48:
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3090:(born Berta Abramson in 1924, in Greece) was appointed as cantor of Temple Avodah, a Reform congregation in Oceanside, New York. Like Rosewald, she was not formally ordained, but "the spokesman for the School of Sacred Music, founded in 1947 as the first training school for cantors in , said today there was no religious law, merely a tradition, against women becoming cantors", indicating the school's institutional approval.
2767:
2729:, particularly in more formal (usually not Orthodox) synagogues, is likely to have academic credentialsâmost often a degree in music or in sacred music, sometimes a degree in music education or in Jewish religious education or a related discipline. The doctor of music degree is sometimes awarded to honour a
3100:
The Women
Cantors' Network was founded in 1982 to support and advocate for women cantors by Deborah Katchko, the second woman ever to serve as a cantor in a Conservative synagogue. Initially a group of only twelve women, its membership grew to 90 by 1996. The organization holds an annual conference.
2757:
began to focus on chanting or singing of the prayers. Thus, while the idea of a cantor as a paid professional does not exist in classical rabbinic sources, the office of the Ḽazzan increased in importance with the centuries, evolving a specialized set of skills and becoming a career in itself.
2711:
was demanded, one whose life was absolutely irreproachable, who was generally popular, and who was endowed with an expressive delivery. Even a person who had ever litigated in a non-Jewish court, instead of a Jewish court, could not act as
2652:. Proficiency in Hebrew pronunciation is preferred. In practice, in synagogues without an official Ḽazzan, or in the absence of one, those with the best voice and the greatest knowledge of the prayers typically assume the role.
3145:
became the first
American female cantor in Jewish Renewal in 2006, serving until her death in 2009. The first American women to be ordained as cantors in Jewish Renewal after Susan Wehle's ordination were Michal Rubin and
2703:
and on weekdays need not possess an appearance pleasing to everybody; he might even have a reputation not wholly spotless, provided he was living a life morally free from reproach at the time of his appointment.
2804:
as a respected full-time profession has become a reality in recent centuries. In the last two centuries Jews in a number of
European communities, notably Germany and Britain, came to view professionally trained
83:
3072:, called "Cantor Soprano" by her congregation, is sometimes called the United States' first female cantor, serving San Francisco's Temple Emanu-El from 1884 until 1893. However, she was not ordained.
81:
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3264:, Jacob (Jack) Mendelson, Aaron Bensoussan, Aaron Aderet, Alberto Mizrahi, Yaakov Yoseph Stark, Jochen (Yaacov) Fahlenkamp, Meir Finkelstein, Alex Stein, Daniel Gross,
82:
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In the 21st century, most streams of non-Orthodox
Judaism no longer maintain gender distinctions, and therefore women often serve as cantors in these communities.
2917:
3545:
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The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day
2920:
in New York. Both of these programs offer a five-year training program. Members of the
Cantorial Council, the Orthodox cantorial association, can train at the
2623:
more commonly refers to someone who has special training in leading prayers, or who is appointed to lead prayers on a regular basis in a particular synagogue.
1690:
3043:
precluded confusion with those they titled rabbi. In 2021, Conservative
Judaism's flagship institution, the Jewish Theological Seminary, began using the term
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for a synagogue (and made sure that a kosher butcher was established in the neighborhood) for some time before setting about hiring a rabbi, seeing the
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were recognized: as a congregation could be organized and led by a committee of Jewish laypersons, who would not have the expertise in liturgy a
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3083:, who sang in cantorial concerts as well as in Broadway shows throughout the 1920s. She was one of the first African-American female cantors.
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and as the knowledge of the Hebrew language declined, singing gradually superseded the role of sermons in synagogue worship, and the role of
1729:
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as the deputy rabbi. After the enlightenment, when
European nations gave full citizenship and civil rights to Jews, professionally trained
4087:
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89:
Cantor Meyer
Kanewsky's 1919 performance of the last part of Parshat Haketoret, a passage often read after the morning service in Judaism.
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on those days, unless he had previously done penance. However many authorities were lenient in this regard, and as long as a cantor was
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became the first cantor (female or otherwise) in
Humanistic Judaism; however, Humanistic Judaism has since stopped graduating cantors.
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3973:"Cantorial/Hazzanut/Liturgical - CD Cantor Susan Wehle OB"M Songs of Healing & Hope | J. Levine Books & Judaica |"
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3139:, who lived in Germany, became the first female cantor in Jewish Renewal (and the first female cantor in Germany) in 2002.
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was required to possess a pleasing appearance, to be married, and to have a flowing beard. Sometimes, according to
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therefore solemnized marriages and otherwise represented the congregation in the eyes of civil authorities.
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Paradoxically, the United States government recognized cantors as the first Jewish clergy, even before
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would have, newly forming congregations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries sometimes hired a
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But all these moderations of the rule disappeared on holidays; then an especially worthy
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The curricula for students in these programs generally include, but are not limited to:
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In the United States there are three main organizations for professionally trained
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The period between the two world wars is often referred to as the "golden age" of
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4068:"Academy of Jewish Religion offers alternate path to rabbinate for 16 new grads"
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2950:. These institutions are unaffiliated with any particular Jewish denomination.
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4088:"Cantor Tannoz Bahremand Forunzanfar; Academy for Jewish Religion, California"
3703:
3679:"The Forgotten Woman Cantor: Julie Rosewald Now Getting Her Due | Jewish Week"
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This article is about a Jewish cantor. For people named Hazan or Chazan, see
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2935:, includes a cantorial training program as part of its ordination program.
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supplement their ministry by also earning certification as and working as
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5012:
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4509:
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4433:
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4411:
3488:, wording in the HiNeNi prayer recited by the Hazzan on the High Holidays
3203:
3142:
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2319:
1984:
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850:
53:
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were accepted by the secular governments as clergy just as rabbis were.
5688:
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4571:
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4241:
3637:
3624:
J. S.Legg Jr. (1998). "examining the concept of gender role ideology".
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Full cantorial training is also offered by the Cantorial School of the
2692:
2035:
1049:
978:
936:
765:
745:
304:
211:
131:
98:
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3116:; they were ordained at the same time by the Cantors Institute of the
5609:
5074:
4965:
4876:
4494:
4428:
4017:"Tikkun v'Or, Ithaca, NY - Celebration in honor of Cantor Abbe Lyons"
3667:
Julie Rosewald: America's first woman cantor | Jewish Women's Archive
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Even in the earliest times the chief qualifications demanded of the
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4881:
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3056:
2837:
2367:
1977:
1909:
740:
248:
199:
4042:"Contributions of Jewish Women to Music and Women to Jewish Music"
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trained in the vocal arts who leads the congregation in songful
5481:
5417:
3186:(cantorial performance). The great figures of this era include
3005:
2960:
2766:
2750:
2642:, it is restricted to males. In theory, any layperson can be a
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2003:
1998:
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1943:
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35:
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in Los Angeles, the Cantorial Program at the similarly named
2916:
are trained at the Debbie Friedman School of Sacred Music at
2852:
2821:
2471:
966:
395:
299:
268:
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became the first ordained female cantor in Jewish history.
2856:
2794:
2775:
2579:. In English, this prayer leader is often referred to as a
118:
3598:
3587:
4148:
Later he became the Junior Minister (Chazan Sheni) of ...
3859:"A woman cantor celebrates 20 years in a pioneering role"
3050:
2906:
H. L. Miller Cantorial School and College of Jewish Music
2793:, widely regarded as the greatest cantor of his time, in
3209:
In the postâWorld War II period, prominent cantors were
2975:
Laws and traditions pertaining to Jewish prayer service
3999:"'It's Not Even Six Degrees of Separation. It's One.'"
3460:
3458:
3456:
4065:
3567:
2996:âtropes for the liturgical chanting of biblical books
2674:
2545:
2474:
2691:
having only a slight growth of beard was tolerated.
2562:
2525:
2519:
1982:
1963:
386:
3453:
3164:was ordained as a cantor by the non-denominational
2866:, one from each of the major Jewish denominations:
2840:, or kosher butcher) as a more immediate need. The
2619:while they are leading a prayer. However, the term
2468:
2465:
3534:The Development of Chazanut in the Medieval Period
3313:who fills a different spot, such as when the main
2958:Hebrew: modern, Biblical (Torah), and liturgical (
2592:The person who leads the congregation in a public
3358:Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion
2918:Hebrew Union CollegeâJewish Institute of Religion
5849:
3726:
3724:
3252:, Chazzan Avraham Aharon Weingarten, Ari Klein,
3112:became the first two female cantors ordained in
2987:Playing an instrument, usually a piano or guitar
3975:. Levinejudaica.com. 2005-07-26. Archived from
2946:in New York, and the School of Jewish Music at
3861:. Njjewishnews.com. 2008-01-31. Archived from
3391:Timeline of women hazzans in the United States
2615:of the congregation'). Any person is called a
4183:
4114:"Hazzan Daniel Gross - Adat Shalom Synagogue"
3851:
3815:
3721:
3623:
2434:
3322:
3289:
3281:
3272:
3181:
2922:Philip and Sarah Belz School of Jewish Music
2717:
2643:
2602:
5672:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4019:. Tikkunvor.org. 2010-02-07. Archived from
3497:
3426:
678:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4190:
4176:
2441:
2427:
4073:The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles
3997:Haughney, Christine (February 15, 2009).
3660:
4219:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3996:
3166:Academy for Jewish Religion (California)
2940:Academy for Jewish Religion (California)
2785:
2765:
46:
5718:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4355:
3909:
3882:
2699:who recited the prayers on an ordinary
14:
5878:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
5850:
4128:"Adath Israel ... we welcome back ..."
4066:Nancy Sokoler Steiner (June 7, 2007).
3910:Goldman, Ari L. (September 19, 1990).
3611:"What Is A Cantor (Hazzan or Chazan)?"
3603:
3172:ordained cantor in the United States.
3051:Female cantors in non-Orthodox Judaism
3022:
2910:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2761:
4171:
4131:we welcome back our Chazzan Sheni ...
3912:"A Bar to Women as Cantors Is Lifted"
3885:"A Sex Barrier for Cantors is Broken"
3268:, Netanel Hershtik and Eli Weinberg.
3240:Popular contemporary cantors include
3150:, both ordained on January 10, 2010.
3039:for trained cantors; use of the term
2489:
4197:
3950:. Kenesethisrael.com. Archived from
3876:
3420:
3075:Another early and un-ordained woman
2664:
2535:
2509:
24:
5868:Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles
5665:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
5645:American Jewish Historical Society
3773:"About the Women Cantors' Network"
3730:
3708:Wisconsin Black Historical Society
3527:
3302:who plays that role when the main
63:
25:
5889:
4156:
2626:
2555:
469:Historical population comparisons
5829:
5816:
5815:
4144:"Profile-Rabbi Philip Heilbrunn"
3930:"Cantors: American Jewish Women"
3564:"American Conference of Cantors"
2461:
1113:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1027:Historical population by country
97:Problems playing this file? See
79:
51:Cantorial concert in the Vienna
4136:
4120:
4106:
4080:
4059:
4034:
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3990:
3965:
3940:
3922:
3903:
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3765:
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3696:
3671:
3617:
3592:
3581:
3271:
34:. For the village in Iran, see
5737:Relations with other religions
3883:Goldman, Ari L. (1987-02-06).
3556:
3538:
3515:
3498:Singer, I.; Adler, C. (1906).
3491:
3479:
3427:Bridger, D.; Wolk, S. (1976).
3402:
2914:American Conference of Cantors
2871:American Conference of Cantors
13:
1:
5724:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3396:
3364:History of the Jews in Europe
3294:means 'second') can refer to
3175:
2888:Cantorial Council of Americaâ
684:Christianity and Judaism
5863:Jewish religious occupations
5655:Leo Baeck Institute New York
5650:American Sephardi Federation
3824:Jewish Women in America: A-L
3546:"R.I.P. Orthodox cantoring?"
3229:(1914â2006). Operatic tenor
3168:, becoming the first female
3014:Pastoral care and counseling
2563:
38:. For the safety study, see
7:
4478:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4163:Jewish Encyclopedia: Hazzan
4090:. Ajrca.org. Archived from
3599:Belz School of Jewish Music
3430:The New Jewish Encyclopedia
3335:
3323:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3196:Joseph "Yossele" Rosenblatt
3182:
3162:Tannoz Bahremand Foruzanfar
3118:Jewish Theological Seminary
2984:Music theory, sight-reading
2978:History and content of the
2944:Academy for Jewish Religion
2895:
2847:In the United States, many
2745:refer to a position called
2718:
2675:
2644:
2603:
2546:
2526:
2520:
1983:
1964:
1691:Latin America and Caribbean
387:
10:
5894:
5706:National Library of Israel
4347:Zionism, race and genetics
3414:Collins English Dictionary
3054:
2736:
2296:Jewish political movements
1993:Conversion to Judaism
29:
5804:
5660:Yeshiva University Museum
5640:Center for Jewish History
5630:
5495:
5367:
5241:
5135:
4666:
4285:
4227:
4209:
3064:The earliest known woman
3047:with respect to cantors.
2685:Isaac ben Moses of Vienna
699:Hinduism and Judaism
4252:Ancient Israel and Judah
3342:Cantor in Reform Judaism
3095:Barbara Ostfeld-Horowitz
3027:Until 2012, neither the
2931:ALEPH, the Alliance for
2778:, wearing a traditional
2687:(13th century), a young
525:Temple in Jerusalem
218:Bar and bat mitzvah
4628:North African Sephardim
4601:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3704:"Madame Goldye Steiner"
3110:Marla Rosenfeld Barugel
487:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5731:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5701:Jewish Virtual Library
4044:. JMWC. Archived from
3948:"Cantor Sharon Hordes"
3934:Jewish Women's Archive
3802:Women Cantors' Network
3035:streams used the term
2972:(liturgical tradition)
2912:. Many members of the
2797:
2783:
2634:restricts the role of
68:
58:
5678:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5460:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
4645:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
4395:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3798:"2021 WCN Conference"
3777:Women Cantors Network
3250:Yitzchak Meir Helfgot
3227:Abraham Lopes Cardozo
3081:Madame Goldye Steiner
2789:
2769:
2741:Early sources in the
1233:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
1228:Republic of the Congo
622:Second Temple Judaism
493:Kingdom of Judah
464:Modern historiography
67:
50:
4257:Second Temple period
3829:Taylor & Francis
3468:. My Jewish Learning
3114:Conservative Judaism
3011:Jewish music history
2900:Many members of the
2884:Conservative Judaism
2335:World Agudath Israel
1476:United Arab Emirates
563:Second Temple period
553:Babylonian captivity
5695:Jewish Encyclopedia
5440:Hekhalot literature
5251:Religious movements
4786:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3504:. Funk and Wagnalls
3160:In 2009, Iran-born
3023:Non-Orthodox titles
2904:are trained at the
2762:Professional status
2585:, a term also used
628:Hellenistic Judaism
206:Land of Israel
165:Principles of faith
5836:Judaism portal
5772:Jews and Halloween
5767:Jews and Christmas
5157:Rabbinic authority
4909:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4342:Xueta Christianity
4247:Origins of Judaism
4214:Outline of Judaism
4003:The New York Times
3916:The New York Times
3890:The New York Times
3737:My Jewish Learning
3638:10.1007/BF02963428
3626:Contemporary Jewry
3552:. August 15, 2008.
3524:, Orah Hayyim, 581
3306:does not officiate
3211:Moshe Koussevitzky
3137:Avitall Gerstetter
3120:in New York City.
2926:Yeshiva University
2809:as clergy and the
2798:
2791:Yossele Rosenblatt
2784:
2747:chazzan hakenesset
2638:to adult Jews; in
2189:Jewish Koine Greek
1731:Dominican Republic
1012:Judaism by country
691:Jews and Christmas
546:Assyrian captivity
69:
59:
5845:
5844:
5811:extinct languages
5712:YIVO Encyclopedia
5487:Hebrew literature
5455:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
5295:Reconstructionist
4973:Judaeo-Portuguese
4662:
4661:
4618:Eastern Sephardim
4262:Synagogal Judaism
4094:on March 20, 2013
3440:978-0-87441-120-1
3433:. Behrman House.
3202:(1874â1943), and
2999:Choral conducting
2990:Singing technique
2673:
2561:
2544:
2518:
2451:
2450:
2400:
2399:
2148:
2147:
1895:Reconstructionist
1839:
1838:
991:
990:
798:
797:
635:JewishâRoman wars
583:Hasmonean dynasty
499:Kingdom of Israel
403:
402:
84:
75:Amar Rabbi Elazar
16:(Redirected from
5885:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5819:
5818:
4951:Judeo-Golpaygani
4552:Palestinian Jews
4527:Alexandrian Jews
4483:Crimean Karaites
4400:Unterlander Jews
4353:
4352:
4267:Rabbinic Judaism
4192:
4185:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4110:
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4103:
4101:
4099:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4063:
4057:
4056:
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4013:
4007:
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3994:
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3984:
3969:
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3960:
3959:
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3907:
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3898:
3897:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
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3855:
3849:
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3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:. 70/Faces Media
3728:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3681:. Archived from
3675:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:Cantors Assembly
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3566:. Archived from
3560:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3495:
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3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3424:
3418:
3406:
3353:Hassan (surname)
3347:Cantors Assembly
3326:
3293:
3287:
3276:
3246:Naftali Hershtik
3185:
3125:Cantors Assembly
2902:Cantors Assembly
2890:Orthodox Judaism
2880:Cantors Assembly
2800:The role of the
2721:
2719:merutzeh l'kehal
2678:
2668:
2666:
2647:
2640:Orthodox Judaism
2617:sh'liach tzibbur
2606:
2566:
2560:romanized:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2493:
2491:[ĎaËzan]
2488:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2292:
2291:
2173:
1994:
1988:
1969:
1933:
1932:
1880:
1827:New Zealand
1779:
1742:El Salvador
1732:
1664:Northern America
1656:
1250:
1006:
1005:
917:Crimean Karaites
813:
812:
791:
789:
710:
708:
700:
694:
685:
673:Rabbinic Judaism
654:
648:
642:
630:
618:
584:
577:Maccabean Revolt
554:
547:
541:
533:
526:
520:
512:
494:
418:
417:
392:
287:
286:
219:
207:
106:
105:
86:
85:
66:
32:Ḥazzan (surname)
21:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5873:Religious music
5848:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5830:
5828:
5800:
5626:
5491:
5363:
5237:
5131:
4946:Judeo-Borujerdi
4921:Judeo-Malayalam
4867:Judeo-Aragonese
4838:Lishanid Noshan
4670:
4658:
4390:Oberlander Jews
4351:
4281:
4223:
4205:
4196:
4159:
4154:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3936:. 23 June 2021.
3928:
3927:
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3877:
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3857:
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3816:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3759:"Women Cantors"
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3733:"Women Cantors"
3731:Heskes, Irene.
3729:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3701:
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3464:
3463:
3454:
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3443:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3370:The Jazz Singer
3338:
3278:
3258:Joseph Malovany
3242:Shmuel Barzilai
3178:
3059:
3053:
3025:
3020:
2898:
2764:
2739:
2695:ruled that the
2645:sh'liaḼ tzibbur
2636:sh'liah tzibbur
2629:
2587:in Christianity
2486:
2464:
2460:
2447:
2402:
2401:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2269:Judeo-Malayalam
2249:Judaeo-Georgian
2169:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2050:Yiddish theatre
1992:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1878:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1777:
1730:
1654:
1248:
1032:Genetic studies
1003:
993:
992:
810:
800:
799:
787:
786:
706:
705:
698:
688:
683:
665:and Middle Ages
663:Rabbinic period
650:
644:
637:
625:
596:
582:
552:
545:
536:
528:
524:
515:
510:in Judaism
507:
492:
415:
405:
404:
284:
274:
273:
217:
205:
150:
104:
103:
95:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
80:
77:
70:
64:
43:
40:Hazard analysis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5891:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5825:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:non-Christian
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5636:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
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5612:
5602:
5597:
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5548:
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5524:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5477:Shulchan Aruch
5474:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5465:Sefer Yetzirah
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:Pardes Rimonim
5442:
5435:Kabbalah texts
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
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5302:
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5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5228:Land of Israel
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5104:Judeo-Alsatian
5096:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:Judeo-Hamedani
4953:
4948:
4943:
4933:
4931:Judaeo-Occitan
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4872:Jewish English
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4803:Judaeo-Aramaic
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4791:Judeo-Tunisian
4788:
4783:
4781:Judeo-Moroccan
4778:
4777:
4776:
4774:Judeo-Baghdadi
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4678:
4676:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4625:
4623:Livornese Jews
4620:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
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4529:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4497:
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4487:
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4485:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:Afrikaner-Jode
4361:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4157:External links
4155:
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3522:Shulkhan Arukh
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3349:(Conservative)
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3334:
3333:
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3307:
3277:
3270:
3262:Benzion Miller
3223:Richard Tucker
3219:Frank Birnbaum
3215:David Werdyger
3200:Gershon Sirota
3177:
3174:
3070:Julie Rosewald
3055:Main article:
3052:
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3024:
3021:
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3009:
3008:(Hebrew Bible)
3003:
3002:Jewish history
3000:
2997:
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2965:
2955:
2948:Hebrew College
2933:Jewish Renewal
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2886:
2877:
2875:Reform Judaism
2763:
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2627:Qualifications
2625:
2596:is called the
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2209:Judaeo-Iranian
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1684:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:United Kingdom
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:Bilad-el-Sudan
1085:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1041:Land of Israel
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
994:
989:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
901:
900:
899:Related groups
896:
895:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
832:
831:
826:
811:
806:
805:
802:
801:
796:
795:
794:
793:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Jewish atheism
753:
748:
743:
735:
734:
730:
729:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:IslamicâJewish
702:
695:
680:
675:
667:
666:
659:
658:
657:
656:
632:
619:
591:
586:
579:
574:
572:Yehud Medinata
566:
565:
559:
558:
557:
556:
549:
542:
534:
521:
513:
501:
496:
489:
481:
480:
478:Ancient Israel
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
434:Land of Israel
431:
423:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
400:
399:
398:
393:
389:Shulchan Aruch
384:
379:
374:
369:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
345:
344:
338:
337:
336:
335:
330:
322:
321:
315:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
294:
293:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
214:
209:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
167:
162:
155:God in Judaism
151:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
134:
126:
125:
115:
114:
94:
88:
78:
73:
72:
71:
62:
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5890:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5838:
5837:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Protestantism
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:Sefer HaBahir
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Sifrei Kodesh
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5233:Who is a Jew?
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Chosen people
5160:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5119:
5118:Scots-Yiddish
5116:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5091:Klezmer-loshn
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Judeo-Shirazi
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:Judeo-Persian
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:Judeo-Marathi
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4904:Judeo-Italian
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Judeo-Amazigh
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Hadhrami Jews
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Mountain Jews
4545:
4543:
4542:Egyptian Jews
4540:
4538:
4537:Bukharan Jews
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Lists of Jews
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4123:
4115:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4062:
4048:on 2004-04-30
4047:
4043:
4037:
4023:on 2012-03-06
4022:
4018:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3979:on 2012-01-18
3978:
3974:
3968:
3954:on 2011-07-13
3953:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3865:on 2013-09-20
3864:
3860:
3854:
3840:
3838:9780415919340
3834:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3685:on 2016-05-14
3684:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3632:(1): 95â119.
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3584:
3570:on 2004-11-13
3569:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:Yaakov Lemmer
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3235:high holidays
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3198:(1882â1933),
3197:
3194:(1850â1925),
3193:
3190:(1874â1953),
3189:
3188:Zavel Kwartin
3184:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3155:Deborah Davis
3151:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:Sharon Hordes
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:Erica Lippitz
3102:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3088:Betty Robbins
3084:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2928:in New York.
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2751:Geonic period
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2458:
2457:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:Judeo-Aramaic
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Judeo-Italian
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:Denominations
1845:
1844:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:United States
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:Guinea-Bissau
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Lists of Jews
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
996:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
898:
897:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
803:
792:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:The Holocaust
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
732:
731:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
703:
701:
696:
692:
686:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:
664:
661:
660:
653:
647:
641:
636:
633:
629:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
564:
561:
560:
555:
550:
548:
543:
539:
535:
532:
527:
522:
518:
514:
511:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
479:
476:
475:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
420:
419:
414:
409:
408:
397:
394:
391:
390:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Mishneh Torah
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
343:
340:
339:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
320:
317:
316:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
292:
289:
288:
283:
278:
277:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
215:
213:
210:
208:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
144:
143:
138:
137:Who is a Jew?
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
120:
117:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
100:
76:
56:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
27:Jewish cantor
19:
5827:
5820:
5806:
5729:
5722:
5710:
5693:
5676:
5614:
5510:perspectives
5344:Samaritanism
5305:Neo-Hasidism
5285:Conservative
5199:Names of God
5108:
5089:
4899:Judaeo-Greek
4894:Judeo-Gascon
4833:LishĂĄn DidĂĄn
4828:Lishana Deni
4796:Judeo-Yemeni
4764:Judeo-Arabic
4638:Meshuchrarim
4557:Persian Jews
4490:Kurdish Jews
4468:Kaifeng Jews
4417:Beta Abraham
4380:Galitzianers
4335:Antisemitism
4310:Israeli Jews
4295:Assimilation
4147:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4092:the original
4082:
4071:
4061:
4050:. Retrieved
4046:the original
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:the original
4011:
4002:
3992:
3981:. Retrieved
3977:the original
3967:
3956:. Retrieved
3952:the original
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3905:
3894:. Retrieved
3888:
3878:
3867:. Retrieved
3863:the original
3853:
3842:. Retrieved
3823:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:
3767:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3736:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:
3698:
3687:. Retrieved
3683:the original
3673:
3662:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:the original
3558:
3549:
3540:
3529:
3517:
3506:. Retrieved
3500:
3493:
3486:U-FirKo NaEh
3485:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:"The Cantor"
3444:. Retrieved
3429:
3422:
3412:
3404:
3376:Jewish music
3368:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3284:Hazzan Sheni
3283:
3279:
3274:Hazzan Sheni
3266:Azi Schwartz
3239:
3208:
3192:Moritz Henle
3179:
3159:
3152:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:Conservative
3026:
2994:Cantillation
2979:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2937:
2930:
2899:
2863:
2861:
2859:ceremonies.
2848:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2772:Mayer Schorr
2754:
2746:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2656:
2654:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2580:
2571:musician or
2500:
2499:
2495:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2393:Post-Zionism
2264:Judeo-Berber
2259:Judeo-Arabic
2219:Judeo-Gascon
1966:Pidyon haben
1885:Conservative
1431:Saudi Arabia
1249:South Africa
1238:Sierra Leone
1060:Israeli Jews
974:Mosaic Arabs
927:Kaifeng Jews
788:ArabâIsraeli
761:Emancipation
640:Great Revolt
449:Anti-Judaism
444:Antisemitism
439:Name "Judea"
234:Baal teshuva
96:
52:
44:
5752:Catholicism
5334:Hellenistic
5172:Eschatology
5110:Lachoudisch
5035:Lotegorisch
5013:Lachoudisch
5003:KoinĂŠ Greek
4916:Judeo-Latin
4853:Palestinian
4747:Palestinian
4596:MustaĘżravim
4522:Afghan Jews
4510:Berber Jews
4434:Bene Israel
4422:Falash Mura
4412:Beta Israel
4330:Persecution
4272:Middle Ages
4098:December 2,
3204:Leib Glantz
3143:Susan Wehle
2388:Revisionist
2378:Neo-Zionism
1985:Zeved habat
1778:Puerto Rico
1604:Netherlands
1436:South Korea
1421:Philippines
1301:Afghanistan
1168:Ivory Coast
942:Crypto-Jews
907:Bnei Anusim
886:Bene Israel
851:Beta Israel
808:Communities
715:Middle Ages
454:Persecution
229:Bereavement
54:Stadttempel
5852:Categories
5747:Anabaptism
5689:Jew (word)
5556:Leadership
5369:Literature
5354:Secularism
5300:Humanistic
5167:Conversion
5137:Philosophy
4978:Judeo-Urdu
4742:Babylonian
4587:Saada Jews
4572:Adeni Jews
4365:Ashkenazim
4320:Samaritans
4287:Population
4242:Israelites
4052:2012-07-09
4027:2012-07-09
3983:2012-07-09
3958:2012-07-09
3896:2012-08-26
3869:2011-12-16
3844:2011-12-16
3689:2014-09-14
3574:2001-10-14
3508:2023-08-22
3472:2024-01-07
3446:2023-08-22
3397:References
3321:, and the
3280:The title
3231:Jan Peerce
3176:Golden age
3148:Abbe Lyons
2782:Hazzan hat
2693:Maimonides
2632:Jewish law
2373:Maximalism
2325:Secularism
2305:Autonomism
2122:Literature
1915:Humanistic
1519:Azerbaijan
1481:Uzbekistan
1456:Tajikistan
1376:Kyrgyzstan
1361:Kazakhstan
1208:Mozambique
1183:Madagascar
1103:Cape Verde
1055:New Yishuv
1050:Old Yishuv
1001:Population
979:Subbotniks
937:Samaritans
876:Romanyotim
819:Ashkenazim
766:Old Yishuv
746:Sabbateans
733:Modern era
725:Golden Age
652:Bar Kokhba
372:Beit Yosef
239:Philosophy
99:media help
5809:indicate
5757:Mormonism
5742:Christian
5622:Symbolism
5610:Synagogue
5590:Mythology
5551:Education
5522:Astronomy
5505:Astrology
5322:relations
5127:Zarphatic
5075:Galitzish
4877:Yeshivish
4754:Catalanic
4717:Samaritan
4692:Ashkenazi
4673:Diasporic
4668:Languages
4613:Sephardim
4608:Romaniote
4495:Krymchaks
4429:Desi Jews
4305:Buddhists
3807:4 October
3782:4 October
3743:4 October
3654:144047550
3386:Synagogue
3329:Shacharit
3086:In 1955,
2836:(and the
2780:Ashkenazi
2725:Today, a
2670:romanized
2573:precentor
2541:romanized
2524:, plural
2515:romanized
2383:Religious
2239:Zarphatic
2229:Bukharian
2199:Judeo-Tat
2184:Yeshivish
2158:Languages
2113:Sephardic
2103:Israelite
2093:Ethiopian
2083:Ashkenazi
2022:Religious
1812:Australia
1794:Venezuela
1700:Argentina
1682:Greenland
1594:Lithuania
1446:Sri Lanka
1441:Singapore
1366:Kurdistan
1331:Indonesia
1321:Hong Kong
1274:Abayudaya
1198:Mauritius
932:Igbo Jews
922:Krymchaks
841:Sephardim
709:relations
603:Sadducees
599:Pharisees
589:Sanhedrin
504:Jerusalem
264:Synagogue
132:Etymology
57:synagogue
5822:Category
5792:Hinduism
5782:Buddhism
5684:Genetics
5600:Politics
5573:Marriage
5532:Holidays
5527:Calendar
5408:Rabbinic
5384:/Hebrew
5329:Haymanot
5256:Orthodox
5243:Branches
5216:Kabbalah
5211:Haskalah
5189:Holiness
5065:dialects
5045:Shassagh
5008:Krymchak
4988:Kayliùùa
4882:Yinglish
4858:Galilean
4848:Talmudic
4843:Biblical
4818:Betanure
4737:Biblical
4732:Mishnaic
4727:Medieval
4712:Tiberian
4707:Yemenite
4697:Sephardi
4633:Paradesi
4577:Ḥabbanim
4567:Teimanim
4532:Baghdadi
4505:Maghrebi
4473:Karaites
4451:GruzĂnim
4439:Kochinim
4357:Diaspora
4315:Karaites
4300:Atheists
4237:Timeline
3831:. 1997.
3646:23455339
3409:"hazzan"
3360:(Reform)
3336:See also
3183:hazzanut
3153:In 2001
3104:In 1987
3093:In 1975
3057:Hazzanit
3041:invested
3037:ordained
3017:Theology
2896:Training
2864:hazzanim
2849:hazzanim
2815:hazzanim
2807:hazzanim
2676:shtayger
2650:Yortsayt
2613:emissary
2527:ḼazzÄnim
2410:Category
2368:Kahanism
2315:Feminism
2287:Politics
2171:Biblical
2141:American
2088:Bukharan
2078:American
1978:Shidduch
1954:Clothing
1910:Haymanot
1856:Orthodox
1784:Suriname
1767:Paraguay
1720:Colombia
1619:Portugal
1529:Bulgaria
1466:Thailand
1416:Pakistan
1396:Mongolia
1391:Malaysia
1311:Cambodia
1285:Zimbabwe
1260:Tanzania
1138:Eswatini
1128:Ethiopia
1118:Djibouti
1098:Cameroon
1093:Botswana
1022:Diaspora
984:Noahides
957:Marranos
881:Cochinim
866:Bukharim
856:Gruzinim
846:Teimanim
836:Mizrahim
824:Galician
790:conflict
751:Hasidism
741:Haskalah
646:Diaspora
517:timeline
429:Timeline
342:Rabbinic
249:Kabbalah
224:Marriage
200:Tzedakah
190:Holidays
148:Religion
111:a series
109:Part of
5858:Hazzans
5807:Italics
5632:Studies
5578:Divorce
5544:Kashrut
5539:Cuisine
5497:Culture
5428:Midrash
5423:Tosefta
5413:Mishnah
5401:Ketuvim
5396:Nevi'im
5359:Schisms
5349:Science
5339:Karaite
5310:Renewal
5271:Litvaks
5266:Hasidic
5221:Sefirot
5206:Halakha
5177:Messiah
5150:Mitzvah
5145:Beliefs
5099:Western
5085:Poylish
5080:Litvish
5070:Eastern
5060:Yiddish
5055:Shuadit
5040:QwareĂąa
5028:Tetuani
5023:Haketia
4998:Knaanic
4993:Kivruli
4941:Bukhori
4887:Heblish
4823:HulaulĂĄ
4813:Barzani
4769:Yahudic
4702:Mizrahi
4562:Urfalim
4517:Mizrahi
4461:Neofiti
4456:Italkim
4385:Lita'im
4277:Zionism
4229:History
4203:Judaism
3713:3 April
3550:JTA.org
3170:Persian
2908:at the
2838:shokhet
2770:Hazzan
2755:chazzan
2743:Mishnah
2737:History
2701:Shabbat
2672::
2665:׊×ײ֡×ער
2661:Yiddish
2604:tzibbur
2599:sh'liaḼ
2567:) is a
2543::
2532:Yiddish
2517::
2501:chazzan
2494:, lit.
2487:Hebrew:
2353:General
2344:Zionism
2320:Leftism
2310:Bundism
2234:Knaanic
2194:Yevanic
2179:Yiddish
2136:Yiddish
2131:Israeli
2108:Mizrahi
2098:Israeli
2069:Cuisine
2045:Ancient
2027:Secular
1973:Kashrut
1949:Wedding
1936:Customs
1928:Culture
1905:Science
1900:Renewal
1890:Karaite
1871:Hasidic
1803:Oceania
1789:Uruguay
1757:Jamaica
1737:Ecuador
1705:Bolivia
1649:Ukraine
1624:Romania
1599:Moldova
1579:Hungary
1569:Germany
1564:Georgia
1554:Finland
1549:Estonia
1544:Denmark
1539:Czechia
1524:Belarus
1514:Austria
1509:Armenia
1486:Vietnam
1401:Myanmar
1386:Lebanon
1306:Bahrain
1265:Tunisia
1243:Somalia
1218:Nigeria
1213:Namibia
1203:Morocco
1133:Eritrea
1078:Algeria
962:Neofiti
871:Italkim
861:Juhurim
771:Zionism
720:Khazars
615:Sicarii
611:Zealots
607:Essenes
594:Schisms
459:Leaders
421:General
413:History
356:Tosefta
351:Midrash
328:Mishnah
310:Ketuvim
305:Nevi'im
254:Customs
185:Shabbat
180:Halakha
172: (
170:Mitzvot
157: (
123:Judaism
18:Chazzan
5615:Hazzan
5605:Prayer
5482:Siddur
5418:Talmud
5382:Tanakh
5317:Neolog
5290:Reform
5278:Modern
5261:Haredi
5184:Ethics
5050:Shassi
5018:Ladino
4983:Karaim
4966:Juhuri
4808:Targum
4722:Signed
4687:Modern
4682:Hebrew
4650:Xuetes
4446:DĂśnmeh
4405:Yekkes
3835:
3652:
3644:
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