1141:
53:
1212:
1331:, which has, to some degree, historically isolated Thailand from other Southeast Asian civilisations. In northern Thailand the divide roughly corresponds to a long section of the political border of the country today. Southern portions of the divide's boundary correspond less to the nation's political border, because isolation in this area was prevented by the ease of transportation along the lowlands surrounding the Gulf of Thailand, allowing a unified Thai civilisation to extend beyond the watershed without issue. The slightly higher northern plains have been farmed for centuries and saw a major change from the 13th century during the
1080:
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68:
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The original swamp forests have almost entirely been removed as the plain has been converted to rice paddies, other agriculture, and urban areas like
Bangkok. Much of the wildlife that once inhabited these plains has disappeared, including a large number of fish in the river systems, birds such as
1475:
As so much has been cleared or altered the potential for creating large protected areas to preserve original habitat no longer exists. However much wildlife does remain in the rice fields and steps may be taken to preserve these as urban and industrial development on the plains is ongoing and the
1982:
as "very poor", worse than in 2014, and their findings indicated large amounts of wastewater were discharged into the river from households, industry, and agriculture. In addition, 4,000 metric tons of plastic flows down the river into the Gulf of
Thailand every year. To counter this, Thailand's
837:
in the 14th century, which itself was precursor of modern
Thailand (known formerly as Siam), the river became very significant after the establishment of Rattanakosin (Bangkok) in 1782 on its east bank, the location of Bangkok on the east bank of Chao Phraya River ensured protection to Siamese
1306:
Finally the Chao Phraya Basin itself is defined as the portion of the Chao Phraya watershed drained by the Chao Phraya River itself, and not by its major tributaries or distributaries. As such, the Chao Phraya Basin drains 20,126 square kilometres (7,771 sq mi) of
1746:, a small colourful cyprinid that is endemic to Chao Phraya, is commonly seen in the aquarium trade where it is bred in large numbers, but the only remaining wild population is at a single location that covers less than 10 km (4 sq mi). The endangered
1219:
When measured from the most commonly accepted source, which is the confluence of the Ping and Nan River in Nakhon Sawan, the river measures 372 km (231 mi). However, when measured from the longest source, which is the origin point of the Nan River in the
1977:
to grow faster than ecosystems can handle, harming water quality, food resources for aquatic animals, and marine habitats. It also decreases the oxygen that fish need to survive. PCD rated water quality at the mouth of Chao Phraya at
Bangkok's
1326:
is a flat, low area with an average of two metres above sea level. Further north and into the plains of the Ping and the Nan the elevation is over 20 m. Then the mountains that are the natural boundary of the Chao Praya watershed form a
1140:
1987:
organization to deploy an
Interceptor Original, one of the organization's solar-powered, automated systems, in the river. Since 19 February 2024, an interceptor of the latest third generation has been deployed for testing purposes.
914:
The rough coordinates of the river are 13 N, 100 E. This area has a wet monsoon climate, with over 1,400 millimetres (55 in) of rainfall per year. Temperatures range from 24 to 33 °C (75 to 91 °F) in
Bangkok.
832:
that existed on its left bank in the Upper Chao Phraya valley, Chao Phraya maintained its role in the kingdoms that succeeded the Lavo kingdom, forming the bases of the
Ayodhaya kingdom, that was later incorporated into the
1121:
In
Bangkok, the Chao Phraya is a major transportation artery for a network of river buses, cross-river ferries, and water taxis ("longtails"). More than 15 boat lines operate on the rivers and canals of the city, including
1480:
has very little control or planning over this. Particular threats come from the conversion of rice paddies to large-scale production of prawns by pumping in seawater, and the use of pesticides to eliminate the introduced
1699:, the only freshwater region with similar high levels of threat is the lower Mekong. It has been estimated that only around 30 native fish species still are able to reproduce in the mainstream of the Chao Phraya River.
963:
period. Several shortcut canals were constructed to bypass large loops in the river, shortening the trip from the capital city to the sea. The course of the river has since changed to follow many of these canals.
1375:
Rivers and their distributaries, starting at the point at which the distributaries diverge, together with the land amid the triangle formed by the outermost and innermost distributary, form the Chao Phraya
2104:
1322:
The landscape of the river basins is a very wide, flat, well-watered plain continuously refreshed with soil and sediment brought down by the rivers. The lower central plain from the delta north to
1248:
The expanse of the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries, i.e., the Chao Phraya river system, together with the land upon which falling rain drains into these bodies of water, form the Chao Phraya
1458:. Today we can only guess at the original habitat and wildlife by comparing it with neighbouring countries. It is believed that the area would have consisted of freshwater swamps inland and salty
1255:
The Chao Phraya watershed is the largest watershed in
Thailand, covering approximately 35 percent of the nation's land, and draining an area of 157,924 square kilometres (60,975 sq mi).
667:
3020:
1616:
with 328 fish species. Despite their similarities, there are also differences between the aquatic fauna of Chao Phraya and Mae Klong; the latter (but not the former) is home to a few
987:
In 1542, a two kilometer-long canal, "Khlong Lat
Bangkok", was completed. The Chao Phraya then diverted along the new canal, its old course becoming part of Khlong Bangkok Noi and
1074:
2361:
3200:
1187:. All of the tributaries, including the lesser khwae, form an extensive tree-like pattern, with branches flowing through nearly every province in central and northern
3249:
1785:
2167:
At the time of writing the "Introduction" to the 1994 reprint of Five Years in Siam, she was a PhD candidate in the Department of History at Cornell University.
743:, who served as Director of the Department of Mines in Siam from 1891 to 1896, refers to it in his book first published in 1898 as "the Mae Nam Chao Phraya".
2452:
2324:
1551:
824:
On the basins of Chao Phraya River rose the earliest civilizations in the south east Asia, most notably the ancient Mon kingdom and the civilization of
994:
In 1608, a seven kilometer-long "Khlong Bang Phrao" canal was completed and has shortened the Chao Phraya's original route by 18 km (11 mi).
637:
1750:, another species bred in large numbers for the aquarium trade, has been extirpated from most of its range in Chao Phraya. The critically endangered
1561:
1490:
There are populations of threatened birds, including colonies of breeding water birds such as the world's largest populations of the near-threatened
2272:
3174:
2821:
2298:
1408:
1351:
moved the capital of Siam to Bangkok, and a process of canalisation and cultivation began, especially as Thailand began to export rice from 1855.
1608:
with 108 species. The mainstream of the Chao Phraya River has about 190 native fish species. In general, the aquatic fauna of Chao Phraya and
1053:. These cities are among the most historically significant and densely populated settlements of Thailand due to their access to the waterway.
1135:
1000:
In 1722, the two kilometre long "Khlong Lat Kret Noi" shortened the Chao Phraya by 7 km (4 mi). This route formed the island of
1664:) otherwise only known from Mekong. Of the fish species known from the Chao Phraya–Mae Klong, only about 50 are absent from the Mekong.
1380:. The many distributaries of the Chao Phraya delta are interconnected by canals that serve both for irrigation and for transportation.
1062:
643:
3034:
2485:
1191:. None of the tributaries of the Chao Phraya extend beyond the nation's borders. The Nan and the Yom River flow nearly parallel from
886:, which then flows parallel to the main river and exits in the Gulf of Thailand about 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Bangkok in
2358:
1477:
2565:
407:
2180:
2146:
2218:
3053:
3047:
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is one of the world's largest freshwater fish weighing up to 300 kg (660 lb), but the natural population has been
52:
1404:
3190:
3179:
162:
3104:
2417:
IUCN 1991. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd.
245:
703:
785:
326:
1644:). It is believed that the upper Mekong was connected to Chao Phraya (rather than present-day lower Mekong) until the
3151:
2670:
2190:
811:
793:
1515:
1211:
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Elements for a political ecology of river basins development: The case of the Chao Phraya river basin, Thailand.
2328:
1469:
789:
3169:
1754:
has been entirely exirpated from Chao Phraya and Mae Klong, but small populations remain in the Mekong basin.
2664:
Tropical Deltas and Coastal Zones: Food Production, Communities and Environment at the Land-water Interface.
2649:
Paper presented to the 4th Conference of the International Water History Association, December 2005, Paris.
1845:
1718:
722:
3079:
1183:. Each of these tributaries (and the Chao Phraya itself) is augmented by minor tributaries referred to as
3254:
3244:
2276:
2302:
1726:
in the world are native to the river, but these are all seriously threatened: the critically endangered
3239:
1070:
17:
2859:
1997:
1739:
714:
980:. It shortened the route by 13–14 km for ships from the Gulf of Siam to the then-capital city,
2997:
2951:
2753:
2707:
2536:
1979:
1853:
1083:
1066:
774:
2799:
2611:
1636:. The aquatic fauna in Chao Phraya–Mae Klong also show clear similarities with that of the middle
2905:
2055:
2022:
1696:
1427:
778:
740:
737:"water," and the epithet Chao P'ia signifies that it is the chief river in the kingdom of Siam."
721:, who served as Director-General of the Siamese Government Surveys prior to establishment of the
1079:
1840:
1743:
1704:
1672:
1654:
1633:
1523:
1403:
The lowland areas of the Chao Phraya watershed in central Thailand have been designated as the
1348:
2815:
1934:
1930:
1871:
1831:
1572:
There are few areas of wetland protected as national parks, but these are mostly very small.
1556:
1414:, an area about 400 km (249 mi) north to south and 180 km (112 mi) wide.
1103:
1050:
1038:
1014:
887:
863:
746:
In the English-language media in Thailand, the name Chao Phraya River is often translated as
482:
393:
312:
2108:
2069:
1849:
1723:
1483:
1455:
1099:
1018:
31:
8:
1879:
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1221:
1042:
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148:
3122:
2196:
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940:
2836:
2222:
1958:
1938:
1861:
1801:
1777:
1652:
basin, a tributary of the Chao Phraya, which is home to a number of taxa (for example,
1566:
1371:
is the major distributary of the Chao Phraya River. The expanse of the Chao Phraya and
1323:
1149:
1034:
1030:
1026:
988:
977:
946:
3147:
3043:
2974:
2928:
2730:
2684:
2666:
2562:
2513:
2464:
2186:
2117:
1984:
1887:
1883:
1857:
1835:
1793:
1751:
1709:
1336:
1332:
1316:
1267:
1241:
1160:
1022:
969:
960:
879:
834:
543:
227:
2776:
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2992:
2946:
2900:
2882:
2854:
2794:
2748:
2702:
2606:
2531:
1954:
1901:
1731:
1589:
1451:
1107:
981:
875:
867:
687:
602:
562:
377:
2408:
Madoc, G. 1950. Field Notes on some Siamese Birds. Bull. Raffles Mus. 23: 129–190.
2391:
1347:. The southern swamps meanwhile changed radically from the 18th century when King
3164:
2569:
2456:
2365:
2074:
1912:
1797:
1789:
1735:
1641:
1625:
1419:
1328:
1145:
898:
828:
from the 7th century to the 11th century, the river played a crucial role in the
2088:
1772:
Many other species that either are prominent in the aquarium trade or important
2044:
1866:
1757:
1597:
1542:
1491:
1447:
1372:
1368:
1300:
1249:
1180:
1111:
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883:
679:
3233:
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3202:
2983:
2937:
2891:
2845:
2785:
2739:
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2597:
2522:
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1950:
1919:
1891:
1827:
1806:
1507:
674:
660:
632:
422:
409:
341:
328:
260:
247:
177:
164:
89:
2774:
1957:
has seriously deteriorated, and the lower Chao Phraya contains bacteria and
959:
The lower Chao Phraya underwent several human-made modifications during the
2121:
2002:
1983:
Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR) signed an agreement with
1811:
1781:
1765:
1648:, which explains the similarities in their river faunas. This included the
1462:
on the coast and the river estuaries. The swamp would have been covered in
1262:
1200:
1156:
859:
829:
711:
531:
231:
3184:
1764:
from the Chao Phraya and Mekong is an important food fish, and it is also
1667:
1232:
1974:
1896:
1875:
1823:
1747:
1692:
1541:. The conservation status of most of these in unclear (they are rated as
1538:
1534:
1435:
1388:
1377:
1339:
that succeeded it when rice growing intensified with the introduction of
1192:
1115:
991:. It is said to have shortened the river route by 14 km (9 mi).
372:
308:
1966:
1727:
1688:
1645:
1605:
1585:
1499:
1464:
1359:
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866:. After this, it flows south for 372 kilometres (231 mi) from the
851:
847:
135:
1962:
1906:
1819:
1773:
1761:
1675:
is restricted to an area of less than 10 km (4 sq mi).
1649:
1613:
1612:
show clear similarities, and they are sometimes combined in a single
1609:
1411:
1312:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1168:
1164:
973:
928:
855:
825:
215:
67:
763:
3105:"Plastic River: Following the Waste That's Choking the Chao Phraya"
2494:
2379:
2235:"The River of Kings II – City of Angels", a light and sound musical
1970:
1684:
1660:
1640:(the lower Mekong fauna more closely resembles that of the eastern
1601:
1459:
1393:
1188:
1123:
1087:
718:
707:
389:
106:
706:), the Thai word for "river" (literally, "motherly water"). Irish
648:
2834:
2634:
Water quality management of the Chao Phraya River (a case study).
2179:
Smyth, H. Warington (1994) . "I. The river and port of Bangkok".
1925:
1713:
1629:
1397:
1046:
1001:
871:
683:
116:
58:
35:
2447:
Allen, D.J.; Smith, K.G. & Darwall, W.R.T. (editors)(2008).
1468:
marsh grasses. Today there is a small area of this remaining in
1303:(the basin of the Chao Phraya's most significant distributaries)
2450:
The status and distribution of freshwater fishes of Indo-Burma.
2049:
1734:
from Chao Phraya, but remain elsewhere), critically endangered
1637:
1344:
903:
2658:
Chuenpagdee, R.; Traesupap, S. & Juntarashote, K. (2010).
1712:, but has not been recorded since the 1970s and is considered
1013:
Provinces along the Chao Phraya include, from north to south,
972:
of a 3 km (2 mi) long canal was dug at the order of
2662:. pp. 398-407 in: Hoanh, C.T. & Szuster, B.W. (editors).
1949:
The Thai Pollution Control Department (PCD) reports that the
1621:
1580:
1443:
1311:
To the west, the central plain of Thailand is drained by the
608:
605:
591:
571:
568:
1533:
The Chao Phraya basin is home to about half a dozen endemic
2460:
1617:
1546:
1340:
1155:
The principal tributaries of the Chao Phraya River are the
623:
620:
582:
1722:
are also lacking and it is possibly extinct. Three of the
1600:
is home to around 280 species of fish, including about 30
997:
In 1636, the "Khlong Lat Mueang Nonthaburi" was completed.
911:
are used for the irrigation of the region's rice paddies.
1680:
1679:
There has been extensive habitat destruction (pollution,
838:
kingdom from the Burmese invasions coming from the West.
588:
3175:
UNESCO World Water Assessment Program on the Chao Phraya
2660:
Coastal Transect Analysis of Chao Phraya Delta, Thailand
2325:"Detailed Map of the Chao Phraya River Basin (Thailand)"
1195:
to Chumsaeng in the north of Nakhon Sawan Province. The
976:. It was called "Khlong Lat", and today forms a part of
934:
The original course of the river and its shortcut canals
3187:
a self-guided boat trip on Bangkok's Chao Phraya river.
30:"Chao Phraya" redirects here. For the noble title, see
2582:
2580:
2775:
Jenkins, A., Kullander, F.F. & Tan, H.H. (2009).
2375:
2373:
2352:
2116:. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 21.
882:, the river then splits into the main course and the
565:
1258:
The watershed is divided into the following basins:
1094:
Major bridges cross the Chao Phraya in Bangkok: the
682:
forming the centre of the country. It flows through
617:
614:
579:
576:
2577:
2267:
2265:
1297:, and usually divided as such in drainage analyses)
1283:, and usually divided as such in drainage analyses)
1110:, a single tower asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge;
611:
585:
3193:one of the popular tourist attractions in Bangkok.
2507:
2505:
2370:
2327:. World Water Assessment Programme. Archived from
2301:. World Water Assessment Programme. Archived from
1224:, the river measures 1,112 km (691 mi).
698:On many old European maps, the river is named the
2273:"Royal Irrigation Department River Gauges Report"
1776:are native to the Chao Phraya basin, such as the
3250:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
3231:
2860:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T195320A104292419.en
2632:Samorn Muttamara, S. & Sales, C. L. (1994).
2317:
2262:
1409:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1199:enters the Ping River near Sam Ngao district in
3146:, William Warren and R. Ian Lloyd, Asia Books,
2972:
2926:
2880:
2728:
2586:
2502:
2105:"Chapter VI. From Bangkok to Korat – Elephants"
678:) is the major river in Thailand, with its low
2998:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180848A1669669.en
2952:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180969A7656475.en
2835:Vidthayanon, C.; Baird, I.; Hogan, Z. (2016).
2754:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180665A7649599.en
2708:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180996A7657156.en
2537:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180662A7649359.en
1716:. Recent records of the near-endemic cyprinid
1319:. They are not part of the Chao Praya system.
3180:Chao Phraya Delta Research and Reference Site
2800:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T15945A5324983.en
2612:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T7807A12852157.en
2443:
2219:"The River of Kings II : City of Angels"
2133:The Mae Nam Chao P'ia is a magnificent river.
2906:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T2953A9501746.en
2820:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2359:River and Watershed Facts on the Chao Phraya
2343:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
1343:, a much faster-growing strain of rice from
1136:List of tributaries of the Chao Phraya River
1114:, a semi-symmetric cable-stayed bridge; and
3071:
2560:Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2013).
2144:
1392:Human settlements along the Chao Phraya in
907:) which split off from the main river. The
792:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
72:Map of the Chao Phraya River drainage basin
2291:
2098:
2096:
1671:The only remaining wild population of the
1063:List of crossings of the Chao Phraya River
504:5,960 m/s (210,000 cu ft/s)
81:
66:
3042:. Bangkok: Pollution Control Department.
3027:
2996:
2950:
2904:
2858:
2798:
2752:
2706:
2610:
2535:
2511:
2420:
2240:
2103:McCarthy, James Fitzroy (13 July 2005) .
1498:), and other birds such as the wintering
812:Learn how and when to remove this message
3077:
2682:
2474:
2182:Five Years in Siam : from 1891–1896
2102:
1756:
1666:
1579:
1387:
1358:
1231:
1227:
1210:
1167:(along with its principal confluent the
1139:
1078:
460:160,400 km (61,900 sq mi)
3078:Wangkiat, Paritta (25 September 2016).
3036:Thailand State of Pollution Report 2015
2556:
2554:
2480:
2093:
1953:of major rivers flowing into the upper
1506:). Endemic mammals that remain are the
1478:Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand
1335:in the 13th and 14th centuries and the
494:718 m/s (25,400 cu ft/s)
14:
3232:
3123:"Interceptor 19 installed for testing"
2392:"Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests"
2178:
2015:
1472:, a relic of the original landscape.
1215:Boat on the Chao Phraya in Nonthaburi
673:
659:
3165:Video Guide to the Chao Phraya River
2551:
2299:"Chao Phraya River Basin (Thailand)"
2275:. RID Stations. 2002. Archived from
2147:"Introduction to Five Years in Siam"
1604:. By far the most diverse family is
1405:Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests
1008:
918:
790:adding citations to reliable sources
757:
3185:Bangkok Chao Phraya River Boat Trip
2984:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2938:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2892:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2846:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2786:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2740:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2694:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2598:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2523:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1175:(with its principal confluent, the
24:
3191:Bangkok's Chao Phraya River Cruise
3137:
3021:Fish Species in Chao Phraya River.
25:
3266:
3158:
1056:
32:Thai nobility § Noble titles
1695:also presents a problem. Within
939:
927:
762:
661:[mɛ̂ːnáːmtɕâːwpʰráʔ.jāː]
601:
561:
51:
3115:
3097:
3012:
2966:
2920:
2874:
2828:
2768:
2722:
2676:
2652:
2639:
2636:Environmental Technology 15(6).
2626:
2411:
2402:
2384:
2153:. Pine Tree Web. Archived from
2145:Tamara Loos (1 December 2002).
2110:Surveying and exploring in Siam
1691:) in the Chao Phraya basin and
1363:The mouth of Chao Phraya River.
1118:, on the Industrial Ring Road.
901:, there are many small canals (
2221:. Thai Stories. Archived from
2211:
2172:
2138:
2082:
2075:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2062:
2037:
1708:is endemic to Chao Phraya and
1620:otherwise only known in major
1470:Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park
1129:
1075:Sathon-Klong Toei Express Boat
846:The Chao Phraya begins at the
401: • coordinates
320: • coordinates
239: • coordinates
156: • coordinates
13:
1:
2008:
1516:Neill's long-tailed giant rat
1487:, which damages rice plants.
862:(also called Pak Nam Pho) in
123:Physical characteristics
2733:Balantiocheilos ambusticauda
1973:. Nutrient pollution causes
1944:
1742:. The critically endangered
1730:(wild populations have been
1719:Balantiocheilos ambusticauda
1090:is visible in the background
841:
693:
440: • elevation
359: • elevation
282:1,240 m (4,070 ft)
278: • elevation
199:1,700 m (5,600 ft)
195: • elevation
7:
1991:
649:
478: • location
385: • location
304: • location
223: • location
143: • location
10:
3271:
2023:"Chiang Dao National Park"
1383:
1133:
1071:Bangkok Boat Express Lines
1060:
968:In 1538, Thailand's first
753:
500: • maximum
490: • average
29:
3170:Chao Phraya River Express
2885:Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki
1998:River Systems of Thailand
1740:giant freshwater stingray
1432:Pseudochelidon sirintarae
1206:
725:, wrote in his account, "
636:
549:
537:
525:
517:
512:
508:
498:
488:
476:
468:
464:
456:
452:372 km (231 mi)
448:
438:
399:
383:
371:
367:
357:
318:
302:
294:
290:
286:
276:
237:
221:
211:
207:
203:
193:
154:
141:
131:
127:
122:
112:
102:
97:
82:
77:
65:
50:
45:
2973:Vidthayanon, C. (2012).
2927:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2881:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2729:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2587:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2484:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2185:. Bangkok: White Lotus.
1980:Bang Khun Thian District
1846:long pectoral-fin minnow
1528:Hipposideros halophyllus
1522:), and the near-endemic
1354:
1084:Chao Phraya Express Boat
1067:Chao Phraya Express Boat
733:signifying "mother" and
539: • right
3024:Retrieved 7 March 2015.
2853:: e.T195320A104292419.
2591:Epalzeorhynchos bicolor
2574:Retrieved 7 March 2015.
2056:Oxford University Press
1786:Asian bumblebee catfish
1724:largest freshwater fish
1697:mainland Southeast Asia
1575:
1428:white-eyed river martin
897:which begins below the
723:Royal Survey Department
675:[tɕâːwpʰrā.jāː]
527: • left
27:Major river in Thailand
3216:13.54028°N 100.58972°E
2779:Pangasius sanitwongsei
2687:Platytropius siamensis
2398:. World Wildlife Fund.
2396:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2364:4 January 2009 at the
1841:Leptobarbus rubripinna
1769:
1744:red-tailed black shark
1705:Platytropius siamensis
1676:
1673:red-tailed black shark
1655:Ambastaia nigrolineata
1593:
1524:Thailand roundleaf bat
1454:, and the much-hunted
1442:) and animals such as
1400:
1364:
1349:Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke
1245:
1216:
1152:
1091:
363:25 m (82 ft)
261:19.33333°N 101.20000°E
2991:: e.T180848A1669669.
2945:: e.T180969A7656475.
2747:: e.T180665A7649599.
2701:: e.T180996A7657156.
2530:: e.T180662A7649359.
2516:Catlocarpio siamensis
2498:. March 2015 version.
2488:Catlocarpio siamensis
2052:UK English Dictionary
2025:. Thai Forest Booking
1935:smallscale archerfish
1931:largescale archerfish
1854:Jullien's golden carp
1760:
1670:
1583:
1557:critically endangered
1391:
1362:
1235:
1228:Chao Phraya watershed
1214:
1143:
1082:
1051:Samut Prakan Province
1039:Pathum Thani Province
1015:Nakhon Sawan Province
864:Nakhon Sawan province
178:19.81250°N 98.83889°E
2793:: e.T15945A5324983.
2605:: e.T7807A12852157.
2568:4 March 2016 at the
2455:29 July 2016 at the
2331:on 18 September 2008
1484:Pomacea canaliculata
1424:Anhinga melanogaster
1315:and the east by the
1244:, by the Chao Phraya
1086:on the Chao Phraya,
1019:Uthai Thani Province
974:King Chairachathirat
786:improve this section
444:0 m (0 ft)
34:. For the star, see
3221:13.54028; 100.58972
3212: /
3127:theoceancleanup.com
3109:newsecuritybeat.org
3059:on 5 September 2017
2899:: e.T2953A9501746.
2839:Urogymnus polylepis
2199:on 19 December 2010
2157:on 19 December 2010
1923:sheatfish, several
1880:Chinese algae eater
1872:finescale tigerfish
1862:scissortail rasbora
1816:Siamese algae eater
1238:Wat Chaiwatthanaram
1222:Luang Prabang Range
1144:The Chao Phraya in
1043:Nonthaburi Province
951:Nonthaburi province
729:is a generic term,
513:Basin features
419: /
338: /
266:19.33333; 101.20000
257: /
174: /
57:The Chao Phraya in
3255:Ecoregions of Asia
3245:Rivers of Thailand
2977:Pangasius bocourti
2931:Datnioides pulcher
2645:Molle, F. (2005).
2512:Hogan, Z. (2011).
2380:Basins of Thailand
2078:. Merriam-Webster.
1959:nutrient pollution
1939:wrestling halfbeak
1770:
1677:
1594:
1552:Cryptophaea saukra
1520:Leopoldamys neilli
1512:Niviventer hinpoon
1496:Anastomus oscitans
1452:Javan rhinoceroses
1401:
1365:
1324:Ang Thong Province
1287:Greater Ping Basin
1246:
1217:
1153:
1150:Ang Thong Province
1092:
1035:Ayutthaya Province
1031:Ang Thong Province
1027:Sing Buri Province
989:Khlong Bangkok Yai
978:Khlong Bangkok Noi
947:Khlong Bangkok Noi
741:H. Warington Smyth
686:and then into the
651:Maenam Chao Phraya
423:13.520°N 100.603°E
342:15.701°N 100.142°E
183:19.81250; 98.83889
3240:Chao Phraya River
3144:Bangkok Waterways
3080:"Breach of trust"
3049:978-616-316-327-1
2683:Ng, H.H. (2011).
2469:978-2-8317-1424-0
2279:on 14 August 2009
1985:The Ocean Cleanup
1888:clown featherback
1884:giant featherback
1858:blackline rasbora
1836:black sharkminnow
1794:striped snakehead
1752:Siamese tigerfish
1738:, and endangered
1592:from Chao Phraya.
1456:Schomburgk's deer
1337:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1333:Sukhothai Kingdom
1317:Bang Pakong River
1289:(composed of the
1275:(composed of the
1273:Greater Nan Basin
1268:Sakae Krang Basin
1242:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1161:Sakae Krang River
1098:railroad bridge;
1023:Chai Nat Province
1009:River settlements
970:river engineering
919:River engineering
835:Ayutthaya Kingdom
822:
821:
814:
647:
553:
552:
544:Sakae Krang River
295:Source confluence
228:Bo Kluea District
16:(Redirected from
3262:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3052:. Archived from
3041:
3031:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2680:
2674:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2584:
2575:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2478:
2472:
2445:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2368:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2260:
2255:Steve Van Beek:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2195:. Archived from
2176:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2100:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2019:
1955:Gulf of Thailand
1902:iridescent shark
1596:The Chao Phraya
943:
931:
876:Gulf of Thailand
817:
810:
806:
803:
797:
766:
758:
688:Gulf of Thailand
677:
671:
670:
669:
663:
658:
654:
642:
640:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
540:
528:
501:
491:
479:
434:
433:
431:
430:
429:
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
378:Gulf of Thailand
360:
353:
352:
350:
349:
348:
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
321:
305:
279:
272:
271:
269:
268:
267:
262:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
240:
224:
196:
189:
188:
186:
185:
184:
179:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
157:
144:
93:
85:
84:
70:
55:
43:
42:
21:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3161:
3140:
3138:Further reading
3135:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2833:
2829:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2681:
2677:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2585:
2578:
2570:Wayback Machine
2559:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2510:
2503:
2479:
2475:
2457:Wayback Machine
2446:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2366:Wayback Machine
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2226:
2225:on 12 June 2019
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2124:
2113:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2011:
1994:
1947:
1913:Belodontichthys
1798:walking catfish
1790:giant snakehead
1736:giant pangasius
1642:Malay Peninsula
1578:
1562:Caliphaea angka
1448:Asian elephants
1420:Oriental darter
1386:
1357:
1230:
1209:
1146:Chaiyo District
1138:
1132:
1077:
1059:
1011:
957:
956:
955:
954:
953:
944:
936:
935:
932:
921:
899:Chao Phraya Dam
844:
818:
807:
801:
798:
783:
767:
756:
696:
665:
664:
656:
638:แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา
604:
600:
575:
564:
560:
538:
526:
499:
489:
477:
441:
428:13.520; 100.603
427:
425:
421:
418:
413:
410:
408:
406:
405:
402:
386:
358:
347:15.701; 100.142
346:
344:
340:
337:
332:
329:
327:
325:
324:
319:
303:
277:
265:
263:
259:
256:
251:
248:
246:
244:
243:
238:
222:
194:
182:
180:
176:
173:
168:
165:
163:
161:
160:
155:
142:
87:
83:แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา
73:
61:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3159:External links
3157:
3156:
3155:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3114:
3096:
3070:
3048:
3026:
3011:
2965:
2919:
2873:
2827:
2767:
2721:
2675:
2651:
2638:
2625:
2576:
2550:
2501:
2482:Froese, Rainer
2473:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2383:
2369:
2351:
2342:
2316:
2305:on 8 June 2008
2290:
2261:
2239:
2210:
2191:
2171:
2137:
2092:
2081:
2061:
2036:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1946:
1943:
1867:Tor tambroides
1778:climbing perch
1577:
1574:
1543:data deficient
1504:Milvus migrans
1492:Asian openbill
1418:vultures, the
1385:
1382:
1369:Tha Chin River
1356:
1353:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:Tha Chin Basin
1298:
1284:
1270:
1265:
1229:
1226:
1208:
1205:
1181:Tha Chin River
1134:Main article:
1131:
1128:
1124:commuter lines
1058:
1057:Transportation
1055:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
995:
992:
985:
945:
938:
937:
933:
926:
925:
924:
923:
922:
920:
917:
895:alluvial plain
884:Tha Chin River
868:central plains
843:
840:
820:
819:
770:
768:
761:
755:
752:
748:river of kings
715:James McCarthy
695:
692:
680:alluvial plain
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
535:
534:
529:
523:
522:
519:
515:
514:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
486:
485:
480:
474:
473:
470:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
446:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:
403:
400:
397:
396:
387:
384:
381:
380:
375:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
322:
316:
315:
306:
300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
241:
235:
234:
225:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
158:
152:
151:
145:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
95:
94:
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3267:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3153:
3152:981-00-1011-7
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3022:
3015:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2969:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2672:
2671:9781845936181
2668:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2257:The Chao Phya
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2192:974-8495-98-1
2188:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2089:Pronunciation
2085:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:"Chao Phraya"
2065:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:"Chao Phraya"
2040:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:water quality
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:Phalacronotus
1916:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:giant gourami
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:rainbow shark
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:Yasuhikotakia
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:
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1508:limestone rat
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3089:25 September
3087:. Retrieved
3084:Bangkok Post
3083:
3073:
3063:23 September
3061:. Retrieved
3054:the original
3035:
3029:
3019:
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2527:
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2345:
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2329:the original
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2293:
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2277:the original
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2197:the original
2181:
2174:
2166:
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2155:the original
2151:1994 reprint
2150:
2140:
2132:
2125:. Retrieved
2109:
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2064:
2048:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2017:
2003:Kapuas River
1948:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1895:
1865:
1850:bonylip barb
1839:
1832:Hampala barb
1812:tinfoil barb
1805:
1802:banded loach
1782:blue panchax
1771:
1717:
1703:
1702:The catfish
1701:
1678:
1659:
1653:
1624:rivers: the
1595:
1571:
1560:
1550:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1511:
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1489:
1482:
1474:
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1439:
1431:
1423:
1416:
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1366:
1321:
1310:
1263:Pa Sak Basin
1257:
1254:
1247:
1218:
1201:Tak Province
1184:
1157:Pa Sak River
1154:
1120:
1104:Grand Palace
1093:
1012:
958:
913:
908:
902:
892:
888:Samut Sakhon
860:Nakhon Sawan
845:
830:Lavo kingdom
823:
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784:Please help
772:
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745:
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734:
730:
726:
712:cartographer
699:
697:
650:
556:
554:
532:Pa Sak River
483:Nakhon Sawan
394:Samut Prakan
313:Nakhon Sawan
232:Nan Province
40:
3219: /
3207:100°35′23″E
2958:13 November
2912:13 November
2618:13 November
2563:Chao Phraya
1897:Trichopodus
1876:marble goby
1824:pearl danio
1820:silver barb
1748:dwarf loach
1710:Bang Pakong
1693:overfishing
1539:damselflies
1535:dragonflies
1436:sarus crane
1240:, built in
1193:Phitsanulok
1179:), and the
1130:Tributaries
1116:Mega Bridge
893:In the low
802:August 2022
557:Chao Phraya
518:Tributaries
426: /
414:100°36′11″E
345: /
333:100°08′31″E
309:Pak Nam Pho
264: /
181: /
147:Doi Thuai,
78:Native name
46:Chao Phraya
3234:Categories
3204:13°32′25″N
3018:FishBase:
2127:8 February
2009:References
1967:phosphorus
1963:phosphates
1917:, several
1904:, several
1900:gouramis,
1894:, several
1804:, several
1732:extirpated
1728:giant barb
1689:irrigation
1646:Quaternary
1634:Tenasserim
1606:Cyprinidae
1590:extirpated
1586:giant barb
1567:endangered
1500:black kite
1465:Phragmites
1295:Wang Basin
1291:Ping Basin
1197:Wang River
1177:Wang River
1173:Ping River
1061:See also:
858:rivers at
848:confluence
657:pronounced
457:Basin size
411:13°31′12″N
330:15°42′04″N
252:101°12′0″E
212:2nd source
169:98°50′20″E
166:19°48′45″N
149:Chiang Mai
136:Ping River
18:Chaophraya
3004:9 January
2866:9 January
2806:9 January
2760:9 January
2714:9 January
2543:9 January
1945:Pollution
1929:catfish,
1915:truncatus
1907:Pangasius
1810:loaches,
1774:food fish
1762:Basa fish
1650:Nan River
1626:Irrawaddy
1614:ecoregion
1610:Mae Klong
1460:mangroves
1412:ecoregion
1313:Mae Klong
1281:Yom Basin
1277:Nan Basin
1250:watershed
1236:Ruins of
1169:Yom River
1165:Nan River
1108:Rama VIII
1102:near the
982:Ayutthaya
961:Ayutthaya
842:Geography
826:Dvaravati
773:does not
694:Etymology
469:Discharge
249:19°20′0″N
216:Nan River
2566:Archived
2495:FishBase
2453:Archived
2362:Archived
1992:See also
1971:nitrogen
1685:drainage
1661:Sectoria
1602:endemics
1394:Bang Rak
1373:Tha Chin
1293:and the
1279:and the
1189:Thailand
1088:Wat Arun
880:Chai Nat
874:and the
719:F.R.G.S.
708:surveyor
390:Thai Ban
107:Thailand
98:Location
2335:20 July
2309:20 July
2283:20 July
2229:3 March
2203:1 March
2161:1 March
2122:5272849
1926:Wallago
1714:extinct
1630:Salween
1622:Burmese
1549:), but
1545:by the
1434:), the
1398:Bangkok
1384:Ecology
1171:), the
1112:Rama IX
1096:Rama VI
1047:Bangkok
1002:Ko Kret
909:khlongs
872:Bangkok
850:of the
794:removed
779:sources
754:History
727:Mae Nam
702:(Thai:
700:Mae Nam
684:Bangkok
646::
117:Bangkok
103:Country
59:Bangkok
36:WASP-50
3150:
3046:
2669:
2467:
2259:, p.39
2189:
2120:
2050:Lexico
2029:20 May
1969:, and
1937:, and
1766:farmed
1683:, and
1638:Mekong
1632:, and
1481:snail,
1444:tigers
1345:Bengal
1329:divide
1207:Length
1163:, the
1159:, the
1073:, and
1049:, and
904:khlong
704:แม่น้ำ
521:
472:
449:Length
298:
132:Source
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3040:(PDF)
2114:(PDF)
1975:algae
1961:from
1598:basin
1378:delta
1355:Delta
1307:land.
1185:khwae
878:. In
373:Mouth
3148:ISBN
3091:2016
3065:2016
3044:ISBN
3006:2018
2989:2012
2960:2021
2943:2011
2914:2021
2897:2011
2868:2018
2851:2016
2822:link
2808:2018
2791:2009
2762:2018
2745:2011
2716:2018
2699:2011
2667:ISBN
2620:2021
2603:2011
2545:2018
2528:2011
2465:ISBN
2461:IUCN
2337:2008
2311:2008
2285:2008
2231:2011
2205:2011
2187:ISBN
2163:2011
2129:2012
2118:OCLC
2031:2009
1687:for
1681:dams
1658:and
1618:taxa
1584:The
1576:Fish
1559:and
1547:IUCN
1537:and
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1367:The
854:and
852:Ping
777:any
775:cite
710:and
644:RTGS
633:Thai
555:The
113:City
90:Thai
2993:doi
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