192:
46:
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1240:
971:
1228:
1049:
1115:
191:
1037:
639:
1028:) means a god. Put together, Chenghuangshen was originally the name of a deity or type of deity believed to be able to provide divine protection to a city's physical defenses, particularly its surrounding wall and moat. Later the concept became more generalized, and the meaning extended to the office itself of such a deity, rather than the presumed office-holder (in later times, it was standard to officially appoint the spirit of the government official in charge of the city to a three-year term as City God, upon his decease).
842:
1138:
manual for rituals. The official worship of a City God was a solemn and dignified event, with various ceremonies held inside the temples. The animals and food that were sacrificed to the
Chenghuangshen were carefully inspected by the religious officials to make sure that they were good enough for the
1129:
Chinese culture traditionally maintained a distinction between official religion and popular religion. In official religion, worship of the City God was according to the dictates of written legislation and was to be performed by officials and degree holders. The associated activities were designed to
1105:
to let the ghost-spirits out of their winter quarters; on the 1st of the 7th month, to take census of the ghosts and ensure that they were fed; and on the biggest event of the three, the 1st of the 10th month, to gather together all the spirits, provide them all with winter clothing, and put them in
924:
Beginning over 2000 years ago, the cult of the
Chenghuangshen originally involved worship of a protective deity of a town's walls and moats. Later, the term came to be applied to deified leaders from the town, who serve in authority over the souls of the deceased from that town, and intervene in the
1100:
Over time a large number of City God positions were created by official decrees, along with accompanying temples and images. Of these offices of City God, some might be a low ranking post in charge of a small village; others might be on the level of a whole province. In any case, by the nineteenth
1088:
did, the
Chinese traditionally believed that guardian gods watched over cities. Chenghuangshen are believed to be involved in communal concerns such as the need for rain, and may be involved in personal requests such as recovery from illness. Town residents may appeal to the City God for help in a
1150:
The popular worship of a
Chenghuangshen is much more flexible. People from both rural and urban areas come to pray to him or her, asking for specific favors. The most common favor requested in these prayers is good health. On the City God's birthday the people of the town or city have a great
1096:
it was often debated whether local gods such as the City God held more power than the local officials. There could also be a relation between the City God and the official. The official or magistrate would often turn to the
Chenghuangshen for advice and help in governing the city.
1142:
On the other hand, the City God was liable for punishment if he failed to perform his duties as requested: for example failure on his part to bring rain when properly asked could result in his sacred image being exposed to the burning rays of the sun, or being
1157:) to honor the City God. These ceremonies often draw huge crowds of people and involve theatrical performances, sales of refreshments, fireworks, firecrackers, beating of gongs and drums, and incense burning.
1130:
help legitimize the state in the eyes of the common people and preserve local social status distinctions. The prescribed sacrifices for a
Chenghuangshen are described in the "Auspicious Rites" section of the
1192:. It has undergone many updates and name changes. A new outer wall was built in 1974, giving the feeling of a temple within a temple. The temple is now officially called the Shing Wong Temple. The deities
1089:
natural disaster or other crisis. The City God may also be called upon to help those who are accused of crimes. The accused appear before the god and ask for a sign to help prove their innocence.
1101:
century the duties of the City God generally included accompanying three official processions per year and to perform certain administrative functions for the local spirits of the dead: on the
1685:
982:(1368–1644), showing a city wall and moat combination, a model of city defense which had at this point evolved over many centuries, together with the worship of the City God.
45:
1207:
There is some evidence that, prior to the building of the Fook Tak Tsz in Shau Kei Wan, there was a Shing Wong temple built at the junction of Shing Wong Street and
1020:
730:
921:
who is believed to protect the people and the affairs of the particular village, town or city of great dimension, and the corresponding afterlife location.
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1215:
later stood. However, both buildings have been torn down. There are other temples located in Hong Kong that house the deity Shing Wong, such as the
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872:
440:
1659:
737:
1060:
1808:
1597:
1646:
Religion in
Chinese Society : A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors
1092:
Usually, these patron gods are deified deceased officials. Chenghuangshen are believed to hold an important position in the
1543:
638:
865:
1361:
1281:. Often his images are worshiped and enshrined with other deities in shrines or temples in different cities, such as
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1963:
316:
1678:
516:
1320:
890:
858:
647:
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170:
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17:
1173:
appointed a City God (Shing Wong) for all major cities in mainland China to govern and look after their land.
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1598:"Government of Hong Kong's Antiquities and Monuments Office/Leisure and Cultural Services Department"
1310:
1216:
1048:
567:
1261:(city pillar) of Thai beliefs. He is often less known or worshiped as other guardian gods, such as
1227:
1114:
805:
1188:). It remains there today, at the junction of Shau Kei Wan Main Street East and Kam Wa Street, in
1737:
229:
222:
1757:
1701:
1641:
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affairs of the living, in conjunction with other officials of the hierarchy of divine beings.
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798:
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1006:" (a "defensive rampart"; or, by extension, "walled city") and the second character,
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In 1877 Hong Kong built their first Shing Wong temple, which was originally named
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1988:
1833:
1778:
1408:
Zito, A. R. (1987). "City Gods, Filiality, and
Hegemony in Late Imperial China".
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1546:[Sia Ung Kong Shrine : City Pillar Shrine in Sampheng area].
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2005:
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had no appointed magistrate and therefore no protection of a Shing Wong.
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655:
382:
913:'god of the moat and the walls" or "god of the boundary'), is a
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1983:
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1410:
Modern China: Symposium on
Hegemony and Chinese Folk Ideologies Part II
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1257:
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1421:
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72:
69:
66:
2000:
1927:
1732:
1435:
Johnson, David (1985). "The City-God Cults of T'ang and Sung China".
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1993:
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China: A History of the Laws, Manners and
Customs of the People
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708:
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1081:
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1648:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
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206:
1544:""ศาลเจ้าเซี้ยอึ้งกง : ศาลเจ้าหลักเมืองในย่านสำเพ็ง""
1270:
786:
123:
217:
50:
Statue of the Deity in the Wenao Cheng Huang Temple of
27:
Chinese tutelary deities of cities, towns, and villages
1247:
gods at Lorong Koo Chye Sheng Hong Temple, Singapore.
102:
1574:
Ancestors: 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family
1636:. Washington, D.C.: University of Washington Press.
1231:Sia Ung Gong Shrine, the temple of Chenghuangshen,
1524:
1463:
1389:
1076:dedicated to the local City God in many cities of
1052:Statue of the Deity in the Cheng Huang Temple of
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1080:. Much as the ancient Indians, the ancient
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1809:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
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1434:
14:
2228:
1515:
1428:
1255:, Chenghuangshen is comparable to the
1674:
1571:
1520:. pp. 344–346 – via JSTOR.
1506:
1665:Asian Historical Architecture.(2007)
1640:
1622:
1530:
1469:
1407:
1395:
1294:
1269:. His temples are few, such as in a
1040:Detail of the Cheng Huang Temple of
1634:Colonial Hong Kong and Modern China
1401:
24:
1437:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1243:Altar to Chenghuangshen and other
637:
25:
2257:
1653:
1362:List of City God Temples in China
441:Chinese Folk Temples' Association
1964:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
840:
422:Lineage associations or churches
317:Chinese spiritual world concepts
190:
1627:. New York: Dover Publications.
1204:) are enshrined in the temple.
1147:by the governor or magistrate.
517:Chinese communal deity religion
148:
124:
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1321:Taipei Xia-Hai City God Temple
1201:
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1103:3rd day of the 3rd lunar month
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558:Main philosophical traditions:
538:Chinese mother goddess worship
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13:
1:
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545:Northeast China folk religion
2083:Four Books and Five Classics
1819:Ancestor veneration in China
1804:Unity of Heaven and humanity
1576:. United Kingdom: Pan Books.
1316:Chenghuang Temple of Hsinchu
1200:), Shing Wong, and Ng Tung (
1160:
974:Model reproducing a view of
648:Salvation churches and sects
552:Traditional Chinese Medicine
7:
1667:Retrieved October 26, 2008.
1582:"Chinese Temples Committee"
1488:"Temples of the State Cult"
1331:
1301:City God Temple of Shanghai
1222:
958:("God of Local City"), and
942:is the overlord of all the
932:which themselves are above
731:Indonesian Confucian Church
593:Folk ritual masters' orders
10:
2262:
1565:
1306:City God Temple of Pingyao
1109:
1031:
928:They are considered above
642:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".
510:Chinese ancestral religion
415:Associations of good-doing
296:Chinese gods and immortals
2192:
2096:
2075:
2039:
1951:
1915:
1847:
1794:Confucian ritual religion
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1708:
1516:Huters, Theodore (1988).
1311:Chiayi Cheng Huang Temple
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999:
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117:
110:
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89:
84:
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1106:their winter dwellings.
946:("Lord of Local Land"),
806:Vietnamese folk religion
409:Institutions and temples
1738:Ritual and music system
994:), the first character
965:
1702:Religious Confucianism
1603:. 2004. Archived from
1326:Magong City God Temple
1248:
1236:
1126:
1120:Bangka Lungshan Temple
1069:
1064:The Chenghuangshen of
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1045:
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954:("God of Mountains"),
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620:Devotional traditions:
2029:Temple of Agriculture
1974:Religious goods store
1860:Holy Confucian Church
1814:Chinese folk religion
1763:Worship of the living
1572:Ching, Frank (1988).
1550:(in Thai). 2020-07-17
1287:Wat Mangkon Kamalawat
1242:
1230:
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919:Chinese folk religion
724:Holy Confucian Church
641:
310:Chinese creation myth
183:Chinese folk religion
2062:Confucian coin charm
1632:Pui-tak, L. (2006).
1623:Gray, J. H. (2003).
1014:), literally means "
827:Zhuang folk religion
524:Chinese food therapy
505:Major cultural forms
1959:Temple of Confucius
1721:Sacrifice to Heaven
1492:Columbia University
1283:Four Heavenly Kings
1118:City God statue at
847:Religion portal
813:Qiang folk religion
501:Internal traditions
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1237:
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799:Miao folk religion
716:Confucian churches
673:Maitreya teachings
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587:Ritual traditions:
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2222:
2153:Bluegreen Emperor
2088:Thirteen Classics
1880:Confucian Academy
1865:Xuanyuan teaching
1789:Mandate of Heaven
1295:Prominent temples
911:
883:
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820:Yao folk religion
769:Related religions
614:Chinese shamanism
607:Nuo folk religion
600:Jitong mediumship
390:Jitong mediumship
303:Chinese mythology
163:
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155:
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119:Yale Romanization
91:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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2246:Regional deities
2241:Tutelary deities
2193:Tutelary deities
2024:Beijing Shejitan
2019:Temple of Heaven
2015:Beijing Temples
1969:Ancestral shrine
1885:Confucian Shinto
1855:Confucian church
1784:Chinese theology
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1610:on April 4, 2012
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934:Landlord deities
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861:
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745:Phoenix churches
685:Tianxian miaodao
680:Tiandi teachings
531:Chinese geomancy
434:Ancestral shrine
397:Precious scrolls
289:Chinese theology
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1911:
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1779:Shendao shejiao
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950:("the State"),
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633:Wang Ye worship
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2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Flame Emperor
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:Black Emperor
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:White Emperor
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
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2099:
2095:
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2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
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2048:
2047:Spirit tablet
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
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1848:Organizations
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Son of Heaven
1822:
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1810:
1807:
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1797:
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1606:
1599:
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1549:
1548:Bkknowconnect
1545:
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1299:
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1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1217:Man Mo Temple
1214:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:celebration (
1148:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1125:
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1116:
1107:
1104:
1098:
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1087:
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1062:
1055:
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1038:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
977:
972:
963:
961:
960:landlord gods
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
920:
916:
906:
900:
892:
888:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
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854:
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848:
843:
838:
837:
836:
835:
828:
825:
824:
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811:
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797:
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781:
778:
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772:
766:
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758:
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748:
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736:
735:
732:
729:
728:
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710:
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698:
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665:
662:
659:
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649:
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634:
631:
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627:
624:
623:
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621:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
598:
597:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
582:
581:Other schools
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
561:
560:
559:
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543:
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518:
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511:
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487:
485:
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477:
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472:
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460:
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405:
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388:
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369:
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342:
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327:
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324:
318:
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297:
294:
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219:
216:
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212:
208:
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204:
198:
197:
193:
189:
188:
185:
180:
179:
174:
167:
166:
158:
149:Sîng-hông-sîn
146:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
122:
120:
116:
113:
109:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
83:
79:
74:
71:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:Magong,Taiwan
47:
42:
38:
35:
31:
19:
2236:Chinese gods
2215:Mountain God
2209:
1900:Suika Shinto
1870:Taigu school
1799:Filial piety
1726:Festival Huế
1645:
1633:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1586:. Retrieved
1573:
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1526:
1518:Modern China
1517:
1496:. Retrieved
1491:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1391:
1350:Pun Tao Kong
1291:
1267:Pun Tao Kong
1256:
1250:
1206:
1190:Shau Kei Wan
1182:Fook Tak Tsz
1181:
1179:
1167:Qing dynasty
1164:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1136:Qing dynasty
1131:
1128:
1099:
1091:
1071:
1019:
1007:
995:
987:
986:In the name
985:
980:Ming Dynasty
962:world wide.
955:
938:
927:
923:
902:
886:
884:
757:Taigu school
714:
713:
692:Xia teaching
668:Luo teaching
646:
645:
619:
618:
586:
585:
564:Confucianism
557:
556:
504:
383:Wu shamanism
322:
321:
133:Southern Min
98:Hanyu Pinyin
33:
2165:Red Emperor
2006:Miao shrine
1979:Hero shrine
1938:Kang Youwei
1642:Yang, C. K.
1614:October 27,
1588:October 26,
1498:October 26,
1372:Thành hoàng
1271:small alley
1165:During the
750:Xuanyuanism
697:Xiantiandao
656:De teaching
568:state rites
2230:Categories
2067:Joss paper
2057:Hell money
1984:Myo shrine
1554:2021-02-12
1383:References
1367:Seonangsin
1344:Tu Di Gong
1277:, part of
1258:Lak Mueang
1235:, Bangkok.
1139:City God.
1084:, and the
1072:There are
718:and sects:
661:Jiugongdao
474:Jiuhuangye
341:Wen and wu
2001:Ci shrine
1952:Buildings
1928:Confucius
1890:Taiseikyo
1733:Feng Shan
1644:(1967) .
1531:Yang 1967
1470:Yang 1967
1396:Yang 1967
1279:Chinatown
1175:Hong Kong
1161:Hong Kong
1082:Sumerians
1004:city wall
1002:) means "
956:City Gods
952:Shan Shen
944:Tudigongs
930:Tudigongs
792:Dongbaism
775:Benzhuism
464:Zhongyuan
453:Festivals
371:Feng shui
364:Jingxiang
353:Practices
235:Xian ling
2210:City God
2205:Tudigong
2170:Shennong
2011:Yin miao
1875:Shengdao
1772:Concepts
1753:Marriage
1332:See also
1275:Sampheng
1263:Tudigong
1253:Thailand
1233:Sampheng
1223:Thailand
1211:, where
1194:Tudigong
1066:Shanghai
469:Zhongqiu
459:Qingming
359:Fenxiang
201:Concepts
172:a series
169:Part of
34:City God
2180:Zhurong
2141:Zhuanxu
2129:Shaohao
2109:Shangdi
2097:Deities
2040:Objects
1989:Jongmyo
1905:Onmyōdō
1829:Tianxia
1743:Guan Li
1709:Rituals
1566:Sources
1457:2718969
1377:Dōsojin
1289:, etc.
1171:emperor
1154:miaohui
1110:Worship
1074:temples
1032:History
978:in the
976:Nanjing
891:Chinese
780:Bimoism
626:Mazuism
376:Miaohui
334:Zhenren
266:Baoying
259:Yuanfen
254:Mingyun
242:Yinyang
211:Shangdi
140:Hokkien
60:Chinese
2146:Xuanwu
1994:Munmyo
1916:People
1895:Shusei
1584:. 2008
1494:. 2007
1455:
1422:189310
1420:
1358:(黑白無常)
1338:Hou Tu
1245:Taoism
1169:, the
1134:, the
1124:Taipei
1042:Puning
901::
899:pinyin
893::
709:Qigong
574:Taoism
484:Duanwu
283:Theory
247:Hundun
2158:Fu Xi
2076:Books
1933:Xunzi
1748:Ji Li
1608:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1453:JSTOR
1418:JSTOR
1352:(本頭公)
1346:(土地公)
1078:China
1054:Xi'an
1008:huang
996:cheng
948:Sheji
940:Houtu
2104:Tian
1716:Jesa
1616:2008
1590:2008
1500:2008
1340:(后土)
1021:Shen
1016:moat
966:Name
910:lit.
885:The
489:Nian
479:Qixi
329:Xian
230:Ling
223:Shen
207:Tian
1445:doi
1285:in
1273:in
1251:In
1202:五通神
1186:福德祠
1122:in
1018:".
992:城隍神
895:城隍神
787:Bon
143:POJ
2232::
1508:^
1490:.
1477:^
1451:.
1441:45
1439:.
1414:13
1412:.
1265:,
1219:.
1198:土地
936:.
907:;
897:;
271:Wu
218:Qi
175:on
1694:e
1687:t
1680:v
1618:.
1592:.
1557:.
1502:.
1459:.
1447::
1424:.
1196:(
1184:(
1068:.
1056:.
1044:.
1026:神
1024:(
1012:隍
1010:(
1000:城
998:(
990:(
889:(
874:e
867:t
860:v
650::
570:)
566:(
209:—
73:神
70:隍
67:城
20:)
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