135:
2110:
1918:
1700:
38:
362:
created by a unique author), but more recent historical research has done much to fill in gaps in the literary record and complicate the question of origins. Critics have discovered manuscripts, texts and other traces of the legendary heroes, and further explored the continued existence of a Latin
501:, which set them off from the romances (which tended to explore the role of the "individual"), is their critique and celebration of community/collectivity (their epic heroes are portrayed as figures in the destiny of the nation and Christianity) and their representation of the complexities of
342:
were recent creations, not earlier than the year 1000, developed by singers who, emulating the songs of "saints' lives" sung in front of churches (and collaborating with the church clerics), created epic stories based on the heroes whose shrines and tombs dotted the great
2362:
reached their apogee in the period 1150–1250. By the middle of the 13th century, public taste in France had begun to abandon these epics, preferring, rather, the romances. As the genre progressed in the middle of the 13th century, only certain traits (like versification,
923:
played with a bow. Several manuscript texts include lines in which the jongleur demands attention, threatens to stop singing, promises to continue the next day, and asks for money or gifts. By the middle of the 13th century, singing had probably given way to recitation.
927:
It has been calculated that a reciter could sing about a thousand verses an hour and probably limited himself to 1000–1300 verses by performance, making it likely that the performance of works extended over several days. Given that many
1839:, probably composed between 1195 and 1205. The fictional heroine is first married to Garnier de Nanteuil, who is the son of Doon de Nanteuil and grandson of Doon de Mayence. After Garnier's death she marries the Saracen Ganor
990:
being added to the ensemble by singing of the earlier or later adventures of the hero, of his youthful exploits ("enfances"), the great deeds of his ancestors or descendants, or his retreat from the world to a
2616:
are all indebted to the French narrative material (the Pulci, Boiardo and
Ariosto poems are founded on the legends of the paladins of Charlemagne, and particularly, of Roland, translated as "Orlando").
2517:
were not adapted into German, and it is believed that this was because the epic poems lacked what the romances specialized in portraying: scenes of idealized knighthood, love and courtly society.
1344:
292:
posited the spontaneous creation of lyric poems by the people as a whole at the time of the historic battles, which were later put together to form the epics. This was the basis for the "
574:
giant, beautiful
Saracen princess, and so forth. As the genre matured, fantasy elements were introduced. Some of the characters that were devised by the poets in this genre include the
2513:(Eschenbach's work had a great success in Germany), these remained isolated examples. Other than a few other works translated from the cycle of Charlemagne in the 13th century, the
2240:
1550:
516:
there began to appear other themes. Realistic elements (money, urban scenes) and elements from the new court culture (female characters, the role of love) began to appear. Other
1195:
2051:, sequel, 13th century, containing the only logical ending to the core story. Its original version is lost, only the narrative being preserved in the prose adaptation by
1232:
1223:
276:
believe in the continued existence of epic material (either as lyric poems, epic poems or prose narrations) in these intervening two or three centuries. Critics like
1623:
2343:
1248:
2078:
2052:
1581:
1284:
2225:
2214:
1642:
3470:
Michela
Scattolini, "Ricerche sulla tradizione dell'Huon d'Auvergne." Tesi di dottorato. Siena, Scuola di dottorato europea in filologia romanza, 2010, pp. 6-7.
2256:
2059:
2324:
1673:
1566:
1480:
1464:
1863:
1831:
current in the second half of the 12th century, now known only in fragments which derive from a 13th-century version. To this several sequels were attached:
1788:
1666:
1650:
1631:
647:
2432:
1874:
1612:
1492:
2184:
1835:
1827:
1574:
1500:
1485:
1469:
982:
By the middle of the 12th century, the corpus of works was being expanded principally by "cyclisation", that is to say by the formation of "cycles" of
2025:
1843:
1240:
2218:
tells the story of Elias, grandfather of
Godefroi de Bouillon. Originally composed around 1192, it was afterwards extended and divided into several
2576:. Through such works, the "Matter of France" became an important source of material (albeit significantly transformed) in Italian romantic epics.
2040:
1995:
1118:
643:
2191:
770:
886:
was quite expensive) or memorized for performance, or whether portions were improvised, or whether they were entirely the product of spontaneous
1878:. The fictional heroine is daughter of the heroine of Aye d'Avignon. Exiled from France, she gives birth to a son, Hugues, who becomes king of
1055:
The listing below is arranged according to
Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube's cycles, extended with two additional groupings and with a final list of
890:
and later written down. Similarly, scholars differ greatly on the social condition and literacy of the poets themselves; were they cultured
2438:
1109:
2206:
871:, except for (at least to the end of the 12th century) members of the great courts and (in the south) smaller noble families. Thus, the
3740:
3404:
902:
in nature, making it possible both for the poet to construct a poem in performance and for the audience to grasp a new theme with ease.
669:(meaning that the last stressed vowel is the same in each line throughout the stanza, but the last consonant differs from line to line)
3834:
1508:
1374:), dating from 1341 to 1441. Whether or not there was ever a French version is debated. The hero is mentioned among epic heroes in the
1030:, a humorous tale of the second half of the 13th century, in which a jongleur lists the stories he knows. Another is included by the
1322:
1079:
The chief character is usually
Charlemagne or one of his immediate successors. A pervasive theme is the King's role as champion of
1311:
894:
or illiterate jongleurs working within an oral tradition? As an indication of the role played by orality in the tradition of the
2199:; the hero is Harpin de Bourges. The episode was eventually incorporated, c. 1180, by Graindor de Douai in his reworking of the
203:
Composed in verse, these narrative poems of moderate length (averaging 4000 lines) were originally sung, or (later) recited, by
570:
The poems contain an assortment of character types; the repertoire of valiant hero, brave traitor, shifty or cowardly traitor,
184:. The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late 11th and early 12th centuries, shortly before the emergence of the
102:
1764:
and rebels against royal authority. In each case the revolt ends with the defeat of the rebels and their eventual repentance.
3785:
74:
3199:*Tusseau, Jean-Pierre & Henri Wittmann. 1975. "Règles de narration dans les chansons de geste et le roman courtois".
951:
were sometimes heard in public squares and were no doubt warmly received by a broad public, some critics caution that the
4345:
347:
routes, as a way of drawing pilgrims to these churches. Critics have also suggested that knowledge by clerics of ancient
3803:
81:
399:
not only in the preservation of the texts, but also in their composition, especially for the more sophisticated poems.
512:
evolved over time, according to public taste. Alongside the great battles and scenes of historic prowess of the early
3760:
3713:
3699:
3685:
3171:
Wittmann, Henri. 1995. "La structure de base de la syntaxe narrative dans les contes et légendes du créole haïtien."
2157:
2131:
1965:
1939:
1747:
1721:
121:
55:
17:
2139:
1947:
1729:
1894:
2479:
elicited little interest from the German courtly audience, unlike the romances which were much appreciated. While
88:
2460:
4249:
3370:
2620:
The incidents and plot devices of the
Italian epics later became central to works of English literature such as
1132:
971:
have survived in around three hundred manuscripts that date from the 12th to the 15th century. Several popular
3827:
2893:
2229:
or "Childhood exploits of
Godefroi" tells the story of the youth of Godefroi de Bouillon and his three brothers
2135:
1943:
1725:
1191:
originally c. 1215–1240, known from slightly later manuscripts. A "prequel" and four sequels were later added:
59:
1394:
1124:
70:
4360:
1152:
1140:) dealing with a fictional expedition by Charlemagne and his knights (c. 1140; two 15th century reworkings)
944:
comprises 18,489 verses), it is conceivable that few spectators heard the longest works in their entirety.
934:
1504:
or "Simon of Apulia", fictional eastern adventures; the hero is said to be a grandson of Garin de
Monglane
606:
1104:(c. 1100 for the Oxford text, the earliest written version); several other versions exist, including the
1059:
that fit into no cycle. There are numerous differences of opinion about the categorization of individual
838:
455:
327:
tales, posited a
Germanic origin for the French poems. A different theory, introduced by the medievalist
300:, although he maintained that single authors, rather than the multitude, were responsible for the songs.
197:
304:
4320:
2678:
2375:(along with other chronicles) converted into large prose compilations (such as the compilation made by
1658:
887:
384:
211:
have survived in approximately three hundred manuscripts that date from the 12th to the 15th century.
1982:
traditional history, in the late form in which it is now known, includes details evidently drawn from
4355:
4340:
4335:
4330:
3820:
2654:
2540:, there exist several 14th-century texts in verse or prose which recount the feats of Charlemagne in
2083:
1257:
367:) in the intervening centuries. The work of Jean Rychner on the art of the minstrels and the work of
536:. There is also an increasing dose of Eastern adventure, drawing on contemporary experiences in the
4325:
2120:
1928:
1710:
1536:
1524:
1329:
1202:
999:
905:
Scholarly opinions differ on the exact manner of recitation, but it is generally believed that the
328:
3780:
Edited and Translated into Modern French by Ian Short. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1990. p. 12.
2064:
688:
illustrates the technique of the ten-syllable assonanced form. The assonance in this stanza is on
3734:
2124:
1932:
1714:
48:
2233:
4270:
2494:
277:
4216:
2554:
2351:
1440:
1292:
1276:
95:
2430:(12th century) is in Occitan, as are two works based on the story of Charlemagne and Roland,
2179:
1887:
1848:
1803:
1432:
959:
appear particularly tailored for an audience of aristocratic, privileged or warrior classes.
553:
3812:
3526:"La chanson de Doon de Nanteuil: fragments inédits" ed. Paul Meyer in Romania vol. 13 (1884)
1167:
281:
4350:
4256:
4190:
4053:
4003:
3973:
3923:
2593:
2427:
2015:
1776:
1448:
1424:
747:
stanzas, in which the last syllable of each line rhymes fully throughout the stanza. Later
549:
364:
241:
2379:). Yet, the themes of the epics continued to exert an influence through the 16th century.
8:
4263:
4028:
3933:
3887:
3765:
2608:
2367:
structure, formulaic forms, setting, and other clichés of the genre) remained to set the
2271:
2248:
1797:
1769:
1604:
1209:
1161:
614:
596:
578:
479:
253:
157:
4277:
3175:. Edited by Pierre Laurette & Hans-George Ruprecht. Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 207–218.
2529:
898:, lines and sometimes whole stanzas, especially in the earlier examples, are noticeably
4284:
4242:
4068:
3121:
2588:
2510:
2465:
2448:
2295:
2030:
1519:
1404:
1362:
1264:
1175:
1114:
1100:
1092:
1035:
752:
525:
312:
285:
247:
140:
833:
These forms of versification were substantially different than the forms found in the
768:
The following example of the twelve-syllable rhymed form is from the opening lines of
3998:
3781:
3756:
3709:
3695:
3681:
2889:
2878:
2643:
2626:
2563:
2484:
2286:
2210:
tells the story of old Matabrune and of the great-grandfather of Godefroi de Bouillon
2045:
2010:
2000:
1558:
1400:
940:
684:
556:) brought a renewed epic spirit and nationalistic (or propagandistic) fervor to some
521:
459:
372:
235:
that have survived were probably composed at the end of the 11th century: only three
181:
1784:, in which he is identified as a son of Garin de Monglane. There is a later sequel:
1052:(jongleur) and purports to instruct him on the poems he ought to know but does not.
909:
were originally sung (whereas the medieval romances were probably spoken) by poets,
4008:
3938:
3882:
3848:
3126:
2767:
2761:
2710:
2683:
2603:
2420:
2308:
2196:
1811:
1531:
1187:
1105:
1015:
1011:
932:
from the late 12th century on extended to over 10,000 verses or more (for example,
761:
583:
451:
223:, and particularly on explaining the length of time between the composition of the
3204:
2454:
913:
or jongleurs, who would sometimes accompany themselves, or be accompanied, on the
335:
4291:
4089:
3983:
3797:
3718:
3188:
The narreme in the medieval romance epic: An introduction to narrative structures
2885:
2838:
2704:
2630:; Spenser attempted to adapt the form devised to tell the tale of the triumph of
2598:
2549:
2408:
2317:
2303:
2244:, quite unhistorical, narrates Godefroi's poisoning by the Patriarch of Jerusalem
1819:
1689:
628:
591:
432:
331:, suggested the poems were based on old prose narrations of the original events.
227:
and the actual historical events which they reference. The historical events the
219:
Since the 19th century, much critical debate has centered on the origins of the
4221:
4038:
3420:
2669:
as having "the heroic ring which we associate with the old chansons de geste".
2662:
2621:
2613:
2278:
1907:
1589:
1336:
1269:
635:
624:
471:
424:
419:
narrate legendary incidents (sometimes based on real events) in the history of
395:, although this view is not without its critics who maintain the importance of
165:
4314:
4129:
2639:
2559:
2183:, apparently begun by Richard le Pèlerin c. 1100; earliest surviving text by
2171:
2099:
1253:
779:
545:
483:
3176:
134:
4018:
3729:
3694:
Tome I: Introduction and Commentary. Pennsylvania State University, 1978.
3394:
ed. J. Vernon Myers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.
2666:
2650:
2631:
2376:
1815:, apparently begun by Bertholais; existing version from end of 12th century
1216:
1080:
1074:
846:
662:
563:
487:
368:
297:
185:
4195:
4134:
200:. They reached their highest point of acceptance in the period 1150–1250.
3968:
3953:
3862:
3844:
2583:
2573:
2489:
2403:
899:
604:
appears; even the august Charlemagne was not above gentle mockery in the
520:
and adventure elements, derived from the romances, were gradually added:
463:
428:
324:
289:
177:
3733:
3673:"Tome 1: Des origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle," Paris: Larousse, 1967.
2307:, whose putative Old French version is lost; the story is known from an
1539:(late 12th/early 13th); also found in a later shorter version alongside
1415:, who seek land and glory through combat with the Infidel (in practice,
867:—the lay (secular) public of the 11th to the 13th centuries—was largely
193:
4175:
4144:
4104:
4058:
3963:
3958:
3943:
3116:
2725:
2719:
2195:
telling the adventures (mostly fictional) of the poor crusaders led by
1180:
1040:
834:
475:
408:
376:
344:
189:
3373:" ed. and trans. by Michael A.H. Newth. New York: Italica Press, 2010.
979:
are all (more or less) anonymous; many later ones have named authors.
731:
If anyone is looking for the King, he doesn't need to be pointed out.
4139:
4124:
4114:
4099:
4048:
3993:
3112:
2658:
2568:
2525:
2499:
2392:
1144:
883:
744:
666:
502:
316:
293:
204:
3336:
Martín de Riquer, Los cantares de gesta franceses (1952) pp. 390–404
2109:
1917:
1699:
955:
should probably not be characterized as popular literature and some
231:
allude to occur in the 8th through 10th centuries, yet the earliest
37:
4298:
4185:
4170:
4119:
4109:
3988:
3948:
3918:
3173:
Poétiques et imaginaires: francopolyphonie littéraire des Amériques
2826:
2578:
2505:
1979:
1513:
1456:
1031:
910:
868:
755:(twelve-syllable) lines, instead of ten-syllable lines (some early
537:
491:
412:
173:
2558:(c.1320) (notable for transforming the character of Roland into a
2483:
was among the first French epics to be translated into German (by
2170:
Not listed by Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, this cycle deals with the
239:
have a composition that incontestably dates from before 1150: the
4180:
4165:
4094:
4073:
4043:
4023:
4013:
3978:
3928:
3913:
3908:
3897:
3872:
3708:. English translation: 1991. The Overlook Press: New York, 2000.
2472:
1879:
1761:
1473:
1351:
1023:
1006:, subdivided the Matter of France, the usual subject area of the
992:
882:
were first written down and then read from manuscripts (although
852:
639:
571:
529:
517:
440:
380:
1851:
mentions the story. The fictional hero is son of the heroine of
1014:, which revolved around three main characters (see quotation at
975:
were written down more than once in varying forms. The earliest
4211:
4160:
4063:
4033:
3877:
3867:
3706:
Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages
3439:
ed. F. Jacques. Aix-en-Provence: Publications du CUER MA, 1977.
2395:
that lived on well after they ceased to be produced in France.
1416:
1300:
920:
915:
891:
675:
670:
631:
618:
601:
467:
420:
354:
Subsequent criticism has vacillated between "traditionalists" (
149:
3427:
ed. D. M. Dougherty, E. B. Barnes. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1981.
3358:
La geste de Fierabras, le jeu du réel et de l'invraissemblable
2804:
2741:
1022:, or of the legends they incorporate. One can be found in the
490:
successors, who were given medieval makeovers as exemplars of
358:
created as part of a popular tradition) and "individualists" (
3842:
3669:
Antoine Adam, Georges Lerminier, and Édouard Morot-Sir, eds.
2785:
2773:
2635:
2541:
2537:
2371:
apart from the romances. The 15th century saw the cycles of
849:
588:
575:
533:
436:
348:
265:
may date from as early as 1068, according to one expert; and
3769:
A History of Old French Literature from the Origins to 1300
3437:
Aiquin ou la conquête de la Bretagne par le roi Charlemagne
3239:
3237:
3235:
3062:
3060:
3058:
2807:
2796:
2744:
2733:
2335:
1780:(1160–1170). The hero Girart de Roussillon also figures in
1412:
1371:
995:("moniage") – or attached to an event (like the Crusades).
161:
3800:
on the site Arlima (Archives de Littérature du Moyen Âge).
2934:
2932:
2770:
2716:
3508:
Ed. C. Wahlund, H. von Feilitzen. Upsala and Paris, 1895.
3048:
3046:
3044:
334:
Another theory (largely discredited today), developed by
3232:
3055:
2423:) France. One of the three surviving manuscripts of the
986:
attached to a character or group of characters—with new
303:
This theory was also supported by Robert Fawtier and by
2929:
1452:(c. 1150), reworking of a lost version from before 1122
1411:
deal with knights who were typically younger sons, not
3678:
The Cambridge History of Italian Literature Cambridge.
3492:
3490:
3488:
3041:
819:
He carried away Brohadas, son of the Sultan of Persia,
3755:. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1992.
3392:
Jehan de Lanson, chanson de geste of the 13th Century
2810:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2747:
2722:
2713:
1378:
of Guiraut de Cabrera, and figures as a character in
1138:
Voyage de Charlemagne à Jérusalem et à Constantinople
765:, were even adapted into a twelve-syllable version).
443:, and also disputes between kings and their vassals.
3576:
Ed. Jacques Normand and Gaston Raynaud. Paris, 1877.
3461:
Ed. François Guessard, Henri Michelant. Paris, 1859.
2813:
2793:
2750:
2730:
1847:, evidently popular around 1207 when the troubadour
1570:; a fragment of the 14th century and a later version
821:
Who had been killed in the battle by the clean sword
3485:
2801:
2738:
1512:(late 12th); the hero is a son of Merovingian King
423:during the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries, the age of
351:epics may have played a role in their composition.
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2877:
3798:Bibliography of the chansons de geste (in French)
3753:Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age
3645:Hasenohr. Article: "Entrée d'Espagne", pp. 412–3.
3596:
3594:
2503:(consisting of seventy-eight manuscripts) on the
296:" theory of epic origin, which was elaborated by
4312:
3744:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 845–846.
3348:ed. and tr. Gérard Gouiran, Robert Lafont (1991)
3098:
3096:
2880:The new Oxford companion to literature in French
1018:). There are several other less formal lists of
411:and apparently intended for oral performance by
3254:
3252:
3077:
3075:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
1156:(c. 1190); a later version formed the basis of
825:Right in front of Antioch, down in the meadow.
815:So Corbaran escaped across the plains of Syria;
796:Or s'en fuit Corbarans tos les plains de Surie,
402:
3591:
3382:Ed. F. Guessard, S. Luce. Paris: Vieweg, 1862.
3371:Fierabras and Floripas: A French Epic Allegory
2036:, initial epic, end of 12th–early 13th century
858:
729:He is noble in carriage, and proud of bearing.
532:increasingly appear among the foes along with
387:have also been suggested to shed light on the
3828:
3266:
3264:
3213:
3211:
3093:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3011:
3009:
2875:
1635:(c. 1275), reworking by Adenet le Roi of the
1386:
798:N'enmaine que .ii. rois ens en sa conpaignie.
727:his beard is white, with a full head of hair.
315:languages). At the end of the 19th century,
3249:
3072:
2944:
2902:
2446:form was also used in such Occitan texts as
1296:known from a single manuscript of about 1490
794:
700:
642:structure as first developed in the work of
435:, with emphasis on their conflicts with the
363:literary tradition (c.f. the scholarship of
261:may date from as early as the 11th century;
3584:
3582:
3499:ed. David M. Dougherty, E. B. Barnes (1966)
3158:
3156:
2138:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1946:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1867:. The fictional hero is son of the hero of
1728:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1681:
1496:, by Herbert le Duc of Dammartin (fl. 1170)
878:Opinions vary greatly on whether the early
725:There sits the king who rules sweet France;
3835:
3821:
3751:Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink, eds.
3692:The Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition.
3261:
3208:
3027:
3006:
712:S'est kil demandet, ne l'estoet enseigner.
708:Blanche ad la barbe et tut flurit le chef,
269:probably dates from after 1086 to c.1100.
2520:In the late 13th century, certain French
2497:based his (incomplete) 13th century epic
2382:
2158:Learn how and when to remove this message
1966:Learn how and when to remove this message
1748:Learn how and when to remove this message
800:S'enporte Brohadas, fis Soudan de Persie;
679:). These stanzas are of variable length.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
3579:
3153:
2070:, sequel, end of 12th–early 13th century
804:Li bons dus Godefrois a le chiere hardie
802:En l'estor l'avoit mort a l'espee forbie
723:there is a throne made entirely of gold.
704:Un faldestoed i unt, fait tout d'or mer:
133:
3327:ed. A. de Montaiglon (1872) vol. 1 p. 3
3325:Recueil général et complet des fabliaux
3190:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
3115:is set out by the twelfth-century poet
2665:" was described by contemporary critic
1083:. This cycle contains the first of the
1044:, better known from its first words as
962:
823:Of the brave-spirited good duke Godfrey
806:Tres devant Anthioce ens en la prairie.
14:
4313:
2869:
2825:
2458:(first half of the 13th century), and
2187:c. 1180; expanded version 14th century
1460:(c. 1180), with several later versions
817:He took only two kings in his company.
706:La siet li reis ki dulce France tient.
446:The traditional subject matter of the
272:Three early theories of the origin of
3816:
3728:
2837:
710:Gent ad le cors et le cuntenant fier.
552:. The conflicts of the 14th century (
2653:poet, painter, soldier and engraver
2136:adding citations to reliable sources
2103:
1944:adding citations to reliable sources
1911:
1726:adding citations to reliable sources
1693:
1370:extant in four versions from Italy (
788:
694:
623:has been compared to the one in the
207:or jongleurs. More than one hundred
172:'deeds, actions accomplished') is a
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
3676:Peter Brand and Lino Pertile, eds.
3405:Société des anciens textes français
3360:ed. André de Mandach. Geneva, 1987.
1002:, in the introductory lines to his
24:
3542:ed. F. Guessard, L. Larchey (1860)
2638:to tell instead of the triumph of
1593:(c. 1205), in two parts, known as
319:, seeing similarities between the
25:
4372:
3791:
3450:La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche
3111:This three-way classification of
1901:
1595:Le département des enfants Aymeri
1403:but his supposed great-grandson,
751:also tended to be composed using
721:Under a pine tree, by a rosebush,
581:, who made his literary debut in
27:Medieval narrative in poetic form
3725:. New York: Haskell House, 1951.
2766:
2709:
2108:
2093:
1916:
1698:
1268:by Adenet le Roi (c. 1275) | to
652:
600:. Quite soon an element of self-
36:
3771:. New York: F.S. Crofts, 1938.
3660:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3570:
3563:R. Weeks, "Aïmer le chétif" in
3557:
3545:
3529:
3520:
3517:Ed. W. Cloetta. Paris, 1906–13.
3511:
3502:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3442:
3430:
3410:
3397:
3385:
3376:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3330:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3223:
3193:
3180:
3165:
3144:
3132:
3105:
3084:
3018:
2997:
2985:
2976:
2493:, c.1170), and the German poet
2461:Song of the Albigensian Crusade
2241:La Mort de Godefroi de Bouillon
1066:
938:comprises 11,376 verses, while
875:were primarily an oral medium.
702:Desuz un pin, delez un eglanter
454:. This distinguished them from
47:needs additional citations for
3538:ed. G. F. de Martonne (1836);
2967:
2958:
2920:
2860:
2696:
2566:), and a similar Italian epic
2419:was also adapted in southern (
1551:Les Enfances Garin de Monglane
307:(although Gautier thought the
13:
1:
3680:1996; revised edition: 1999.
2849:
2562:, similar to heroes from the
2174:and its immediate aftermath.
2006:, prequel, early 13th century
1978:This local cycle of epics of
1895:Vivien l'Amachour de Monbranc
1399:The central character is not
1395:La Geste de Garin de Monglane
1357:La Chanson de la Reine Sebile
1125:Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
540:; in addition, one series of
4250:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
2854:
2827:[tʃãnˈtsõndəˈdʒɛstə]
2021:, initial epic, 12th century
1179:or "Song of the Saxons", by
1133:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
403:Subject matter and structure
180:that appears at the dawn of
7:
3567:vol. 17 (1902) pp. 411–434.
2672:
859:Composition and performance
661:were typically composed in
548:and the first years of the
10:
4377:
4346:Medieval French literature
2679:Medieval French literature
2442:(early 12th century). The
2097:
1905:
1687:
1659:La Mort Aymeri de Narbonne
1392:
1388:Geste de Garin de Monglane
1072:
544:retells the events of the
508:The subject matter of the
214:
4230:
4204:
4153:
4082:
3896:
3855:
3806:, with useful references
3735:"Chansons de Geste"
3554:ed. Alphonse Bayot (1931)
3186:Dorfman, Eugène. 1969.
2509:, a work in the cycle of
2264:
1807:(end of the 12th century)
1048:: this is addressed to a
607:Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
470:; and with the so-called
379:oral traditional poetry,
338:, posited that the early
196:, and the earliest verse
4154:Swords and other objects
4083:Horses and other animals
3482:ed. Jeanne Baroin (1968)
2839:[ʃɑ̃sɔ̃d(ə)ʒɛst]
2689:
2282:, followed by a sequel:
1683:Geste de Doon de Mayence
1537:Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube
1525:Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube
1087:to be written down, the
1028:Des Deux Bordeors Ribauz
1000:Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube
845:) which were written in
257:: the first half of the
3741:Encyclopædia Britannica
3425:Le Galien de Cheltenham
3297:Brault, 353 (note 166).
3090:see also Hasenohr, 240.
3052:see also Hasenohr, 239.
1256:(c. 1275), and a later
1249:Berthe aux Grands Pieds
638:on the basis of common
619:
594:, who first appears in
505:relations and service.
150:
4271:The Four Sons of Aymon
3671:Littérature française.
3403:Ed. A. Thomas. Paris:
2876:France, Peter (1995).
2524:were adapted into the
2495:Wolfram von Eschenbach
2383:Legacy and adaptations
2299:, and a related poem:
2089:, sequel, 13th century
2079:La Vengeance Fromondin
2053:Philippe de Vigneulles
1582:Les Enfances Guillaume
1527:(late 12th/early 13th)
967:More than one hundred
813:
795:
792:
719:
701:
698:
278:Claude Charles Fauriel
169:
145:
3778:La Chanson de Roland.
3730:Gosse, Edmund William
3497:La geste de Beaulande
3452:ed. J. Barrois (1842)
2939:La Chanson de Roland,
2452:(late 12th century),
2226:Les Enfances Godefroi
2215:Le Chevalier au Cigne
1849:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
1804:Les Quatre Fils Aymon
1624:Le Siège de Barbastre
1433:Couronnement de Louis
1203:Chanson d'Esclarmonde
1038:in his humorous poem
176:narrative, a type of
137:
4257:Chanson de Guillaume
4004:Girart de Roussillon
3244:La Chanson de Roland
3218:La Chanson de Roland
3139:La Chanson de Roland
3067:La Chanson de Roland
2992:La Chanson de Roland
2594:Matteo Maria Boiardo
2428:Girart de Roussillon
2347:, possibly a romance
2260:(early 14th century)
2234:Chanson de Jérusalem
2132:improve this section
1940:improve this section
1777:Girart de Roussillon
1760:This cycle concerns
1722:improve this section
1674:Le Moniage Guillaume
1618:La Chevalerie Vivien
1599:Le siège de Narbonne
1567:Hernaut de Beaulande
1541:Hernaut de Beaulande
1481:Le Moniage Rainouart
1465:La Bataille Loquifer
1425:Chanson de Guillaume
1340:by Raimbert de Paris
963:The poems themselves
682:An example from the
550:Kingdom of Jerusalem
450:became known as the
365:Ernst Robert Curtius
259:Chanson de Guillaume
242:Chanson de Guillaume
138:The eight phases of
56:improve this article
4361:Culture of Wallonia
4264:Gormond et Isembart
4217:La Brèche de Roland
3888:Renaud de Montauban
3804:La Chanson de Geste
3766:Urban T. Holmes Jr.
3723:The Old French Epic
3552:Gormont et Isembart
3448:Raimbert de Paris,
3417:Galiens li Restorés
2609:Jerusalem Delivered
2272:Gormont et Isembart
2249:Baudouin de Sebourc
1864:Tristan de Nanteuil
1798:Renaud de Montauban
1789:Auberi le Bourgoing
1770:Gormond et Isembart
1667:Les Enfances Renier
1651:La Prise de Cordres
1632:Bovon de Commarchis
1605:Les Enfances Vivien
1441:Le Charroi de Nîmes
1293:Galiens li Restorés
1210:Clarisse et Florent
1162:Andrea da Barberino
648:Jean-Pierre Tusseau
615:narrative structure
597:Renaud de Montauban
497:A key theme of the
480:Alexander the Great
478:, the conquests of
458:concerned with the
391:composition of the
286:German Romanticists
263:Gormont et Isembart
254:Gormont et Isembart
4285:Orlando Innamorato
4243:The Song of Roland
4069:William of Gellone
3690:Gerard J. Brault.
3540:Parise la Duchesse
3536:Parise la Duchesse
3125:: for details see
3122:Chanson de Saisnes
2964:Hasenohr, 520–522.
2589:Orlando innamorato
2564:Arthurian romances
2481:The Song of Roland
2466:Occitan literature
2433:Rollan a Saragossa
2391:created a body of
2344:Théséus de Cologne
2311:version of c. 1200
2296:Beuve de Hanstonne
2257:Bâtard de Bouillon
2252:(mid-14th century)
2201:Chanson d'Antioche
2180:Chanson d'Antioche
2060:Anseÿs de Gascogne
1888:Maugis d'Aigremont
1875:Parise la Duchesse
1823:(mid-13th century)
1643:Guibert d'Andrenas
1637:Siege de Barbastre
1613:Le Covenant Vivien
1520:Aymeri de Narbonne
1493:Foulques de Candie
1405:Guillaume d'Orange
1265:Les Enfances Ogier
1176:Chanson de Saisnes
1168:Anseïs de Carthage
1115:Middle High German
1093:The Song of Roland
1036:Guiraut de Cabrera
949:The Song of Roland
863:The public of the
782:. The rhyme is on
554:Hundred Years' War
282:François Raynouard
267:The Song of Roland
248:The Song of Roland
146:
141:The Song of Roland
71:"Chanson de geste"
4321:Chansons de geste
4308:
4307:
4232:Chansons de geste
3999:Garin de Monglane
3786:978-2-253-05341-5
3346:Le Roland occitan
3201:Folia linguistica
2833:
2644:Roman Catholicism
2627:The Faerie Queene
2522:chansons de geste
2515:chansons de geste
2511:William of Orange
2485:Konrad der Pfaffe
2477:chansons de geste
2406:tradition of the
2402:gave rise to the
2389:chansons de geste
2360:chansons de geste
2287:Jourdain de Blaye
2185:Graindor de Douai
2168:
2167:
2160:
2076:, later known as
2011:Garin le Loherain
1976:
1975:
1968:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1559:Garin de Monglane
1449:La Prise d'Orange
1401:Garin de Monglane
1372:Huondauvergne.org
1101:Chanson de Roland
1089:Chanson de Roland
1008:chansons de geste
969:chansons de geste
947:While poems like
941:Quatre Fils Aymon
907:chansons de geste
865:chansons de geste
831:
830:
743:were composed in
737:
736:
685:Chanson de Roland
665:lines grouped in
659:chansons de geste
558:chansons de geste
499:chansons de geste
460:Matter of Britain
448:chansons de geste
417:chansons de geste
323:and old Germanic/
321:chansons de geste
311:were composed in
274:chansons de geste
237:chansons de geste
221:chansons de geste
209:chansons de geste
182:French literature
164:deeds', from
160:for 'song of
132:
131:
124:
106:
18:Chansons de geste
16:(Redirected from
4368:
4356:Old French texts
4341:Medieval legends
4336:Matter of France
4331:French mythology
4278:Karlamagnús saga
4009:Huon of Bordeaux
3902:other characters
3849:Matter of France
3837:
3830:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3776:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3668:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3589:
3586:
3577:
3574:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3483:
3480:Simon de Pouille
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3414:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3259:
3256:
3247:
3241:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3127:Matter of France
3109:
3103:
3100:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:Holmes, 102–104.
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2900:
2899:
2883:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2684:Matter of France
2604:Ludovico Ariosto
2555:Entrée d'Espagne
2546:chanson de geste
2530:Karlamagnús saga
2444:chanson de geste
2421:Occitan-speaking
2417:chanson de geste
2352:Siège d'Antioche
2197:Peter the Hermit
2163:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2112:
2104:
2087:
2068:
2049:
2034:
2019:
2004:
1984:Huon de Bordeaux
1971:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1920:
1912:
1828:Doon de Nanteuil
1812:Raoul de Cambrai
1782:Girart de Vienne
1753:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1702:
1694:
1575:Renier de Gennes
1545:Renier de Gennes
1532:Girart de Vienne
1501:Simon de Pouille
1486:Graindor de Brie
1470:Graindor de Brie
1345:Gui de Bourgogne
1277:Entrée d'Espagne
1188:Huon de Bordeaux
1016:Matter of France
1004:Girart de Vienne
896:chanson de geste
888:oral composition
808:
789:
762:Girart de Vienne
714:
695:
622:
620:chanson de geste
587:; and the magic
584:Huon de Bordeaux
486:and some of his
452:Matter of France
385:oral composition
155:
152:chanson de geste
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4326:French folklore
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4292:Orlando Furioso
4235:and other works
4234:
4226:
4200:
4149:
4078:
3984:Doon de Mayence
3901:
3892:
3851:
3841:
3807:
3794:
3774:
3748:
3719:Jessie Crosland
3704:Joachim Bumke.
3666:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:Hasenohr, 1320.
3626:
3622:
3618:Hasenohr, 1305.
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:Haseonohr, 243.
3599:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:see Brault, 28.
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:see Bumke, 522.
3278:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3209:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3051:
3042:
3037:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3003:Hasenohr, 1300.
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2903:
2896:
2886:Clarendon Press
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2800:
2792:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2737:
2729:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2675:
2599:Orlando furioso
2572:(1350–1360) in
2550:Franco-Venetian
2449:Canso d'Antioca
2409:cantar de gesta
2385:
2325:Aïmer le Chétif
2318:Aigar et Maurin
2304:Daurel et Beton
2267:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2129:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2081:
2062:
2043:
2028:
2026:Girbert de Metz
2013:
1998:
1988:Ogier le Danois
1972:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1937:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1869:Gui de Nanteuil
1859:forms a sequel)
1857:Gui de Nanteuil
1844:Gui de Nanteuil
1820:Doön de Mayence
1754:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1719:
1703:
1692:
1690:Doon de Mayence
1686:
1397:
1391:
1363:Huon d'Auvergne
1337:Ogier le Danois
1241:Jehan de Lanson
1077:
1071:
965:
861:
827:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
810:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
733:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
716:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
655:
474:, covering the
433:Louis the Pious
405:
217:
144:in one picture.
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4222:Roncevaux Pass
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Ogier the Dane
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3801:
3793:
3792:External links
3790:
3789:
3788:
3772:
3763:
3746:
3726:
3716:
3702:
3688:
3674:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3609:Hasenohr, 547.
3602:
3590:
3578:
3569:
3556:
3544:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3484:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3441:
3429:
3421:Edmund Stengel
3409:
3396:
3384:
3375:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3329:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3231:
3222:
3207:
3192:
3179:
3164:
3152:
3143:
3131:
3104:
3102:Hasenohr, 240.
3092:
3083:
3071:
3054:
3040:
3026:
3024:Holmes, 66–67.
3017:
3005:
2996:
2984:
2982:Holmes, 90–92.
2975:
2966:
2957:
2955:Hasenohr, 239.
2943:
2928:
2919:
2917:Hasenohr, 242.
2901:
2894:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2663:In Parenthesis
2622:Edmund Spenser
2614:Torquato Tasso
2544:, including a
2384:
2381:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2339:(13th century)
2332:
2321:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2211:
2203:
2188:
2166:
2165:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2098:Main article:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2071:
2056:
2041:Yonnet de Metz
2037:
2022:
2007:
1996:Hervis de Metz
1974:
1973:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1908:Lorraine cycle
1906:Main article:
1903:
1902:Lorraine cycle
1900:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1871:
1860:
1840:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1773:
1756:
1755:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1688:Main article:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1654:(13th century)
1647:
1646:(13th century)
1639:
1628:
1620:
1609:
1601:
1590:Les Narbonnais
1586:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1562:(13th century)
1555:
1554:(15th century)
1547:
1528:
1516:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1477:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1393:Main article:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1359:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1308:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1270:Ogier the Dane
1261:
1258:Franco-Italian
1245:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1184:
1172:
1164:
1149:
1141:
1129:
1122:and the Latin
1119:Ruolandes liet
1073:Main article:
1070:
1065:
1046:"Cabra juglar"
964:
961:
860:
857:
829:
828:
811:
735:
734:
717:
654:
651:
644:Eugene Dorfman
636:Henri Wittmann
625:Nibelungenlied
562:La Chanson de
482:, the life of
472:Matter of Rome
425:Charles Martel
404:
401:
216:
213:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4373:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:2-253-05662-6
3758:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:1-58567-051-0
3711:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:0-271-00516-5
3697:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:0-521-66622-8
3683:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3642:
3636:Bumke, 92–93.
3633:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3258:Bumke, 521-2.
3255:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3159:
3157:
3150:Hasenohr, 242
3147:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3087:
3081:Holmes, 68-9.
3078:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2840:
2828:
2818:
2763:
2755:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:Protestantism
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2560:knight errant
2557:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2464:(c.1275) (cf
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:Daurel e Betó
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:First Crusade
2162:
2159:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2117:This section
2115:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:Crusade Cycle
2094:Crusade Cycle
2088:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1967:
1959:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:This section
1923:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:Aye d'Avignon
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:Aye d'Avignon
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1741:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:This section
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:(before 1250)
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:Adenet le Roi
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:(before 1239)
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:, into three
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
942:
937:
936:
931:
925:
922:
919:, a mediæval
918:
917:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
856:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
826:
812:
809:
807:
791:
790:
787:
785:
781:
780:Crusade cycle
777:
773:
772:
766:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
732:
718:
715:
713:
697:
696:
693:
691:
687:
686:
680:
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:Versification
650:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
590:
586:
585:
580:
577:
573:
568:
566:
565:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:First Crusade
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
337:
336:Joseph Bédier
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
153:
143:
142:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4231:
3777:
3768:
3752:
3739:
3722:
3705:
3691:
3677:
3670:
3661:Bibliography
3650:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3496:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3243:
3225:
3217:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3167:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3120:
3107:
3086:
3066:
3020:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2938:
2922:
2879:
2871:
2866:Crosland, 1.
2862:
2698:
2667:Herbert Read
2648:
2632:Christianity
2625:
2619:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2582:(c.1483) by
2577:
2567:
2553:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2471:In medieval
2470:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2377:David Aubert
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2302:
2294:
2285:
2279:Ami et Amile
2277:
2270:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2178:
2169:
2154:
2148:October 2021
2145:
2130:Please help
2118:
2077:
2073:
2058:
2055:(1471–1528).
2039:
2024:
2009:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1962:
1956:October 2021
1953:
1938:Please help
1926:
1893:
1886:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1744:
1738:October 2021
1735:
1720:Please help
1708:
1682:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1518:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1479:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1408:
1398:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1285:Hugues Capet
1283:
1275:
1263:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1217:Yde et Olive
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1174:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1081:Christianity
1078:
1075:Geste du roi
1068:Geste du roi
1067:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1027:
1019:
1007:
1003:
997:
987:
983:
981:
976:
972:
968:
966:
956:
952:
948:
946:
939:
933:
929:
926:
914:
906:
904:
895:
879:
877:
872:
864:
862:
847:octosyllabic
842:
832:
814:
793:
783:
775:
769:
767:
760:
756:
753:alexandrines
748:
740:
738:
720:
699:
689:
683:
681:
674:
663:ten-syllable
658:
656:
612:
605:
595:
582:
569:
564:Hugues Capet
561:
557:
541:
513:
509:
507:
498:
496:
484:Julius Cæsar
447:
445:
416:
407:Composed in
406:
396:
392:
388:
359:
355:
353:
339:
333:
320:
308:
305:Léon Gautier
302:
298:Gaston Paris
273:
271:
266:
262:
258:
252:
246:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
208:
202:
186:lyric poetry
151:
147:
139:
118:
112:October 2021
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4351:Epic poetry
3969:Brandimarte
3954:Blancandrin
3863:Charlemagne
3845:Charlemagne
3808:(in French)
3775:(in French)
3749:(in French)
3667:(in French)
3654:Brand, 168.
3288:Brault, 28.
3270:Bumke, 522.
3229:Bumke, 429.
3038:Holmes, 67.
3015:Holmes, 68.
2926:Holmes, 66.
2823:Old French:
2655:David Jones
2584:Luigi Pulci
2574:ottava rima
2490:Rolandslied
2404:Old Spanish
2398:The French
2192:Les Chétifs
2082: [
2063: [
2044: [
2029: [
2014: [
1999: [
1677:(1160–1180)
1034:troubadour
998:About 1215
771:Les Chétifs
464:King Arthur
462:, that is,
429:Charlemagne
377:Yugoslavian
325:Merovingian
290:Jacob Grimm
190:troubadours
4315:Categories
4176:Hauteclere
4145:Veillantif
4105:Hippogriff
4059:Sacripante
3964:Bramimonde
3959:Bradamante
3856:Key people
3117:Jean Bodel
2895:0198661258
2850:References
2612:(1581) by
2602:(1516) by
2592:(1495) by
2439:Ronsasvals
1855:(to which
1488:(fl. 1170)
1376:Ensenhamen
1181:Jean Bodel
1158:Aspramonte
1110:Ronsasvals
1041:Ensenhamen
869:illiterate
835:Old French
759:, such as
667:assonanced
476:Trojan War
409:Old French
383:verse and
345:pilgrimage
329:Paul Meyer
309:cantilenae
158:Old French
82:newspapers
4196:Précieuse
4140:Tencendur
4135:Tachëbrun
4125:Sautperdu
4115:Passecerf
4100:Gramimond
4049:Rodomonte
3994:Fierabras
3588:Adam, 38.
3315:Adam, 10.
3203:7.401-12.
3162:Adam, 45.
3113:mythology
2855:Citations
2659:Modernist
2569:La Spagna
2526:Old Norse
2500:Willehalm
2393:mythology
2328:, a lost
2207:Matabrune
2119:does not
1927:does not
1709:does not
1662:(c. 1180)
1627:(c. 1180)
1608:(c. 1205)
1444:(c. 1140)
1436:(c. 1130)
1428:(c. 1100)
1419:) enemy.
1288:(c. 1360)
1280:(c. 1320)
1260:reworking
1236:(c. 1230)
1183:(c. 1200)
1171:(c. 1200)
1153:Aspremont
1148:(c. 1170)
1145:Fierabras
1026:entitled
935:Aspremont
911:minstrels
900:formulaic
884:parchment
745:monorhyme
560:(such as
413:jongleurs
317:Pio Rajna
294:cantilena
205:minstrels
194:trouvères
178:epic poem
4299:Morgante
4186:Murgleys
4171:Durendal
4120:Rabicano
4110:Marmorie
4054:Ruggiero
3989:Ferragut
3974:Brunello
3949:Baligant
3934:Atlantes
3924:Angelica
3919:Albracca
3898:Paladins
3847:and the
3732:(1911).
3423:(1890);
3141:, 16–17.
2673:See also
2579:Morgante
2506:Aliscans
2373:chansons
2369:chansons
2220:branches
1980:Lorraine
1762:traitors
1514:Clovis I
1509:Floovant
1457:Aliscans
1409:chansons
1407:. These
1085:chansons
1061:chansons
1057:chansons
1020:chansons
988:chansons
984:chansons
977:chansons
973:chansons
957:chansons
953:chansons
930:chansons
880:chansons
873:chansons
853:couplets
839:romances
757:chansons
749:chansons
741:chansons
673:(called
542:chansons
538:Crusades
530:monsters
514:chansons
510:chansons
492:chivalry
488:Imperial
466:and his
456:romances
441:Saracens
393:chansons
360:chansons
356:chansons
340:chansons
313:Germanic
233:chansons
229:chansons
225:chansons
198:romances
174:medieval
4191:Olifant
4181:Joyeuse
4166:Curtana
4095:Gaignun
4074:Zerbino
4044:Pinabel
4029:Melissa
4024:Maugris
4019:Marsile
4014:Marfisa
3979:Charlot
3929:Astolfo
3914:Agrican
3909:Agolant
3873:Ganelon
3407:, 1913.
3119:in the
2835:French:
2487:as the
2473:Germany
2425:chanson
2400:chanson
2330:chanson
2309:Occitan
2140:removed
2125:sources
1948:removed
1933:sources
1880:Hungary
1730:removed
1715:sources
1368:chanson
1352:Macaire
1196:Auberon
1106:Occitan
1032:Catalan
1024:fabliau
993:convent
892:clerics
778:in the
776:chanson
676:laisses
671:stanzas
640:narreme
632:legends
627:and in
617:of the
572:Saracen
534:Muslims
518:fantasy
468:knights
397:writing
381:Homeric
215:Origins
188:of the
96:scholar
4212:Aachen
4205:Places
4161:Almace
4090:Bayard
4064:Turpin
4034:Oberon
3883:Oliver
3878:Naimon
3868:Roland
3784:
3759:
3712:
3698:
3684:
2892:
2832:Modern
2661:poem "
2606:, and
2552:, the
2475:, the
2365:laisse
2265:Others
1417:Muslim
1380:Mainet
1323:Mainet
1317:Otinel
1306:Acquin
1301:Aiquin
1233:Gaydon
1113:, the
1050:juglar
1012:cycles
921:fiddle
916:vielle
850:rhymed
843:romans
837:verse
739:Later
657:Early
629:creole
602:parody
592:Bayard
579:Oberon
528:, and
522:giants
503:feudal
421:France
415:, the
162:heroic
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
4130:Sorel
3944:Aymon
3843:King
3246:, 14.
3220:, 12.
3069:, 11.
2994:, 10.
2690:Notes
2651:Welsh
2642:over
2636:Islam
2634:over
2542:Spain
2538:Italy
2086:]
2067:]
2048:]
2033:]
2018:]
2003:]
1476:1170)
1413:heirs
1330:Basin
1312:Otuel
1224:Godin
589:horse
576:fairy
526:magic
437:Moors
369:Parry
349:Latin
288:like
170:gesta
166:Latin
103:JSTOR
89:books
3939:Aude
3782:ISBN
3757:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3565:PMLA
3419:ed.
2890:ISBN
2649:The
2436:and
2415:The
2387:The
2358:The
2336:Aiol
2123:any
2121:cite
1986:and
1931:any
1929:cite
1713:any
1711:cite
1543:and
1366:, a
1091:or "
774:, a
646:and
613:The
439:and
431:and
389:oral
373:Lord
371:and
284:and
251:and
192:and
148:The
75:news
3900:and
2941:12.
2657:'s
2624:'s
2548:in
2536:In
2468:).
2134:by
2074:Yon
1942:by
1801:or
1724:by
1616:or
1535:by
1523:by
1484:by
1474:fl.
1468:by
1355:or
1315:or
1304:or
1252:by
1160:by
1095:".
634:by
567:).
375:on
58:by
4317::
3738:.
3721:.
3593:^
3581:^
3487:^
3263:^
3251:^
3234:^
3210:^
3155:^
3095:^
3074:^
3057:^
3043:^
3029:^
3008:^
2946:^
2931:^
2904:^
2888:.
2884:.
2830:,
2821:,
2786:ɔː
2774:ɑː
2764::
2762:US
2758:,
2726:ɒ̃
2720:ɒ̃
2707::
2705:UK
2646:.
2596:,
2586:,
2533:.
2412:.
2084:fr
2065:fr
2046:fr
2031:fr
2016:fr
2001:fr
1990:.
1597:,
1063:.
855:.
786::
784:ie
692::
610:.
524:,
494:.
427:,
280:,
245:,
168::
3836:e
3829:t
3822:v
3369:"
3129:.
2898:.
2842:.
2817:/
2814:t
2811:s
2808:ɛ
2805:ʒ
2802:ˈ
2797:ə
2794:d
2789:n
2783:s
2780:ˌ
2777:n
2771:ʃ
2768:/
2754:/
2751:t
2748:s
2745:ɛ
2742:ʒ
2739:ˈ
2734:ə
2731:d
2723:s
2717:ʃ
2714:ˌ
2711:/
2161:)
2155:(
2150:)
2146:(
2142:.
2128:.
1969:)
1963:(
1958:)
1954:(
1950:.
1936:.
1751:)
1745:(
1740:)
1736:(
1732:.
1718:.
1472:(
1382:.
1272:.
1136:(
1128:.
841:(
690:e
156:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
