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246:", the Water Dancing Group includes five smaller bas-reliefs, all depicting various saurian-like creatures sitting atop scrolls (though Reilly refers to these as "lazy S" patterns) underneath exclamation-like objects (again most likely raindrops) falling from what appear to be clouds. These five bas-reliefs—Monuments 5/6, 8, 11, 14, and 15—stretch eastward from Monument 1, separated from it by Cerro Chalcatzingo's primary natural water channel. These bas-reliefs can only be viewed sequentially, which leads some researchers to suggest that they are likely a pictorial or processional sequence.
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73:. The inhabitants began to produce and display Olmec-style art and architecture around 900 BCE. At its height between 700 BCE and 500 BCE, Chalcatzingo's population is estimated at between five hundred and a thousand people. By 500 BCE it had gone into decline. The climate in Morelos is generally warmer and more humid than the rest of the Highlands. The Chalcatzingo center covers roughly 100 acres (0.40 km). Evidence indicates that this was a site of ritual significance.
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However, by 500 BCE Chalcatzingo had lost its centrality in
Mexican Highland culture. This occurred some 400 years after San Lorenzo was abandoned, and 100 years before the abandonment of La Venta. Chalcatzingo's decline coincided with the development of widespread settlement clusters throughout the Morelos region, consisting mainly of small farming villages. Over 1000 years after Chalcatzingo's abandonment, the Late Classic settlement
20:
372:, originally erected at the front of Terrace 15 during the Cantera phase of occupation (700-500 BCE). The top of the monument is missing. The monument depicts a woman dressed in sandals, head covering, and a skirt who is touching – or perhaps erecting – a bound stela. The woman and the depicted stela rest upon what has been identified as a stylized earth monster.
392:
Central
Mexican identity can perhaps best be appreciated by contrasting the character of the monumental art with the numerous anthropomorphic figurines recovered at Chalcatzingo. These figurines, which are clearly within an indigenous Central Mexican tradition, may be thought of as depicting the people who lived in Morelos at the dawn of Mesoamerican civilization.
391:
While
Chalcatzingo is perhaps best known for its bas-relief carvings, taken to infer an Olmec presence in the prehistoric community, the bulk of the evidence from this site indicates that it was a vibrant presence in the Mexican Central Highlands owing little to any Olmec incursion or contact. The
408:
Like other
Formative period culture centers, Chalcatzingo declined in importance, but unlike centers on the Gulf Coast, the site was not abandoned. The location has clear evidence of a minor occupation in the Late Formative Period and served as a minor ceremonial center during the Classic period.
221:", is dressed ornately. He or she is seated on an elaborate scroll holding another scroll. Since this carving is situated above a major natural water channel that once supplied water to Chalcatzingo, the scene has been interpreted as a leader using his power to bring water to the region. However,
313:
Monument 2, at the west end of the series, shows four humans. Three of them are standing while the fourth, on the right, is seated upon the ground, inertly slumped backwards, perhaps bound. All are masked, although the fourth has his mask on the back of his head. The three standing figures are
278:
Monument 4 depicts two humans being attacked by two felines. The human figures are under and slightly in front of the felines, indicating that they may have been fleeing. The felines have their fangs bared and claws extended towards the figures. The felines appear to be wearing various bits of
343:
is a sculpture that may represent the cave in
Monument 1 from a head-on point of view. The sculpture is flat and contains a large hole in the middle that would correspond to the shape of the cave entrance. This represents the full quatrefoil. Above that hole are two eyes, similar to the eye in
132:
Stone-faced patios and bas-relief monumental art are the features that are found both at
Chalcatzingo and at Teopantecuanitlan. These are the only two sites known with these features. The sunken patio of Teopantecuanitlan is older. There are also other parallels between these sites.
318:
While these first five occur in a processional arrangement, a sixth carving of this group, labelled
Monument 13, is considerably downhill. It depicts a supernatural anthropomorphic being with the cleft head often found in Olmec iconography. Like
314:
brandishing spears or pikes. The headdress worn by one of the standing figures echoes the motifs adorning the head of one of
Monument 4's felines, suggesting that this scene is related to the events depicted in the others in the sequence.
254:
The second group also consists of bas-reliefs, but they have been carved upon the loose stone slabs and boulders at the foot of the mountain rather than on the mountainside. They are larger than those of the Water
Dancing group (all but
159:
Drawings of these carvings have been made, but molds were taken of many of them before any drawings were taken. The process of making those molds tended to destroy fine lines and actually tore small portions of the stone out.
147:
Structure 4 is
Chalcatzingo's largest structure, an almost-square platform measuring approximately 70 m (230 ft) on each side. Burials of high-status individuals have been excavated here, with jade ornaments and a
155:
Chalcatzingo is perhaps most famous for its bas-relief carvings. Most of the 31 known monuments occur in three distinct groupings: two on Cerro Chalcatzingo and the third on the terraces within the actual settlement.
340:
203:. The point of view is from the side, and the entire cave appears cross-sectional, with the cave entrance is seen to the right of the figure. The cave entrance is as tall as the figure, and scroll
297:, can be seen falling from above. Interpretations of this scene range from the idea that raindrops falling on the jaguar comprise a fertility metaphor to themes of bloodletting and sacrifice.
275:, devouring (or, less likely, disgorging) a human. The creature has an elongated snout with large fangs, and triangular markings towards its tail as well as what appear to be fins or wings.
293:
Monument 31 depicts a recumbent feline atop a human, perhaps attacking him, although this carving does not possess the sense of motion shown in Monument 4. Three raindrops, like those in
188:
The first group of reliefs lies high on the hillside of Cerro Chalcatzingo. Their apparent common theme of rain and fertility has led Kent Reilly to name this the Water Dancing Group.
375:
This image possibly represents a woman with her marriage dowry and appears to be mirrored by Monument 32, which portrays a male touching a stela in a similar, but mirrored, position.
207:(perhaps indicating speech or perhaps wind) are issuing from it. The cave in which the figure sits is equipped with an eye, and its general shape could suggest that of a mouth.
152:(iron ore) mirror. Most of the village's burials were located under the floors of houses—individuals representing the whole variety of social statuses were buried this way.
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Photo tour of Chalcatzingo by David R. Hixson. Click on "Chalcatzingo" for photos as well as a site summary by David Grove and Maria Aviles (site archaeologists).
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The village contained a central plaza area, designated Terrace 1, downhill from elite residences. Terrace 25 is composed of a sunken patio of a style seen at
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Monument 31, showing a beaked feline zoomorph atop a recumbent human. Note the 3 stylized raindrops apparently falling from a "Lazy S" figure.
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Monument 3 depicts a recumbent feline next to a cactus-like plant, with a possible subordinate human figure in a damaged area of the carving.
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is a life-size carving of a human-like figure seated inside a cave with a wide opening; the shape of the opening represents one-half of a
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309:, these four reliefs likely illustrate "a sequence of mythical events important in the cosmogony of the peoples of Chalcatzingo".
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Above the cave are a number of stylized objects which have been interpreted as rain clouds, with exclamation-like objects ("
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Valley, within an otherwise generally flat landscape. Its early residents likely sourced their water from a nearby spring.
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Chalcatzingo contains what may be the earliest representation of a woman in Mesoamerican monumental art on
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2143:
2015:
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914:"Monument 3 from La Blanca, Guatemala: A Middle Preclassic earthen sculpture and its ritual associations"
141:
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287:") motif, suggesting these might be jaguar gods or that these jaguars are affiliated with the sun god.
979:"The Landscape of Creation: Architecture, Tomb, and Monument Placement at the Olmec Site of La Venta"
886:
225:
has also variously been identified as a rain deity, the "God of the Mountain" - a forerunner of the
65:-style monumental art and iconography. Located in the southern portion of the Central Highlands of
2077:
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1172:
947:"Olmec iconographic influence on the Symbols of Maya rulership: An Examination of Possible Sources"
867:
2153:
1826:
1323:
1032:
784:"Public Monuments and Sacred Mountains: Observations on Three Formative Period Sacred Landscapes"
58:
2378:
810:
801:
Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1993
799:
31:
The view from a mountain above Chalcatzingo (seen far below). To the right looms Cerro Delgado.
946:
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plants radiating from the corners of the mouth suggest that the sculpture had been made by the
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This group is dominated by the best known carving from Chalcatzingo: Monument 1, also known as
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At Chalcatzingo, in the center of the sunken patio is a tabletop altar reminiscent of those at
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259:") and the carvings primarily depict fantastic creatures dominating outlined human figures:
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2199:
1888:
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1052:, facsimile chapters of the 1987 book edited by David Grove, downloadable as PDFs, at FAMSI
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Identity and Diversity in the Anthropomorphic Figurines from Chalcatzingo, Morelos, Mexico
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Stela 8, both of which feature elite individuals enthroned within a quatrefoil."
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963:"The Lazy-S: A Formative Period Iconographic Loan to Maya Hieroglyphic Writing"
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Monument 5 depicts a reptilian creature, perhaps the archetypical Mesoamerican
235:"A striking parallel exists between the imagery of Chalcatzingo Monument 1 and
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Heart of Creation: the Mesoamerican World and the Legacy of Linda Schele
972:. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute. pp. 413–424.
657:"The Archaeology of Early Formative Chalcatzingo, Morelos, MĂ©xico, 1995"
399:
Chalcatzingo in relation to other Formative Period archaeological sites.
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662:. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)
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Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture History
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988:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 34–64.
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Chalcatzingo provides examples of Olmec-style art and architecture.
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758:"The Preclassic Societies of the Central Highlands of Mesoamerica"
69:, Chalcatzingo is estimated to have been settled as early as 1500
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62:
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1127:
1005:"Stone by Ancient Stone, Mexico Recovers Its Lost Treasures"
762:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
523:
521:
952:. In Robertson, Merle Green; Fields, Virginia M. (eds.).
872:
788:
639:. California State University Los Angeles. Archived from
608:
586:
584:
518:
743:. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.
2555:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
1024:
Dr. Manuel Aguilar's notes and photos on Chalcatzingo
760:. In Trigger, Bruce G.; Washburn, Wilcomb E. (eds.).
494:
581:
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reached its peak in Morelos between 700 and 900 CE.
115:
The pyramid of Chalcatzingo in the Mexican state of
61:. The site is well known for its extensive array of
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805:(Dumbarton Oaks etexts ed.). Washington, DC:
798:
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470:
16:Ancient Mesoamerican archaeological site in Mexico
1038:The DeLanges visit Chalcatzingo, with many photos
956:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 151–166.
327:mouth of what is likely a supernatural creature.
2599:
849:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
344:Monument 1. The thick brows above the eyes and
232:, or as the jaguar god who inhabits the caves.
2535:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2520:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
1029:National Institute of Anthropology and History
807:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
1113:
968:. In Macri, Martha J.; McHargue, Jan (eds.).
685:. Ancient peoples and places series. London:
911:
527:
356:ceremonies or rites for initiating priests.
87:Chalcatzingo connected trade routes between
35:can be seen in the far distance to the north
843:Grove, David C. (2001). "Chalcatzingo". In
633:"Monument 1: Relief of "El Rey" (The King)"
1120:
1106:
2525:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
279:ornamentation, while their eyes show the
106:
1129:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1002:
739:Gay, Carlo T.E.; Pratt, Frances (1971).
738:
681:The Olmecs: America's First Civilization
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76:Chalcatzingo is situated near two large
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303:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
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57:) dating from the Formative Period of
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885:. Texas Pan American series. Austin:
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1003:Shortell, David (October 23, 2023).
868:"Chalcatzingo's Formative Figurines"
378:
1553:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
249:
13:
2545:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1524:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
14:
2634:
2613:Former populated places in Mexico
1536:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1507:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1017:
970:Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993
330:
2577:
1529:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1502:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
954:Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986
23:Chalcatzingo archaeological site
2608:Archaeological sites in Morelos
1512:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
912:Love, M.; Guernsey, J. (2007).
184:) and the "Water Dancing Group"
1061:3D models of several monuments
764:. Cambridge University Press.
359:
144:, both lowland Olmec centers.
1:
2456:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1517:Archaeological sites in Chile
716:. London: Thames and Hudson.
623:
335:
2550:Mesoamerican writing systems
2507:
1546:Archaeological sites in Peru
977:Reilly, F. Kent III (2002).
961:Reilly, F. Kent III (1996).
945:Reilly, F. Kent III (1991).
7:
2446:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
851:. Oxford University Press.
323:", it is seated within the
10:
2639:
2472:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2375:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
984:. In Stone, Andrea (ed.).
712:Evans, Susan Toby (2004).
528:Love & Guernsey (2007)
403:
387:Figurine from Chalcatzingo
352:, who may have used it in
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930:10.1017/S0003598X00096009
887:University of Texas Press
2584:Civilizations portal
1541:Cultural periods of Peru
866:Harlan, Mark E. (1987).
756:Grove, David C. (1996).
631:Aguilar, Manuel (2002).
416:
142:San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán
2478:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1324:Mesoamerican chronology
59:Mesoamerican chronology
1181:Archaeological periods
655:Aviles, Maria (2000).
501:Gay & Pratt (1971)
400:
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176:
175:for a photo of El Rey.
119:
107:Monuments and carvings
49:site in the Valley of
36:
24:
2484:List of Conquistadors
2371:KĘĽinich JanaabĘĽ Pakal
1782:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1201:Caddoan Mississippian
1084:18.67672°N 98.77079°W
793:. In David C. Grove;
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386:
265:
166:
114:
30:
22:
2451:Francisco de Montejo
2379:Jasaw Chan KĘĽawiil I
1492:Andean civilizations
1419:Shaft tomb tradition
1049:Ancient Chalcatzingo
889:. pp. 252–263.
883:Ancient Chalcatzingo
368:. The monument is a
217:The seated figure, "
2417:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1722:Manteño-Huancavilca
1191:Ancestral Puebloans
1089:18.67672; -98.77079
1080: /
687:Thames & Hudson
617:, pp. 252–263.
2618:Mesoamerican sites
2540:Columbian exchange
2530:Portal:Mesoamerica
1682:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1497:Indigenous peoples
1236:Hopewell tradition
1163:Indigenous peoples
1009:The New York Times
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2495:Francisco Pizarro
2461:Pedro de Alvarado
1777:Pucará de Tilcara
875:online facsimile)
795:Rosemary A. Joyce
379:Key highland site
281:St Andrew's Cross
273:feathered serpent
127:Teopantecuanitlan
53:(municipality of
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643:on 2007-05-19
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603:Aviles (2000)
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540:Reilly (1996)
536:
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195:(The King).
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45:
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34:
29:
21:
2575:
2508:
2358:Moctezuma II
2315:Inca history
2240:Andean Music
2184:Architecture
2179:Architecture
2174:Architecture
2169:Architecture
2165:Architecture
2159:Gender Roles
1904:Tenochtitlan
1827:Timoto–Cuica
1822:Tierradentro
1607:Casma–Sechin
1339:Chalcatzingo
1338:
1065:
1048:
1033:Chalcatzingo
1031:website for
1008:
985:
969:
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921:
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848:
832:. Retrieved
800:
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680:
664:. Retrieved
645:. Retrieved
641:the original
636:
610:
598:
571:
564:Grove (1999)
559:
552:Grove (1999)
547:
542:, p. 5.
535:
508:
496:
489:Diehl (2004)
484:
479:, p. 4.
472:
465:Grove (1996)
460:
453:Grove (2001)
448:
441:Grove (1999)
436:
429:Grove (1999)
424:
407:
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363:
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187:
181:
180:Monument 1 (
168:
167:Monument 1,
158:
154:
146:
135:
131:
124:
121:
86:
78:granodiorite
75:
44:Mesoamerican
40:Chalcatzingo
39:
38:
33:Popocatépetl
2623:Olmec sites
2421:TĂşpac Amaru
2405:Manco Cápac
2354:Moctezuma I
2265:Agriculture
2260:Agriculture
2255:Agriculture
2246:Agriculture
2189:Road System
2078:Mathematics
1943:Muysc Cubun
1797:San AgustĂn
1747:Monte Verde
1424:Teotihuacan
1316:Mesoamerica
1211:Coles Creek
1196:Anishinaabe
1153:Archaeology
1087: /
834:7 September
809:. pp.
741:Chalcacingo
366:Monument 21
360:Monument 21
307:David Grove
230:Tepeyollotl
2602:Categories
2392:Tisquesusa
2366:Cuauhtémoc
2362:Cuitláhuac
1692:Lauricocha
1662:Gran Chaco
1652:Cupisnique
1637:Chinchorro
1612:Chachapoya
1602:Caral–Supe
1444:Tlaxcaltec
1434:Teuchitlán
1349:ChupĂcuaro
1276:Plum Bayou
1271:Plaquemine
1241:Marksville
1206:Chichimeca
1075:98°46′15″W
1072:18°40′36″N
771:0521351650
666:2013-05-10
647:2006-09-15
624:References
411:Xochicalco
341:Monument 9
336:Monument 9
325:quatrefoil
201:quatrefoil
99:, and the
55:Jantetelco
2413:Atahualpa
2409:Pachacuti
2384:Nemequene
2250:Chinampas
2072:Astronomy
2061:Astronomy
2041:Mythology
2036:Mythology
2031:Mythology
2026:Mythology
2022:Mythology
1852:Wankarani
1842:Tuncahuán
1732:Marajoara
1687:Las Vegas
1573:Atacameño
1469:Xochipala
1409:Purépecha
1369:Epi-Olmec
1359:Cuicuilco
1301:Troyville
1291:St. Johns
938:162442562
918:Antiquity
346:bromeliad
150:magnetite
2509:See also
2427:Conquest
2400:Zoratama
2067:Calendar
2056:Calendar
2051:Calendar
2047:Calendar
2016:Religion
2011:Religion
2000:Religion
1989:Religion
1985:Religion
1974:Numerals
1968:Numerals
1929:Language
1909:Multiple
1847:Valdivia
1832:Tiwanaku
1792:Saladoid
1787:Quimbaya
1677:Kuhikugu
1657:Diaguita
1647:Chorrera
1464:Veraguas
1459:Veracruz
1439:Tlatilco
1251:Mogollon
1158:Cultures
1136:Americas
905:59802706
829:39229716
797:(eds.).
782:(1999).
732:55125990
705:56746987
677:(2004).
223:"El Rey"
197:"El Rey"
193:"El Rey"
171:. Click
138:La Venta
89:Guerrero
2396:Tundama
2325:Peoples
2310:History
2305:History
2300:History
2296:History
2290:Cuisine
2285:Cuisine
2280:Cuisine
2275:Cuisine
2271:Cuisine
2129:Warfare
2124:Warfare
2119:Warfare
2115:Warfare
2109:Society
2104:Economy
2093:Society
2088:Society
2084:Society
1954:Writing
1948:Quechua
1933:Nahuatl
1900:Capital
1837:Toyopán
1817:Tairona
1727:Mapuche
1642:Chiripa
1617:Chancay
1588:Cañaris
1563:Amotape
1558:El Abra
1474:Zapotec
1454:Totonac
1429:Tepanec
1414:Quelepa
1384:Mezcala
1374:Huastec
1344:Cholula
1334:Capacha
1329:Acolhua
1286:Sinagua
1261:Patayan
1231:Hohokam
1221:Fremont
881:(ed.).
847:(ed.).
811:255–300
404:Decline
227:Aztec's
205:volutes
117:Morelos
51:Morelos
2339:Muisca
2334:Mayans
2329:Aztecs
1963:Script
1958:Script
1918:Bacatá
1889:Muisca
1772:Pucará
1767:Piaroa
1762:Paiján
1757:Omagua
1712:Lupaca
1707:Lokono
1672:Kalina
1667:Huetar
1627:ChavĂn
1622:Chango
1597:Nariño
1593:CapulĂ
1583:Calima
1578:Aymara
1568:Arawak
1449:Toltec
1399:Olmecs
1394:Nicoya
1389:Mixtec
1364:Diquis
1266:Picosa
1256:Oshara
1226:Glades
1216:Dorset
992:
936:
903:
893:
855:
827:
817:
768:
749:333856
747:
730:
720:
703:
693:
350:Olmecs
321:El Rey
295:El Rey
257:El Rey
244:El Rey
219:El Rey
182:El Rey
169:El Rey
97:Oaxaca
91:, the
67:Mexico
2344:Incas
2235:Music
2230:Music
2225:Music
2221:Music
2154:Women
2149:Women
2144:Women
2140:Women
2098:Trade
1979:Quipu
1923:Cusco
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