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is variously defined as an inner energy or "life force" that is said to animate living beings; as a term for proper skeletal alignment and efficient use of musculature (sometimes also known as

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that originated in Shaolin. These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang period, refer to Shaolin methods of armed combat. These include a skill for which Shaolin monks became famous: the

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or breath, and proper body mechanics, it is impossible for a student to progress in the Chinese martial arts. A common saying concerning basic training in Chinese martial arts is as follows:

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Train both Internal and External. External training includes the hands, the eyes, the body and stances. Internal training includes the heart, the spirit, the mind, breathing and strength.

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at the Battle of Hulao in 621 AD. However, between the 8th and 15th centuries, there are no surviving records that provide concrete proof of Shaolin's involvement in combat activities.

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is a work of fiction, combining aspects of biography, historical fiction, and guide to instruction purportedly from a collection of diaries or papers left by a Kung-Fu Dragon Master.

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martial arts system across southern China in the early 20th century. Gu was known for his expertise in Iron Palm hand conditioning among other Chinese martial art training exercises.

2659:); or as a shorthand for concepts that the martial arts student might not yet be ready to understand in full. These meanings are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The existence of 4117:

and continues to be an example of Chinese culture. Some martial arts movements can be found in Chinese opera and some martial artists can be found as performers in Chinese operas.

2392:). Chinese martial arts can also be categorized by location, as in "northern" and "southern" as well, referring to what part of China the styles originated from, separated by the 5963: 3802:

Ranks and Degrees: Who should receive a certain rank or a degree within a martial art system? People who are said to have been unjustifiably promoted, while others were not.

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approach. As a result of these changing sociological factors within China, both traditional styles and modern Wushu approaches are being promoted by the Chinese government.

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Criminal Activities: The involvement of certain schools with gangs or criminal organizations; a phenomenon which was historically more common than today, but still exists.

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Traditional Chinese Martial Arts are rife with disputes and political intrigue. Some of the common topics for such conflicts involve the following topics, among others:

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hundreds of years—even before the Song dynasty. There are images of two-person weapon training in Chinese stone painting going back at least to the Eastern Han dynasty.

2498:) are a vital part of any martial training, as a student cannot progress to the more advanced stages without them. Basics are usually made up of rudimentary techniques, 2238:(the central sports authority) in 1998. This closure is viewed as an attempt to partially de-politicize organized sports and move Chinese sport policies towards a more 3807:

Religion and spirituality: Disagreements over their roles within martial arts schools, and whether or not they should be extant within a given school or organization.

2930:, an expression introduced only recently with the popularity of modern wushu. This expression refers to "exercise sets" and used in the context of athletics or sport. 4244:, who began creating this new form of music by taking rhythmic breakdowns of songs and looping them. From the new music came a new form of dance known as b-boying or 3006:

and their training methodology have disappeared, especially those concerning weapons. There are several reasons for this. In modern Chinese martial arts, most of the

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were produced from the 1920s. The Kuomintang suppressed wuxia, accusing it of promoting superstition and violent anarchy. Because of this, wuxia came to flourish in

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There are many ideas regarding the control of one's qi energy to such an extent that it can be used for healing oneself or others. Some styles believe in focusing

2606:. Through the concentration and adjustments achieved through meditation, martial arts practitioners can better perceive and direct the internal energy (known as " 7630: 4158:), or "wire-fu" if extensive wire work is performed for special effects, and are still best known as part of the tradition of kung fu theater. (see also: wuxia, 2010:

Most fighting styles that are being practiced as traditional Chinese martial arts today reached their popularity within the 20th century. Some of these include

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of combative techniques. Chinese martial arts techniques are ideally based on efficiency and effectiveness. Application includes non-compliant drills, such as

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The ideas associated with Chinese martial arts changed with the evolution of Chinese society and over time acquired some philosophical bases: Passages in the

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of deed" and "Virtue of mind". Virtue of deed concerns social relations; morality of mind is meant to cultivate the inner harmony between the emotional mind (

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means "law", "way" or "method"), although as a compound term it usually translates as "boxing" or "fighting technique." The name of the Japanese martial art

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Zhongguo da bai ke quan shu zong bian ji wei yuan hui "Zong suo yin" bian ji wei yuan hui, Zhongguo da bai ke quan shu chu ban she bian ji bu bian (1994).

2969:(練), refers to practice; to train; to perfect one's skill; to drill. As well, often one of these terms are also included in the name of fighting sets (雙演; 7777: 7702: 7588: 6061:

The Dancing Word: An Embodied Approach to the Preparation of Performers and the Composition of Performances. (Consciousness, Literature & the Arts)

4162:). The talent of these individuals have broadened Hong Kong's cinematography production and rose to popularity overseas, influencing Western cinemas. 7593: 2468:, and longevity. The holistic approach to training seeks to cultivate both internal and external strength, promoting overall well-being and balance. 1879:

possessed exceptional martial skills. For instance, Sengchou's proficiency with the tin staff is documented in the Chinese Buddhist canon. Following

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vital to both proper combat execution, the Shaolin aesthetic as an art form, as well as upholding the meditative function of the physical art form.

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gained control of the rebellion and tried to use it against the foreign powers. The failure of the rebellion led ten years later to the fall of the

7652: 6358: 1161:. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include 4217:

can be seen training Chinese martial arts in the opening. In 2022, martial arts and action sequences inspired by Hong Kong cinema can be found in

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is considered to be an important component of basic training. Meditation can be used to develop focus, mental clarity and can act as a basis for

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China boasts a rich history of martial arts traditions encompassing numerous styles, totaling in the hundreds. Over the course of the past two

1026: 3942:(1847–1924) was considered a Chinese folk hero during the Republican period. More than one hundred Hong Kong movies were made about his life. 8198: 2219:

as a replacement for independent schools of martial arts. This new competition sport was disassociated from what was seen as the potentially

1991:. When this book spread across East Asia, it had a great influence on the development of martial arts in regions such as Okinawa and Korea. 7856: 7093: 6817: 6013: 5964:

https://chinesemartialstudies.com/2014/01/24/five-thoughts-on-lineage-legitimacy-and-manipulation-in-the-traditional-chinese-martial-arts/

4090:) and a central theme involving martial arts. Wuxia stories can be traced as far back as 2nd and 3rd century BCE, becoming popular by the 3056:. During the Northern Song period, it was noted by historians this type of training had a negative influence on training in the military. 2506:. Basic training may involve simple movements that are performed repeatedly; other examples of basic training are stretching, meditation, 7103: 6477: 2476:

incorporate cultural elements such as music, costumes, and rituals, further deepening the connection to Chinese heritage and traditions.

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became wildly popular, coming to international attention from the 1970s. The genre underwent a drastic decline in the late 1990s as the

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or "martial arts fiction" is a popular genre that emerged in the early 20th century and peaked in popularity during the 1960s to 1980s.

7433: 6812: 6523: 2000: 7772: 7757: 7657: 7514: 7472: 4000:(1940–1973) was a Chinese-American martial artist and actor who was considered an important icon in the 20th century. He practiced 2235: 5094: 4876: 4882: 2203:(1969–1976). Like many other aspects of traditional Chinese life, martial arts were subjected to a radical transformation by the 2460:

integrate traditional medical practices into their training. This includes the understanding of meridians, pressure points, and

8741: 8527: 7678: 7006: 6743: 4320: 2184: 1209: 3140:). This implies that "wu 武" is a defensive use of combat. The term "wushu 武術" meaning "martial arts" goes back as far as the 8379: 7767: 6829: 6807: 6393: 6309: 6195: 6127: 6073: 5860: 5427: 5337: 4829: 4381: 4353: 3268:

monks, often dealt with the study of martial arts not just as a means of self-defense or mental training, but as a system of

5769: 2282:(2000), there has been somewhat of a revival of Chinese-produced wuxia films aimed at an international audience, including 2066:. The increase in the popularity of those styles is a result of the dramatic changes occurring within the Chinese society. 10161: 8861: 8014: 7747: 7244: 6120:

From Kung Fu to Hip Hop: Globalization, Revolution, and Popular Culture (Suny Series, Explorations in Postcolonial Studies)

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was beginning to take form. One of the pioneers responsible for the development of the foundational aspects of hip-hop was

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Lineage: Who belongs or does not belong to a given lineage? Who is entitle to the claim over being a "lineage inheritor"?

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The earliest term for 'martial arts' can be found in the Han History (206 BC – 23 AD) was "military fighting techniques" (

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action series, although the philosophy of Chinese martial arts is seldom portrayed in depth. In the 2006 music video of

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attribute their creation to Yue. However, there is no historical evidence to support the claim he created these styles.

1705:, is another Taoist text that contains principles applicable to martial arts. According to one of the classic texts of 1655:, xiangpu(相扑) contests were sponsored by the imperial courts. The modern concepts of wushu were fully developed by the 1019: 9807: 9661: 9494: 7487: 7464: 7428: 7284: 7279: 7076: 6341: 6162: 6102: 5892: 5803: 5752: 5683: 5658: 5627: 5602: 5577: 5552: 5527: 5502: 5477: 5452: 5389: 5364: 5297: 5272: 5244: 5216: 5185: 5160: 5135: 5075: 5050: 5025: 4969: 4944: 4919: 4859: 4802: 4673: 4621: 4495: 4470: 4441: 4413: 4218: 3174:). The term is found in the second verse of a poem by Yan Yanzhi titled: 皇太子釋奠會作詩 "Huang Taizi Shidian Hui Zuoshi". 9797: 9780: 9775: 9626: 8819: 8455: 8450: 8225: 7762: 7418: 6824: 3960:

who was known for his highly publicized matches with foreigners. His biography was recently portrayed in the movie

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from Cantonese and Mandarin respectively that, in English, are used to refer to Chinese martial arts. However, the

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In contrast, in traditional Chinese martial arts alternative terminologies for the training (練) of 'sets or forms

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wider audience. As a result, Chinese martial arts have spread beyond its ethnic roots and have a global appeal.

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practitioners learn to regulate their breath, relax their bodies, and enter a state of deep focus. This kind of

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Depiction of fighting monks demonstrating their skills to visiting dignitaries (early 19th-century mural in the

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Mroz, Daniel (July 2009). "From Movement to Action: Martial Arts in the Practice of Devised Physical Theatre".

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Generally, there are 21, 18, 12, 9 or 5 drills or 'exchanges/groupings' of attacks and counterattacks, in each

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rose against foreign occupiers and Christian missionaries in China. This uprising is known in the West as the

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The Complete Book of Shaolin: Comprehensive Program for Physical, Emotional, Mental and Spiritual Development

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into a single point when attacking and aim at specific areas of the human body. Such techniques are known as

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Cao, Zhenwen (1994-08-23). "Chapter 13. Chinese Gallant Fiction". In Wu, Dingbo; Murphy, Patrick D. (eds.).

4036:(b. 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director and producer, action choreographer, and world 2838:. The objective for those contests was to knock the opponent from a raised platform by any means necessary. 1906: 9003: 8625: 8620: 8032: 7345: 7291: 7259: 7086: 6546: 5620:

Chinese Fast Wrestling for Fighting: The Art of San Shou Kuai Jiao Throws, Takedowns, & Ground-Fighting

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Qigong for Health & Martial Arts, Second Edition: Exercises and Meditation (Qigong, Health and Healing)

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a group of Chinese martial artists demonstrated their art to an international audience for the first time.

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American Shaolin: Flying Kicks, Buddhist Monks, and the Legend of Iron Crotch: an Odyssey in the New China

2704: 2376:

Chinese martial arts can be split into various categories to differentiate them: For example, "external" (

1610:(206 BC – 8 AD), there was a distinction between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls 9834: 9765: 8532: 8410: 8395: 8002: 7959: 7895: 7878: 7752: 7274: 7021: 6784: 3947: 3023:, and two-person drill training. This ratio is, in part, evidenced by the Qing dynasty mural at Shaolin. 2200: 2199:

Within China, the practice of traditional martial arts was discouraged during the turbulent years of the

2023: 8734: 8047: 7927: 7683: 7637: 7620: 7603: 7350: 7314: 7161: 6736: 6187: 6014:

https://medium.com/@brothernumberthree/rise-and-fall-of-chinese-tongs-in-the-united-states-a8fc28997080

4790: 2300: 2165:

on October 1, 1949. Many well known martial artists chose to escape from the PRC's rule and migrate to

5974: 1825:), deals directly with military warfare but contains ideas that are used in the Chinese martial arts. 9839: 8650: 8242: 8066: 7947: 7900: 7844: 7309: 7254: 6981: 6867: 6794: 5823: 5419: 4717:(2000). "Epigraphy, Buddhist Historiography, and Fighting Monks: The Case of The Shaolin Monastery". 4487: 2181:

communities but eventually they expanded their teachings to include people from other ethnic groups.

2070: 1880: 1620:), for which training manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, then known as juélì ( 1500:

Detailed knowledge about the state and development of Chinese martial arts became available from the

1453:) is another Chinese term for Chinese martial arts. It means "fist method" or "the law of the fist" ( 6452: 2480:

life, promoting personal growth, cultural understanding, and the pursuit of harmony and excellence.

9862: 9078: 8781: 8608: 8237: 8183: 8108: 7784: 7719: 7561: 7544: 7522: 7355: 7330: 7269: 7171: 6924: 6839: 6509: 4305: 4200: 4076:). This type of fiction is based on Chinese concepts of chivalry, a separate martial arts society ( 3245: 3112:) means "martial". Its Chinese character is made of two parts; the first meaning "walk" or "stop" ( 2780: 1547: 1505: 35: 6941: 2135:

was introduced by the Kuomintang in an effort to more closely associate Chinese martial arts with

10135: 9854: 9707: 9286: 8934: 8876: 8829: 8766: 8658: 8440: 8156: 8042: 8037: 7942: 7917: 7861: 7695: 7647: 7482: 7403: 7398: 7340: 7264: 7249: 7108: 6889: 4159: 3562: 2444: 2294: 2266: 2262: 2234:

Changing government policies and attitudes towards sports, in general, led to the closing of the

2047: 2043: 1482: 988: 978: 7063: 6059: 5570:

Combat Techniques of Taiji, Xingyi, and Bagua: Principles and Practices of Internal Martial Arts

2667:

has no basis in the scientific understanding of physics, medicine, biology or human physiology.

9697: 8613: 8420: 8254: 8210: 8188: 7885: 7335: 7239: 7046: 6789: 5722: 4295: 4166: 3911: 2735: 2102: 1924: 6485: 6359:"The Best Action Scene of 2022 Was the Butt-Plug Fight in 'Everything Everywhere All at Once'" 6154: 6148: 5237:

The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health, and Enlightenment

1845:) from as early as 500 BC. In 39–92 AD, "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting", were included in the 9788: 9196: 8866: 8849: 8844: 8771: 8727: 8603: 8598: 8553: 8489: 8400: 8103: 8052: 7990: 7712: 7549: 7537: 7527: 7296: 6929: 6729: 6682: 6034: 5018:

The Party and the Arty in China: The New Politics of Culture (State and Society in East Asia)

4991:. University of California at Los Angeles: University Microfilms International. p. 280. 4700: 3981: 3041: 2691: 2503: 2383: 1324:) have distinct meanings. The Chinese equivalent of the term "Chinese martial arts" would be 1189: 832: 9484: 4479: 1437:), adapted and judged to a set of aesthetic criteria for points developed since 1949 in the 9666: 9504: 9436: 8981: 8976: 8871: 8834: 8806: 8761: 8277: 8137: 7932: 7907: 7834: 7829: 7664: 7556: 7532: 7390: 6872: 4540:

trans. and ed. Zhang Jue (1994), pp. 367–370, cited after Henning (1999) p. 321 and note 8.

4480: 4046:(b. 1974) is a Chinese actor, director, and martial artist. He was a member of the Beijing 3962: 3925: 3865:(late 17th century) was the legendary female founder of many Southern martial arts such as 2078: 1207:), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called 1180: 902: 9393: 6259: 8: 10125: 10089: 9997: 9784: 9550: 9416: 9406: 9201: 9191: 9156: 9121: 8886: 8856: 8824: 8630: 8475: 8369: 8364: 8334: 8292: 8215: 8178: 8098: 8083: 7912: 7873: 7580: 7194: 7098: 6849: 6710: 6667: 5819: 4695: 4287: 2457: 2347: 2136: 1486: 9896: 9826: 9573: 9421: 8839: 8517: 8512: 8497: 8349: 8317: 8312: 8205: 8127: 8115: 8024: 7690: 7610: 7598: 7566: 7221: 7216: 7134: 6834: 6264: 6244: 6228: 6065: 5595:

San Shou Kung Fu Of The Chinese Red Army: Practical Skills And Theory Of Unarmed Combat

5413: 5354: 5091: 4886: 4772: 4764: 4595: 4587: 4519: 4458: 4206: 3907: 3870: 2848: 2339: 2310: 2239: 2157:

Chinese martial arts experienced rapid international dissemination with the end of the

2051: 2019: 611: 603: 431: 423: 244: 236: 9546: 6330: 6095:

Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity

2245:

Chinese martial arts are an integral element of 20th-century Chinese popular culture.

1865:," which uses fighting techniques attributed to the characteristics of each immortal. 1099: 10121: 9687: 9646: 9181: 8993: 8986: 8576: 8568: 8282: 8149: 8120: 8078: 8007: 7964: 7922: 7789: 7729: 7501: 7438: 7300: 7081: 7051: 6877: 6704: 6607: 6420: 6389: 6337: 6305: 6301: 6269: 6236: 6191: 6158: 6144: 6123: 6098: 6069: 5994: 5944: 5916: 5888: 5856: 5849: 5799: 5748: 5679: 5654: 5623: 5598: 5573: 5548: 5523: 5498: 5473: 5448: 5423: 5385: 5360: 5333: 5293: 5268: 5240: 5212: 5181: 5156: 5131: 5071: 5046: 5021: 4992: 4965: 4940: 4915: 4855: 4825: 4821:

Muyedobotongji: The Comprehensive Illustrated Manual of Martial Arts of Ancient Korea

4798: 4756: 4669: 4646: 4617: 4599: 4579: 4523: 4491: 4466: 4437: 4409: 4377: 4349: 4195: 3919: 3741: 3265: 2599: 2565: 2511: 2499: 2369:, while others prioritize competitive aspects, focusing on sparring and tournaments. 2254: 2158: 2105:(Zhongyang Guoshuguan, 中央國術館) established by the National Government in 1928 and the 2092:

The present view of Chinese martial arts is strongly influenced by the events of the

1953: 1901: 1884: 1744: 1584: 1551:(5th century BC), where a hand-to-hand combat theory, one that integrates notions of 1361: 955: 756: 559: 551: 379: 371: 171: 163: 5700: 4776: 4120:

In modern times, Chinese martial arts have spawned the genre of cinema known as the

3710: 2420:. Chinese martial arts can also be divided according to religion, imitative-styles ( 8694: 8687: 8586: 8581: 8507: 8435: 8354: 8269: 8259: 8230: 8166: 8161: 7995: 7969: 7954: 7839: 7817: 7801: 7707: 7156: 7146: 6986: 6779: 6764: 6756: 6220: 6168: 6079: 4988:

Marginality and the Hero's Art: Martial artists in Hong Kong and Guangzhou (Canton)

4819: 4748: 4571: 4549: 4253: 3915: 2864: 2288: 2178: 1883:, another Indian monk named Bodhidharma, also known as Damo in Chinese, arrived at 1575: 1339: 1289: 1094: 1062: 761: 741: 486: 306: 283: 98: 3928:(late 19th century) was a group of ten of the top Chinese martial arts masters in 9802: 9341: 9301: 9223: 9211: 9176: 8919: 8914: 8302: 8297: 8220: 8171: 8132: 7796: 7378: 7184: 7071: 6602: 6325: 6293: 5773: 5646: 5098: 4986: 4962:

Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China

4562:

Henning, Stanley E. (Fall 1999). "Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts".

4429: 4180: 4043: 2507: 2461: 2074: 1978: 1928: 1862: 1673: 1580: 1163: 809: 537: 357: 149: 6298:

Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western

4113:

is one of the best-known examples. This popular form of drama dates back to the

1386: 1366: 10056: 9747: 9691: 9631: 9588: 9558: 9291: 9186: 9026: 8966: 8954: 8909: 8904: 8703: 8635: 8558: 8405: 8359: 8344: 8339: 8322: 8307: 8093: 7448: 7443: 7373: 6959: 6592: 4912:

Training the Body for China: sports in the moral order of the people's republic

4907: 3936:(1644–1912). Wong Kei-Ying, Wong Fei Hung's father, was a member of this group. 3878: 2812: 2675: 2192:

match. Sanda is a modernized form of Kung Fu and one of the two disciplines of

2132: 2035: 2015: 1942: 1910:

Mural at Shaolin temple from 1830's depicting forearm strikes and reverse kicks

1765: 1592: 1501: 1294: 1272: 1055: 689: 521: 341: 133: 31: 4102:

and provides a major influence for the public perception of the martial arts.

2618:

through deep breathing and visualization exercises to promote bodily balance,

10150: 10011: 9979: 9882: 9682: 9641: 9431: 9326: 9296: 9251: 9206: 9088: 9038: 9031: 8949: 8668: 8415: 8249: 8088: 7890: 7211: 7199: 7041: 6902: 6687: 6654: 6628: 6612: 6597: 6424: 6273: 6240: 6232: 5876: 5844: 5260: 5232: 4760: 4650: 4583: 4527: 4325: 4237: 4188: 4135:. It is a hybrid style of martial art that Bruce Lee practiced and mastered. 4110: 4106: 4047: 4037: 4027: 3939: 3141: 3087: 3077: 2784: 2595: 2539: 2472: 2393: 2258: 2216: 2189: 2148: 1983: 1916: 1515: 1428: 1158: 1139: 1051: 993: 867: 847: 804: 799: 789: 6224: 3984:

taught in the West today were developed and promoted by students of Yip Man.

3906:

during the second half of the 19th century. Yang is known as the founder of

3357: 3354: 3338: 3322: 3306: 3294: 3287:) can be translated as "martial morality" and is constructed from the words 3282: 3279: 2334: 1396: 1374: 9992: 9702: 9656: 9578: 9536: 9499: 9451: 9398: 9306: 9246: 9146: 9083: 9073: 9016: 8750: 8708: 8593: 8465: 8430: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7016: 7011: 7001: 6919: 6914: 6587: 6415: 5405: 4369: 4273: 4245: 4241: 4131: 4121: 4114: 4105:

Martial arts influences can also be found in dance, theater and especially

4095: 4091: 4063: 4050:

team, and started his career as action choreographer and later as an actor.

4006: 3933: 3882: 3848: 2844: 2835: 2591: 2543: 2097: 2082: 1932: 1760: 1706: 1697: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1478: 1172: 983: 950: 794: 723: 493: 313: 253: 105: 5545:

Police Kung Fu: The Personal Combat Handbook of the Taiwan National Police

4575: 3082: 645: 9941: 9608: 9568: 9511: 9321: 9021: 8944: 8287: 7204: 7189: 6996: 6954: 6949: 6897: 6672: 5986: 5409: 4736: 4714: 4214: 4210: 4148: 4012: 3953: 3895: 3888: 3874: 3199:

is also found in a poem by Cheng Shao (1626–1644) from the Ming dynasty.

2981:), match – the character suggests to strike an enemy; and "to break" (破; 2965:

means to train by a pair of combatants opposing each other—the character

2679: 2413: 2283: 2250: 2193: 2110: 1962: 1889: 1850: 1756: 1752: 1688: 1601: 1596: 1357: 935: 887: 882: 852: 842: 814: 784: 6213:

Practice of Devised Physical Theatre, Studies in Theatre and Performance

4591: 1931:

dates to this period. The origin of this legend has been traced to the

1477:

The genesis of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the need for

1433:, an exhibition and full-contact sport of bare-handed and weapon forms ( 1420: 9844: 9598: 9526: 9456: 9426: 9411: 9382: 9370: 9336: 9266: 9161: 9141: 8971: 8460: 7368: 7179: 6907: 6644: 6577: 6501: 5651:

On the Warrior's Path: Philosophy, Fighting, and Martial Arts Mythology

5315:

Wushu basic training (The Chinese Wushu Research Institute book series)

4996: 4768: 4192: 4033: 3987: 3943: 3856: 3852: 2815: 2799: 2771: 2587: 2577: 2453:

system should also provide insight into Chinese attitudes and culture.

2401: 2358: 2220: 2027: 2011: 1974: 1937: 1607: 1534: 1509: 1412: 945: 930: 925: 872: 862: 857: 746: 187: 180: 30:"Kung fu" redirects here. For the generalized meaning of the term, see 6386:

The Kung Fu Diaries: The Life and Times of a Dragon Master (1920–2001)

5991:

The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts

5101:, International Wushu Federation, December 9, 2005 (accessed 01/2007) 4225:

The Kung Fu Diaries: The Life and Times of a Dragon Master (1920–2001)

3216:). During the Song period (c.960) the name changed to "martial arts" ( 2834:). Lèitái were used in public challenge matches first appeared in the 2712:

Most Chinese styles also make use of training in the broad arsenal of

2568:

are examples of stances found in many styles of Chinese martial arts.

10099: 10094: 10084: 10044: 10039: 9974: 9969: 9929: 9924: 9867: 9849: 9651: 9563: 9531: 9489: 9479: 9441: 9316: 9281: 9271: 9171: 9130: 9108: 8961: 8899: 8470: 8425: 7363: 7304: 6662: 5884: 4878:

National Skills: Guoshu Martial arts and the Nanjing State, 1928–1937

4739:(December 2001). "Ming-Period Evidence of Shaolin Martial Practice". 4174: 4125: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3977: 3976:

and the first to teach this style openly. Yip Man was the teacher of

3973: 3929: 3866: 3679: 2824:), which were traditionally contested on a raised platform arena, or 2417: 2397: 2170: 2059: 1633: 1556: 960: 920: 892: 877: 751: 568: 388: 201: 9116: 4752: 2961:(對練), were an essential part of Chinese martial arts for centuries. 9593: 9521: 9469: 9241: 9151: 9098: 9060: 9048: 8924: 8545: 8538: 7851: 5975:

https://www.whitehorsetaichi.com/single-post/racism-in-martial-arts

5415:

Trick or treatment: The undeniable facts about alternative medicine

5204: 3648: 3524: 3410: 2887: 2839: 2788: 2717: 2465: 2427: 2409: 2351: 2305: 2031: 1494: 1390: 1285: 589: 507: 409: 327: 222: 119: 6478:"Kung Fu Influences Aspects of Hip Hop Culture Like Break Dancing" 6142: 3002:. Unfortunately, it appears that most traditional combat oriented 2223:

self-defense aspects and family lineages of Chinese martial arts.

2077:

due to the martial arts and calisthenics practiced by the rebels.

1462: 10069: 10024: 9959: 9909: 9636: 9621: 9616: 9516: 9474: 9376: 9331: 9276: 9136: 9093: 9043: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6721: 6692: 6572: 5178:

Watching Your Back: Chinese Martial Arts and Traditional Medicine

4187:

Martial arts themes can also be found on television networks. A

3903: 3899: 3844: 3787:

Style Supremacy: Claims over whose style "is better" than others.

3617: 3486: 3378:– where both wisdom and emotions are in harmony with each other. 2914:

the extension, range, and technique required to manage a weapon.

2825: 2802: 2791:, which occurs within a variety of contact levels and rule sets. 2767: 2761: 2752:) in addition to specialized instruments specific to the system. 2619: 2514:, or jumping. Without strong and flexible muscles, management of 2405: 2343: 2273: 2063: 2039: 1858: 1842: 1796: 1726: 1722: 1711: 1588: 1545:

The earliest references to Chinese martial arts are found in the

1529: 837: 779: 694: 677: 5445:

The Way Of Qigong: The Art And Science Of Chinese Energy Healing

5382:

Meditation & the Martial Arts (Studies in Rel & Culture)

4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 1948: 10079: 10064: 10034: 10019: 9987: 9964: 9949: 9919: 9904: 9877: 9583: 9359: 9311: 9261: 9236: 8719: 8640: 6411:"Why Bruce Lee and kung fu films hit home with black audiences" 5495:

Ancient Chinese Weapons, Second Edition: The Martial Arts Guide

5292:(in Chinese). Shanghai:Xin hua shu dian jing xiao. p. 30. 4144: 4023: 3969: 3892: 3862: 3847:(1103–1142 CE) was a famous Chinese general and patriot of the 3448: 3375: 3371: 3316: 3269: 3264:

Traditional Chinese schools of martial arts, such as the famed

2651: 2634: 2582: 2208: 2166: 2055: 1868: 1854: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1816: 1786: 1692: 1684: 1644: 1490: 1104: 940: 897: 712: 699: 683: 6143:

Denton, Kirk A.; Bruce Fulton; Sharalyn Orbaugh (2003-08-15).

5115:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 155–168. 9780313278082. 3990:(1894–1952) was a Chinese martial artist who disseminated the 3946:, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li have all portrayed his character in 2096:(1912–1949). In the transition period between the fall of the 1687:

text, pertain to the psychology and practice of martial arts.

9712: 9464: 9256: 9231: 6752: 5330:

Fundamentals of High Performance Wushu: Taolu Jumps and Spins

4390: 4310: 4067: 3252:

under the People's Republic of China during the early 1950s.

3044:(960–1279) suggests some sets, (including two + person sets: 2246: 1748: 1702: 1643:, descriptions of sword dances were immortalized in poems by 1466: 1416: 1085: 998: 718: 265: 5881:

Scholar Warrior: An Introduction to the Tao in Everyday Life

4614:

Sports & Games in Ancient China (China Spotlight Series)

4030:

champion of China, later demonstrating his skills in cinema.

2917: 10074: 10029: 9954: 9914: 9166: 9126: 9068: 9011: 8939: 6677: 6582: 6260:"Contender Shores Up Karate's Reputation Among U.F.C. Fans" 4637:

Lao, Cen (April 1997). "The Evolution of T'ai Chi Ch'uan".

4099: 2174: 1074: 4852:

Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey

2365:

place significant emphasis on harnessing and manipulating

5520:

Sword Imperatives—Mastering the Kung Fu and Tai Chi Sword

3797:

Historical Disagreements: Such as the origins of a style.

2131:

meaning "national art"), rather than the colloquial term

1408: 1071: 608: 594: 580: 428: 414: 400: 241: 227: 213: 5040: 5020:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 29. 4408:. Louis Swaine. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. 1895: 192: 9351: 6363: 4663: 4066:

play a prominent role in the literature genre known as

3034: 2641: 1184: 705: 6150:

The Columbia Companion to Modern East Asian Literature

5467: 4482:

Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC–1840 AD

2716:

for conditioning the body as well as coordination and

6388:. Leicestershire UK: The Book Guild Ltd. p. ix. 4376:. Chinese University of Michigan Press. p. 309. 4083: 3763: 3756: 3732: 3725: 3701: 3694: 3670: 3663: 3639: 3632: 3584: 3577: 3553: 3546: 3515: 3508: 3477: 3470: 3439: 3432: 3363: 3344: 3328: 3238: 3224: 3210: 3168: 3134: 3120: 3106: 2940:

lian quan tao (練拳套) – practicing a sequence of fists.

2745: 2727: 2553: 1729:

were part of the "six arts" (simplified Chinese:

1256: 1238: 1220: 1200: 1082: 1068: 556: 542: 526: 512: 498: 376: 362: 346: 332: 318: 168: 154: 138: 124: 110: 5317:. Chinese Wushu Research Institute. ASIN B00070I1FE. 4849: 4616:. China Books & Periodicals Inc. December 1986. 4263: 3230:). In 1928 the name was changed to "national arts" ( 2645:

is encountered in a number of Chinese martial arts.

1493:

practice were important in training ancient Chinese

4098:. This genre is still extremely popular in much of 1941:or "Muscle Change Classic", a text written in 1624 1915:and their subsequent contribution to the defeat of 1079: 1065: 6329: 5848: 2598:helps them to stay present in their movements and 5824:"Kung fu warriors fight for martial art's future" 5721:Fowler, Geoffrey; Juliet Ye (December 14, 2007). 5150: 4343: 3351:). The ultimate goal is reaching "no extremity" ( 3248:was established in Nanjing. The term reverted to 3144:(502–557) in an anthology compiled by Xiao Tong ( 2943:lian quan jiao (練拳腳) – practicing fists and feet. 2798:Competitive sparring disciplines include Chinese 2373:philosophical principles, and cultural heritage. 1579:. This combat system included techniques such as 1427:has also become the name for the modern sport of 10148: 5723:"Kung Fu Monks Don't Get a Kick Out of Fighting" 5517: 5404: 4374:Owning the Olympics: Narratives of the New China 6145:"Chapter 87. Martial-Arts Fiction and Jin Yong" 5720: 5698: 5617: 5209:The Sword Polisher's Record: The Way of Kung-Fu 5125: 5110: 5041:Bin, Wu; Li Xingdong; Yu Gongbao (1995-01-01). 4344:Jamieson, John; Tao, Lin; Shuhua, Zhao (2002). 3873:. She is often considered one of the legendary 2977:), "to struggle with strength for victory" (敵; 2663:as a measurable form of energy as discussed in 1695:author, is believed to have lived in the . The 1626:). Wrestling is also documented in the Shǐ Jì, 4934: 3179:The great man grows the many myriad things ... 2949:dui da (對打) and dui lian (對練) – fighting sets. 2909:performed by a single student. There are also 1481:, hunting techniques and military training in 1183:, religions and legends. Styles that focus on 8735: 8388: 6737: 6517: 5913:Politics and Identity in Chinese Martial Arts 5468:Montaigue, Erle; Wally Simpson (March 1997). 4639:The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan 4543: 4153: 4077: 4071: 3835: 3749: 3718: 3687: 3656: 3625: 3570: 3539: 3532: 3501: 3494: 3463: 3456: 3425: 3418: 3352: 3336: 3320: 3304: 3292: 3277: 3231: 3217: 3203: 3161: 3151: 3145: 3127: 3113: 3099: 2843:artists also compete in non-Chinese or mixed 2829: 2819: 2806: 2739: 2721: 2547: 2493: 2431: 2421: 2387: 2377: 2126: 1873: 1716: 1678: 1621: 1615: 1568: 1448: 1402: 1394: 1380: 1372: 1364: 1263:), is another popular classification method. 1250: 1232: 1214: 1194: 1020: 468: 454: 288: 72: 58: 27:Variety of fighting styles developed in China 6471: 6469: 6257: 5470:The Main Meridians (Encyclopedia Of Dim-Mak) 5290:Zhongguo da bai ke quan shu (中国大百科全书总编辑委員会) 4850:Kennedy, Brian; Elizabeth Guo (2005-11-11). 3891:(1799–1872) was an important teacher of the 2464:, as well as exercises that promote health, 1869:Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 AD) 5701:"Inner Peace? Olympic Sport? A Fight Brews" 5151:Liang, Shou-Yu; Wen-Ching Wu (2006-04-01). 4795:Heiho Okugisho: The Secret of High Strategy 4456: 1666: 1595:attacks. Jiao Di became a sport during the 8742: 8728: 6744: 6730: 6524: 6510: 6024: 5699:Johnson, Ian; Sue Feng (August 20, 2008). 5641: 5639: 5518:Wang, Ju-Rong; Wen-Ching Wu (2006-06-13). 5352: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4747:(2). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 359–413. 4436:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 328. 4428: 2404:. Examples of the southern styles include 2215:promoted the committee-regulated sport of 1179:) mimicry or training methods inspired by 1157:that have developed over the centuries in 1027: 1013: 6466: 6384:Grant, Patrick (2018-04-28). "Foreward". 6324: 5935: 5767: 5618:Liang, Shou-Yu; Tai D. Ngo (1997-04-25). 4883:2000 AAS Annual Meeting, March 9–12, 2000 4512:"Journal of Asian Martial Arts Volume 16" 3910:, as well as transmitting the art to the 2918:Forms in traditional Chinese martial arts 2905:in Chinese martial arts. Most common are 2001:Modern history of East Asian martial arts 6531: 6475: 5796:International Wushu Competition Routines 5770:"Three hidden meanings of Chinese forms" 5742: 5111:Zhang, Wei; Tan Xiujun (1994). "Wushu". 4937:Sport in Asian Society: Past and Present 4906: 3819: 3183:He promotes fully the cultural mandates. 3081: 2946:lian bing qi (練兵器) – practicing weapons. 2703: 2695: 2678:and have principles that are similar to 2614:). They learn to manipulate the flow of 2443: 2333: 2183: 1947: 1905: 1038: 9734: 6092: 5678:. YMAA Publication Center. p. 56. 5645: 5636: 5567: 5359:(2 ed.). YMAA Publication Center. 5175: 5065: 4838: 4789: 4688: 4561: 4346:Kung Fu (I): An Elementary Chinese Text 4337: 4230: 2139:rather than individual accomplishment. 1989:New Book Recording Effective Techniques 14: 10149: 7679:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 6445:"Know Your Hip-Hop History: The B-Boy" 6292: 6153:. Columbia University Press. pp. 6122:. State University of New York Press. 5985: 5793: 5572:. trans. Zhang Yun. Blue Snake Books. 5379: 5199: 5197: 4959: 4935:Mangan, J. A.; Fan Hong (2002-09-29). 4874: 4735: 4713: 4664:Dingbo, Wu; Patrick D. Murphy (1994). 4555: 4504: 4321:Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology 3834:Examples of well-known practitioners ( 3086:Modern forms are used in the sport of 2173:, and other parts of the world. Those 610: 558: 430: 378: 243: 170: 9733: 8794: 8723: 6725: 6505: 6383: 6053: 6051: 5843: 5818: 5442: 5176:Schmieg, Anthony L. (December 2004). 5068:Sport and Physical Education in China 5015: 4477: 4368: 4054: 3181:Breaking away from the military arts, 1896:Shaolin and temple-based martial arts 6408: 6356: 6210: 6117: 6057: 5875: 5673: 5522:. The Way of the Dragon Publishing. 5492: 5380:Raposa, Michael L. (November 2003). 5312: 5231: 5155:. The Way of the Dragon Publishing. 5126:Tianji, Li; Du Xilian (1995-01-01). 5045:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 4984: 4885:. San Diego, CA, USA. Archived from 4689:Padmore, Penelope (September 2004). 4518:. Via Media Pub. Co., original from 4094:and evolving into novel form by the 3877:who survived the destruction of the 3035:Practice forms vs. kung fu in combat 2953:Traditional "sparring" sets, called 2269:was crushed by economic depression. 2142: 2005: 1555:techniques, is mentioned. A combat 1522: 1227:). Geographical associations, as in 8375:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 6184:Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture 6181: 5592: 5259: 5211:(1st ed.). Tuttle Publishing. 5203: 5194: 5113:Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture 4817: 4666:Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture 4636: 4143:Martial artists and actors such as 3259: 2847:, including boxing, kickboxing and 2787:in many internal martial arts, and 2685: 2304:(2006), as well as Su Chao-pin and 1841:that was one of the progenitors to 1831:practitioners have been practicing 24: 8795: 7513: 6751: 6258:Schneiderman, R. M. (2009-05-23). 6048: 5907: 5542: 5327: 5016:Kraus, Richard Curt (2004-04-28). 4964:. University of California Press. 4741:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4465:. Westview Press. pp. 15–16. 4403: 3126:) and the second meaning "lance" ( 1981:and staff techniques in his book, 1403: 1381: 25: 10173: 9662:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program 7670:Political Consultative Conference 4252:, a member of breakdancing group 4219:Everything Everywhere All at Once 4026:(b. 1963) is the five-time sport 2229:Era of Reconstruction (1976–1989) 1994: 1925:Bodhidharma's supposed foundation 10130: 10120: 9627:Historical European martial arts 8749: 8456:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 8451:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 6703: 6476:Friedman, Chris (October 2017). 5798:. Hai Feng Publishing Co., Ltd. 5768:Verstappe, Stefan (2014-09-04). 5384:. University of Virginia Press. 5092:Minutes of the 8th IWUF Congress 4668:. Greenwood Press. p. 156. 4348:. The Chinese University Press. 4280: 4266: 3972:(1893–1972) was a master of the 3932:(Canton) towards the end of the 3826:Category:Chinese martial artists 2854: 1540: 1061: 644: 10131: 8446:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 7643:Political parties and movements 7007:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 6992:Northern and Southern dynasties 6552:Professional wrestling in China 6437: 6402: 6377: 6350: 6318: 6286: 6251: 6204: 6175: 6136: 6111: 6086: 6018: 6007: 5979: 5968: 5957: 5941:Martial Arts Politics Explained 5929: 5901: 5869: 5837: 5812: 5787: 5761: 5736: 5714: 5692: 5667: 5611: 5586: 5561: 5536: 5511: 5493:Yang, Jwing-Ming (1999-06-25). 5486: 5461: 5436: 5398: 5373: 5353:Jwing-Ming, Yang (1998-06-25). 5346: 5321: 5306: 5281: 5253: 5225: 5169: 5144: 5128:A Guide to Chinese Martial Arts 5119: 5104: 5085: 5059: 5034: 5009: 4978: 4953: 4928: 4914:. University of Chicago Press. 4900: 4868: 4811: 4783: 4729: 4707: 4682: 4657: 4630: 4606: 4552:. Chapter 6, Yuèlìng. Line 108. 3956:(1867–1910) was the founder of 3090:, as seen in this staff routine 2901:There are two general types of 1837:(physical exercises similar to 1320: 1171:) physical exercises involving 1119: 609: 595: 581: 429: 415: 401: 266: 242: 228: 214: 193: 6557:Styles of Chinese martial arts 5993:. University of Hawaii Press. 5180:. University of Hawaii Press. 4939:. UK: Routledge. p. 244. 4534: 4450: 4422: 4406:Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan 4362: 3992:Bak Siu Lum (Northern Shaolin) 3750: 3719: 3688: 3657: 3626: 3540: 3533: 3502: 3495: 3464: 3457: 3426: 3419: 2882: 2755: 2576:In many Chinese martial arts, 2548: 2388: 2324:Styles of Chinese martial arts 2279:Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 2153:International Wushu Federation 2071:Righteous and Harmonious Fists 1821: 1812: 1804: 1791: 1782: 1774: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1717: 1679: 1629:Records of the Grand Historian 1457:means "boxing" or "fist", and 1334: 1329: 1266: 1149: 1133: 1109: 656:Styles of Chinese martial arts 557: 543: 527: 513: 499: 469: 455: 377: 363: 347: 333: 319: 289: 169: 155: 139: 125: 111: 73: 59: 13: 1: 6147:. In Joshua S. Mostow (ed.). 6093:Prashad, Vijay (2002-11-18). 4960:Morris, Andrew (2004-09-13). 4818:Kim, Sang H. (January 2001). 4516:Journal of Asian Martial Arts 4486:. Osprey Publishing. p. 4331: 3958:Chin Woo Athletic Association 3246:National Martial Arts Academy 2571: 2426:), and family styles such as 1857:. Also, the noted physician, 1360:". It is formed from the two 7748:Ministry of National Defense 7087:Chinese Communist Revolution 6547:List of Chinese martial arts 6451:. 2017-06-05. Archived from 6357:Yang, Melissa (2022-12-23). 4985:Amos, Daniel Miles (1986) . 4645:(2). Wayfarer Publications. 4316:List of Chinese martial arts 4301:Hard and soft (martial arts) 3830:Category:Wushu practitioners 3612:Yale Cantonese Romanization 3405:Yale Cantonese Romanization 3299:), which means martial, and 2665:traditional Chinese medicine 2625: 2330:List of Chinese martial arts 2211:revolutionary doctrine. The 2188:Two Brazilian fighters in a 2177:started to teach within the 2107:Jing Wu Athletic Association 1050:, commonly referred to with 662:List of Chinese martial arts 638:Chinese martial arts (Wushu) 7: 10162:Sports originating in China 8411:Flowers of the Four Seasons 8396:Four Treasures of the Study 8015:Water supply and sanitation 7743:Central Military Commission 7738:Outline of military history 7488:Province-level subdivisions 6058:Mroz, Daniel (2011-04-29). 5743:Seabrook, Jamie A. (2003). 5622:. YMAA Publication Center. 5497:. YMAA Publication Center. 5130:. Foreign Languages Press. 5066:Riordan, Jim (1999-09-14). 5043:Essentials of Chinese Wushu 4463:A Military History of China 4259: 4084: 3773: 3764: 3757: 3733: 3726: 3702: 3695: 3671: 3664: 3640: 3633: 3585: 3578: 3554: 3547: 3516: 3509: 3478: 3471: 3440: 3433: 3370:) – closely related to the 3364: 3345: 3329: 3239: 3225: 3211: 3169: 3135: 3121: 3107: 2746: 2728: 2554: 2439: 2201:Chinese Cultural Revolution 1733:; traditional Chinese: 1465:is represented by the same 1257: 1239: 1221: 1201: 10: 10178: 7684:Primary stage of socialism 7626:National People's Congress 7094:People's Republic of China 6188:Greenwood Publishing Group 6118:Kato, M. T. (2007-02-08). 5674:Kane, Lawrence A. (2005). 5568:Shengli, Lu (2006-02-09). 5543:Lo, Man Kam (2001-11-01). 5443:Cohen, Kenneth S. (1997). 5420:W. W. Norton & Company 5328:Wu, Raymond (2007-03-20). 4564:China Review International 4478:Peers, C.J. (2006-06-27). 4434:Warfare in Chinese History 4198:of the early 1970s called 3823: 3075: 2973:), "paired practice" (掙勝; 2926:is a shortened version of 2865:Wushu (sport) § Taolu 2862: 2765: 2759: 2720:drills. Weapons training ( 2689: 2632: 2534: 2327: 2321: 2301:Curse of the Golden Flower 2205:People's Republic of China 2163:People's Republic of China 2146: 1998: 1977:included a description of 1899: 1874:Shaolin temple established 1795:), written during the by 1472: 1439:People's Republic of China 1407:), which translates into " 1270: 29: 10116: 10053: 10008: 9938: 9893: 9823: 9744: 9740: 9729: 9675: 9607: 9545: 9450: 9392: 9350: 9222: 9107: 9059: 9002: 8885: 8805: 8801: 8790: 8757: 8681: 8649: 8567: 8488: 8268: 8074: 8065: 8023: 7983: 7825: 7816: 7728: 7579: 7509: 7500: 7463: 7434:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 7389: 7323: 7232: 7170: 7142: 7133: 7062: 6940: 6888: 6848: 6772: 6763: 6701: 6653: 6637: 6621: 6565: 6539: 6409:Hoad, Phil (2012-07-18). 6025:Joel Stein (1999-06-14). 5747:. iUniverse. p. 20. 5593:Hui, Mizhou (July 1996). 4154: 4078: 4072: 3836: 3571: 3569: 3353: 3337: 3321: 3315:deals with two aspects; " 3311:), which means morality. 3305: 3293: 3278: 3232: 3218: 3204: 3162: 3152: 3146: 3128: 3114: 3100: 2877: 2830: 2820: 2807: 2740: 2722: 2494: 2483: 2432: 2422: 2378: 2317: 2127: 1987:, which can translate as 1622: 1616: 1569: 1449: 1434: 1395: 1373: 1365: 1251: 1233: 1215: 1195: 1176: 1168: 1144: 1128: 1098: 623: 602: 588: 574: 567: 550: 536: 520: 506: 492: 485: 480: 476: 462: 448: 443: 422: 408: 394: 387: 370: 356: 340: 326: 312: 305: 300: 296: 282: 277: 259: 252: 235: 221: 207: 200: 186: 179: 162: 148: 132: 118: 104: 97: 92: 88: 80: 66: 52: 48: 43: 8609:Catholic Church in China 7753:People's Liberation Army 7720:One country, two systems 4854:. North Atlantic Books. 4306:Kung fu (disambiguation) 4015:(b. 1954) is the famous 3190:by Yan Yanzhi (384–456) 3071: 2161:and the founding of the 2085:and the creation of the 1667:Philosophical influences 1548:Spring and Autumn Annals 1506:Central Guoshu Institute 1187:manipulation are called 1181:Old Chinese philosophies 1155:multiple fighting styles 450:Traditional Chinese 54:Traditional Chinese 36:Kung fu (disambiguation) 9859:Former official sports 9287:Northern Praying Mantis 8862:Mainland Southeast Asia 8441:Four Pillars of Destiny 8226:Regional discrimination 7648:Chinese Communist Party 6225:10.1386/stap.29.2.161_1 4875:Morris, Andrew (2000). 4160:Hong Kong action cinema 3335:) and the wisdom mind ( 2456:Moreover, many Chinese 2448:Ancient Chinese weapons 2295:House of Flying Daggers 2267:Hong Kong film industry 2263:Hong Kong action cinema 2236:State Sports Commission 2048:Southern Praying Mantis 2044:Northern Praying Mantis 1849:(history of the Former 989:Vietnamese martial arts 979:Hong Kong action cinema 464:Simplified Chinese 68:Simplified Chinese 9698:Professional wrestling 9365:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu 8194:Science and technology 7867:Special economic zones 7119:persecution of Uyghurs 7047:Century of humiliation 6668:Dao (Chinese sword)shu 5826:. London: Times Online 5313:Mark, Bow-Sim (1981). 4404:Fu, Zhongwen (2006) . 4296:Eighteen Arms of Wushu 3840:) throughout history: 3193: 3091: 2998:and, conversely, with 2928:Tao Lu Yun Dong (套路運動) 2736:Eighteen Arms of Wushu 2709: 2701: 2532: 2524: 2500:conditioning exercises 2449: 2354: 2196: 2103:Central Guoshu Academy 1957: 1911: 1573:) is mentioned in the 1044: 827:Historical individuals 34:. For other uses, see 9794:Demonstration sports 8401:Four Great Inventions 7785:People's Armed Police 6683:Nanquan (martial art) 6336:. Tuttle Publishing. 6027:"ТІМЕ 100: Bruce Lee" 5745:Martial Arts Revealed 5725:. Wall Street Journal 5703:. Wall Street Journal 5547:. Tuttle Publishing. 5267:. Cosmos Publishing. 5239:. Tuttle Publishing. 4701:Active Interest Media 4576:10.1353/cri.1999.0020 4457:Graff, David Andrew; 3982:branches of Wing Chun 3820:Notable practitioners 3176: 3150:), (Prince Zhaoming; 3085: 3042:Northern Song dynasty 2893:Today, many consider 2863:Further information: 2707: 2699: 2692:Chinese swordsmanship 2690:Further information: 2528: 2526:Which translates as: 2522:内外相合，外重手眼身法步，内修心神意氣力。 2520: 2447: 2337: 2187: 2147:Further information: 1999:Further information: 1951: 1909: 1504:(1928–1937), as the 1345:In Chinese, the term 1042: 833:Emperor Taizu of Song 10157:Chinese martial arts 10054:Martial arts at the 10009:Martial arts at the 9939:Martial arts at the 9894:Martial arts at the 9874:Invitational sports 9824:Martial arts at the 9745:Martial arts at the 9667:Pencak Silat Harimau 9505:Pencak Silat Harimau 9437:Submission wrestling 9142:Luta Livre esportiva 8380:World Heritage Sites 7908:Foreign aid received 7616:Environmental policy 7414:Environmental policy 7409:Environmental issues 6533:Chinese martial arts 5820:Parry, Richard Lloyd 5794:Shoude, Xie (1999). 4231:Influence on hip hop 4040:tournament medalist. 3926:Ten Tigers of Canton 3609:Pinyin romanization 3402:Pinyin romanization 3396:Traditional Chinese 2079:Empress Dowager Cixi 1973:). The Ming general 1701:, often credited to 1606:record that, by the 1048:Chinese martial arts 903:Ten Tigers of Canton 736:Historical locations 44:Chinese martial arts 9735:International games 9417:Full contact karate 9407:Professional boxing 9122:Brazilian jiu-jitsu 8626:History of religion 8621:Freedom of religion 8476:Four Pests campaign 8421:Four Classic Novels 8033:Automotive industry 7913:Foreign aid program 7604:Pro-democratisation 7099:Cultural Revolution 6711:Portal:Martial arts 6540:Practical grappling 6037:on January 14, 2008 5937:Bluestein, Jonathan 5822:(August 16, 2008). 5070:. Spon Press (UK). 4696:Black Belt Magazine 4430:Van de Ven, Hans J. 4288:Martial arts portal 3596: 3399:Simplified Chinese 3386: 3158:Selected Literature 2458:martial arts styles 2346:being practiced on 2257:, and the genre of 2207:to align them with 2109:(精武體育會) founded by 1809:traditional Chinese 1779:traditional Chinese 1599:(221–207 BC). The 1508:established by the 1487:Hand-to-hand combat 632:Part of a series on 18:Chinese martial art 9897:Pan American Games 9574:Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu 9485:Jieitaikakutōjutsu 9422:Mixed martial arts 8533:Population history 8513:Internal migration 8128:Harmonious Society 8003:Telecommunications 7960:Standard of living 7879:Online advertising 7631:Standing Committee 6566:Practical striking 6449:Throwback Magazine 6265:The New York Times 6245:Taylor and Francis 5097:2007-06-14 at the 4520:Indiana University 4207:Knights of Cydonia 4055:In popular culture 3908:Yang-style tai chi 3871:Fujian White Crane 3594: 3384: 3188:Echoes of the Past 3186:— Translated from 3092: 2849:Mixed martial arts 2710: 2702: 2586:training. Through 2450: 2355: 2311:Reign of Assassins 2197: 2052:Fujian White Crane 1958: 1912: 1801:simplified Chinese 1771:simplified Chinese 1589:joint manipulation 1362:Chinese characters 1045: 915:Modern celebrities 10144: 10143: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10107: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9688:Martial arts film 8717: 8716: 8677: 8676: 8484: 8483: 8061: 8060: 8048:Shipping industry 7812: 7811: 7778:Strategic Support 7653:General Secretary 7638:National security 7621:Foreign relations 7575: 7574: 7496: 7495: 7459: 7458: 7162:Natural disasters 7129: 7128: 7082:Chinese Civil War 7077:Republic of China 7052:Taiping Rebellion 6925:Spring and Autumn 6830:Foreign relations 6719: 6718: 6608:Throw (grappling) 6395:978-1-912362-37-0 6332:Spirit of Shaolin 6311:978-0-8048-1826-1 6302:Tuttle Publishing 6294:Pilato, Herbie J. 6197:978-0-274-94163-6 6129:978-0-7914-6992-7 6075:978-90-420-3330-6 5862:978-1-59240-262-5 5597:. Paladin Press. 5472:. Paladin Press. 5429:978-0-393-33778-5 5339:978-1-4303-1820-0 4831:978-1-880336-53-3 4791:Kansuke, Yamamoto 4383:978-0-472-07032-9 4355:978-962-201-867-9 3922:tai chi families. 3851:. Styles such as 3771: 3770: 3592: 3591: 2255:British Hong Kong 2159:Chinese Civil War 2143:People's Republic 2094:Republican period 2006:Republican period 1954:Shaolin Monastery 1902:Shaolin Monastery 1553:"hard" and "soft" 1535:Chinese wrestling 1523:Legendary origins 1356:literally means " 1308:listen (Mandarin) 1173:All Other Animals 1037: 1036: 956:Zhang Jin (actor) 774:Legendary figures 757:Shaolin Monastery 627: 626: 619: 618: 576:Yale Romanization 487:Standard Mandarin 439: 438: 396:Yale Romanization 307:Standard Mandarin 273: 272: 209:Yale Romanization 99:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 10169: 10134: 10133: 10124: 9742: 9741: 9731: 9730: 8803: 8802: 8792: 8791: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8721: 8720: 8697: 8690: 8587:Tibetan Buddhism 8582:Chinese Buddhism 8436:Four Holy Beasts 8386: 8385: 8238:Social relations 8167:Standard Chinese 8162:Chinese language 8072: 8071: 7857:Economic history 7823: 7822: 7802:Maritime Militia 7511: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7478:Border crossings 7473:Baseline islands 7168: 7167: 7140: 7139: 7104:Tiananmen Square 6987:Sixteen Kingdoms 6795:Military history 6770: 6769: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6707: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6484:. Archived from 6473: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6335: 6326:Carradine, David 6322: 6316: 6315: 6300:(1st ed.). 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6169:Internet Archive 6140: 6134: 6133: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6097:. Beacon Press. 6090: 6084: 6083: 6080:Internet Archive 6055: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6033:. Archived from 6022: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5983: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5883:(1st ed.). 5873: 5867: 5866: 5854: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5772:. Archived from 5765: 5759: 5758: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5647:Bolelli, Daniele 5643: 5634: 5633: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5153:Kung Fu Elements 5148: 5142: 5141: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5102: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4847: 4836: 4835: 4824:. Turtle Press. 4815: 4809: 4808: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4721:. Third Series. 4711: 4705: 4704: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4559: 4553: 4550:Classic of Rites 4547: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4485: 4476: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4432:(October 2000). 4426: 4420: 4419: 4401: 4388: 4387: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4341: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4254:Rock Steady Crew 4157: 4156: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4074: 3839: 3838: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3752: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3721: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3690: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3659: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3628: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3573: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3387: 3383: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3350: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3310: 3309: 3298: 3297: 3286: 3285: 3260:Martial Morality 3242: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3207: 3206: 3172: 3165: 3164: 3156:d. 531), called 3155: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3102: 2884: 2879: 2833: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2810: 2809: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2733: 2725: 2724: 2708:Martial arts fan 2686:Weapons training 2563: 2551: 2550: 2497: 2496: 2435: 2434: 2425: 2424: 2391: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2179:overseas Chinese 2130: 2129: 2087:Chinese Republic 2069:In 1900–01, the 1823: 1814: 1806: 1793: 1784: 1776: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1682: 1681: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1576:Classic of Rites 1572: 1571: 1452: 1451: 1436: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1244: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1178: 1170: 1151: 1146: 1135: 1130: 1121: 1111: 1102: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1029: 1022: 1015: 762:Wudang Mountains 742:Kunlun Mountains 648: 629: 628: 615: 614: 613: 598: 597: 584: 583: 563: 562: 561: 546: 545: 532: 531: 530: 516: 515: 502: 501: 478: 477: 472: 471: 458: 457: 435: 434: 433: 418: 417: 404: 403: 383: 382: 381: 366: 365: 352: 351: 350: 336: 335: 322: 321: 298: 297: 292: 291: 269: 268: 248: 247: 246: 231: 230: 217: 216: 196: 195: 175: 174: 173: 158: 157: 144: 143: 142: 128: 127: 114: 113: 90: 89: 76: 75: 62: 61: 41: 40: 21: 10177: 10176: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10104: 10055: 10049: 10010: 10004: 9940: 9934: 9895: 9889: 9825: 9819: 9748:Summer Olympics 9746: 9736: 9717: 9671: 9603: 9541: 9455: 9446: 9397: 9388: 9346: 9342:Yoshukai Karate 9302:Shaolin kung fu 9218: 9103: 9079:Practice weapon 9055: 8998: 8888: 8881: 8807:Regional origin 8797: 8786: 8753: 8748: 8718: 8713: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8673: 8645: 8563: 8523:Life expectancy 8480: 8384: 8264: 8184:Public holidays 8172:Written Chinese 8157:Intellectualism 8109:Sex trafficking 8057: 8019: 7979: 7808: 7724: 7571: 7562:Nationality law 7545:Law enforcement 7523:Judicial system 7492: 7455: 7429:Nature reserves 7419:Protected areas 7385: 7356:Water resources 7319: 7228: 7166: 7125: 7109:Economic reform 7072:1911 Revolution 7058: 7022:Jin (1115–1234) 6936: 6884: 6844: 6759: 6750: 6720: 6715: 6697: 6649: 6633: 6617: 6603:Shadowless kick 6561: 6535: 6530: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6474: 6467: 6458: 6456: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6429: 6427: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6382: 6378: 6369: 6367: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6291: 6287: 6278: 6276: 6256: 6252: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6190:. p. 237. 6180: 6176: 6165: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6091: 6087: 6076: 6056: 6049: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5842: 5838: 5829: 5827: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5792: 5788: 5779: 5777: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5741: 5737: 5728: 5726: 5719: 5715: 5706: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5676:The Way of Kata 5672: 5668: 5661: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5326: 5322: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5124: 5120: 5109: 5105: 5099:Wayback Machine 5090: 5086: 5078: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4908:Brownell, Susan 4905: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4848: 4839: 4832: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4797:. W.M. Hawley. 4788: 4784: 4753:10.2307/3558572 4734: 4730: 4712: 4708: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4662: 4658: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4473: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4402: 4391: 4384: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4233: 4181:The Transporter 4124:. The films of 4057: 3832: 3822: 3776: 3262: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3080: 3074: 3037: 2920: 2867: 2861: 2774: 2764: 2758: 2714:Chinese weapons 2694: 2688: 2639:The concept of 2637: 2631: 2574: 2537: 2486: 2473:Chinese martial 2462:herbal remedies 2442: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2272:In the wake of 2155: 2145: 2075:Boxer Rebellion 2008: 2003: 1997: 1979:Shaolin kung fu 1929:Shaolin kung fu 1904: 1898: 1876: 1871: 1863:Eight Immortals 1763:(1122–256 BC). 1669: 1543: 1525: 1475: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1275: 1269: 1078: 1064: 1060: 1043:Kung fu in Iran 1033: 1004: 1003: 974: 966: 965: 916: 908: 907: 828: 820: 819: 810:Eight Immortals 775: 767: 766: 737: 729: 728: 673: 658: 538:Tongyong Pinyin 528: 358:Tongyong Pinyin 348: 150:Tongyong Pinyin 140: 81:Literal meaning 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10175: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10128: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10061: 10059: 10057:European Games 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10016: 10014: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9831: 9829: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9803:Pistol dueling 9800: 9792: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9750: 9738: 9737: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9632:Huiyen Lallong 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9589:Shorinji Kempo 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9559:American Kenpo 9555: 9553: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9461: 9459: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9379: 9374: 9367: 9362: 9356: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9292:Russian boxing 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9039:Ranged weapons 9036: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9027:Stick-fighting 9024: 9022:Knife fighting 9014: 9008: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8893: 8891: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8799: 8798: 8796:Classification 8788: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8762:List of styles 8758: 8755: 8754: 8747: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8724: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8573: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8406:Four Gentlemen 8403: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8389:Fours of China 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8208: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8130: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8038:Civil aviation 8035: 8029: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7987: 7985: 7984:Infrastructure 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7938:Semiconductors 7935: 7930: 7920: 7918:Historical GDP 7915: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7854: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7696:Vice President 7688: 7687: 7686: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7640: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7424:National parks 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7404:Climate policy 7401: 7399:Climate change 7395: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7305:Central Plains 7294: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7174: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7152:Extreme points 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6960:Three Kingdoms 6957: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6930:Warring States 6927: 6922: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6790:Historiography 6787: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6593:Punch (combat) 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6499: 6498: 6465: 6436: 6401: 6394: 6376: 6349: 6342: 6328:(1993-01-15). 6317: 6310: 6296:(1993-05-15). 6285: 6250: 6219:(2): 161–172. 6203: 6196: 6174: 6163: 6135: 6128: 6110: 6103: 6085: 6074: 6047: 6017: 6006: 6000:978-0824833497 5999: 5978: 5967: 5956: 5950:979-8335564984 5949: 5928: 5922:978-1138090804 5921: 5900: 5893: 5879:(1990-12-19). 5877:Deng, Ming-dao 5868: 5861: 5845:Polly, Matthew 5836: 5811: 5804: 5786: 5760: 5753: 5735: 5713: 5691: 5684: 5666: 5659: 5653:. Frog Books. 5649:(2003-02-20). 5635: 5628: 5610: 5603: 5585: 5578: 5560: 5553: 5535: 5528: 5510: 5503: 5485: 5478: 5460: 5453: 5447:. Ballantine. 5435: 5428: 5397: 5390: 5372: 5365: 5345: 5338: 5320: 5305: 5298: 5280: 5273: 5263:(2002-05-01). 5261:Kit, Wong Kiew 5252: 5245: 5235:(2002-11-15). 5233:Wong, Kiew Kit 5224: 5217: 5207:(1998-04-15). 5193: 5186: 5168: 5161: 5143: 5136: 5118: 5103: 5084: 5076: 5058: 5051: 5033: 5026: 5008: 4977: 4970: 4952: 4945: 4927: 4920: 4910:(1995-08-01). 4899: 4867: 4860: 4837: 4830: 4810: 4803: 4782: 4728: 4706: 4681: 4674: 4656: 4629: 4622: 4605: 4570:(2): 319–332. 4554: 4542: 4533: 4503: 4496: 4471: 4461:(March 2002). 4449: 4442: 4421: 4414: 4389: 4382: 4361: 4354: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4277: 4261: 4258: 4232: 4229: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4031: 4021: 4010: 3995: 3985: 3967: 3951: 3937: 3923: 3886: 3879:Shaolin Temple 3860: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3261: 3258: 3177: 3073: 3070: 3036: 3033: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2919: 2916: 2880:; pinyin: 2876:(Chinese: 2860: 2853: 2813:folk wrestling 2811:) and Chinese 2779:refers to the 2760:Main article: 2757: 2754: 2748:shíbābānbīngqì 2687: 2684: 2633:Main article: 2630: 2624: 2573: 2570: 2536: 2533: 2485: 2482: 2441: 2438: 2322:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2144: 2141: 2137:national pride 2016:Drunken Boxing 2007: 2004: 1996: 1995:Modern history 1993: 1945:Bodhidharma. 1900:Main article: 1897: 1894: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1766:The Art of War 1737:; pinyin: 1668: 1665: 1653:Yuan dynasties 1636:(ca. 100 BC). 1604:Bibliographies 1593:pressure point 1559:system called 1542: 1539: 1524: 1521: 1502:Nanjing decade 1474: 1471: 1335:zhōngguó wǔshù 1332:; pinyin: 1328:(Chinese: 1326:Zhongguo wushu 1316:Cantonese Yale 1273:Kung fu (term) 1268: 1265: 1115:Cantonese Yale 1052:umbrella terms 1035: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 709: 702: 697: 692: 687: 680: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 659: 650: 649: 641: 640: 634: 633: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 606: 600: 599: 592: 586: 585: 578: 572: 571: 569:Yue: Cantonese 565: 564: 554: 548: 547: 540: 534: 533: 524: 518: 517: 510: 504: 503: 496: 490: 489: 483: 482: 481:Transcriptions 474: 473: 466: 460: 459: 452: 446: 445: 441: 440: 437: 436: 426: 420: 419: 412: 406: 405: 398: 392: 391: 389:Yue: Cantonese 385: 384: 374: 368: 367: 360: 354: 353: 344: 338: 337: 330: 324: 323: 316: 310: 309: 303: 302: 301:Transcriptions 294: 293: 286: 280: 279: 275: 274: 271: 270: 263: 257: 256: 250: 249: 239: 233: 232: 225: 219: 218: 211: 205: 204: 202:Yue: Cantonese 198: 197: 190: 184: 183: 177: 176: 166: 160: 159: 152: 146: 145: 136: 130: 129: 122: 116: 115: 108: 102: 101: 95: 94: 93:Transcriptions 86: 85: 84:"Martial arts" 82: 78: 77: 70: 64: 63: 56: 50: 49: 46: 45: 32:Kung fu (term) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10174: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10137: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10012:African Games 10007: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9937: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9892: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9822: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9728: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9683:Fighting game 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676:Entertainment 9674: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9647:Krabi–krabong 9645: 9643: 9642:Kalaripayattu 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9432:Shootfighting 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9399:combat sports 9395: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9327:Tien Shan Pai 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9252:Choi Kwang-Do 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9089:Pushing hands 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9032:Swordsmanship 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9017:Melee weapons 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8782:Hard and soft 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8740: 8738: 8733: 8731: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8614:Protestantism 8612: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8599:Folk religion 8597: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8503:Ethnic groups 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8416:Four Beauties 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8255:Urban society 8253: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8211:Social issues 8209: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8189:Rural society 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8089:Chinese Dream 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8053:Space program 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7703:State Council 7701: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7589:Civil service 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7195:South Central 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6982:Jin (266–420) 6980: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825:Ethnic groups 6823: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6740: 6735: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Qiang (spear) 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6655:Wushu (sport) 6652: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6629:Sanda (sport) 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6613:Wushu stances 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Pushing hands 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6488:on 2018-02-27 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6455:on 2018-06-16 6454: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6343:0-8048-1828-2 6339: 6334: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6164:0-231-11314-5 6160: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6104:0-8070-5011-3 6100: 6096: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6054: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5960: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5915:. Routledge. 5914: 5910: 5909:Lu, Zhouxiang 5904: 5896: 5894:0-06-250232-8 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5807: 5805:962-238-153-7 5801: 5797: 5790: 5776:on 2014-09-04 5775: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5754:0-595-28247-4 5750: 5746: 5739: 5724: 5717: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5685:1-59439-058-4 5681: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5660:1-58394-066-9 5656: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5629:1-886969-49-3 5625: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5604:0-87364-884-6 5600: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5579:1-58394-145-2 5575: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5554:0-8048-3271-4 5550: 5546: 5539: 5531: 5529:1-889659-25-8 5525: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5504:1-886969-67-1 5500: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5479:1-58160-537-4 5475: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5454:0-345-42109-4 5450: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5406:Ernst, Edzard 5401: 5393: 5391:0-8139-2238-0 5387: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5366:1-886969-57-4 5362: 5358: 5357: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5299:7-5000-0441-9 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5274:983-40879-1-8 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5248: 5246:0-8048-3439-3 5242: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5220: 5218:0-8048-3138-6 5214: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5189: 5187:0-8248-2823-2 5183: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5162:1-889659-32-0 5158: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5137:7-119-01393-9 5133: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5088: 5079: 5077:0-419-24750-5 5073: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5052:7-119-01477-3 5048: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5027:0-7425-2720-4 5023: 5019: 5012: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4981: 4973: 4971:0-520-24084-7 4967: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4946:0-7146-5342-X 4942: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4921:0-226-07646-6 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4889:on 2011-04-04 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4861:1-55643-557-6 4857: 4853: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4804:0-910704-92-9 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4691:"Druken Fist" 4685: 4677: 4675:0-313-27808-3 4671: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4623:0-8351-1534-8 4619: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4497:1-84603-098-6 4493: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4474: 4472:0-8133-3990-1 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459:Higham, Robin 4453: 4445: 4443:90-04-11774-1 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4415:1-58394-152-5 4411: 4407: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370:Price, Monroe 4365: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4326:Wushu (sport) 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4278: 4275: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4111:Beijing opera 4108: 4107:Chinese opera 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980:. Most major 3979: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940:Wong Fei Hung 3938: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3332: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3229: 3227: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3159: 3143: 3142:Liang dynasty 3139: 3137: 3125: 3123: 3111: 3109: 3097: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3078:Wushu (sport) 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3032: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2817: 2814: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2785:Pushing Hands 2782: 2781:practical use 2778: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2700:Kung fu sword 2698: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:concentration 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2471:Furthermore, 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2446: 2437: 2429: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Yangtze River 2385: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:kung fu movie 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2240:market-driven 2237: 2232: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2190:Sanda/Sanshou 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2149:Wushu (sport) 2140: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1984:Jixiao Xinshu 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1943:attributed to 1940: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1917:Wang Shichong 1908: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1890:monastic life 1886: 1882: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853:) written by 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1728: 1727:charioteering 1724: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1675: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1632:, written by 1631: 1630: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1541:Early history 1538: 1536: 1531: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:ancient China 1480: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1310: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159:Greater China 1156: 1152: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1000: 997: 995: 994:Wushu (sport) 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 970: 969: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 912: 911: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 868:Wong Fei-hung 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 848:Dong Haichuan 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 824: 823: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 805:Li Ching-Yuen 803: 801: 800:Yim Wing-chun 798: 796: 793: 791: 790:Zhang Sanfeng 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 714: 710: 708: 707: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 685: 681: 679: 676: 675: 669: 668: 663: 660: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651: 647: 643: 642: 639: 636: 635: 631: 630: 622: 612: 607: 605: 601: 593: 591: 587: 579: 577: 573: 570: 566: 560: 555: 553: 549: 541: 539: 535: 525: 523: 519: 511: 509: 505: 497: 495: 491: 488: 484: 479: 475: 467: 465: 461: 453: 451: 447: 442: 432: 427: 425: 421: 413: 411: 407: 399: 397: 393: 390: 386: 380: 375: 373: 369: 361: 359: 355: 345: 343: 339: 331: 329: 325: 317: 315: 311: 308: 304: 299: 295: 287: 285: 281: 276: 264: 262: 258: 255: 251: 245: 240: 238: 234: 226: 224: 220: 212: 210: 206: 203: 199: 191: 189: 185: 182: 178: 172: 167: 165: 161: 153: 151: 147: 137: 135: 131: 123: 121: 117: 109: 107: 103: 100: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 71: 69: 65: 57: 55: 51: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 9993:Pencak silat 9703:Stage combat 9657:Mardani khel 9579:Jeet Kune Do 9537:Silat Melayu 9500:Pencak silat 9452:Self-defense 9394:Full contact 9381: 9369: 9307:Shoot boxing 9247:Chess boxing 9147:Malla-yuddha 9084:Punching bag 9074:Boxing glove 8931:Leg strikes 8910:Elbow strike 8896:Arm strikes 8814: 8751:Martial arts 8604:Christianity 8594:Confucianism 8554:Urbanization 8490:Demographics 8466:Gang of Four 8431:Four Symbols 8330:Martial arts 8329: 8104:Prostitution 7991:Architecture 7845:Central bank 7713:Vice Premier 7665:United front 7594:Constitution 7550:Penal system 7528:Human rights 7465:Subdivisions 7303: / 7299: / 7222:Southwestern 7217:Northwestern 6920:Western Zhou 6868:Yellow River 6818:1949–present 6709: 6708: 6588:Leopard Blow 6532: 6490:. Retrieved 6486:the original 6481: 6457:. Retrieved 6453:the original 6448: 6439: 6428:. Retrieved 6416:The Guardian 6414: 6404: 6385: 6379: 6368:. Retrieved 6362: 6352: 6331: 6320: 6297: 6288: 6277:. Retrieved 6263: 6253: 6243:– via 6216: 6212: 6206: 6183: 6177: 6167:– via 6149: 6138: 6119: 6113: 6094: 6088: 6078:– via 6060: 6039:. Retrieved 6035:the original 6030: 6020: 6009: 5990: 5987:Shahar, Meir 5981: 5970: 5959: 5940: 5931: 5912: 5903: 5880: 5871: 5850: 5839: 5828:. Retrieved 5814: 5795: 5789: 5778:. Retrieved 5774:the original 5763: 5744: 5738: 5727:. Retrieved 5716: 5705:. Retrieved 5694: 5675: 5669: 5650: 5619: 5613: 5594: 5588: 5569: 5563: 5544: 5538: 5519: 5513: 5494: 5488: 5469: 5463: 5444: 5438: 5414: 5400: 5381: 5375: 5355: 5348: 5332:. Lulu.com. 5329: 5323: 5314: 5308: 5289: 5283: 5264: 5255: 5236: 5227: 5208: 5177: 5171: 5152: 5146: 5127: 5121: 5112: 5106: 5087: 5067: 5061: 5042: 5036: 5017: 5011: 5000:. Retrieved 4987: 4980: 4961: 4955: 4936: 4930: 4911: 4902: 4891:. Retrieved 4887:the original 4877: 4870: 4851: 4820: 4813: 4794: 4785: 4744: 4740: 4737:Shahar, Meir 4731: 4722: 4718: 4715:Shahar, Meir 4709: 4694: 4684: 4665: 4659: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4613: 4608: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4545: 4536: 4522:: 27. 2007. 4515: 4506: 4481: 4462: 4452: 4433: 4424: 4405: 4373: 4364: 4345: 4339: 4274:China portal 4249: 4246:breakdancing 4242:DJ Kool Herc 4234: 4224: 4223: 4199: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4142: 4137:Jeet Kune Do 4136: 4132:Jeet Kune Do 4130: 4122:Kung fu film 4119: 4115:Tang dynasty 4104: 4096:Ming dynasty 4092:Tang dynasty 4085: 4064:Martial arts 4062: 4058: 4007:Jeet Kune Do 3961: 3934:Qing dynasty 3883:Qing dynasty 3849:Song dynasty 3833: 3815: 3777: 3711:Perseverance 3380: 3365: 3346: 3330: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3273: 3263: 3254: 3249: 3237: 3223: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3167: 3157: 3133: 3119: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3048:also called 3045: 3038: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2856: 2845:Combat sport 2836:Song dynasty 2797: 2793: 2776: 2775: 2747: 2729: 2711: 2671: 2669: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2592:martial arts 2581: 2575: 2559: 2555: 2544:Horse stance 2538: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2502:, including 2489: 2487: 2478: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2356: 2309: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2277: 2271: 2244: 2233: 2225: 2198: 2156: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2098:Qing dynasty 2091: 2083:Qing dynasty 2068: 2024:Five Animals 2009: 1988: 1982: 1970: 1969:, Cantonese 1966: 1959: 1936: 1921: 1913: 1881:Buddhabhadra 1877: 1846: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1792:Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ 1790: 1764: 1761:Zhou dynasty 1743:, including 1738: 1710: 1707:Confucianism 1698:Tao Te Ching 1696: 1672: 1670: 1641:Tang dynasty 1638: 1627: 1611: 1600: 1574: 1564: 1560: 1546: 1544: 1526: 1514: 1499: 1479:self-defense 1476: 1469:characters. 1458: 1454: 1444: 1443: 1429: 1424: 1423:". The term 1385:), meaning " 1353: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1333: 1325: 1319: 1299: 1293: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1258: 1246: 1240: 1228: 1222: 1208: 1202: 1188: 1162: 1148: 1138: 1132: 1124: 1118: 1108: 1054: 1047: 1046: 984:Kung fu film 951:Vincent Zhao 795:Fong Sai-yuk 724:Yin and yang 711: 704: 682: 637: 494:Hanyu Pinyin 314:Hanyu Pinyin 254:Southern Min 106:Hanyu Pinyin 9942:Asian Games 9827:World Games 9789:Greco-Roman 9609:Battlefield 9569:Chun Kuk Do 9512:Suffrajitsu 9322:Tang Soo Do 9197:Greco-Roman 8950:Knee strike 8867:Philippines 8370:Variety art 8365:Tea culture 8293:Calligraphy 8278:Archaeology 8138:Food safety 7933:Gold mining 7835:Aquaculture 7830:Agriculture 7790:Coast Guard 7557:Naming laws 7391:Environment 7379:South China 6858:Paleolithic 6850:Prehistoric 6808:before 1912 6673:Gun (staff) 5410:Simon Singh 4725:(2): 15–36. 4215:protagonist 4149:Jackie Chan 4109:, of which 4013:Jackie Chan 3954:Huo Yuanjia 3948:blockbuster 3896:martial art 3889:Yang Luchan 3881:during the 3875:Five Elders 3374:concept of 3244:) when the 3212:bīng jìqiǎo 3054:Hua Fa Wuyi 2975:zheng sheng 2777:Application 2756:Application 2680:acupressure 2414:Choy Li Fut 2298:(2004) and 2284:Zhang Yimou 2251:Wuxia films 2194:Sport Wushu 2111:Huo Yuanjia 2040:Bak Mei Pai 1933:Ming period 1851:Han dynasty 1757:mathematics 1753:calligraphy 1663:dynasties. 1602:Han History 1597:Qin dynasty 1358:martial art 1267:Terminology 1164:Shaolinquan 936:Jackie Chan 888:Wang Ziping 883:Huo Yuanjia 853:Yang Luchan 843:Hong Xiguan 815:Five Elders 785:Bodhidharma 596:gwok3 seot6 10151:Categories 9984:2018 Only 9845:Kickboxing 9599:Qwan Ki Do 9527:To-Shin Do 9457:combatives 9427:Pankration 9412:Kickboxing 9383:Xingyiquan 9371:Baguazhang 9337:Wudangquan 9267:Kickboxing 9162:Shuai jiao 8972:Joint lock 8889:techniques 8631:Irreligion 8528:Statistics 8498:Emigration 8461:Four Wangs 8350:Philosophy 8335:Mass media 8318:Literature 8216:Patriarchy 8179:Propaganda 8099:Corruption 8084:Censorship 7874:E-commerce 7581:Government 7374:East China 7346:Waterfalls 7292:Peninsulas 7260:Grasslands 6645:Shuai jiao 6638:Techniques 6578:Joint lock 6492:2024-02-11 6459:2024-02-11 6430:2024-02-11 6370:2023-02-22 6279:2010-01-30 6041:2008-06-09 5855:. Gotham. 5830:2008-08-22 5780:2019-04-12 5729:2008-08-22 5707:2008-08-22 5002:2011-12-07 4997:B00073D66A 4893:2008-06-04 4719:Asia Major 4332:References 4250:Crazy Legs 4193:TV western 4168:The Matrix 4034:Donnie Yen 3988:Gu Ruzhang 3944:Sammo Hung 3857:Xingyiquan 3853:Eagle Claw 3824:See also: 3076:See also: 2971:shuang yan 2924:taolu (套路) 2907:solo forms 2890:sessions. 2800:kickboxing 2772:Shuai jiao 2766:See also: 2600:techniques 2588:meditation 2578:meditation 2572:Meditation 2566:bow stance 2564:) and the 2402:xingyiquan 2340:Yang style 2328:See also: 2221:subversive 2020:Eagle Claw 2012:Baguazhang 1975:Qi Jiguang 1938:Yijin Jing 1608:Former Han 1510:Kuomintang 1413:discipline 1321:móuh seuht 1271:See also: 1223:wàijiāquán 1203:nèijiāquán 946:Donnie Yen 931:Sammo Hung 926:Bolo Yeung 873:Sun Lutang 863:Wu Quanyou 858:Chan Heung 747:Mount Emei 582:gwok-seuht 522:Wade–Giles 342:Wade–Giles 229:mou5 seot6 215:móuh-seuht 188:Suzhounese 134:Wade–Giles 10100:Wrestling 10095:Taekwondo 10045:Wrestling 10040:Taekwondo 9975:Wrestling 9970:Taekwondo 9930:Wrestling 9925:Taekwondo 9868:Taekwondo 9850:Muay Thai 9785:freestyle 9781:Wrestling 9776:Taekwondo 9652:Krav Maga 9564:Angampora 9532:Wing Chun 9490:Krav Maga 9480:Kajukenbo 9442:Vale Tudo 9317:Taekwondo 9282:Muay Thai 9272:Kun Khmer 9202:Mongolian 9192:freestyle 9172:Wrestling 9131:Para judo 9109:Grappling 8962:Grappling 8900:Chokehold 8830:Indonesia 8518:Languages 8471:Four Olds 8426:Four arts 8313:Libraries 8243:Structure 8206:Sexuality 8143:incidents 8116:Education 8025:Transport 7901:Renewable 7896:Petroleum 7691:President 7658:Politburo 7611:Elections 7599:Democracy 7567:Terrorism 7315:Volcanoes 7297:Northeast 7275:Mountains 7185:Northeast 7135:Geography 7042:High Qing 6863:Neolithic 6835:Dynasties 6813:1912–1949 6804:Economic 6773:Overviews 6663:Changquan 6425:0261-3077 6274:0362-4331 6241:1468-2761 6233:2040-0616 5885:HarperOne 5205:Hsu, Adam 4761:0073-0548 4651:0730-1049 4600:145378249 4584:1069-5834 4528:1057-8358 4175:Kill Bill 4170:franchise 4126:Bruce Lee 4017:Hong Kong 4002:Wing Chun 3998:Bruce Lee 3978:Bruce Lee 3974:Wing Chun 3950:pictures. 3930:Guangdong 3898:known as 3867:Wing Chun 3680:Endurance 3381:Virtues: 3195:The term 3094:The word 3029:Da Laitai 2922:The term 2816:Shuāijiāo 2418:Wing Chun 2398:changquan 2359:millennia 2171:Hong Kong 2117:The term 2060:Wing Chun 1759:) of the 1693:eponymous 1647:. 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