170:
groups that have an ionic charge can usually be dissolved to form ions in either water or another polar solvent. Such a compound or salt is described as an ionic compound with ionic bonds which means that, in effect, all of the electron density of one or more valence electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative group of elements to the more electronegative group of elements. In the case of a non-ionic compound the
21:
state is usually defined as a chemical group, which is a group of several elements bonded together. Material scientists, solid state physicists, analytical chemists, surface scientists and spectroscopists describe or characterize the chemical, physical and/or electronic nature of the surface or the bulk regions of a material as having or existing as one or more chemical states.
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of a chemical element is due to its electronic, chemical and physical properties as it exists in combination with itself or a group of one or more other elements. A chemical state is often defined as an "oxidation state" when referring to metal cations. When referring to organic materials, a chemical
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A functional group is very similar to a chemical species and a chemical group. A chemical group or chemical species exhibits a distinctive reaction behavior or a distinctive spectral signal when analyzed by various spectroscopic methods. These three groupings are often used to describe the groups of
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The chemical state of an element is often confused with its oxidation state. The chemical state of an element or a group of elements that has a non-zero ionic charge, e.g. (1+), (2+), (3+), (1-), (2-) (3-), is defined as the oxidation state of that element or group of elements. Elements or chemical
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The chemical state of a group of elements, can be similar to, but not identical to, the chemical state of another similar group of elements because the two groups have different ratios of the same elements and exhibit different chemical, electronic, and physical properties that can be detected by
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A chemical state can exist on or inside the surface of a solid state material and can often, but not always, be isolated or separated from the other chemical species found on the surface of that material. Surface scientists, spectroscopists, chemical analysts, and material scientists frequently
161:, but few scientists describe those elements as having an oxidation state of zero. On the other hand, many elements, in their pure form, are often described as existing with an oxidation state of zero. This is one of the attributes of nomenclature that has been upheld over the years.
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of the fluorine strongly polarizes the electron density that exists between the carbon and the fluorine, but not enough to produce ions which would allow it to dissolve in the water. The carbon and fluorine in Teflon (PTFE) both have an electronic charge of zero since they form a
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The following list of neutral compounds, anions, cations, functional groups and chemical species is a partial list of the many groups of elements that can exhibit or have a unique "chemical state" while being part of the surface or the bulk of a solid state material.
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describe the chemical nature of the chemical species, functional group, anion, or cation detected on the surface and near the surface of a solid state material as its chemical state.
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152:(PTFE, Teflon). Both contain fluorine, the most electronegative element, but only NaF dissolves in water to form separate ions, Na and F. The
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To understand how a chemical state differs from an oxidation state, anion, or cation, compare sodium fluoride (NaF) to
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have chemical bonds that share the electron density that binds them together. This type of chemical bond is either a
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are non-ionic such meaning the compound will probably not dissolve in water or another polar solvent. Many
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This term or phrase is commonly used when interpreting data from analytical techniques such as:
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Examples of chemical names that describe the chemical state of a group of elements
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C.D. Wagner; W.M. Riggs; L.E. Davis; J.F. Moulder; G.E. Mullenberg (1979).
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545:
Practical
Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
520:
Practical
Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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622:
Handbook of
Monochromatic XPS Spectra - The Elements and Native Oxides
569:"ISO 18115:2001 — Surface Chemical Analysis — Vocabulary"
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set comprises and encompasses these subordinate groups and entities:
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Surface
Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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571:. International Organization for Standardization, TC/201.
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190:elements that exist within an organic molecule.
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605:Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
129:Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
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543:Martin P. Seah; David Briggs (1992).
518:Martin P. Seah; David Briggs (1983).
493:John T. Grant; David Briggs (2003).
75:Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
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547:(2nd ed.). Wiley & Sons.
141:various spectroscopic techniques.
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470:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
123:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
117:Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
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165:Closely related nomenclature
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69:Auger electron spectroscopy
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475:Photoemission spectroscopy
105:Photoemission spectroscopy
101:(NMR, H-NMR, C-NMR, X-NMR)
99:Nuclear magnetic resonance
57:and elemental forms of an
647:B. Vincent Crist (2000).
618:B. Vincent Crist (2000).
238:Inorganic type chlorine
180:non-polar covalent bond
150:polytetrafluoroethylene
584:Cite journal requires
95:(MS, ToF-SIMS, D-SIMS)
235:Organic type chlorine
87:Liquid chromatography
81:Infrared spectroscopy
651:. Wiley & Sons.
626:. Wiley & Sons.
607:. Perkin-Elmer Corp.
522:. Wiley & Sons.
497:. IM Publications.
184:polar covalent bond
176:non-ionic compounds
374:Chalcogenide group
111:Raman spectroscopy
658:978-0-471-49266-5
633:978-0-471-49265-8
554:978-0-471-92082-3
529:978-0-471-26279-4
504:978-1-901019-04-9
293:Organic carbonate
154:electronegativity
93:Mass spectrometry
55:chemical compound
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83:(IR, FT-IR, ATR)
39:functional group
35:chemical species
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386:Organic sulfide
242:Trifluoromethyl
211:Metal hydroxide
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51:oxidation state
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389:Metal selenide
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383:Metal sulfide
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377:Sulfide group
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350:Phosphate ion
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286:Organic ester
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449:Mercuric ion
380:Halide group
365:Chloride ion
362:Fluoride ion
273:Organic acid
269:Alcohol bond
256:Phenyl group
227:Fluoro-ether
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136:Significance
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458:Thallic ion
434:Ferrous ion
401:Nitrate ion
398:Nitrite ion
368:Bromide ion
310:Perchlorate
289:Metal ester
280:Triple bond
277:Double bond
266:Ether Group
125:(XPS, ESCA)
481:References
431:Ferric ion
410:Antimonide
371:Iodide ion
359:Halide ion
316:Sodium ion
221:Inorganic
131:(WDX, WDS)
113:(FT-Raman)
107:(PES, UPS)
89:(LC, HPLC)
77:(EDS, EDX)
678:Chemistry
452:Mercurate
446:Mercurous
425:Tungstate
422:Germanate
404:Phosphide
392:Telluride
327:Magnesium
223:carbonate
217:carbonate
672:Category
464:See also
455:Thallate
416:Silicate
413:Silicide
407:Arsenide
261:Carbonyl
119:(UV-Vis)
25:Overview
443:Rhenate
440:Ferrate
437:Ferride
428:Niobate
419:Gallate
395:Nitride
345:Sulfate
333:Calcium
321:Lithium
304:Cyanide
298:Nitrile
59:element
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250:Benzyl
215:Metal
204:Metal
47:cation
300:group
252:group
206:oxide
182:or a
71:(AES)
43:anion
653:ISBN
628:ISBN
590:help
549:ISBN
524:ISBN
499:ISBN
339:Lead
263:bond
29:The
16:The
347:ion
341:ion
335:ion
329:ion
323:ion
312:ion
306:ion
674::
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579:}}
575:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.