232:
46:
406:
525:
588:(Whitworth to Hawkesbury, 4 April 1803). Napoleon wished to temporise until his preparations were a little more advanced, but the pourparlers henceforth had little real significance. On 1 May an indisposition prevented the ambassador from attending the reception at the Tuileries, on 12 May he demanded his passports, and on 18 May Britain declared war against France. Whitworth reached London on 20 May, having encountered the French ambassador,
473:. As early as 23 December Whitworth mentions in a despatch the rumour that the first consul was meditating a divorce from his wife and the assumption of the imperial title, but during his first two months' sojourn in Paris there seemed a tacit agreement to avoid disagreeable subjects. Napoleon ignored the attacks of the English press, the retention of Malta, and the protracted evacuation of
350:, who had chosen him for their protector, disposed him to listen to the solicitations of Whitworth. The latter obtained his adhesion to an alliance with Great Britain offensive and defensive, with the object of putting a stop to the further encroachments of France, in December 1798, and the treaty paved the way for the operations of Suvarof and Korsakof in Northern Italy and the Alps.
338:
with at least sixty-five thousand men in return for a large monthly subsidy from the
British government. This treaty was justly regarded as a triumph for Whitworth's diplomacy, though, unfortunately, just before the date fixed for its final ratification by both countries, the czarina was struck down by mortal illness (November 1796).
299:, and early in April 1791 a messenger was hastily despatched to St. Petersburg to keep back the ultimatum which Whitworth had on 27 March been ordered to present to the empress. His relations with the Russian court were now for a short period considerably strained. Catherine, elated by recent victories of
496:
The
British government was, however, obstinate in its refusal to quit Malta until a guarantee had been signed by the various powers ensuring the possession of the island to the knights of St. John. This difficulty, which constituted the darkest cloud on the diplomatic horizon, was first raised by
337:
The gradual rapprochement between the views of Russia and
England was brought about mainly by the common dread of any revolutionary infection from the quarter of France, and in February 1795 Catherine was induced to sign a preliminary treaty, by the terms of which she was to furnish the coalition
270:
War began to be talked of, and
Whitworth sent in a memorandum in which he dwelt upon the strength of the czarina's determination and the great display of vigour that would be necessary to overcome it. In the spring of 1791 he wrote of a French adventurer, named St. Ginier, who had appeared at St.
688:
Lord
Whitworth died without issue at Knole on 13 May 1825, when all his honours became extinct. His will was proved on 30 May by the Duchess of Dorset, his universal legatee, the personalty being sworn under ÂŁ70,000. The duchess died at Knole on 1 August following, and was buried on 10 August at
505:, who had been sent by Napoleon upon a special mission of inquiry to Egypt. In this report military information was freely interspersed with remarks disparaging to England, in which country the document was plausibly interpreted as a preface to a second invasion of Egypt by the French. The
178:
He entered the first regiment of footguards in April 1772 as ensign, became captain in May 1781, and was eventually on 8 April 1783 appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 104th regiment. His transference from military life to diplomacy is not easy to explain, but in the account given by
667:
in France, which as a political expedient he highly approved, he visited Paris in April 1819 with the
Duchess of Dorset and a numerous train. His official capacity was denied, but he was generally deemed to have been charged with a mission of observation. He visited
385:. In order to anticipate any hostile move from Danes, the British government despatched Whitworth in August on a special mission to Copenhagen. To give greater weight to his representations, a squadron of nine sail of the line, with five frigates and four
676:, where he was received with great distinction, though political significance was again disclaimed for the visit. He returned to England and settled at Knole Park in 1820, his last public appearance being as assistant lord sewer at the coronation of
267:, and thus to realise his idea of confining the ambition of Russia in the south-east as well as that of France in the north-west portion of Europe. The Russian government replied by an uncompromising refusal to listen to the proposal of restitution.
703:"Knole in Kent was judiciously bequeathed to the former, he being the richer man of the two, on the express condition that his lordship should expend ÂŁ6,000. per annum on this favourite residence of the Sackvilles for several centuries"
592:, three days earlier at Dover. Throughout the trying scenes with the first consul, his demeanour was generally admitted to have been marked by a dignity and an impassive gravity worthy of the best traditions of aristocratic diplomacy.
362:. Irritated, moreover, by the British seizure and retention of Malta, Paul abruptly dismissed Whitworth, and thereupon commenced that angry correspondence which developed into the combination of northern powers against Great Britain.
353:
Whitworth was now at the zenith of his popularity in St. Petersburg, and Paul pressed the
British government to raise him to the peerage. The request was readily complied with, and on 21 March 1800 the ambassador was made
259:) could not with impunity allow the balance of power in Eastern Europe to be disturbed. Pitt hoped by a menace of sending a British fleet to the Baltic to constrain Russia to make restitution of its chief conquest,
513:, to stiffen his back against any demand for the prompt evacuation of Malta. On 18 Feb Napoleon summoned the ambassador, and, after a stormy outburst of rhetoric, concluded with the memorable appeal,
393:. The Danish shore batteries were as yet very incomplete, and Whitworth's arguments for the time being proved effectual. He returned to England on 27 September, and on 5 November was made a
556:. At the close of a violent tirade before a full court, interrupted by asides to foreign diplomatists expressive of the bad faith of the British, Napoleon exclaimed loudly to Whitworth,
195:), who not only distinguished him by flattering marks of her attention, but interested herself in promoting his fortune, which then stood greatly in need of such patronage.
521:(much commented upon in England), when, in answer to reproaches about Malta, Whitworth hinted at the augmentation of French power in Piedmont, Switzerland, and elsewhere.
187:
highly favoured by nature, and his address exceeded even his figure. At every period of his life queens, duchesses, and countesses have showered on him their regard. The
1214:
1204:
623:
After his return, not occupying a seat in either house of parliament, Whitworth sank for ten years into comparative insignificance. In 1809 he was commissioned as
578:"that there was not a single person who did not feel the extreme impropriety of his conduct and the total want of dignity as well as of decency on the occasion."
580:
The interview was not, however, a final one (as has often erroneously been stated). Whitworth was received by the first consul once again on 4 April, when the
342:, in his desire to adopt an original policy, refused to affix his signature, and it was not until June 1798 that the outrage committed by the French upon the
1090:
1051:
1024:
454:
216:
200:
1219:
315:, and in consequence of the alarm excited in the mind of Catherine by the course things were taking in France, Whitworth more than recovered his position.
708:
Excavation of
Whitworth's grave in the 1990s revealed the poor state of his teeth, resulting from the dangerous products used in his time to clean teeth.
693:, having died in 1815 after a fall from his horse, her large property (estimated at ÂŁ35,000 per annum) was divided between her two sons-in-law, the Earls
1174:
690:
552:) as well as in the history of England, was arrived at on 13 March 1803, the date of the famous scene between Napoleon and the British ambassador at the
728:. There is a very fine mezzotint engraving of this portrait by Charles Turner. The original forms one of the small collection of British masters in the
287:
by means of Irish and other incendiaries in
Russian pay. In the meantime Pitt had become alarmed at the opposition to his Russian policy in parliament,
231:
1224:
322:
on 9 January 1792 was, it is true, little more than nominal, but
Whitworth obtained some credit for the achievement, together with the cross of a
1229:
1209:
1199:
960:
628:
502:
453:
was concluded on 27 March 1802, and Whitworth, whose means were now fully adequate to the situation, was chosen to fill the important post of
595:
Irritated by his failure to stun him by a display of violence (such as that which had so daunted the Venetian plenipotentiaries before the
358:, of Newport Pratt in the County of Mayo, in the Peerage of Ireland; but before the patent could reach him the czar had been reconciled to
1076:
461:
with enthusiasm; a considerable period had elapsed since a British ambassador had been seen in France. He was presented to Napoleon and
215:
during the troubled period immediately preceding the second partition. Recalled early in 1788, he was in the following August nominated
698:
694:
437:. By the death of the Duke she came into possession of ÂŁ13,000 a year, besides the borough of East Grinstead, while Dorset House and
470:
1146:
1110:
1066:
1044:
672:
and the princes, but carefully avoided any interview with the ministers. He revisited Paris in the following October on his way to
599:), Napoleon did not hesitate to suggest in one of his journals that Whitworth had been privy to the murder of Paul I in Russia. At
430:
331:
305:"Sir, since the king your master is determined to drive me out of Petersburg, I hope he will permit me to retire to Constantinople"
108:
510:
327:
506:
457:
at Paris. His instructions were dated 10 September 1802, and two months later he set out with a large train, being received at
326:(17 November 1793). Wraxall's statement that the relations between Whitworth and Madame Gerepzof were similar to those between
160:
199:
The good offices of the queen and Dorset, according to this authority, procured for Whitworth in June 1785 his appointment as
1189:
1129:
644:
96:
732:
at Paris. A portrait of "Captain Whitworth" of much earlier date, engraved by R. Laurie after A. Graff, is identified by
624:
183:, disfigured though it is by malicious or purely fanciful embroidery, there is perhaps a nucleus of truth. Whitworth was
418:
188:
51:
1017:
566:"to prolong the conversation; I therefore made no answer, and he retired to his apartment repeating the last phrase."
191:, recently sent ambassador to France (1783), being an intimate friend of Mr. Whitworth, made him known to the queen (
586:"When that ceremony was performed he received us, and I had every reason to be satisfied with his manner towards me"
689:
Withyam, Sussex, twenty-two horsemen following her remains to the grave. Her only son (by her first husband), the
589:
208:
1184:
132:
36:
1179:
517:
Any significance that this offer might have had was more than neutralised by the first consul's observation,
405:
45:
469:. The duchess, whose hauteur was very pronounced, had considerable scruples about calling upon the wife of
410:
964:
462:
1136:
640:
63:
421:, had died in July 1799, and on 7 April 1801 he married the widow Duchess Arabella Diana (daughter of
1194:
721:
180:
466:
248:
875:
497:
Talleyrand on 27 January 1803. Three days later was published a report filling eight pages of the
433:). She was a capable woman of thirty-two, with a taste for power and pleasure, says Wraxall, kept
631:. However, in 1813, owing to his wife's connection with Lord Liverpool, he was made on 2 March a
611:, but he always maintained that the accepted version of the celebrated interview of 13 March was
558:"Malheur à ceux qui ne respectent pas les traités. Ils en seront responsables à toute l'Europe."
515:"Unissons-nous plutôt que de nous combattre, et nous réglerons ensemble les destinées du monde."
755:
647:, a post which he held until October 1817. In the same month he was created an English peer as
632:
596:
240:
152:
941:
921:
906:
1169:
1164:
845:
156:
25:
8:
733:
343:
247:, but the harmony between the two countries was disturbed during the winter of 1790–1 by
869:
946:
926:
865:
850:
381:
and her convoy for opposing the British right of search led to strained relations with
371:
251:'s subscription to the view of the Prussian government that the three allies (Britain,
560:("Woe to those who do not respect treaties! They will be responsible to all Europe.")
652:
584:
were kept waiting for an audience for four hours while Napoleon inspected knapsacks.
390:
323:
300:
292:
226:
151:
Whitworth, the eldest of the three sons (there were also four daughters) and heir of
128:
33:
801:
Plenipotentiaries of Britain, Holland, Prussia and Russia signing the Treaty of 1791
235:
Plenipotentiaries of Britain, Holland, Prussia and Russia signing the Treaty of 1791
832:
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450:
426:
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651:, of Adbaston in the County of Stafford. On 2 January 1815 he was promoted to the
1102:
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caricatured Napoleon's tirade to Whitworth at the Tuileries on 13 March 1803.
533:
477:, while England kept silence as to the recent French aggressions in Holland,
422:
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296:
804:
312:
288:
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both uttering powerful speeches against the restoration of Oczakow to the
669:
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ministry consequently instructed Whitworth, through the foreign minister
490:
438:
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256:
636:
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284:
167:, on 19 May 1752 and baptised there on 29 May 1752. He was educated at
84:
677:
553:
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359:
264:
988:
Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, ed. 1862, p. 104, April, May, July 1817
318:
Great Britain's influence upon the peace finally concluded at the
227:
Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipotentiary at St. Petersburg
382:
276:
260:
252:
283:
a circumstantial account of a plot to burn the English fleet at
729:
673:
458:
272:
244:
212:
204:
752:– London : Offices of the Society, 1932, pp. 94, 119
143:
between 1813 and 1815, was a British diplomat and politician.
897:
cf. the account printed in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 313
540:
The crisis, of extreme importance in the career of Napoleon (
486:
474:
347:
762:– London : Offices of the Society, 1934, pp. 108–9
720:, and this description is confirmed by the portrait by Sir
482:
465:
on 7 December, and six days later his wife was received at
164:
1215:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
1205:Peers of the United Kingdom created by George III
16:18th/19th-century British diplomat and politician
1156:
603:in July 1817 he alluded to him with calmness as
223:, a post which he held for nearly twelve years.
217:envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary
201:envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary
629:Sevenoaks and Bromley Regiment of Local Militia
307:. Gradually, however, through the influence of
760:British diplomatic representatives, 1789–1852.
750:British diplomatic representatives, 1689–1789.
530:Maniac-Ravings—or—Little Boney in a strong Fit
311:, the sister of the favourite, the celebrated
724:, an engraving from which appears in Doyle's
550:"à l'instant le plus critique de sa carrière"
377:and a British squadron of the Danish frigate
568:Two hundred people heard this conversation (
1220:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France
1175:Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
874:. London: Charles Knight and Co. pp.
864:
409:Arabella Diana Cope, Duchess of Dorset by
263:and the adjoining territory as far as the
44:
389:, was ordered to the Sound under Admiral
211:was still the nominal monarch. He was at
940:
920:
844:
716:Whitworth, according to Napoleon, was a
523:
404:
230:
1225:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Denmark
807:, now in the National Portrait Gallery.
365:
1230:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Poland
1210:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Russia
1200:Peers of Ireland created by George III
1157:
888:Garden, Traités de Paix, viii. 100–151
444:
303:, said to him with an ironical smile:
135:(29 May 1752 – 13 May 1825), known as
76:23 June 1813 – 3 October 1817
125:Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth
441:subsequently passed into her hands.
271:Petersburg with a plan for invading
435:"always subordinate to her economy"
207:, of which country the unfortunate
13:
950:. 30 September 1815. p. 1997.
736:as a portrait of the diplomatist.
425:, by Catharine, fifth daughter of
419:John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset
52:Johann Baptist von Lampi the Elder
50:Charles Whitworth (1752-1825), by
14:
1241:
659:, in the County of Stafford, and
655:, and on 25 November was created
279:, and in July he communicated to
171:, his preceptors there including
163:), was born at Leybourne Grange,
344:order of the knights of St. John
991:
982:
970:
954:
934:
914:
900:
663:. After the restoration of the
427:Cecil Bisshop, bart., of Parham
239:Whitworth was well received by
891:
882:
858:
838:
826:
810:
794:
785:
773:
639:, and on 3 June was appointed
618:
411:Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun
146:
1:
854:. 29 April 1800. p. 423.
766:
711:
139:between 1800 and 1813 and as
1091:British Ambassador to France
1052:British Ambassador to Russia
998:British Mezzotinto Portraits
930:. 1 June 1813. p. 1069.
370:In July 1800 the seizure by
7:
1190:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
400:
243:, who was then at war with
10:
1246:
1137:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
739:
641:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
570:"if such it can be called"
64:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1143:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1097:
1088:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1041:
1031:
1022:
1014:
1009:
780:Tonbridge School Register
429:, who afterwards married
118:
114:
102:
90:
80:
69:
62:
58:
43:
23:
1063:Next known title holder:
791:Memoirs, 1772–1784, 1884
683:
519:"Ce sont des bagatelles"
1077:The Marquess Cornwallis
1025:British Envoy to Poland
835:, December 1836, p. 470
653:grand cross of the Bath
643:, in succession to the
334:is utterly incredible.
161:The 1st Baron Whitworth
1111:The Duke of Wellington
977:British Dental Journal
756:Stanley Thomas Bindoff
633:Lord of the Bedchamber
597:treaty of Campo Formio
562:"He was too agitated,"
537:
414:
236:
197:
141:The Viscount Whitworth
1185:Kent Militia officers
871:The French Revolution
691:fourth Duke of Dorset
613:"plein des faussetés"
574:"and I am persuaded,"
564:says the ambassador,
527:
423:Sir Charles Cope, Bt.
408:
234:
209:Stanisław Poniatowski
185:
153:Sir Charles Whitworth
1180:Royal Scots officers
1130:The Duke of Richmond
821:Life of Catharine II
366:Interlude in Denmark
332:Duchess of Cleveland
97:The Duke of Richmond
26:The Right Honourable
1122:Government offices
1045:Alleyne Fitzherbert
866:MacFarlane, Charles
734:John Chaloner Smith
445:Ambassador at Paris
417:His former friend,
1107:Title next held by
1083:as Plenipotentiary
1067:The Lord St Helens
1018:Viscount Dalrymple
947:The London Gazette
927:The London Gazette
851:The London Gazette
649:Viscount Whitworth
627:Commandant of the
625:Lieutenant-Colonel
582:corps diplomatique
542:"il était arrivé,"
538:
415:
237:
175:and "Mr. Towers".
137:The Lord Whitworth
30:The Earl Whitworth
1153:
1152:
1144:Succeeded by
1086:
1032:Succeeded by
1010:Diplomatic posts
726:Official Baronage
680:on 19 July 1821.
391:Archibald Dickson
122:
121:
1237:
1195:Diplomatic peers
1127:Preceded by
1080:
1074:Preceded by
1042:Preceded by
1015:Preceded by
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910:, 8 August 1809.
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833:Quarterly Review
830:
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792:
789:
783:
777:
746:David Bayne Horn
718:"fort bel homme"
645:Duke of Richmond
576:adds Whitworth,
451:Treaty of Amiens
395:privy councillor
193:Marie-Antoinette
169:Tonbridge School
105:
93:
74:
48:
21:
20:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1147:The Earl Talbot
1140:
1132:
1113:
1108:
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1103:Napoleonic Wars
1094:
1079:
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1047:
1037:
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939:
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786:
778:
774:
769:
742:
722:Thomas Lawrence
714:
686:
621:
447:
403:
368:
356:Baron Whitworth
320:Treaty of Jassy
309:Madame Gerepzof
229:
149:
109:The Earl Talbot
103:
91:
75:
70:
54:
39:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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979:9 (2000), 593.
969:
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933:
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908:London Gazette
899:
890:
881:
868:(1845). "XX".
857:
837:
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784:
771:
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768:
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753:
741:
738:
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685:
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661:Earl Whitworth
657:Baron Adbaston
620:
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463:Mme. Bonaparte
446:
443:
431:Lord Liverpool
402:
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367:
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221:St. Petersburg
189:Duke of Dorset
173:James Cawthorn
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1035:Daniel Hailes
1027:
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967:1825, ii. 647
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961:Sussex Herald
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817:William Tooke
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782:, 1886, p. 13
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547:
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534:James Gillray
531:
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501:from Colonel
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363:
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
194:
190:
184:
182:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:(a nephew of
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
117:
113:
110:
107:
101:
98:
95:
89:
86:
83:
79:
73:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
38:
35:
27:
22:
19:
1135:
1116:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1023:
997:
993:
984:
976:
972:
956:
945:
936:
925:
916:
907:
902:
893:
884:
870:
860:
849:
840:
828:
820:
812:
805:Edward Dayes
800:
796:
787:
779:
775:
759:
749:
725:
717:
715:
707:
702:
687:
660:
656:
648:
622:
612:
608:
604:
594:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
541:
539:
529:
518:
514:
498:
495:
448:
434:
416:
387:bomb vessels
378:
373:
369:
355:
352:
336:
317:
304:
269:
249:William Pitt
241:Catherine II
238:
198:
186:
177:
150:
140:
136:
124:
123:
104:Succeeded by
71:
18:
1170:1825 deaths
1165:1752 births
942:"No. 17066"
922:"No. 16735"
846:"No. 15253"
695:of Plymouth
670:Louis XVIII
619:Later years
491:Switzerland
328:Marlborough
257:Netherlands
147:Early years
92:Preceded by
1159:Categories
1141:1813–1817
1095:1802–1803
1056:1788–1800
1029:1785–1787
965:Gent. Mag.
823:, iii. 284
767:References
712:Likenesses
699:De la Warr
637:George III
601:St. Helena
511:Hawkesbury
503:Sebastiani
471:Talleyrand
455:ambassador
439:Knole Park
285:Portsmouth
275:by way of
85:George III
678:George IV
590:Andréossy
554:Tuileries
507:Addington
467:St. Cloud
372:HMS
281:Grenville
72:In office
1000:, p. 809
665:Bourbons
609:"adroit"
605:"habile"
532:(1803),
499:Moniteur
479:Piedmont
401:Marriage
360:Napoleon
330:and the
265:Dniester
255:and the
1115:in 1814
1060:Unknown
740:Sources
546:Lanfrey
383:Denmark
374:Nemesis
301:Suvorov
277:Kashmir
261:Oczakow
253:Prussia
181:Wraxall
81:Monarch
1099:Vacant
963:, ap.
730:Louvre
674:Naples
489:, and
459:Calais
413:, 1803
340:Paul I
273:Bengal
245:Turkey
213:Warsaw
205:Poland
684:Death
544:says
487:Parma
475:Egypt
379:Freya
348:Malta
313:Zubof
297:Porte
289:Burke
878:–99.
697:and
607:and
483:Elba
449:The
291:and
165:Kent
876:279
803:by
635:to
572:),
528:In
346:at
293:Fox
219:at
203:to
129:GCB
34:GCB
1161::
944:.
924:.
848:.
819:,
758::
748::
705:.
701:.
615:.
548:,
493:.
485:,
481:,
397:.
324:KB
157:MP
155:,
133:PC
131:,
127:,
37:PC
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