2654:
more than three years, the Rabbis ordained that undisturbed possession for three consecutive years was sufficient to establish a claim to real estate. In the case of houses or of other buildings the possessor was required to produce evidence of continuous occupancy, either by himself or by a tenant holding a lease from him, for three full years "from day to day". In the case of fields or gardens, the prevailing opinion was that possession for three successive harvests of the same kind was sufficient, even when the last harvest had been gathered before the expiration of the three years.
2668:: (1) a building contractor; (2) a partner; (3) a steward; (4) a husband his wife's in which he had the right of usufruct; (5) a father his son's, or (6) a son his father's; (7) a guardian his ward's; (8) a minor; (9) an idiot; (10) a deaf-mute (whose property, in turn, could not be acquired by others); (11) a robber. No argument of possession could be advanced to establish a title to the property of a fugitive who had fled in fear of his life, or to property belonging to a synagogue, or to communal charitable institutions.
2508:). After retaining a property for more than three years without protest from the previous owner, the party retaining the property is assumed to be the owner. The previous known owner assumes the burden of proof if he claims lawful title to the property, that is, he loses the chazakah that a previous known owner has on the property. This is because he did not protest against the party retaining the property for three years, which is construed as proof that he relinquished his ownership.
2681:) to establish his claim. Talmudic law distinguished, however, between objects that people are accustomed to lend or hire and objects that people are not accustomed to lend or hire; the mere claim of possession, even for many years, was not sufficient to establish a title to objects of the former class, and the owner could at any time establish a claim by producing witnesses to testify that they belonged to him; but the latter class of objects could be acquired by mere possession.
2689:
among the later authorities as to whether three years of possession was sufficient to establish the right of property in them. Large cattle of the kind that are delivered to a shepherd and are always under his control, or infant slaves that are unable to walk were treated like other movable property. In contrast, adult slaves were considered in the same category as immovable property, and a continuous possession of three years was sufficient to establish title to them.
2657:"Possession not based on a valid claim is not regarded". If the possessor claimed that he had bought the land of its owner, or that it had been given to him, or that he had inherited it, possession for three years was sufficient. But if he said that he took possession of the property because there was no other claimant, possession even for many years was of no value. And if at any time during the three years the owner protested (
2852:
insufficient evidence to establish the truth, but also where there is contradictory evidence. If after a case has been decided in accordance with a presumption the plaintiff violently takes the object of contention from the defendant so that the presumption shall favor him, it is doubtful whether the former presumption becomes thus annihilated; and the later authorities differ as to which presumption to follow in such a case.
3425:
2986:
2847:
was performed on the animal; hence an examination of the organs to be severed at slaughtering is necessary. After it is slaughtered it is presumed to be kosher until it is demonstrated how it became forbidden; hence no examination of the animal is necessary, except of those organs (such as the lungs)
2676:
Concerning movable property, the presumption was that it belonged to the possessor unless it was conclusively proved that he held it under false pretenses. Even if the owner brought evidence that the object belonged to him, the possessor was believed if he claimed that he had bought it or that he had
2620:
in a house. After the priest had examined the plague-sore and found it to be of a certain size, he locked the house for seven days, after which time another examination was made. "Is it not possible that while he was locking the door the plague-sore diminished in size? Since, however, Scripture takes
2599:
Presumptions are principles formed on a vast amount of judicial experience, by which the court is guided not only in settling the question as to which of the contending parties incurs the burden or responsibility of bringing proof of the assertions made in pleading but also in rendering a decision in
2588:
could be inflicted based on a chazakah. Man and wife and children living together and treating one another as such are legally considered as one family, and illicit relationships between them would be punished with death on the strength of the presumption, even though the kinship could not be proved
2701:
also to easements or servitudes consisting in the right or privilege of using another's land without compensation. For example, if one causes one of the beams of his house to protrude into the premises of his neighbor, and the neighbor does not object immediately, the owner is regarded as having a
2688:
Small cattle of the kind left in the open and allowed to move from place to place were excluded from the principle governing title by possession in movable property, for the supposition was that they had wandered onto other premises without their owner's knowledge. There is a difference of opinion
2851:
In cases involving money, the prevailing principle is אוקי ממונא בחזקת מריה ("leave the money in the possession of its master"). Hence the general principle in Jewish law, that the burden of proof is on the plaintiff. This principle has far-reaching results. It is followed not only where there is
2653:
Mere possession was not sufficient to establish a title to real property. The presumption was that "real property is always in the possession of its owner" until evidence showed that he had sold it or had given it away. Since, however, people are not careful in preserving documentary evidence for
2580:
for guidance in cases where presumptions collide, where each party has some presumption in his favor. For example, A bought an object from B but had not paid the money; A desired to return it to B because he had found a defect that he claimed was in it before it was delivered to him. A had the
2684:
The maxim that anything in a man's possession is his did not apply to a mechanic whose occupation it was to repair the objects in question. Even if he had had an object in his possession for a long time, the owner could claim it on the ground that he had given it to him for repair.
3055:- Page 87 Chaim Miller - 2008 "Through this procedure, Avraham made a legal acquisition (chazakah) of the Land of Israel. ... At the Covenant of the Parts, God made a binding agreement for eternity concerning the Jewish ownership of the Land of Israel (v. 18-21).
2600:
doubtful cases. Although inferior to actual evidence and entirely disregarded when refuted by it, presumption was still a potent factor in Jewish law, and greatly influenced the decision of civil and capital cases.
2772:
title which legitimates Kohen status one who—amongst multiple criteria—exhibits exemplary conduct and is recognized by his peers and community as such. Such conduct includes, but is not limited to, abstaining from
2621:
no notice of this, it must be because it presumes that the plague remained in the state in which the priest first found it; Scripture teaches us here the principle of presumption". However, some of the
3460:
2926:, 6:14, where it is argued that Rabbi's ruling, as is shown by his decision in the case of the goring ox, does not differ from that of Simeon ben Gamaliel II insofar as monetary cases are concerned.
2541:
A presumption was often established through the repetition of an incident several times. The most notable instance of this kind is that of the Goring Ox, which was regarded as a vicious animal (
2734:, who regards easements as immovable property in so far as they require a real claim to title, but with the difference that they do not require three years' possession to establish the right.
2476:). The one who argues that he bought off that piece of land must prove it unless he has already owned that land for three years, in which case he is assumed to have the right of possession by
2581:
presumption of possession (of the money), B the presumption that the defect was created while the object was in A's possession on whose premises it was found: the decision was in favor of B.
2661:), either in the presence of the holder or before two witnesses, against the unlawful holding of his property, the fact of possession was of no value in establishing title to the property.
2942:
Mechirah 20:14; Hoshen
Mishpat 124; compare Bava Batra 92a. In all such cases, the court had to decide which of the presumptions was stronger and render its decision accordingly.
2730:) hold that this case is in all respects similar to the case of immovable property, needing both a real claim and three years' possession. Others, again, adopt the compromise of
2706:
in the servitude of his neighbor's premises as regards the beam. There are three distinct opinions among the later authorities regarding the nature of this ḥazaḳah. Some (the
1027:
2515:. A common example is the belief that most people don't pay their loans until they are due, so one cannot argue that he has already paid without further proof.
1605:
3457:
2451:
of an object, land or person − usually when sufficient proof is missing or unavailable. The concept is relevant to many aspects of
Talmudic law and halakha.
1260:
955:
2565:, need not circumcise their other children, for the presumption was established that their children could not stand the pain of circumcision according to
1147:
2817:
2778:
2843:
All flesh is presumed to have been cut from a living animal ("ever min ha-ḥay") and hence to be forbidden food until it has been determined that proper
2549:
23b. It was not permitted to marry a woman who had been twice divorced on account of barrenness, for she was presumed to be a barren woman according to
2355:
119:
1142:
3266:
3494:
1390:
2718:
of easement need not be accompanied by a real claim, nor need it last for three successive years as is required with movable property. Others (
1644:
2526:
The various kinds of presumptions found scattered throughout the Talmud may be divided as follows: (1) presumptions of physical conditions (
629:
592:
2935:
1568:
2596:
regarding the presumption that a man would not offer a false argument when he could produce a better one if he were willing to lie.
3489:
1591:
941:
2348:
1518:
1453:
1335:
3030:
639:
3484:
2813:
1077:
1345:
1162:
1152:
392:
2823:
The chazakah of the Kohen is deemed valid and in good standing unless a valid objection to his lineage is made before a
1741:
1691:
1656:
1350:
1215:
1082:
2860:
No woman would have the audacity to declare in her husband's presence that she was divorced from him, if she were not.
2341:
1433:
1395:
1370:
1290:
1275:
1122:
1062:
1017:
1726:
1708:
1614:
1508:
1360:
1355:
1280:
1245:
1112:
2743:
2244:
2143:
1698:
1681:
1634:
1533:
1443:
1380:
1330:
1310:
1305:
1225:
1199:
1174:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1012:
1007:
2593:
1717:
1703:
1671:
1651:
1619:
1563:
1538:
1513:
1493:
1483:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1400:
1315:
1300:
1220:
1179:
1132:
1127:
1047:
992:
2585:
2138:
1676:
1661:
1624:
1586:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1528:
1523:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1448:
1414:
1385:
1285:
1270:
1194:
1184:
1102:
1072:
997:
983:
2500:
The automatic acquisition of certain usage rights following three years of undisturbed usage (equivalent to
2573:
opines that presumption may be established only after an incident has occurred three times in
Yevamot 64b.
1746:
1666:
1629:
1553:
1498:
1365:
1340:
1265:
1240:
1230:
1169:
1092:
1087:
1067:
1057:
1037:
1022:
915:
619:
383:
378:
2630:
1736:
1731:
1686:
1639:
1325:
1295:
1255:
1250:
1107:
413:
2553:
64a, nor a woman whose two husbands died a natural death, for she was presumed to be a murderous woman (
3270:
2210:
2055:
1763:
1157:
353:
343:
79:
2324:
2017:
1868:
1809:
700:
2027:
2007:
1117:
597:
138:
2989: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
3443:
3004:
2799:
praised the soundness of this chazakah by labeling it a basis for the entire halakhic concept of
2168:
2158:
2123:
2002:
1992:
1775:
946:
888:
722:
401:
358:
73:
3020:
2758:
2570:
2382:
2287:
2022:
1936:
1002:
554:
173:
143:
2534:); (3) presumptions arising from the nature of humanity or certain actions and circumstances (
2408:
2178:
2173:
2118:
1906:
821:
549:
536:
431:
148:
2665:
2465:
2412:
2249:
2201:
1941:
1799:
612:
477:
466:
424:
3438:
2999:
8:
2889:
on the fourteenth of Nisan, and one hiring a house on that day need not examine it again.
2394:
2302:
1997:
675:
542:
445:
438:
368:
256:
131:
2774:
2153:
2103:
2050:
2045:
1959:
1829:
1097:
926:
685:
605:
459:
25:
3133:
3117:
3080:
3064:
3026:
2782:
2727:
2297:
2239:
2219:
2036:
1596:
1235:
695:
566:
496:
373:
286:
153:
2796:
2769:
2267:
2148:
2108:
2072:
1770:
1320:
831:
587:
491:
406:
296:
88:
3464:
2876:
The master is presumed to have paid the day-laborer at the end of his day's work.
2856:
Many
Talmudic presumptions are based on analysis of human nature. These include:
2749:
2566:
2558:
2488:
2469:
2461:
In disputed ownership of articles, they would be left in the hands that hold them
2373:
2229:
2188:
2183:
2163:
2085:
2079:
2012:
1964:
1804:
1785:
936:
665:
577:
560:
104:
3041:— a presumption of ownership, similar to that of possession of movable property.
3434:
3210:
3152:
2995:
2866:
No one would be so shameless as to deny a debt in the presence of his creditor.
2329:
2128:
1983:
1863:
1842:
1819:
1814:
1792:
1780:
1375:
856:
790:
755:
733:
670:
508:
486:
348:
327:
303:
69:
51:
2613:
3478:
3429:
3240:
3145:
2990:
2939:
2723:
2554:
2277:
2272:
1478:
1405:
931:
780:
775:
770:
760:
738:
690:
452:
291:
196:
158:
109:
2809:
agree—unanimously—to forbid the status quo Kohen from marrying a divorcee.
2786:
2719:
2562:
2522:
which means that the new owner shows ownership by building on the property.
2307:
2133:
1974:
1969:
1927:
1880:
974:
841:
826:
785:
750:
363:
205:
3037:
The rule that real property is always in the possession of its owner is a
2447:
The conceptional terminology is "default status," "agreed properties," or
3469:
3206:
2882:
A scholar would not issue any deed unless it had been correctly executed.
2400:
2292:
2234:
1899:
805:
800:
795:
765:
3428: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3335:
Tosafot ib. s.v. ואוקי; compare Bava Metzia 6b; Shach in "Tekafo Kohen"
3194:
3141:
3096:
2899:
2711:
2677:
received it as a gift, and he needed only to take the rabbinical oath (
2546:
2501:
2454:
There are various ways how something can obtain the state of chazakah:
2448:
1950:
964:
893:
851:
680:
660:
219:
126:
46:
2511:
Rules based on common belief, since they are usually true, are called
2458:
The previous known state, which may include but is not restricted to:
2505:
2113:
2098:
1188:
1136:
898:
846:
836:
517:
513:
503:
418:
178:
866:
3292:
2952:
2844:
2824:
2282:
1892:
1824:
655:
163:
114:
3296:
3222:
Bava Batra 42a, 45a, 47a; To'en VeNit'an, 9:1; Hoshen
Mishpat 134
2919:
2886:
2870:
2793:
2731:
2622:
2617:
2550:
2484:
2411:. There exist many such presumptions, for example, regarding the
2404:
2258:
2224:
2093:
1887:
876:
871:
743:
634:
529:
525:
521:
270:
265:
242:
224:
99:
94:
84:
62:
37:
2923:
2805:
2707:
2609:
2577:
2545:) after it had committed the offense three times, according to
2420:
1918:
1913:
1873:
1858:
969:
861:
281:
247:
233:
168:
2416:
881:
310:
214:
183:
2863:
No man is presumed to have paid his debt before it was due.
2812:
Once a Kohen is established as a "status quo" kohen, it is
2468:, it would be left in the hands of the last certain owner (
33:
3231:
Bava Batra 36b; To'en VeNit'an 10:1,4; Hoshen
Mishpat 135
2530:); (2) presumptions arising from the fact of possession (
2512:
3185:
Bava Batra 42a; To'en VeNit'an 13:3; Hoshen
Mishpat 149
2879:
No man permits himself to be robbed without a struggle.
3283:
Sefer HaMitzvot of the Rambam, positive commandment 32
2439:, meaning (in this context) "take possession".
3308:
Bava Kamma 35a; Bava Metzia 100a; Ketuvot 20a; et al.
2612:, the principle of chazakah has a Biblical source in
2763:
2664:
The following persons could not acquire property by
2387:
1897:
1878:
301:
2646:The Talmud is a demonstration of land ownership, a
2671:
3476:
2650:of uncontested property usage for three years.
2625:rejected this derivation and instead held that
2885:A house is presumed to have been examined for
2830:
2415:, a person's status (e.g. whether they are a
2349:
2561:64a. Parents, two of whose children died at
2518:A real-estate transfer could be achieved by
3433:
2994:
593:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
2697:The Talmudic law applies the principle of
2487:, every article is in its previous state (
2423:), and presumptions about human behavior.
2356:
2342:
2803:. It is based on this chazakah that all
3371:Bava Metzia 3a; Bava Kamma 107a; et al.
2818:the restriction that applies to a Kohen
3495:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
3477:
3267:"A sound Chazakah (see Bait Yitzchok)"
3209:116a, Shevuot 46b; To'en VeNit'an 8 ;
2873:is presumed to fulfill his commission.
2848:which contract a disease most readily.
2576:No definite rule was laid down by the
3299:9a, followed by all later authorities
3018:
2641:
3022:An Introduction to Jewish Civil Law
2964:Mishna Ketubot (and Rambam thereof)
2753:
2492:
2473:
2435: is a noun form of the verb
2377:
13:
2816:and assist him in abstaining from
2737:
2399:'presumption') is a legal
14:
3506:
3451:
3437:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2998:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
384:Historical population comparisons
3447:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
3423:
3008:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2984:
2608:According to one opinion in the
1028:Democratic Republic of the Congo
942:Historical population by country
3490:Talmud concepts and terminology
3410:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3286:
3277:
3259:
3250:
3247:ad loc.; Hoshen Mishpaṭ 153-155
3234:
3225:
3216:
3200:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3127:
3111:
3102:
2958:
2744:Presumption of priestly descent
3090:
3074:
3058:
3046:
3012:
2978:
2945:
2929:
2912:
2779:forbidden marriages to a Kohen
2672:Possession of movable property
2616:, which discusses the case of
1:
2971:
2951:Compare Tosafot Chullin 10b;
2407:(Jewish law); it establishes
599:Christianity and Judaism
2692:
2426:
16:Legal presumption in Halakha
7:
3485:Jewish courts and civil law
3269:(in Hebrew). Archived from
2922:s.v. "VeShor" and "Niset";
2893:
2764:
2636:
2631:Law given to Moses at Sinai
2495:), before proven different.
2442:
2388:
1898:
1879:
1606:Latin America and Caribbean
302:
10:
3511:
2831:Various other presumptions
2741:
2603:
2211:Jewish political movements
1908:Conversion to Judaism
3019:Cohen, Arnold J. (1991).
2814:a mitzvah to sanctify him
2436:
2432:
614:Hinduism and Judaism
3353:Ketuvot 22b; Nedarim 91a
3256:Talmud Bavli Kesubot 24b
3243:Shekhenim 11:4; compare
2905:
2748:The "status quo" kohen (
2536:chazakah mi-koach sebara
440:Temple in Jerusalem
133:Bar and bat mitzvah
3444:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3398:Yoma 85a; Sanhedrin 72a
3025:. Feldheim Publishers.
3005:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2787:redeeming the firstborn
402:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3158:141:1, Isserles' gloss
2835:Other presumptions in
2571:Simeon ben Gamaliel II
3053:Ḥamishah ḥumshe Torah
2918:Compare Yevamot 65a,
2413:ownership of property
1148:São Tomé and Príncipe
1143:Republic of the Congo
537:Second Temple Judaism
408:Kingdom of Judah
379:Modern historiography
2781:, administering the
2250:World Agudath Israel
1391:United Arab Emirates
478:Second Temple period
468:Babylonian captivity
3176:Bava Batra 29a, 38b
2589:by legal evidence.
2485:Jewish dietary laws
543:Hellenistic Judaism
121:Land of Israel
80:Principles of faith
3463:2012-02-12 at the
2777:, abstaining from
2775:corpse uncleanness
2642:Possession of land
2586:capital punishment
2532:chazakah di-mamona
2104:Jewish Koine Greek
1646:Dominican Republic
927:Judaism by country
606:Jews and Christmas
461:Assyrian captivity
3134:Babylonian Talmud
3118:Babylonian Talmud
3081:Babylonian Talmud
3065:Babylonian Talmud
3032:978-0-87306-537-5
2783:Priestly Blessing
2762:
2728:Shlomo ibn Aderet
2714:) think that the
2466:ownership of land
2398:
2386:
2366:
2365:
2315:
2314:
2063:
2062:
1810:Reconstructionist
1754:
1753:
906:
905:
713:
712:
550:Jewish–Roman wars
498:Hasmonean dynasty
414:Kingdom of Israel
318:
317:
3502:
3448:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3389:Bava Metzia 112b
3387:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3197:45a; Shevuot 46b
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2916:
2797:Jose ben Halafta
2767:
2757:
2755:
2528:chazakah di-gufa
2494:
2475:
2438:
2434:
2431:The Hebrew word
2393:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2207:
2206:
2088:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1848:
1847:
1795:
1742:New Zealand
1694:
1657:El Salvador
1647:
1579:Northern America
1571:
1165:
921:
920:
832:Crimean Karaites
728:
727:
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2754:כּוֹהֵן מַחְזֵק
2746:
2740:
2738:Personal status
2695:
2674:
2644:
2639:
2614:Leviticus 14:38
2606:
2557:) according to
2445:
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2409:burden of proof
2362:
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2204:
2194:
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2184:Judeo-Malayalam
2164:Judaeo-Georgian
2084:
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3149:To'en VeNit'an
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988:
985:
982:
981:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:
957:
954:
953:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:Lists of Jews
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:
917:
912:
911:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
813:
812:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
718:
707:
699:
697:
694:
692:
691:The Holocaust
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
652:
651:
647:
646:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
618:
616:
611:
607:
601:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
568:
562:
556:
551:
548:
544:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
479:
476:
475:
470:
465:
463:
458:
454:
450:
447:
442:
437:
433:
429:
426:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
394:
391:
390:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
339:
335:
334:
329:
324:
323:
312:
309:
306:
305:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Mishneh Torah
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
255:
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
235:
232:
231:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
198:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
130:
128:
125:
123:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
53:
52:Who is a Jew?
50:
48:
45:
44:
43:
42:
39:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3442:
3422:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3288:
3279:
3271:the original
3261:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3202:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3021:
3014:
3003:
2980:
2960:
2947:
2931:
2914:
2855:
2836:
2834:
2822:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:, and more.
2765:kohen muḥzaq
2747:
2720:Rabbeinu Tam
2715:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2626:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2578:Jewish sages
2575:
2563:circumcision
2542:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2477:
2474:חזקת מרא קמא
2464:By disputed
2453:
2446:
2430:
2369:
2367:
2308:Post-Zionism
2179:Judeo-Berber
2174:Judeo-Arabic
2134:Judeo-Gascon
1881:Pidyon haben
1800:Conservative
1346:Saudi Arabia
1164:South Africa
1153:Sierra Leone
975:Israeli Jews
889:Mosaic Arabs
842:Kaifeng Jews
703:Arab–Israeli
676:Emancipation
555:Great Revolt
364:Anti-Judaism
359:Antisemitism
354:Name "Judea"
149:Baal teshuva
18:
3416:Pesachim 4a
3407:Pesachim 9a
3344:Ketuvot 75b
3326:Ketuvot 20a
3207:Bava Metzia
3140:28a, 36b);
3138:Baba Bathra
3122:Baba Bathra
2401:presumption
2303:Revisionist
2293:Neo-Zionism
1900:Zeved habat
1693:Puerto Rico
1519:Netherlands
1351:South Korea
1336:Philippines
1216:Afghanistan
1083:Ivory Coast
857:Crypto-Jews
822:Bnei Anusim
801:Bene Israel
766:Beta Israel
723:Communities
630:Middle Ages
369:Persecution
144:Bereavement
3479:Categories
3380:Eruvin 31a
3195:Bava Batra
3142:Maimonides
3097:Bava Batra
2972:References
2900:Usucaption
2712:Maimonides
2666:usucaption
2547:Bava Kamma
2502:usucaption
2493:חזקת כשרות
2449:status quo
2288:Maximalism
2240:Secularism
2220:Autonomism
2037:Literature
1830:Humanistic
1434:Azerbaijan
1396:Uzbekistan
1371:Tajikistan
1291:Kyrgyzstan
1276:Kazakhstan
1123:Mozambique
1098:Madagascar
1018:Cape Verde
970:New Yishuv
965:Old Yishuv
916:Population
894:Subbotniks
852:Samaritans
791:Romanyotim
734:Ashkenazim
681:Old Yishuv
661:Sabbateans
648:Modern era
640:Golden Age
567:Bar Kokhba
287:Beit Yosef
154:Philosophy
3439:"ḤAZAḲAH"
3069:Kiddushin
3000:"ḤAZAḲAH"
2839:include:
2759:romanized
2693:Easements
2520:chazakah,
2506:Roman law
2478:chazakah.
2427:Etymology
2383:romanized
2298:Religious
2154:Zarphatic
2144:Bukharian
2114:Judeo-Tat
2099:Yeshivish
2073:Languages
2028:Sephardic
2018:Israelite
2008:Ethiopian
1998:Ashkenazi
1937:Religious
1727:Australia
1709:Venezuela
1615:Argentina
1597:Greenland
1509:Lithuania
1361:Sri Lanka
1356:Singapore
1281:Kurdistan
1246:Indonesia
1236:Hong Kong
1189:Abayudaya
1113:Mauritius
847:Igbo Jews
837:Krymchaks
756:Sephardim
624:relations
518:Sadducees
514:Pharisees
504:Sanhedrin
419:Jerusalem
179:Synagogue
47:Etymology
3461:Archived
3458:AskMoses
3293:Rav Huna
3039:chazakah
2953:Maharsha
2894:See also
2845:shechita
2825:beth din
2801:chazakah
2770:rabbinic
2716:chazakah
2704:chazakah
2699:chazakah
2648:chazakah
2637:Examples
2627:chazakah
2443:Overview
2370:chazakah
2325:Category
2283:Kahanism
2230:Feminism
2202:Politics
2086:Biblical
2056:American
2003:Bukharan
1993:American
1893:Shidduch
1869:Clothing
1825:Haymanot
1771:Orthodox
1699:Suriname
1682:Paraguay
1635:Colombia
1534:Portugal
1444:Bulgaria
1381:Thailand
1331:Pakistan
1311:Mongolia
1306:Malaysia
1226:Cambodia
1200:Zimbabwe
1175:Tanzania
1053:Eswatini
1043:Ethiopia
1033:Djibouti
1013:Cameroon
1008:Botswana
937:Diaspora
899:Noahides
872:Marranos
796:Cochinim
781:Bukharim
771:Gruzinim
761:Teimanim
751:Mizrahim
739:Galician
705:conflict
666:Hasidism
656:Haskalah
561:Diaspora
432:timeline
344:Timeline
257:Rabbinic
164:Kabbalah
139:Marriage
115:Tzedakah
105:Holidays
63:Religion
26:a series
24:Part of
3432::
3297:Chullin
3085:Chullin
2993::
2955:ad loc.
2936:Ketuvot
2920:Tosafot
2887:chametz
2871:shaliah
2837:halacha
2768:) is a
2761::
2732:Rashbam
2659:meha'ah
2623:amoraim
2618:tzaraat
2604:Sources
2551:Yevamot
2405:halakha
2397:
2385::
2378:חֲזָקָה
2268:General
2259:Zionism
2235:Leftism
2225:Bundism
2149:Knaanic
2109:Yevanic
2094:Yiddish
2051:Yiddish
2046:Israeli
2023:Mizrahi
2013:Israeli
1984:Cuisine
1960:Ancient
1942:Secular
1888:Kashrut
1864:Wedding
1851:Customs
1843:Culture
1820:Science
1815:Renewal
1805:Karaite
1786:Hasidic
1718:Oceania
1704:Uruguay
1672:Jamaica
1652:Ecuador
1620:Bolivia
1564:Ukraine
1539:Romania
1514:Moldova
1494:Hungary
1484:Germany
1479:Georgia
1469:Finland
1464:Estonia
1459:Denmark
1454:Czechia
1439:Belarus
1429:Austria
1424:Armenia
1401:Vietnam
1316:Myanmar
1301:Lebanon
1221:Bahrain
1180:Tunisia
1158:Somalia
1133:Nigeria
1128:Namibia
1118:Morocco
1048:Eritrea
993:Algeria
877:Neofiti
786:Italkim
776:Juhurim
686:Zionism
635:Khazars
530:Sicarii
526:Zealots
522:Essenes
509:Schisms
374:Leaders
336:General
328:History
271:Tosefta
266:Midrash
243:Mishnah
225:Ketuvim
220:Nevi'im
169:Customs
100:Shabbat
95:Halakha
87: (
85:Mitzvot
72: (
38:Judaism
3151:12:1;
3029:
2924:Asheri
2806:poskim
2750:Hebrew
2708:Geonim
2679:hesset
2610:Talmud
2567:Eruvin
2559:Niddah
2489:Hebrew
2470:Hebrew
2421:Levite
2389:ḥəzāqā
2374:Hebrew
2330:Portal
2189:Domari
2119:Shassi
2080:Hebrew
1975:Humour
1919:Hiloni
1914:Aliyah
1874:Niddah
1859:Minyan
1794:Reform
1781:Haredi
1776:Modern
1677:Mexico
1662:Guyana
1625:Brazil
1587:Canada
1559:Sweden
1549:Serbia
1544:Russia
1529:Poland
1524:Norway
1504:Latvia
1489:Greece
1474:France
1449:Cyprus
1415:Europe
1386:Turkey
1376:Taiwan
1286:Kuwait
1271:Jordan
1261:Israel
1195:Zambia
1185:Uganda
1103:Malawi
1073:Guinea
1063:Gambia
998:Angola
984:Africa
867:Dönmeh
862:Anusim
806:Berber
744:Litvak
696:Israel
602:
539:
453:Second
421:
282:Targum
248:Gemara
234:Talmud
206:Tanakh
159:Ethics
110:Prayer
2906:Notes
2794:tanna
2629:is a
2584:Even
2569:97a.
2543:mu'ad
2417:kohen
2278:Labor
2273:Green
1970:Dance
1928:Music
1747:Palau
1667:Haiti
1630:Chile
1554:Spain
1499:Italy
1406:Yemen
1366:Syria
1341:Qatar
1321:Nepal
1266:Japan
1241:India
1231:China
1170:Sudan
1093:Libya
1088:Kenya
1068:Ghana
1058:Gabon
1038:Egypt
1023:Benin
882:Xueta
827:Lemba
446:First
311:Zohar
215:Torah
197:Texts
184:Rabbi
174:Rites
74:names
3124:29a)
3087:10b)
3071:80a)
3027:ISBN
2938:76a
2792:The
2710:and
2594:Migo
2592:See
2433:חזקה
2395:lit.
1737:Guam
1732:Fiji
1687:Peru
1640:Cuba
1326:Oman
1296:Laos
1256:Iraq
1251:Iran
1208:Asia
1137:Igbo
1108:Mali
127:Brit
36:and
34:Jews
3295:in
3213:133
3099:29a
2538:).
2513:rov
2504:in
2483:In
2437:חזק
2419:or
2403:In
1951:Art
297:Tur
89:613
3481::
3470:JC
3441:.
3144:,
3035:.
3002:.
2869:A
2827:.
2820:.
2785:,
2756:,
2752::
2726:,
2722:,
2633:.
2491::
2472::
2392:,
2380:,
2376::
2368:A
564:,
558:,
528:,
524:,
520:,
516:,
28:on
3136:(
3120:(
3083:(
3067:(
2480:.
2372:(
2357:e
2350:t
2343:v
1191:)
1187:(
1139:)
1135:(
608:)
604:(
570:)
553:(
546:)
541:(
532:)
512:(
455:)
444:(
434:)
423:(
91:)
76:)
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