272:(where almost three-quarters of the region's children live) made the least progress of any country in South Asia; just a 27% improvement. In this region, child nutrition is a substantial obstacle; almost 1 in 2 children is underweight. The region's enrolment indicator improved by 59% while its nutrition indicator improved by only 14%. Higher levels of economic growth in the region are not widely translating into reduced child deprivation.
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the three variables on health, education and nutrition. This method of aggregation "presupposes that these variables can be compared with one another", which is however not the case. Indeed, the three units are on different scales and have different ranges, making this method hard to justify in this
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What does the Child
Development Index tell us about how children are faring around the world? Are some countries making good progress in improving child well-being? Is it getting worse in other countries? The Child Development Index answers these questions. The index measures child well-being over
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region made substantial progress in improving child well-being in the 1990s, scoring 6.8 in our index of child deprivation, the lowest of any developing country region. It made the most percentage improvement of any region in the world, reducing child deprivation by 57% over the period, 1990-2006.
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Health: the under-five mortality rate (the probability of dying between birth and five years of age, expressed as a percentage on a scale of 0 to 340 deaths per 1,000 live births). This means that a zero score in this component equals an under-five mortality rate of 0 deaths per 1,000 live births,
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case. He goes on to offer an alternative index using more established methods and finds that while, in general, the results do not vary considerably, some countries shift by up to 18 places in the ranking. The paper was mentioned in the
International Society for Child Indicators'
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Education: the percentage of primary school-age children who are not enrolled in school. For our measure of education deprivation, we use the opposite of the Net
Primary Enrolment rate—i.e., 100—the NER. This gives us the percentage of primary school-age children who are not
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there is considerable variation – between countries, globally and within regions – in terms of the rights, opportunities and wellbeing that children enjoy, with the obvious implication that national political and policy choices matter enormously for children's
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Nutrition: the percentage of under fives who are moderately or severely underweight. The common definition of moderately or severely underweight, which we use here, is being below two standard deviations of the median weight for age of the reference
133:(CDI) is an index combining performance measures specific to children—education, health and nutrition—to produce a score on a scale of 0 to 100. A zero score would be the best. The higher the score, the worse children are faring.
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in the three basic areas of child rights that it measures. On a scale of 0–100, these countries score 2.1, the lowest regional Index score worldwide. There is still some variation between these countries however; for example the
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This improvement was largely driven by reductions in child mortality and increases in primary school enrolment. The region's child mortality rate is now the lowest of any developing region. The region's poorer countries, like
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and a score of 100 equals our upper bound of 340 deaths per 1,000 live births. The upper bound is higher than any country has ever reached; Niger came the closest in the 1990s with 320 under-five deaths per 1,000 live births.
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scores 35 in the Index, reflecting the high level of deprivation in primary schooling, child health and child nutrition. It is also making the slowest progress, improving child well-being by only 20% over 1990–2006.
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has made considerable progress in child well-being in recent years, improving it by 45% over 1990–2006, reducing deprivation to a score of just 8.5; only one other developing region,
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is a particular problem; one in six babies born in Africa will not live to see their fifth birthday. Rich and poor countries worldwide must urgently choose to tackle this problem.
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The indicators which make up the index were chosen because they are easily available, commonly understood, and clearly indicative of child wellbeing. The three indicators are:
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did even better in all 3 of the areas the CDI measures. But, as in other regions of the world, government policy plays an important role in children's lives. For example,
238:, scores better. It has the best level of primary school enrolment and has managed to halve its child mortality rate over 1990–2006. Much of this progress is because of
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has made tremendous progress in increasing people's incomes; nonetheless 417,000 children under the age of 5 years still died in China in 2006 alone. Countries like
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on 10 December 2008. Its focus was on "Holding governments to account for children's wellbeing". The paper was written by Sarah Hague at
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have made substantial improvements. Again, little improvement has been made in reducing child malnutrition in the region as a whole.
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UK in 2008 through the contributions of Terry McKinley, Director of the Centre for
Development Policy and Research at the
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cut child deprivation in half, enrolling more than 90% of primary school children. But some of the poorest children in
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saw almost no improvement at all. And in many countries, the poorest, most isolated groups are being left behind.
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In a note on the index, Achim Wolf, a student at the
University of York, observed that the CDI is obtained by
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is doing poorly, with a large increase in malnutrition over the period. And in several countries, such as
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where child deprivation has increased. In contrast, several large countries such as
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and deprivation in many countries (albeit often hidden from the public spotlight)
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have done incredibly well, while others did spectacularly badly. Countries like
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Overall, child well-being has improved by 34% since 1990, but progress is slow.
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children's wellbeing does not necessarily improve in line with adult wellbeing
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The Child
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income levels are a poor indicator of progress in reducing child deprivation
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has a high level of deprivation, scoring 26.4; this is 3 times worse than
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live in countries suffering from conflict and poor governance; such as
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144:(SOAS), University of London, with support from Katerina Kyrili.
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is in 137th place, with the highest score, 58, in 2000–2006.
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However, progress has been very mixed; some countries in
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136:The Child Development Index was developed by
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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477:"Indian baby Weight and Height Chart"
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