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and amended the law (Law No. 17 of 2016) to enable chemical castration. Although, a convicted child sex offender convicted in 2019 and eligible to be castrated chemically, the technical details on how the punishment will be carried out was under debate between the
Government and Indonesian Physicians Association, resulting the sentence suspended until the technical details made. On 7 December 2020, government finally issued Government Regulation No. 70/2020, that detailing technical details on how chemical castration carried out. The chemical castration punishment carried by specifically appointed physician in central government-run or local government-run hospital, and witnessed by witnesses from Attorney General, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Ministry of Social Affairs, and Ministry of Health. The drugs used for the sentence however, not declared in the government regulation. The government regulation also authorized Ministry of Law and Human Rights to issue regulation to notify the Attorney General, and Ministry of Health to compile the technical procedure for the clinical assessment, conclusion, and implementation.
255:
hormonal treatment in exchange for shorter prison sentence are distinct in that they value freedom from incarceration higher than men who rather stay in prison for a longer time than face the side effects of chemical castration. These criminologists explain apparently lower recidivism as an artifact of men who accept chemical castration being more engaged in hiding the evidence for reoffending, and that paroling such offenders constitute a risk of releasing criminals who commit as many new crimes as others but are better at hiding it. These criminologists also argue that police investigators treating castrated men as less likely to reoffend than non-castrated men may cause an investigation bias and
2101:
children. The ACLU of
Florida does not oppose the use of antiandrogen drugs under certain controlled circumstances as an alternative to incarceration for convicted sex offenders. Because the ACLU of Florida respects individual autonomy and supports the principle that punishment should be no more restrictive of liberty than necessary, an individual's choice of whether to accept an antiandrogen drug is entitled to considerable respect. In addition, because this choice arises in the inherently coercive context of sentencing, and because of the capacity for abuse of this sentencing option, such treatment should be available only under the most carefully controlled circumstances.
461:, the Government has submitted a draft proposing chemical castration along with an imprisonment of up to 30 years for rape convicts as part of the anti-rape law in India. The ministry is preparing a detailed bill and the recommended changes are under review. Government is also planning to re-define the Juvenile Act and lower their age. One of the accused in the rape case is a juvenile and aged a few months less than 18 years. A view has been expressed by a section that only those below 15 years should be described as juvenile.
155:, aside from cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The risk of side effects caused by chemical castration drugs can increase depending on the length of time under which they are administered. A 2004 study in which eleven men were chemically castrated ended with one committing suicide after one year of treatment; in another 2020 study, increases in suicidal ideations was reported by 8% of its treatment group, which led to the hospitalization of two of the 25 subjects who had been administered
335:(MPA) as a treatment for a "Bisexual transvestite with pedophiliac homosexual incest" who was in 'treatment' after their wife informed Money about them having sexually abused their 6-year-old son. The drug has thereafter become a mainstay of chemical castration in America. Despite having been extensively used in the United States for the purpose of decreasing sexual impulses, the drug has never been approved by the FDA for use as a treatment for sexual offenders.
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biological (as opposed to sociological) effect of reduced testosterone is to make it more difficult and not easier to use masturbation without pornography or other socially acceptable substitutes to manage remaining sex drive in a former offender, and that many community persons (both male and female) find that a lower initial arousal makes it more difficult to orgasm by masturbation without pornography or with non-preferred stimulation.
512:
legally called Park in the court case was ordered by the committee to undergo this treatment after his most recent attempted offense. On
January 3, 2013, a South Korean court sentenced a 31-year-old man to 15 years in jail and chemical castration, the country's first-ever chemical castration sentence. In 2017, the sentencing was extended to include all forms of rapes and sexual assault cases against women, including attempted rape.
2346:"Peraturan Pemerintah No. 70/2020: Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Tindakan Kebiri Kimia, Pemasangan Alat Pendeteksi Elektronik, Rehabilitasi, dan Pengumuman Identitas Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Anak (Government Regulation No. 70/2020: Procedures for Implementing Chemical Castration, Installation of Electronic Detection Tools, Rehabilitation, and Announcement of Identity of Sexual Violators Against Children)"
2296:"Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016: Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak Menjadi Undang-undang (Law No. 17 of 2016: Enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 of 2016 Re: Second Amendment of Law No. 23 of 2002 Becoming Law)"
726:
Robert Jason
Dittmer attacked a victim while on the drug. In 2009 a study into the effectiveness of the drug by Dr David Wales for the Corrections Department found that no research had been conducted in New Zealand into the effectiveness and such trials were "ethically and practically very difficult
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told a journalist that he would prefer that rapists and child molesters be publicly hanged, but he added that, because he imagined that such capital punishment would gain negative attention for
Pakistan on the international stage, he would instead like such offenders to "undergo chemical castration,
412:
opposes the administration of any drug that is dangerous or has significant irreversible effect as an alternative to incarceration; however, they do not oppose the use of antiandrogen drugs for sex offenders under carefully controlled circumstances as an alternative to incarceration. Law professor
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out as in orgasm and lead to satisfaction, a reduction of the internal stimulation from hormones would make the required external stimulation stronger and also more specific, as weaker signals involve narrower ranges of other brain functions in their loops. These scientists therefore argue that the
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for as long as 12 months. Forty of those subjects were recorded as having diminished desires for deviant sexual behaviour, as well as less frequent sexual fantasies and greater control over sexual urges. The research recorded a continuation of this improved behaviour after the administration of the
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Furthermore, the ACLU of
Florida opposes any attempt to offer a defendant the opportunity to avoid incarceration by taking a drug that is dangerous or that has a significant irreversible effect on an individual's cognitive capacity or an important physical function, such as the ability to conceive
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for engaging in homosexual acts and accepted chemical castration as a term of his probation, thus avoiding imprisonment. At the time, homosexual acts between males were illegal and homosexual orientation was widely considered to be a mental illness that could be treated with chemical castration.
473:
introduced a presidential regulation (Government
Regulation in Lieu of Law No.1/2016) to allow chemical castration to be handed down as a punishment to child sex offenders. The regulation alters the contents of the 2002 Law on Child Protection (Law No. 23 of 2002). DPR later enacted the regulation
254:
Some criminologists argue that the appearance of a lower recidivism rate in male sex offenders who take chemical castration treatment than in those who do not can be explained by factors other than biological effects of the medication. One hypothesis is that men who accept the negative effects of
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When used on females, the effects are similar, though there is little research about chemically lowering female's sex drive or female-specific anaphrodisiacs, since most research focuses on the opposite, but anti-androgenic hormone regimens would lower testosterone in females which can impact sex
511:
In July 2011, South Korea enacted a law allowing judges the power to sentence sex offenders who have attacked children under the age of 16 to chemical castration. The law also allows for chemical castration to be ordered by a
Ministry of Justice committee. On May 23, 2012, a serial sex offender
262:
Some neurologists acknowledge that testosterone plays a role in sexual arousal but consider that reducing sex drive will likely not reduce inappropriate sex behaviour. These researchers argue that since a weaker internal signal in the brain means a higher requirement for external stimulation to
2450:
President Dr Arif Alvi on
Tuesday accorded approval to the Anti-Rape Ordinance 2020 which will ensure speedy trial of rape cases with women and children as victims and also allow for chemical castration of those convicted of such offences. However, contrary to the draft approved by the Cabinet
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combined with leuprolide acetetate was compared to cognitive behavioral therapy alone, the combination therapy produced a much more significant reduction of pedophilic fantasies and urges as well as masturbation. Chemical castration therapy reduces an individual's libido which then makes some
597:
legislated forcible chemical castration of child molesters. This law came into effect on June 9, 2010; therefore in Poland "anyone guilty of raping a child under the age of 15 can now be forced to submit to chemical and psychological therapy to reduce sex drive at the end of a prison term".
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that is most commonly used in chemical castration today. This drug has been observed as having higher rates of success in reducing abnormal sexual urges and fantasies, but is often reserved for those offenders who are at a high risk of reoffending due to the drug's intense effects.
692:
found guilty of attempting to murder a 60-year-old woman in order to abduct and rape her two granddaughters (aged eight and two) agreed to undergo chemical castration as part of the terms of his sentence. He was jailed for a minimum of 10 years at the High Court in
Glasgow.
706:
In 2010, a 58-year-old repeat child sex offender who had been subject to chemical castration was accused of inappropriately touching and kissing a seven-year-old young girl. He was found not guilty by a jury, which was not informed of the context of his previous offenses.
424:, the procedure fails to guarantee equal protection: although the laws mandating the treatment do so without respect to gender, the actual effect of the procedure disproportionately falls upon men. In the case of voluntary statutes, the ability to give
625:. The program developers note the voluntary nature of the program a crucial factor in its success. They initially planned to cover ten inmates per prison, contemplating a possible enlargement to other prisons in the future. The program also included a
2087:
387:, have experimented with chemical castration. In Iowa, as in California and Florida, offenders may be sentenced to chemical castration in all cases involving serious sex offenses. On June 25, 2008, following the Supreme Court ruling in
2724:
259:, and that men who sell some of their prescribed medicines on the black market for drugs get a hidden income that improves their ability to afford measures to hide recidivism that is not available to men without such prescriptions.
648:
In October 2011, the Russian parliament approved a law that allows a court-requested forensic psychiatrist to prescribe the chemical castration of convicted sex offenders who have harmed children under the age of 14.
174:
drive or sexual response. These drugs also deflate the breast glands and expand the size of the nipple. Also seen is a sudden shrinking in bone mass and discoloration of the lips, reduced body hair, and muscle mass.
670:
Turing experienced side effects such as gynecomastia (breast enlargement) and bloating of the physique. He died two years later, with the inquest returning a verdict of suicide. In 2009 British Prime Minister
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passed a law that allows voluntary chemical castration as a part of complex treatment for less serious sex offenders as an alternative of imprisonment. However, the treatment is rarely used in practice.
2978:
91:
In some jurisdictions, chemical castration has been used to reduce the libido of sexual offenders. The effectiveness of chemical castration in decreasing recidivism among sex offenders is controversial.
1560:
Garcia, Frederico Duarte; Delavenne, Heloise Garcia; Assumpção, Alessandra de Fátima Almeida; Thibaut, Florence (10 April 2013). "Pharmacologic Treatment of Sex Offenders With Paraphilic Disorder".
1201:
Castelo-Branco, C.; Palacios, S.; Combalia, J.; Ferrer, M.; Traveria, G. (11 November 2009). "Risk of hypoactive sexual desire disorder and associated factors in a cohort of oophorectomized women".
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drug had ended, with no evidence of adverse side effects, and so recommended medroxyprogesterone acetate along with counselling as a successful method of treatment for serial sex offenders.
2734:
2245:
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3123:
896:"Short-Term and Long-Term Histologic Effects of Castration and Estrogen Treatment on Breast Tissue of 14 Male-to-Female Transsexuals in Comparison With Two Chemically Castrated Men"
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Psychotherapy has also recently been used in conjunction with chemical castration in order to maximize and prolong the beneficial results. Schober et al. reported in 2005 that when
2223:
1917:
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Committee on Legislative Cases (CCLC), the consent of the convict will not be required for carrying out castration, but it will be the discretion of the judge of the trial court.
2413:
1456:"Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders in Sexual Offenders or Men With a Risk of Sexual Offending With Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists: An Updated Systematic Review"
2001:
674:
issued a public apology for the "appalling" treatment of Turing after an online petition gained 30,000 signatures and international recognition. He was given a posthumous
417:
because it exerts control over the mind of sex offenders to render them incapable of sexual desire and subjects them to the physical changes caused by the hormones used.
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120:(development of larger-than-normal mammary glands in males); full development is less common unless chemical castration is combined with feminizing oestrogen therapy.
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56:
Chemical castration is generally reversible when treatment is discontinued, although permanent effects in body chemistry can sometimes be seen, as in the case of
64:(DMPA). In men, chemical castration reduces sex drive and the capacity for sexual arousal, side effects of some drugs may include depression, suicide ideations,
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offenders more responsive to the introduction of psychotherapy. This combination therapy is most often utilized in those who are at a high risk of offending.
2270:
1244:
2832:
2748:
1095:"Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist on Risk of Committing Child Sexual Abuse in Men With Pedophilic Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
801:"Can Castration Be a Solution for Sex Offenders? Man Who Mutilated Himself in Jail Thinks So, but Debate on Its Effectiveness Continues in Va., Elsewhere"
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authorities were working on developing a legal framework and standard procedure for implementation of chemical castration that would be used for convicted
2885:
198:, though benperidol does not affect testosterone and is therefore not a castration agent. Chemical castration was often seen as an easier alternative to
2156:
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in December 2020, allows for chemical castration of rapists without the consent of the offender. Lawmakers gave it permanent approval in November 2021.
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after their second offense. Offenders may not reject the intervention, although they may elect surgical castration instead of ongoing DMPA injections.
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On Wednesday, the Supreme Court ruled that it's unconstitutional to execute someone for a case of child rape "where the victim's life was not taken."
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was sometimes used to decrease sexual urges in people who displayed what was thought of as inappropriate sexual behavior, and as likewise given by
2205:
2181:
Stinneford, John F. (20 July 2006). "Incapacitation through Maiming: Chemical Castration, the Eighth Amendment, and the Denial of Human Dignity".
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had not yet gained acceptance as being safe and reliable and also due to the difficulty of obtaining informed consent under these circumstances.
80:. In women, chemical castration acts by decreasing testosterone levels in order to lower their sex drive, side effects include the deflation of
108:. Life-threatening side effects are rare, but some users show increases in body fat and reduced bone density, which increase long-term risk of
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520:
Legislation allowing chemical castration exists in France, the United Kingdom, Poland, Russia, North Macedonia, Belgium and Turkey. The drug
286:
In July 2022, a proposed policy of chemical castration for rapists was introduced at the national policy conference of the ruling party, the
356:
The passage of this law led to similar laws in other states such as Florida's Statute Section 794.0235 which was passed into law in 1997.
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585:. The castration is intended to be voluntarily, where as for the child molesters that repeat the criminal act it should be mandatory.
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in 1996. This law stipulates castration for anyone convicted of child molestation with a minor under 13 years of age if they are on
50:
436:'s court of appeals held that mandating chemical castration as a condition of probation was unlawful on the grounds that the drug
3337:
1054:"Preventing child sexual abuse before it occurs: examining the scale and nature of secondary public health prevention approaches"
2036:
2018:
1533:
Beech, Anthony R.; Harkins, Leigh (November 2012). "DSM-IV paraphilia: Descriptions, demographics and treatment interventions".
2113:
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755:
3030:"A Flawed Solution to the Sex Offender Situation in the United States: The Legality of Chemical Castration for Sex Offenders"
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1763:
1687:
1660:
1633:
1603:
Ginzberg, Janet F. (Fall 1992). "NOTE: COMPULSORY CONTRACEPTION AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION: THE USE AND ABUSE OF NORPLANT".
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In 1981, in an experiment by Pierre Gagné, 48 males with long-standing histories of sexually deviant behaviour were given
2009:
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Sexy Origins and Intimate Things: The Rites and Rituals of Straights, Gays, Bi's, Drags, Trans, Virgins, and Others
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or surgery be performed so they cannot do anything in future." The Anti-Rape Ordinance 2020, approved by President
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that the execution of child rapists where the victim was not killed was ruled unconstitutional, Louisiana Governor
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1252:
2644:
662:
2956:
2139:"Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes :->2006->Ch0794->Section 0235 : Online Sunshine"
996:
894:
Kanhai, Robert C.J.; Hage, J. Joris; van Diest, Paul J.; Bloemena, Elisabeth; Mulder, J. Wiebe (January 2000).
405:
224:
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has been commonly used for chemical castration throughout Europe. It resembles the drug MPA used in America.
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49:
are removed through an incision in the body, chemical castration does not remove organs and is not a form of
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235:
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A major medical use of chemical castration is in the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers, such as some
665:, famous for his contributions to mathematics and computer science, pleaded guilty in 1952 to a charge of
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as a condition of their parole, following the passage of a modification to Section 645 of the California
332:
210:
124:
813:
Meisenkothen, Christopher (1999). "Chemical Castration — Breaking the Cycle of Paraphiliac Recidivism".
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signed Senate Bill 144, allowing Louisiana judges to sentence convicted rapists to chemical castration.
3342:
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1094:
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legislated forcible chemical castration of child molesters; the law came into effect on July 1, 2012.
3037:
1291:
1273:
626:
486:—convicted child molesters—agreed to undergo chemical castration to avoid committing further crimes.
454:
287:
3322:
1498:
Guay, David R.P. (January 2009). "Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders".
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as it can leave a subject sterile if they are required to continue treatment for more than 3 years.
2816:
One of the known side effects of these hormone injections was the development of breasts, known as
256:
243:
681:
A law allowing voluntary chemical castration was created in the UK in 2007 by then home secretary
319:, approved the use of voluntary chemical castration for rapists, in return for reduced sentences.
242:
Offering criminals the option of chemical castration for a reduction in sentence is an example of
2729:
1093:
Landgren, Valdemar; Malki, Kinda; Bottai, Matteo; Arver, Stefan; Rahm, Christoffer (2020-09-01).
633:
2271:"PMO asks Women & Child ministry to examine demand for chemical castration of child rapists"
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2390:"Pakistan's Prime Minister Imran Khan calls for chemical castration of those convicted of rape"
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The web page notes the Chemical Castration clause as a repeal and an addition to Section 645.
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3071:
2863:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Treatment of Alan Turing was "appalling" – PM - Number10.gov.uk"
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2573:"Chemical Castration as an Evolving Concept: Is It a Possible Solution for Sexual Offences?"
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360:
38:
618:
8:
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Gagné, Pierre (May 1981). "Treatment of sex offenders with medroxyprogesterone acetate".
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When used on males, these drugs can reduce sex drive, sexual fantasies, and capacity for
2688:
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2414:"Pakistan: Cruel and inhuman chemical castration punishment will not fix flawed system"
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Macready, N. (21 September 1996). "Chemical castration for paedophiles approved".
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Kewley, Stephanie; Mhlanga-Gunda, Rosemary; Van Hout, Marie-Claire (2023-01-02).
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1823:"Use of an Androgen-Depleting Hormone in the treatment of male sex offenders∗"
1573:
1546:
1405:"Androgen deprivation therapy (castration therapy) and pedophilia: What's new"
1214:
997:"Androgen deprivation therapy (castration therapy) and pedophilia: What's new"
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was the first U.S. state to specify the use of chemical castration for repeat
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2246:"Congress anti-rape draft bill proposes 30 years jail, chemical castration"
2157:"Alabama becomes seventh state to approve castration for some sex offenses"
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Silvani, Mauro; Mondaini, Nicola; Zucchi, Alessandro (30 September 2015).
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2667:"Хемиската кастрација за педофилите ги подели психијатрите и правниците"
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became the first American to employ chemical castration by prescribing
328:
191:
23:
863:"Indonesia Approves Castration for Sex Offenders Who Prey on Children"
2652:
1785:
1334:"Castration of Sex Offenders: Prisoners’ Rights Versus Public Safety"
772:
751:
739:, where it has largely replaced the practice of surgical castration.
500:
384:
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316:
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2749:"Chega party proposes chemical castration for repeat rape offenders"
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In 2008, an experimental intervention program was launched in three
3273:
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2777:
The Turing enigma: Campaigners demand pardon for mathematics genius
2076:"Florida's 1997 Chemical Castration Law: A Return to the Dark Ages"
2002:"Florida's 1997 Chemical Castration Law: A Return to the Dark Ages"
995:
Silvani, Mauro; Mondaini, Nicola; Zucchi, Alessandro (2015-09-30).
607:
433:
2910:"BBC News - 'Menace' jailed over child rape and abduction attempt"
3215:
2619:"Current treatment of sexual offenders has failed, says ministry"
2494:"S. Korea enacts 'chemical castration' law to punish paedophiles"
2320:"Hukuman kebiri kimia pertama di Indonesia belum bisa diterapkan"
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was used with the purpose of lowering men's testosterone. The
3269:
2465:"Pakistan passes anti-rape bill allowing chemical castration"
948:"Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders: Physicians' Views"
483:
458:
380:
144:
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is sold under the name Androcur. In November 2000 convicted
182:
The first use of chemical castration occurred in 1944, when
2820:, something which plagued Turing for the rest of his life.
2224:"Congress anti-rape law draft proposes chemical castration"
1893:"California child molesters could face chemical castration"
1051:
893:
364:
30:
2645:"Moldova will punish pedophiles with chemical castration"
1806:
1625:
Experiments in criminology and law: a research revolution
803:
by Candace Rondeaux for the Washington Post, July 5, 2006
413:
John Stinneford has argued that chemical castration is a
304:
1802:"Argentina province OKs chemical castration for rapists"
1092:
72:, infertility, increase in body fat and higher risks of
2343:
2293:
2206:"Cong draft anti-rape law proposes chemical castration"
84:, expansion of the size of the nipple and shrinking of
1703:
Berridge, Kent C.; Kringelbach, Morten L. (May 2015).
1679:
Producing Bias-Free Policing: A Science-Based Approach
1353:"Bill would impose castration for convicted rapists".
2707:"Poland approves chemical castration for paedophiles"
2524:"South Korean court orders first chemical castration"
1402:
994:
2203:
2943:
2577:
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology
2440:"Ordinance allowing castration of rapists approved"
1755:
How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain
1702:
742:Chemical castration involves the administration of
1799:
806:
2929:"Convicted paedophile allowed to look after kids"
2886:"Should sex offenders be chemically 'castrated'?"
2689:"Poland okays forcible castration for pedophiles"
271:
206:because it allowed the release of the convicted.
3309:
2831:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2806:. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013
1993:
2542:"Court issues 1st chemical castration sentence"
1778:
1622:Horne, Christine; Lovaglia, Michael J. (2008).
2926:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2037:"Jindal approves castration for sex offenders"
1858:
1856:
1648:
1151:"Oophorectomy (ovary removal surgery) - Risks"
177:
139:in the body, thus impairing the metabolism of
3124:
2949:
1781:"ANCWL again proposes castration for rapists"
1621:
1454:Turner, Daniel; Briken, Peer (January 2018).
2725:"Mais condenações por abuso sexual de menor"
1649:Sismondo, Sergio; Greene, Jeremy A. (2015).
1532:
1453:
1343:Charles L. Scott, MD, and Trent Holmberg, MD
812:
688:On April 30, 2010, a 30-year-old man in the
2979:"About hormone therapy for prostate cancer"
2952:"Chemicals don't always stop sex offenders"
2765:
2368:
2344:Government of Indonesia (7 December 2020).
2131:
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1493:
1491:
420:Some people have argued that, based on the
3131:
3117:
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2571:Çöpür, Mazlum; Çöpür, Sidar (2020-11-17).
2570:
2180:
1409:Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia
1001:Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia
900:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
116:, respectively. Males may also experience
3050:
3000:
2204:Press Trust of India (30 December 2012).
2069:
2067:
2034:
1866:. California State Senate. Archived from
1864:"XII. SEX OFFENDERS: Children and minors"
1728:
1471:
1430:
1420:
1311:by Clare Murphy for the BBC, 13 June 2007
1126:
1069:
1020:
971:
911:
833:
147:. These drugs can also cause depression,
3086:
3059:
2792:
2717:
2073:
1999:
1941:
1602:
1488:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
860:
2294:Government of Indonesia (25 May 2016).
2268:
1751:
1675:
794:
756:gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
359:At least seven other states, including
3310:
3087:Larrubia, Evelyn (19 September 1999).
2883:
2064:
1984:
1887:
1885:
945:
730:
263:create a feedback loop that tires the
249:
60:loss increasing with length of use of
3138:
3112:
3027:
2462:
1820:
1800:Fontana, Guillermo (March 20, 2010).
1367:
1314:
2971:
2437:
2387:
2183:University of St. Thomas Law Journal
2074:Spalding, Larry Helm (Winter 1998).
2035:Rossmeier, Vincent (June 26, 2008).
1497:
941:
939:
856:
854:
303:In March 2010, Guillermo Fontana of
135:can decrease serum testosterone and
16:Castration via anaphrodisiacal drugs
2080:Florida State University Law Review
2045:. Salon Media Group. Archived from
2010:Florida State University Law Review
1882:
1361:
494:In 2020, Pakistan's Prime Minister
13:
3195:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
3021:
2927:Roanne Johnson (30 October 2010).
2463:Saifi, Sophia (18 November 2021).
2254:. 30 December 2012. Archived from
1245:"Gynecomastia with Anti-androgens"
778:Nonsurgical neutering alternatives
572:
469:In 2016, the Indonesian President
14:
3354:
2846:Thousands call for Turing apology
2530:. Chennai, India. 3 January 2013.
2438:Asad, Malik (December 16, 2020).
2388:Raja, Adeel (16 September 2020).
1989:. New York: Penguin. p. 483.
1895:. CNN. 1996-08-29. Archived from
1779:Zimasa Matiwane (July 31, 2022).
1652:The Pharmaceutical Studies Reader
952:Journal of Korean Medical Science
936:
851:
652:
632:In 2021, The right-wing populist
290:, by the party's Women's League.
62:depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
3060:Giordano, Kevin (1 March 2000).
2733:. 5 October 2011. Archived from
2548:. 3 January 2013. Archived from
2371:"Losing a battle to win the war"
1111:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0440
913:10.1097/00000478-200001000-00009
453:After the outrage following the
322:
2920:
2902:
2877:
2855:
2786:
2741:
2699:
2681:
2659:
2637:
2611:
2564:
2534:
2516:
2486:
2475:from the original on 2021-11-18
2456:
2431:
2406:
2381:
2362:
2337:
2312:
2287:
2262:
2238:
2216:
2197:
2174:
2149:
2106:
2028:
1978:
1935:
1910:
1814:
1793:
1772:
1745:
1705:"Pleasure Systems in the Brain"
1696:
1669:
1642:
1615:
1596:
1553:
1535:Aggression and Violent Behavior
1526:
1512:10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009
1447:
1396:
1357:. 21 February 1997. p. 4B.
1346:
1302:
1284:
1266:
1237:
1194:
1168:
1143:
946:Lee, J. Y.; Cho, K. S. (2013).
482:In May 2009, two brothers from
428:is also an issue; in 1984, the
281:
3338:State law in the United States
2950:Francis, Clio (11 July 2011).
2500:. 24 July 2011. Archived from
1752:Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2017).
1460:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
1370:American Journal of Psychiatry
1086:
1045:
988:
887:
710:
577:In October and November 2013,
506:
406:American Civil Liberties Union
272:Chemical castration by country
1:
2589:10.1080/14789949.2020.1849359
2269:Dhingra, Sanya (2018-05-04).
2000:Spalding, Larry Helm (1998).
1758:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1309:Can drugs help sex offenders?
1071:10.1080/13552600.2021.2000651
788:
162:
2985:. 2017-08-30. Archived from
2884:Curtis, Polly (2012-03-13).
2017:(2): 117–139. Archived from
1721:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018
1628:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1274:"Anti-Androgen Side Effects"
1058:Journal of Sexual Aggression
861:Cochrane, Joe (2016-05-25).
701:
464:
415:cruel and unusual punishment
298:
236:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
2798:"An Apology To Alan Turing"
2369:Tali Libman (25 May 2009).
1827:The Journal of Sex Research
1821:Money, John (August 1970).
761:
601:
489:
438:medroxyprogesterone acetate
401:passed such a law in 2019.
333:medroxyprogesterone acetate
307:reported that officials in
293:
211:medroxyprogesterone acetate
178:Treatment for sex offenders
125:medroxyprogesterone acetate
99:
10:
3359:
3028:Daley, Matthew V. (2008).
2779:by Jonathan Brown for the
2086:(117): 124. Archived from
1922:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1676:Fridell, Lorie A. (2016).
1562:Current Psychiatry Reports
1473:10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.11.013
964:10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.171
696:
560:
553:as a treatment for sexual
540:
527:
166:
94:
3268:
3247:
3213:
3187:
3146:
3038:Indiana Health Law Review
2118:coolice.legis.state.ia.us
1956:10.1136/bmj.313.7059.707a
1839:10.1080/00224497009550662
1655:. John Wiley & Sons.
1574:10.1007/s11920-013-0356-5
1547:10.1016/j.avb.2012.07.008
1215:10.3109/13697130903075345
643:
588:
515:
477:
288:African National Congress
276:
1985:Panati, Charles (1998).
448:
257:self-fulfilling prophecy
244:compulsory sterilization
2867:nationalarchives.gov.uk
2753:www.theportugalnews.com
1422:10.4081/aiua.2015.3.222
1013:10.4081/aiua.2015.3.222
593:On September 25, 2009,
443:
74:cardiovascular diseases
41:, or otherwise. Unlike
3287:Mental health tribunal
3159:Involuntary commitment
110:cardiovascular disease
3216:medical interventions
3169:Outpatient commitment
3154:Involuntary treatment
3064:. Health & Body.
2796:(11 September 2009).
2671:novamakedonija.com.mk
2418:Amnesty International
2210:business-standard.com
2090:on September 17, 2017
1500:Clinical Therapeutics
1382:10.1176/ajp.138.5.644
1296:TheFreeDictionary.com
841:"Chemical Castration"
661:, computer scientist
167:Further information:
37:and sexual activity,
3214:Currently regulated
3174:Voluntary commitment
3089:"In Need of Therapy"
3062:"The Chemical Knife"
2983:cancerresearchuk.org
2049:on November 16, 2013
1918:"Codes Display Text"
1292:"Antiandrogen Drugs"
1176:"Oophorectomy Risks"
715:In New Zealand, the
640:bill in parliament.
455:gang rape of a woman
390:Kennedy v. Louisiana
123:Some drugs, such as
33:, whether to reduce
3333:Reproductive rights
3234:Chemical castration
2933:Townsville Bulletin
2504:on 28 November 2018
2258:on 26 January 2013.
1605:Brooklyn Law Review
748:cyproterone acetate
731:Treatment of cancer
720:cyproterone acetate
638:chemical castration
636:party pushed for a
522:cyproterone acetate
250:Scientific critique
129:cyproterone acetate
43:surgical castration
20:Chemical castration
3224:Psychoactive drugs
2730:Diário de Notícias
2324:BBC News Indonesia
2251:The Times of India
1339:2011-09-28 at the
867:The New York Times
724:child sex offender
717:antilibidinal drug
678:in December 2013.
565:On March 6, 2012,
184:diethylstilbestrol
151:, infertility and
3343:Mental health law
3305:
3304:
3140:Mental health law
3094:Los Angeles Times
2957:The Dominion Post
2783:, August 18, 2009
2552:on 4 January 2013
2114:"Code 2009 Index"
1765:978-0-544-12996-2
1689:978-3-319-33175-1
1662:978-1-118-89654-9
1635:978-0-7425-6027-7
1355:Ocala Star-Banner
619:Paços de Ferreira
532:On June 5, 2012,
200:life imprisonment
3350:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3074:on 15 March 2002
3070:. Archived from
3056:
3054:
3034:
3016:
3015:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2935:. Archived from
2924:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2869:. Archived from
2859:
2853:
2852:, 31 August 2009
2843:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2794:Sullivan, Andrew
2790:
2784:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2673:. Archived from
2663:
2657:
2656:
2651:. Archived from
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2514:
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2511:
2509:
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2483:
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2454:
2453:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
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2410:
2404:
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2379:
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2360:
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2355:
2350:
2341:
2335:
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2332:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2230:. Archived from
2220:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2147:
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2124:
2110:
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2097:
2095:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1251:. Archived from
1241:
1235:
1234:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1182:. 16 August 2010
1180:News-medical.net
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1024:
992:
986:
985:
975:
943:
934:
933:
915:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
858:
849:
848:
845:mymcleveland.org
837:
831:
830:
810:
804:
798:
549:physicians used
426:informed consent
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3292:Judicial review
3264:
3243:
3209:
3200:Duty to protect
3183:
3142:
3137:
3099:
3097:
3077:
3075:
3032:
3024:
3022:Further reading
3019:
3006:
3005:
3001:
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2569:
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2555:
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2540:
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2522:
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2507:
2505:
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2457:
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2412:
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2398:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2326:(in Indonesian)
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2298:
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2093:
2091:
2072:
2065:
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2004:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1940:
1936:
1926:
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1891:
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1496:
1489:
1452:
1448:
1401:
1397:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1341:Wayback Machine
1332:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1272:
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1199:
1195:
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1183:
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1149:
1148:
1144:
1099:JAMA Psychiatry
1091:
1087:
1050:
1046:
993:
989:
944:
937:
892:
888:
879:
877:
859:
852:
839:
838:
834:
811:
807:
799:
795:
791:
764:
746:drugs, such as
737:prostate cancer
733:
727:to carry out."
713:
704:
699:
667:gross indecency
655:
646:
613:: Carregueira (
604:
591:
583:child molesters
579:North Macedonia
575:
573:North Macedonia
563:
543:
530:
518:
509:
492:
480:
467:
451:
446:
343:child molesters
325:
301:
296:
284:
279:
274:
252:
196:depot injection
180:
171:
165:
102:
97:
39:to treat cancer
17:
12:
11:
5:
3356:
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3303:
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3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3084:
3057:
3052:10.18060/16522
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3008:"The ADT Book"
2999:
2970:
2942:
2939:on 2011-05-19.
2919:
2901:
2876:
2873:on 2009-09-12.
2854:
2838:
2785:
2764:
2740:
2737:on 2013-09-28.
2716:
2698:
2680:
2677:on 2013-11-19.
2658:
2655:on 2012-03-15.
2636:
2610:
2583:(2): 326–351.
2563:
2533:
2515:
2485:
2455:
2430:
2405:
2380:
2361:
2336:
2311:
2286:
2261:
2237:
2234:on 2012-12-31.
2215:
2196:
2173:
2163:. 11 June 2019
2148:
2130:
2105:
2063:
2027:
2024:on 2010-06-13.
1992:
1977:
1934:
1909:
1881:
1852:
1833:(3): 165–172.
1813:
1792:
1771:
1764:
1744:
1715:(3): 646–664.
1695:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1641:
1634:
1614:
1595:
1552:
1541:(6): 527–539.
1525:
1487:
1446:
1395:
1376:(5): 644–646.
1360:
1345:
1313:
1301:
1283:
1278:LIVESTRONG.COM
1265:
1236:
1209:(6): 525–532.
1193:
1167:
1155:Mayoclinic.org
1142:
1105:(9): 897–905.
1085:
1044:
1007:(3): 222–226.
987:
958:(2): 171–172.
935:
886:
850:
832:
821:(1): 139–154.
815:Social Justice
805:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
763:
760:
732:
729:
712:
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
690:United Kingdom
659:United Kingdom
654:
653:United Kingdom
651:
645:
642:
627:rehabilitation
603:
600:
590:
587:
574:
571:
562:
559:
545:In the 1960s,
542:
539:
529:
526:
517:
514:
508:
505:
491:
488:
479:
476:
466:
463:
450:
447:
445:
442:
422:14th Amendment
324:
321:
300:
297:
295:
292:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
265:brain circuits
251:
248:
179:
176:
164:
161:
106:sexual arousal
101:
98:
96:
93:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3355:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3239:Psychosurgery
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
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2781:Independent
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3318:Castration
3312:Categories
3229:Castration
3205:Automatism
3188:Principles
3179:Psychiatry
3163:by country
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3078:6 February
2993:2014-04-23
2895:2020-12-29
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2758:2021-09-22
2479:2021-11-19
2424:2021-11-19
2399:2020-09-16
2330:2021-01-03
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2167:2019-06-11
1903:2006-11-23
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880:2016-05-26
789:References
608:Portuguese
555:paraphilia
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430:U.S. state
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339:California
329:John Money
218:Leuprolide
192:benperidol
163:On females
24:castration
3274:Tribunals
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317:Argentina
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