4447:'el' basically precedes every singular noun. However, this rule is not rigid (especially in Zamboangueño) because the formal vocabulary mode wherein Spanish words predominate almost always is the preferred mode especially in writing. The Spanish article 'la' for feminine singular nouns does exist in Chavacano, though it occurs rarely and mostly in the formal medium of writing, such as poems and lyrics. When accompanying a Spanish feminine noun, the 'la' as the article is more tolerated than acceptable. Among the few exceptions where the 'la' occurs is as a formal prefix when addressing the Blessed Virgin Mary, perhaps more as an emphasis of her importance in Christian devotion. But the real article is still the 'el', which makes this use of a "double article" quite unique. Thus it is common to hear the Blessed Virgin addressed in Chavacano as 'el La Virgen Maria' (the "L" of the 'la' capitalized to signify its permanent position within the noun compound). In general, though, when in doubt, the article 'el' is always safe to use. Compare:
1087:
use of
Spanish in the Philippines which was more successful as a written language than a spoken language. In recent years, there have been efforts to encourage the use of Chavacano as a written language, but the attempts were mostly minor attempts in folklore and religious literature and few pieces of written materials by the print media. In Zamboanga City, while the language is used by the mass media, the Catholic Church, education, and the local government, there have been few literary work written in Zamboangueño and access to these resources by the general public isn't readily available; Bibles of Protestant Christians are also written in standard Chavacano. As Chavacano is spoken by Muslims as second language not only in Zamboanga City and Basilan but even in Sulu and Tawi-tawi, a number of
1325:, notes that "In Cavite and in its suburb of San Roque, a very corrupted Spanish is spoken, whose phraseology is entirely taken from the language of the country". Mentions of a vernacular referred to as "kitchen Spanish" and "language of the market" (referring to the Manila variety), or other terms are found in a number of texts of the 19th century. However, the kind of vernacular referred to by these terms are imprecise and these terms may refer to a fully fledged creole or to a Spanish-pidgin spoken by Chinese and Filipino merchants.
2701:
1313:) have formed at various points in time around the world due to colonialism. As a result of contact between speakers of two mutually non-intelligible languages, creole languages have evolved in some cases to facilitate communication. This usually involves taking the vocabulary of another language and grammatical features of the native language. In contrast to the numerous French-based creole languages, only three creole languages have been found to be Spanish-based or heavily influenced:
6784:
certain modern Cavite
Chabacano words reflects an earlier period when those processes were more common in the Spanish of Cavite. According to Lipski (1986), the earlier variety of Spanish spoken in the Philippines had Mexican and Andalusian Spanish features, including /s/ aspiration, but in the late 1800s a more conservative non-aspirating variety of Peninsular Spanish was spoken there. As a result, certain Cavite Chabacano words have aspiration or deletion while others do not.
1457:
1414:
246:
1321:, and Chavacano. In the Philippines, a major difficulty in tracing the development of Chabacano is the confusion attributed to in accounts of travelers to the Philippines between a coherent creole language, `broken Spanish', and fluent Spanish. The earliest believed attestation of a coherent creole language spoken in Cavite City comes from the Augustinian priest Martínez de Zúñiga who in his 1803 accounts of his travels in the Philippines,
425:
4769:
singular form of the noun. Maga comes from the native
Hiligaynon 'maga' or the Tagalog 'mga'. The formation of the Chavacano plural form of the noun (el + maga/mana + singular noun form) applies whether in common, familiar or formal mode. It may be thought of as roughly equivalent to saying in English, "the many (noun)" instead of "the (noun)s", and in fact "the many (noun)s" is used more in
762:. Zamboangueño Chavacano is the most dynamically spoken language of Philippine Creole Spanish. It is used as a lingua franca between both Muslim and Christians in the Southwestern Mindanao and Basilan Islands communities. Its influence has spread to other islands in the west, such as the Jolo Islands, as well as to Cotabato and Davao in Mindanao. The other varieties of Chavacano with
948:, Davao, and in Cotabato City. According to the official 2000 Philippine census, there were altogether 607,200 Chavacano speakers in the Philippines in that same year. The exact figure could be higher as the 2000 population of Zamboanga City, whose main language is Chavacano, far exceeded that census figure. Also, the figure doesn't include Chavacano speakers of the
6449:"En denantes" which means 'a while ago' (Spanish: "hace un tiempo"). Take note that "En denantes" is an archaic Spanish phrase. Modern Spanish would express the phrase as "hace poco tiempo" or "hace un tiempo", but Chabacano still retains this archaic Spanish phrase and many other archaic Spanish words. This word is still being used in some areas of southern Spain.
1074:. As a result of Spanish colonization, according to a genetic study written by Maxmilian Larena, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, the Philippine ethnic groups with the highest amount of Spanish/European descent are the Chavacanos, with 4 out of 10 Chavacanos having detectable Spanish descent, followed by
1103:. Starting school year 2012–13, the Zamboangueño variant has also been taught at schools following the implementation of the Department of Education's policy of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE). It serves as a medium of instruction from kindergarten to grade 3 and as a separate subject (Mother Tongue) from grades 1 to 3.
3844:
Chavacano newswriters who translate news leads from
English or Tagalog to Chavacano where the "who" is emphasized more than the "what". Because the mass media represent "legitimacy", it is understood by Chavacano speakers (particularly Zamboangueños) that the S-V-O sentence structure used by Chavacano journalists is standardized.
1191:
city, the newly organized
Chavacano Orthography Council met with the officials of the Department of Education and agreed among others that the language is to be spelled with the V. Most people in support of this move would like to distance their language Chavacano to the word Chabacano which also means ‘vulgar” in Spanish.
7393:
5122:
In contrast to the other varieties of
Chavacano, the variety spoken in Zamboanga uses more pronouns derived from a native Philippine language (I.e. Hiligaynon) in addition to Spanish. In Zamboangueño, there are three different levels of usage for certain pronouns depending on the level of familiarity
4564:
And just like
Spanish, Chavacano nouns can have gender but only when referring to persons. However, they are always masculine in the sense (Spanish context) that they are generally preceded by the article 'el'. Places and things are almost always masculine. The -o is dropped in masculine nouns and -a
2748:
in education and the media as the national language, Filipino's orthography has affected how certain persons might spell
Chavacano, especially since recent generations have grown unfamiliar with Spanish orthography; Most published works, and the general media, however, more often retain Spanish-based
2311:
In the common, colloquial, vulgar or familiar register/sociolect, words of local origin or a mixture of local and
Spanish words predominate. The common or familiar register is used ordinarily when conversing with people of equal or lower status in society. It is also used more commonly in the family,
1778:
Treinta y cuatro kilometro desde el pueblo de
Zamboanga el Bunguiao, un diutay barrio que estaba un desierto. No hay gente quien ta queda aquí antes. Abundante este lugar de maga animales particularmente maga puerco 'e monte, gatorgalla, venao y otro más pa. Solamente maga pajariadores lang ta visitá
1086:
Chavacano has been primarily and practically a spoken language. In the past, its use in literature was limited and chiefly local to the geographical location where the particular variety of the language was spoken. Its use as a spoken language far exceeds its use in literary work in comparison to the
727:
words in Zamboangueño Chavacano are actually Hiligaynon. Although Zamboangueño Chavacano's contact with Bisaya began much earlier when Bisaya soldiers were stationed at Fort Pilar during the Spanish colonial period, it was not until closer to the middle of the 20th century that borrowings from Bisaya
6783:
Cavite Chabacano /s/ occurs in onset or coda, but there is some vestigial aspiration or deletion that occurs in final position. The aspiration or deletion of coda /s/ is widespread in southern Peninsular and Latin American Spanish dialects (Hualde 2005:161-165), and the occurrence of this feature in
6465:
The pronoun "vos" is alive in Chavacano. While "vos" was used in the highest form of respect before the 16th century in classical Spanish and is quite archaic nowadays in modern Spanish (much like the English "thou"), in Chavacano it is used at the common level of usage (lower than tu, which is used
2743:
than a written one, multiple ways of writing the different varieties of Chavacano exist. Most published Chavacano texts utilize spelling systems nearly identical to Spanish, adjusting certain spellings of words to reflect how they are pronounced by native Chavacano speakers. Since the propagation of
1947:
Nosotros podemos decir qué grandes sacrificios ofrecieron nuestros héroes para obtener nuestra independencia. Entonces, no nos olvidemos de ellos. ¿Cómo lo logramos? Necesitamos hacer cosas para que sepan que apreciamos a nuestros héroes; que estamos preparados también a sacrificarnos por el pueblo.
3843:
order does exist in Chavacano but only for emphasis purposes (see below). New generations have been slowly and vigorously using the S-V-O pattern mainly because of the influence of the English language. These recent practices have been most prevalent and evident in the mass media particularly among
1886:
According to Keith Whinnom's "Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands" (1956), there were reportedly still an estimated 12,000 speakers in 1942 of Ermitaño. After World War II, much of Manila was destroyed and its citizens displaced. This variety is considered to be virtually extinct.
1094:
The Zamboangueño variety has been constantly evolving especially during half of the past century until the present. Zamboangueño has been experiencing an infusion of English and more Tagalog words and from other languages worldwide in its vocabulary and there have been debates and discussions among
4768:
In Chavacano, plural nouns (whether masculine or feminine in Spanish context) are preceded by the retained singular masculine Spanish article 'el'. The Spanish articles 'los' and 'las' have almost disappeared. They have been replaced by the modifier (a plural marker) 'maga/mana' which precedes the
3361:
Some sounds are not represented in the Chavacano written language. These sounds are mostly in words of Philippine and foreign origin. Furthermore, the pronunciation of some words of Spanish origin have become distorted or Philippinized in modern Chavacano. Some vowels have become allophonized ('e'
1555:
to Spain within late 1700s (Sulu Sultanate gave up Basilan to Spain in 1762, while Sulu and Tawi-tawi were not given up by sultanate because the Sulu Sultanate only recognised partial Spanish sovereignty to Sulu and Tawi-tawi), Spanish settlers and soldiers brought the language to the region until
1186:
Chavacano/Chabacano speakers themselves have different preferences on whether to spell the language with a V or a B. They emphasise the difference between their variety and others using their own geographical location as a point of reference. Language speakers in Ternate also use the term Bahra to
1158:
which can be further divided into two geographic classifications: Manila Bay Creoles (which includes Ternateño and Caviteño) and Mindanao Creole (including Zamboangueño). The varieties of the language are geographically related. The Manila Bay Creoles have Tagalog as their substrate language while
1959:
We can say what great sacrifices our heroes have done to achieve our independence. We should therefore not forget them. How do we do that? We should do things to let it be known that we appreciate the heroes; that we are prepared to make sacrifices for our people. How? Should we write novels like
1519:
The military authorities decided to import labour from Luzon and the Visayas. Thus, the construction workforce eventually consisted of Spanish, Mexican and Peruvian soldiers, masons from Cavite (who comprised the majority), sacadas from Cebu and Iloilo, and those from the various local tribes of
1190:
In Zamboanga City, most people are using the V in spelling the language as Chavacano. In the three-day Chavacano Orthography Congress held on Nov 19–21, 2014, wherein it included the presentation by researchers on Chavacano, mostly results from surveys conducted among selected respondents in the
5016:
In general, the suffixes -s, -as, -os to pluralize nouns in Spanish have also almost disappeared in Chavacano. However, the formation of plural nouns with suffixes ending in -s, -as, and -os are accepted. Basically, the singular form of the noun is retained, and it becomes plural because of the
2756:
in Zamboanga, an etymological-based approach was formally recently endorsed by the local city government and this is the system used in public schools as part of the mother-tongue policy of the Department of Education for kindergarten to grade 3. In principle, words of Spanish origin are to be
1523:
Language differences made it difficult for one ethnic group to communicate with another. To add to this, work instructions were issued in Spanish. The majority of the workers were unschooled and therefore did not understand Spanish but needed to communicate with each other and the Spaniards. A
1935:
Puede nisós hablá: que grande nga palá el sacrificio del mga héroes para niso independencia. Debe nga palá no niso ulvida con ilos. Ansina ya ba numa? Debe hací niso mga cosa para dale sabí que ta aprecia niso con el mga héroes. Que preparáo din niso hací sacrificio para el pueblo. ¿Qué laya?
1782:
El Bunguiao, a treinta y cuatro kilómetros desde el pueblo de Zamboanga, es un pequeño barrio que una vez fue un área salvaje. No había gente que se quedara a vivir ahí. En este lugar había en abundancia animales salvajes tales como cerdos, gatos monteses, venados, y otros más. Este lugar era
1106:
Because of the grammatical structures, Castilian usage, and archaic Spanish words and phrases that Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) uses, between speakers of both contemporary Spanish and Chavacano who are uninitiated, both languages appear to be non-intelligible to a large extent. For the
2752:
The kind of writing system used to write Chavacano may differ according to the writer of the text. Writing may be written using a Spanish-derived writing system, where all words (including words of local origin) are spelled adhering to basic Spanish orthographic rules; it may also be written
2315:
In the formal register/sociolect, words of Spanish origin or Spanish words predominate. The formal register is used especially when conversing with people of higher status in society. It is also used when conversing with elders (especially in the family and with older relatives) and those in
1305:
of the Philippine islands had led to the presence of the Spanish language in the islands. Though Spanish was the language of the government, the various languages originating and found in the islands remained the mother tongue of the various inhabitants. Instead of using Spanish to spread
7394:
http://www.evri.com/media/article;jsessionid=ud7mj8tleegi?title=Home+%7C+Zamboanga+ChavacanoZamboanga+Chavacano+%7C+by+Jose+Genaro+...&page=http://www.josegenaroyapaizon.com/&referring_uri=/location/chavacano-language-0x398c30%3Bjsessionid%3Dud7mj8tleegi&referring_title=Evri
5585:
In Zamboangueño, Chavacano verbs are mostly Spanish in origin. In contrast with the other varieties, there is rarely a Zamboangueño verb that is based on or has its origin from other Philippine languages. Hence, verbs contribute much of the Spanish vocabulary in Chavacano de Zamboanga.
715:
fields to reduce the local population's dependence on the Donativo de Zamboanga, the Spanish colonial government levied taxes on the islanders to support the fort's operations. With the subsequent migration of Ilonggo traders to Zamboanga, the Zamboangueño Chavacano was infused with
6205:
can appear before and after the verb respectively to express that the action was expected to happen in the past (but did not happen), is still expected to happen in the present, and actually the expectation has been met (the verb occurs in the present). And third, a verb between
1400:
Linguists are unsettled about how these vernaculars formed and how they connect to one another, if any. There are many theories, but the two main theories of the origin of Chavacano are Whinnom's "monogenetic theory" and a "parallel-development" theory proposed by Frake in 1971.
1915:
Additionally Ternateño incorporates alternate language forms for different participles to denote the relationship with the individual being the speaker as well as the listener. This includes polite as well as casual foundations of speech, for example, yo (casual) versus (éle).
1306:
Christianity, Spanish missionaries preferred to learn the various local languages. With over 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, the Spanish language came to influence the various Philippine languages to varying degrees by way of aspects like new loanwords and expressions.
4776:
There are some Chavacano speakers (especially older Caviteño or Zamboangueño speakers) who would tend to say 'mana' for 'maga'. 'Mana' is accepted and quite common, especially among older speakers, but when in doubt, the modifier 'maga' to pluralize nouns is safer to use.
6459:
In Chavacano, the Spanish language is commonly called "castellano". Chavacano speakers, especially older Zamboangueños, call the language as "castellano" implying the original notion as the language of Castille while "español" is used to mean a Spaniard or a person from
2753:"phonetically", similar to the modern orthography of Filipino; another writing style uses a mixture of the two, spelling words based on an etymological approach, using phonetic spelling for words of Filipino origin and Spanish spelling rules for words of Spanish origin.
2316:
authority. It is more commonly used by older generations, by Zamboangueño mestizos, and in the barrios. It is the form used in speeches, education, media, and writing. The formal register used in conversation is sometimes mixed with some degree of colloquial register.
5387:
origins, and when used as pronouns, they are of either the common or familiar mode. The inclusive and exclusive characteristics peculiar to Zamboangueño appear again in the 1st person plural. Below is a table of the possessive pronouns in the Chavacano de Zamboanga:
686:
There are a number of theories on how these different varieties of Chavacano have evolved and how they are related to one another. According to some linguists, Zamboangueño Chavacano is believed to have been influenced by Caviteño Chabacano as evidenced by prominent
1881:
Ta sumí el sol na fondo del mar, y el mar, callao el boca. Ta jugá con su mana marejadas com'un muchacha nerviosa con su mana pulseras. El viento no mas el que ta alborota, el viento y el pecho de Felisa que ta lleno de sampaguitas na fuera y lleno de suspiros na
3399:
Glottal stops, as in Filipino languages, are not also indicated (â, ê, î, ô, û). These sounds are mainly found in words of Philippine origin and are only indicated in dictionaries (i.e. jendê = not; olê = again) and when they are, the circumflex accent is used.
1131:
which literally means "poor taste", "vulgar", "common", "of low quality", or "coarse". Chavacano has since evolved into a word of its own in different spellings with no negative connotation, but to simply being the name of the language itself (Banquicio, 2021).
1906:
Ternateño follows a pronominal system of three different pronouns, including subjects, objects and possession. The system follows the same pattern as Spanish, including both singular and plural conjugations based on what the speaker is explaining. For example
5139:
are used to address a person below or of equal social or family status or to someone is who is acquainted. The common forms are used to regard no formality or courtesy in conversation. Its use can also mean rudeness, impoliteness or offensiveness. The
1786:
Bunguiao, a small village, thirty four kilometers from the city of Zamboanga, was once a wilderness. No people lived here. The place abounded with wild animals such as pigs, wildcats, deer, and still others. The place was visited only by bird hunters.
6492:
On the other hand, some words from the language spoken in Spain have evolved or have acquired totally different meanings in Chavacano. Hence, for Castillian speakers who would encounter Chavacano speakers, some words familiar to them have become
1151:" (language of the kitchen) to refer to the Chabacano spoken by the people of Manila, particularly in Ermita) to distinguish it from the Spanish language spoken by those of the upper class, which consisted of Spaniards and educated Natives.
1095:
older Chavacano speakers, new generation of Chavacano speakers, scholars, linguists, sociologists, historians, and educators regarding its preservation, cultivation, standardization, and its future as a Spanish-based creole. In 2000, The
3941:(which means ’no’ or ’never’) to negate the verb that will not or will never happen in the future respectively. This manner of negating the predicate always happens in the verb–subject–object or verb–object–subject sentence structure:
6470:
and in the same manner as in certain Latin American countries such as Argentina (informally and in contrast with usted, which is used formally). Chavacano followed the development of vos in same manner as in Latin America – (the
1973:
Below are samples of dialogues and sentences of Davaoeño in two spoken forms: Castellano Abakay Chino (Chinese style) by the Chinese speakers of Chabacano and Castellano Abakay Japon (Japanese style) by the Japanese speakers.
910:. In spite of this, it's difficult to trace whether these words have their origin in the local population or in Spanish itself, given that Spanish has about 6,000 words of Arabic origin. Chavacano also contains loanwords of
1389:, he presents fragments of texts and comments of what he calls "Malayo-Spanish". However, the first to give a general study and investigation of the varieties of Chavacano as a group was by Keith Whinnom in his 1956 work
5012:
But note that in some cases, this "reduplication" signifies a difference in meaning. For example, 'el maga bata' means 'the children' but 'el maga bata-bata' means one's followers or subordinates, as is a gang or mob.
952:. All the same, Zamboangueño is the variety with the most number of speakers, being the official language of Zamboanga City whose population is now believed to be over a million; is also an official language in Basilan.
1515:
and the determination to spread Christianity further south (as Zamboanga was a crucial strategic location) of the Philippines forced the Spanish missionary friars to request reinforcements from the colonial government.
4329:
stays constant for gender as 'una' has almost completely disappeared in Chavacano, except for some phrases like "una vez". It also stays constant for number as for singular nouns. In Chavacano, it is quite common for
1107:
initiated speakers, Chavacano can be intelligible to some Spanish speakers, and while most Spanish words can easily be understood by Chavacano speakers, many would struggle to understand a complete Spanish sentence.
345:, then governor of Panama, and also responsible for settling Zamboanga City by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists. There was an Asian-American route, which led to traders and adventurers carrying silver from
4894:
Again, this rule is not rigid (especially in the Zamboangueño formal mode). The articles 'los' or 'las' do exist sometimes before nouns that are pluralized in the Spanish manner, and their use is quite accepted:
1678:
after the island of Ternate in the Moluccas, and the descendants of the Merdicas continue to use their Spanish creole (with Portuguese influence), which has come to be known as Caviteño or Ternateño Chavacano.
2308:: The common, colloquial, vulgar or familiar and the formal register/sociolects. Broadly speaking, the formal register is closer to Spanish, and the colloquial register to the local Austronesian languages.
6454:"Masquen"/"Masquin" means 'even (if)' or 'although'. In Spanish, "mas que" is a somewhat out of fashion Spanish phrase meaning 'although', nowadays replaced by the Spanish word "aunque" most of the time.
6501:"Siguro"/"Seguro" means 'maybe'. In Spanish, "seguro" means 'sure', 'secure', or 'stable', although it could imply probability as well, as in the phrase, "Seguramente vendrá" (Probably he will come).
3929:(from Tagalog ’hindi’ or Hiligaynon 'indi' which means ’no’; the Cebuano uses 'dili', which shows its remoteness from Chavacano as compared to Hiligaynon) to negate the verb in the present tense,
2088:
English: Doesn't Florentino have any shame? He went to visit his girlfriend and ate dinner there. Her father scolds him a lot. That Florentino has no job. What will he provide for his wife then?
4682:
Not all nouns referring to persons can become feminine nouns. In Chavacano, some names of persons are masculine (because of the preceding article 'el' in Spanish context) but do not end in -o.
1393:. Whinnom gives an overall view of the history and grammar of what he calls "Ermitaño" of Ermita in Manila, "Caviteño" of Cavite and "Zamboangueño" of Zamboanga. In it, he also postulates his
2085:
Spanish: ¿Que Florentino no tiene vergüenza? Fue a visitar a su novia, y comió allí. El padre de su novia lo regaña mucho. Florentino no tiene trabajo. ¿Qué le proveerá a su esposa después?
6193:
can appear both before and after the main verb to express that in the present perspective, the action has already been completed somewhere in the past with the accent falling on the final
2082:¿Ese ba Tinong (Florentino) no hay vergüenza? Anda visita casa ese novia, comé ya allí. Ese papa de iya novia, regañá mucho. Ese Tinong, no hay colocación. ¿Cosa dale comé esposa después?
1444:
According to the monogenetic theory or one-way theory advanced by Whinnom, all varieties of Chavacano result from a single source, and all such varieties are related to each other.
5144:
are used to address someone of equal social or family status. It indicates courteousness, and is commonly used in public conversations, the broadcast media, and in education. The
1674:
The invasion did not occur as Koxinga fell ill and died. The Merdicas' community eventually integrated into the local population. Today, the location of the community is called
1568:
that recognised Spanish rule of Sulu Archipelago. Chavacano becomes a lingua franca of Sulu Archipelago (composing of Sulu, Tawi-tawi, Basilan), as these were formerly part of
2060:
Ako (yo) hablá ese esposa mio, paciencia plimelo (primero). Cuando male negocio, comé nugaw (lugaw – puré de arroz). Pero, cuando bueno negocio, katáy (carnear) manok (pollo).
4729:
Names of places and things can be either masculine or feminine, but they are considered masculine in the Spanish context because the article 'el' always precedes the noun:
4265:
before the subject to negate the predicate in a subject–verb–object structure denotes strong negation or impossibility for the subject to perform the action in the future:
3904:
The subject always appears after the verb, and in cases where pronominal subjects (such as personal pronouns) are used in sentences, they will never occur before the verb:
3852:
Chavacano generally follows the simple verb–subject–object or verb–object–subject sentence structure typical of Hiligaynon or Tagalog in declarative affirmative sentences:
7950:
5632:
There are some rare exceptions. Some verbs are not derived from infinitives but from words that are technically Spanish phrases or from other Spanish verbs. For example,
4204:
can appear before the subject in a subject–verb–object structure to strongly negate (or denote impossibility) the subject rather than the predicate in the future tense:
1587:
From then on, constant Spanish military reinforcements as well as increased presence of Spanish religious and educational institutions have fostered the Spanish creole.
6480:"Ansina" means 'like that' or 'that way'. In modern Spanish, "así" is the evolved form of this archaic word. The word "ansina" can still be heard among the aged in
1487:
The parallel development theory or two-way theory as advocated by Frake in 1971, the variants found in Luzon and Mindanao had evolved autonomously from each other.
7476:
4247:(Eng: It will never be the businessmen who will buy land but the employees. Span: Nunca serán los hombres de negocios los que compren tierras, sino los empleados)
837:, a language native to Central Mexico, which aren't found in Andalusian Spanish. Although the vocabulary is largely Mexican, its grammar is mostly based on other
5080:
However, it is safer to use the general rule (when in doubt) of retaining the singular form of the noun preceded by the modifier/plural marker 'maga' or 'mana':
4120:(Eng: It is not the businessmen who are buying land but the employees. Span: No son los hombres de negocios los que están comprando tierras, sino los empleados)
2066:
English: I will just tell my wife, my apologies. We eat porridge when our business goes very badly. But if it goes well, then we will butcher and serve chicken.
8136:
1655:) (sacrificing the Moluccas to the Dutch in doing so). A number of Merdicas volunteered to help, eventually being resettled in a sandbar near the mouth of the
1328:
The manner of formation of this type of speech found in a number of communities around the Philippines remains unclear today. A sample of what is today called
4194:(Eng: It will not be the businessmen who will buy land but the employees. Span: No serán los hombres de negocios los que compren tierras, sino los empleados)
4148:(Eng: It was not the businessmen who bought the land but the employees. Span: No fueron los hombres de negocio los que compraron tierras, sino los empleados)
5135:. The common forms are, particularly in the second and third person plural, derived from Cebuano while most familiar and formal forms are from Spanish. The
376:
by speakers of these varieties, especially between neighboring varieties. While a majority of the lexicon of the different Chavacano varieties derive from
4095:
can appear before the subject in a subject–verb–object structure to negate the subject rather than the predicate in the present, past, and future tenses:
2063:
Spanish: Me limitaré a decir a mi esposa, mis disculpas. Cuando nuestro negocio va mal, comemos gachas. Pero si funciona bien, carneamos y servimos pollo.
2133:
Look because I don't tell off that big son of mine. Every day he leaves the house, the same for walking to the office; but every day he asks for money.
411:
is derived from Spanish, roughly meaning "poor taste" or "vulgar", though the term itself carries no negative connotations to contemporary speakers.
5123:
between the speaker and the addressee, the status of both in family and society, or the mood of the speaker and addressee at the particular moment:
6596:
7123:
Castillo, Edwin Gabriel Ma., S.J. "Glosario Liturgico: Liturgical Literacy in the Chavacano de Zamboanga",(Unpublished) Archdiocese of Zamboanga.
4261:
can also appear before the subject to negate the predicate in a subject–verb–object structure in the past and future tenses respectively. Using
728:
accelerated from more migration from the Visayas as well as the current migration from other Visayan-speaking areas of the Zamboanga Peninsula.
6776:
6715:
898:
origin are present in the Zamboangueño variety; the latter is included because although not local in Philippines, it was the lingua franca of
8174:
936:. A significant number of Chavacano speakers are found in Cavite City and Ternate. There are also speakers in some areas in the provinces of
6740:
Gilbert, Glenn (2005-06-01). "The Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages and the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, In Retrospect".
9311:
7469:
2074:
Spanish: ¡Corre rápido! ¡La lluvia está cayendo! Ya te dije que cuando salgas de tu casa, debes llevar un paraguas. No quiero que te mojes.
5046:
Adding the suffix -es to some nouns is quite common and accepted. Nouns ending in -cion can also be pluralized by adding the suffix -es:
6836:
5589:
Generally, the simple form of the Zamboangueño verb is based upon the infinitive of the Spanish verb, minus the final /r/. For example,
2757:
spelled using Spanish rules while Chavacano words of local origin are spelled in the manner according to their origin. Thus, the letter
1983:
Note: only selected phrases are given with Spanish translations, some are interpretations and rough English translations are also given.
9306:
8129:
6445:
Chabacano has preserved plenty of archaic Spanish phrases and words in its vocabulary that modern Spanish no longer uses; for example:
1596:
9316:
322:, has the highest concentration of speakers. Other currently existing varieties are found in Cavite City and Ternate, located in the
5119:
Chavacano pronouns are based on Spanish and native sources; many of the pronouns are not used in either but may be derived in part.
7420:
882:
In contrast with the Luzon-based dialects, the Zamboangueño variety has the most borrowings and/or influence from other Philippine
9326:
9321:
7462:
2077:
English: Run quickly! It's raining! I already told you to take an umbrella when you leave the house. I don't want you to get wet.
1302:
959:
and elsewhere in Sabah via immigration to Sabah during the Spanish colonial period and via Filipino refugees who escaped from
9301:
8122:
7638:
7360:
7233:
7179:
6819:
6672:
902:
and is still spoken in Muslim areas of Mindanao. As the Zamboangueño variety is also spoken by Muslims, the variety has some
7408:
6073:
prefix. The infinitives and their conjugations are somehow retained, and there are some that have simplified conjugations:
2130:
Usted mirá porque yo no regañá ese hijo mío grande. Día-día sale casa, ese ba igual andá oficina; pero día-día pide dinero.
432:
Linguists have identified at least six Spanish creole varieties in the Philippines. Their classification is based on their
9236:
9182:
8356:
1297:
Prior to the formation of what is today the Philippines, what existed were a collection of various islands and different
273:
1750:
Spanish: La persona con la que estás hablando es muy alegre. / La persona con quien tú estás conversando es bien alegre.
9346:
7050:
6837:"Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Appendix, Page 35)"
9209:
7691:
7309:
7017:
6951:
6906:
6873:
2071:¡Corre pronto! ¡Caé aguacero! Yo hablá contigo cuando salé casa lleva payóng (paraguas). No quiere ahora mucho mojáo.
2319:
The following examples show a contrast between the usage of formal words and common or familiar words in Chavacano:
8672:
7532:
7040:
3422:
1576:(Basilan's capital) remained part of Zamboanga Peninsula; although North Borneo (now Sabah) is not included on the
1298:
1187:
refer to their language and their city. Chavacano varieties usually have their area name attached to the language.
9341:
6641:
2108:
Why don't you go for a walk? You travel by your car. What makes money? You work a lot, you don't enjoy yourself.
263:
5167:) – excluding the person spoken to (the addressee) – in the first person plural except in the formal form where
1294:
There is no definite conclusion on the precise history of how these different varieties of Chavacano developed.
7657:
7485:
6537:
307:
236:
9331:
8394:
1394:
1078:, with 1–2 out of 10, while most of the lowland urbanized Christian ethnic groups have some Spanish descent.
342:
124:
5148:
are used to address someone older and/or higher in social or family status. It is the form used in writing.
8910:
8145:
6288:(after) can be used between two sentences in the simple past form to show which verb came first. The words
4373:
Nouns in Chavacano are not always preceded by articles. Without an article, a noun is a generic reference:
4338:
to appear together before a singular noun, the former to denote certainty and the latter to denote number:
838:
385:
7852:
3839:
sentence order. This is because it follows the Hiligaynon or Tagalog grammatical structures. However, the
3501:
3494:
3487:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3414:
3408:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3374:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3318:
3311:
3300:
3288:
3274:
3263:
3252:
3239:
3228:
3217:
3203:
3192:
3181:
3168:
3157:
3146:
3133:
3122:
3111:
3098:
3087:
3076:
3063:
3052:
3041:
3028:
3017:
3005:
2992:
2981:
2970:
6944:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Texts, Volume 2
6795:
3840:
3836:
2301:
1100:
393:
186:
181:
6593:
9351:
9336:
9109:
8920:
8361:
8341:
8255:
5160:
5152:
3362:
and 'o' becomes 'i' and 'u' in some words) and some consonants have changed their pronunciation. (i.e.
2105:¿Por qué usted no andá paseo? Kará tiene coche, viaje usted. ¿Cosa hace dinero? Trabaja mucho, no gozá.
783:
7339:
1503:'s ancestral land, became a permanent foothold of the Spanish government with the construction of the
372:
The different varieties of Chavacano differ in certain aspects like vocabulary but they are generally
9361:
9270:
8925:
8336:
8331:
7833:
338:. The 2020 Census of Population and Housing counted 106,000 households generally speaking Chavacano.
17:
3976:(Eng: The businessmen are not buying land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no están comprando tierras)
1377:¡no quiere pa que di sabé nisos cuando ilos ta sali ingañau! ¡Cosa! ¡Querida be de praile el cabesa!
9056:
8351:
8278:
7580:
6719:
3847:
230:
9033:
8624:
8503:
8316:
7454:
7220:. Creole Language Library. Vol. 33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 279–299.
4310:(Eng: The businessmen will never buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios nunca comprarán tierras)
4085:(Eng: The businessmen will never buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios nunca comprarán tierras)
1565:
915:
899:
433:
31:
3920:
1468:
1425:
9356:
9254:
8619:
8609:
8589:
8498:
8482:
8182:
7630:
6065:
Unlike in the Zamboangueño, Caviteño, and Bahra, Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño) doesn't have the
3933:(which literally means ’none’) to negate the verb that was supposed to happen in the past, and
2762:
2145:
Madam, I give this fish to you. It's not big, but it's very good. It is gorgeous and very nice.
883:
8604:
2013:
Yo quiere prestá contigo diez pesos. Ese ba hija tiene mucho calentura. Necesita llevá doctor.
89:
9104:
8454:
8346:
7509:
7135:
Holm, J. A. (1988). "Pidgins and creoles" (Vols. 1–2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6990:
6968:
6842:. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p. 35
6582:
4941:
When in doubt, it is always safe to use 'el' and 'maga or mana' to pluralize singular nouns:
1067:
389:
373:
8326:
7041:
Department of Education, Culture and Sports and The Summer Institute of Linguistics (1979).
5151:
Additionally, Zamboangueño is the only variety of Chavacano which distinguishes between the
4052:(Eng: The businessmen will not buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no comprarán tierras)
2017:(Spanish: Quiero pedirle diez pesos prestados. Mi hija tiene calentura. Necesita un médico.)
436:
and the regions where they are commonly spoken. The three known varieties of Chavacano with
8970:
8599:
8492:
8311:
8222:
8212:
7674:
7565:
7371:
4709:
All names of animals are always masculine—in Spanish context—preceded by the article 'el'.
4286:(Eng: The businessmen did not buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no compraron tierras)
4014:(Eng: The businessmen did not buy land. Span: Los hombres de negocios no compraron tierras)
853:. By way of Spanish, its vocabulary also has influences from the Native American languages
381:
8773:
2138:
Señora, yo dale este pescado usted. No grande, pero mucho bueno. Ese kirei y muy bonito. (
8:
9214:
9134:
9023:
8695:
8642:
8551:
8526:
8232:
8197:
7866:
7669:
7593:
7570:
6918:
6604:
6552:
6542:
6467:
5380:
2020:(English: I want borrow ten pesos from you. My daughter has a fever. She needs a doctor.)
1648:
1644:
1577:
1569:
1310:
1172:
1099:
in Manila hosted a conference entitled "Shedding Light on the Chavacano Language" at the
1096:
1035:
960:
945:
887:
842:
826:
759:
717:
535:
7739:
7417:
6594:
Número de hispanohablantes en países y territorios donde el español no es lengua oficial
4325:
precedes a singular noun or a plural marker (for a plural noun). The indefinite article
9231:
9219:
9177:
9114:
8945:
8905:
8895:
8808:
8803:
8740:
8730:
8662:
8652:
8434:
8164:
7910:
7901:
7884:
7827:
7772:
7766:
7620:
7608:
7598:
7560:
7514:
7112:
6521:
4770:
3426:
830:
822:
1126:
406:
222:
9280:
9199:
9142:
9119:
9028:
9003:
8990:
8975:
8965:
8960:
8841:
8813:
8685:
8536:
8531:
8389:
8159:
7920:
7879:
7800:
7733:
7555:
7542:
7356:
7305:
7279:
7259:
7239:
7229:
7193:
7185:
7175:
7104:
7046:
7023:
7013:
6947:
6879:
6869:
6815:
6757:
4444:
3418:
2789:
2745:
2098:
1620:
1548:
1537:
1346:
1160:
1071:
949:
941:
937:
907:
862:
790:
755:
751:
541:
529:
170:
7814:
7663:
7643:
7218:
Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates
7155:
Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates
7010:
Roots of Creole structures: weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates
6811:
Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates
4983:
In Chavacano, it is common for some nouns to become doubled when pluralized (called
2055:
English: He will arrive this evening. What do you want me to tell him when he comes?
269:
9172:
9099:
9081:
9061:
9018:
9008:
8980:
8935:
8930:
8900:
8859:
8831:
8793:
8788:
8778:
8745:
8735:
8657:
8647:
8584:
8569:
8546:
8459:
8444:
8424:
8409:
8237:
8227:
8217:
8207:
8187:
7966:
7915:
7846:
7709:
7699:
7603:
7588:
7504:
7489:
7348:
7271:
7221:
7167:
7159:
7096:
6861:
6749:
6532:
6410:
To form the Zamboangueño Chavacano active voice, Zamboangueños follow the pattern:
5384:
1573:
1552:
1176:
1164:
964:
911:
891:
846:
786:
763:
703:
in the 19th century. When Caviteño officers recruited workers and technicians from
437:
377:
302:
152:
94:
7998:
7322:
Zamboangueño texts with grammatical analysis. A Study of Philippine Creole Spanish
6934:
5363:
The usage modes also exist in the possessive pronouns especially in Zamboangueño.
5358:
5179:
Below is a table comparing the personal pronouns in three varieties of Chavacano.
1874:
971:
9226:
9204:
9194:
9189:
9167:
9091:
9066:
9013:
8950:
8836:
8823:
8750:
8715:
8705:
8700:
8690:
8634:
8614:
8574:
8541:
8521:
8487:
8449:
8429:
8419:
8414:
8404:
8321:
8288:
8273:
8202:
7945:
7786:
7720:
7714:
7681:
7519:
7443:
7424:
7412:
7299:
7153:
6809:
6600:
6379:
6186:
4443:
derived from Spanish do not follow gender rules in general. In Zamboangueño, the
2740:
1877:(who also wrote other texts in Ermitaño), and it is entitled "Na Maldito Arena":
1675:
1529:
1383:
1168:
999:
903:
850:
818:
724:
639:
461:
331:
116:
75:
7434:
7405:
3848:
Declarative affirmative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses
914:
origin which enter Chavacano via Malay and Arabic; both Persian and Spanish are
688:
9124:
9076:
9051:
8998:
8955:
8940:
8915:
8783:
8768:
8725:
8720:
8710:
8579:
8464:
8439:
8399:
8371:
8293:
8242:
8114:
7988:
7978:
7704:
7439:
7158:. Creole Language Library. Vol. 33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
6642:"The Early History of Chavacano de Zamboanga: Chabacano versus related creoles"
6485:
6348:
3887:
Hiligaynon: Nagabakal (verb) sang duta (object) ang mga manogbaligya (subject).
3884:
Hiligaynon: Nagabakal (verb) ang mga manogbaligya (subject) sang duta (object).
3455:(when followed or preceded by other vowels: tierra ~ /chehra/; tiene ~ /chene/)
2715:
1869:
The following is a sample of Ermitaño taken from the April 1917 publication of
1628:
1581:
1561:
1541:
1500:
1496:
1059:
1051:
1019:
1011:
928:
895:
735:
505:
469:
366:
315:
141:
63:
7449:
2792:
in writing except in linguistic or highly formalized texts. Also, the letters
9295:
8851:
8680:
8594:
8561:
8384:
8379:
8283:
8103:
7550:
7376:(Ohio State University dissertation). Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University
7283:
7243:
7213:
7189:
7108:
7027:
6883:
6761:
6494:
6437:
Traditionally, Zamboangueño does not have a passive construction of its own.
6419:
As illustrated above, active (causative) voice is formed by placing the doer
5951:
5820:
5689:
4985:
3921:
Declarative negative sentences in the simple present, past, and future tenses
3830:
1533:
1180:
1043:
1023:
1003:
970:
A small number of Zamboanga's indigenous peoples and of Basilan, such as the
806:
696:
587:
397:
7614:
7275:
6753:
6378:
Zamboangueño Chavacano also uses a verb between "ta" and "ya" to denote the
2312:
with friends and acquaintances. Its use is of general acceptance and usage.
1635:. In 1663, the Spanish garrison in Ternate was forced to pull out to defend
1341:
871:
9071:
9043:
8869:
8798:
8760:
8303:
8039:
7753:
6936:
6583:
HOLA Y BIENVENIDOS By Richard Collet. February 19, 2020. (Publisher: GLOBE)
6352:
6338:
Ya mirá ya kame el película después ya comprá kame con el maga chichirías.
6277:
5955:
5824:
5693:
3473:
in other Spanish dialects when between vowels, are uniformly pronounced as
2785:
2736:
1632:
1047:
979:
975:
613:
148:
7347:(Doctoral dissertation (monograph)) (in Spanish). University of Helsinki.
7320:
6617:
3448:(when followed or preceded by other vowels: Dios ~ /jos/; dejalo ~ /jalo/)
206:
9275:
8004:
7429:
7225:
6969:"Poema ermitense: El que ta pensá ele; Quilaya bos; Por causa del sirena"
6296:(after) can also be used between a sentence in the present perfect using
6185:
In Zamboangueño, there are three ways to express that the verb is in the
1039:
1007:
983:
593:
561:
500:
Zamboangueño (Zamboangueño/Zamboangueño Chavacano/Chabacano de Zamboanga)
449:
311:
245:
174:
71:
53:
8090:
6347:
Zamboangueño Chavacano uses a verb between "hay" and "ya" to denote the
6214:
means an action started in the past and still continues in the present:
3925:
When the predicate of the sentence is negated, Chavacano uses the words
3893:
Tagalog: Bumibili (verb) ng lupa (object) ang mga negosyante (subject).
1507:. Bombardment and harassment from pirates and raiders of the sultans of
1456:
1413:
8474:
8265:
8049:
8019:
7325:(PH D Dissertation, Cornell University). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
6896:
Lipski, J. M. Chabacano/Spanish and the Philippine linguistic identity.
5947:
5816:
5685:
3890:
Tagalog: Bumibili (verb) ang mga negosyante (subject) ng lupa (object).
1656:
1616:
1504:
1318:
1314:
1063:
1027:
779:
700:
619:
109:(700,000 native speakers; 1.2 million as a second language; cited 1992)
7446:
dated 19 November 1883 containing text of chavacano spoken in Cotabato
7352:
7171:
7116:
2765:
origin or in loanwords from other Philippine languages (words such as
8070:
8012:
7373:
The sociophonetics and phonology of the Cavite Chabacano vowel system
6778:
The Sociophonetics and Phonology of the Cavite Chabacano Vowel System
6511:"Firmi" means 'always'. In Spanish, "firme" means 'firm' or 'steady'.
3470:
3403:
Other pronunciation changes in some words of Spanish origin include:
2305:
1948:¿Cómo lo haremos? ¿Hay que escribir también novelas como José Rizal?
1088:
1075:
987:
747:
523:
215:
199:
7936:
6318:
Ya mirá kame el película antes de ya comprá con el maga chichirías.
3462:(when followed or preceded by other vowels: conciencia ~ /konʃenʃa/)
1228:
Chabacano de Cavite, Caviteño, Chabacano Caviteño, Linguaje de Niso
8887:
8076:
7926:
7163:
7100:
7043:
Languages of the Southern Gateway: Chavacano, Sinama, Tausug, Yakan
6860:
6547:
6526:
2052:
Spanish: Llegará esta noche. ¿Qué quiere que le diga cuando llegue?
1612:
1600:
1508:
1055:
1015:
956:
767:
354:
319:
281:
30:"Chabacano" redirects here. For the Mexico City Metro station, see
7484:
7197:
6506:"Siempre" means 'of course'. In Spanish, "siempre" means 'always'.
4989:, a characteristic of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages):
809:). Both Cotabateño and Davaoeño are very similar to Zamboangueño.
8877:
7983:
7972:
7087:
Brooks, John (1 January 1933). "Más que, mas que and mas ¡qué!".
6529:, extinct Portuguese-Malay creole language from Ternate and Ambon
6396:
Ta mirá ya kame con el película mientras ta esperá con vosotros.
5174:
3474:
2037:
Spanish: ¿¡Conching, dónde está tu papá?! ¿No ha llegado todavía?
1640:
1604:
1557:
1261:
Davaoeño, Chavacano Davaoeño, Castellano Abakay, Davao Chavacano
933:
854:
834:
739:
511:
277:
67:
7388:
Zamboangueño Chavacano por Jose Genaro Ruste Yap – Aizon, Ph.D.:
6866:
Noun phrases in Creole languages : a multi-faceted approach
3490:(glottal fricative in the final position); sometimes not written
817:
The Chavacano languages in the Philippines are creoles based on
424:
9162:
8513:
6481:
5946:
plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of
5815:
plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of
5684:
plus the simple form of the verb to convey the basic tenses of
5359:
Possessive pronouns (Zamboangueño Chavacano, Castellano Abakay)
1873:. The poem was written by the Filipino Spanish-language writer
1668:
1652:
1636:
1624:
1608:
1525:
704:
671:
665:
645:
567:
473:
362:
358:
350:
323:
3507:-kh ; only in loanwords of Arabic origin, mostly Islamic terms
2174:
2048:
Llegá noche ya. ¿Cosa quiere ako (yo) habla cuando llegá papa?
986:, also speak the language. In the close provinces of Sulu and
380:, their grammatical structures are generally similar to other
6472:
5629:
with the accent called "acento agudo" on the final syllable.
5159:) – including the person spoken to (the addressee) – and the
4440:
4400:
Proper names of persons are preceded by the definite article
1664:
858:
708:
692:
441:
327:
7045:. Manila, Philippines: The Summer Institute of Linguistics.
5640:(give) (literally in Spanish, to "give it" ). In this case,
2040:
English: Conching, where is your dad? Hasn't he arrived yet?
7139:
McKaughan, Howard P. (1954). "Notes on Chabacano grammar".
6935:
John. M. Lipski, with P. Mühlhaüsler and F. Duthin (1996).
1759:
1512:
1139:
was also called by the Spanish-speaking population as the "
994:, all of them are neighbors of Christians. Speakers of the
743:
712:
517:
346:
335:
6466:
at the familiar level) in the same manner of the works of
6440:
3831:
Simple sentence structure (verb–subject–object word order)
1391:
The Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands
1362:
Abá, ñora, porque ‘tallá el maná prailes y el maná empleau
829:. In some Chavacano languages, most words are common with
280:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7442:– correspondence of Jacinto Juanmartí to German linguist
7435:
FilipinoKastila - Database of Chavacano academic articles
6942:. In Stephen Adolphe Wurm & Peter Mühlhäusler (ed.).
6399:
We are already watching the movie while waiting for you.
1968:
1283:
Ternateño, Ternateño Chabacano, Bahra, Linguaje di Bahra
1135:
During the Spanish colonial period, what is today called
720:
words as the previous migrant community was assimilated.
6796:
Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines
6341:
We had watched the movie and then we bought the snacks.
1738:
El hombre, con quien ya man encuentro tu, es mi hermano.
1714:
Spanish: El/Ella empezó a buscar la sal en todas partes.
691:
families who descended from Spanish Army officers (from
4968:(this is a phrase; 'el maga/mana mañana' is uncommon),
1919:
6321:
We had watched the movie before we bought the snacks.
2784:
It is uncommon in modern written works to include the
2362:
morisqueta (understood as a Filipino rice dish)/arroz
2003:(English: Sir, I have come here to ask for your help.)
1747:
El persona con quien tu tan cuento, bien alegre gayot.
1711:
Ya empezá ele buscá que buscá entero lugar con el sal.
1570:
Western Mindanao (presently named Zamboanga Peninsula)
926:
The highest number of Chavacano speakers are found in
7301:
Spanish contact vernaculars in the Philippine Islands
6475:) or, incidentally, as with English "thou" vs. "you".
3523:“x” pronounced as English “x” (like: X-ray) (ex/eks)
2000:(Spanish: Señor, he venido aquí para pedir su ayuda.)
1753:(The person you are talking to is very happy indeed.)
1627:
missionaries. The islands were later captured by the
318:, located in the southern Philippine island group of
6369:
Hay mirá ya kame el película si hay llegá vosotros.
1332:
may be found in dialogues contained in chapters 18 (
1195:
Chavacano/Chabacano varieties and alternative names
7214:"12. Zamboangueño Chavacano and the potentive mode"
5017:preceding modifier/plural marker 'maga' or 'mana':
3526:“h” like: house (/eitsh/); sometimes written as 'j'
2033:¿¡Conching, dónde vos (tu) papá?! ¿No hay pa llegá?
1911:
whereas nosotros (Spanish plural) becomes mihótro (
1717:(‘He/She began to search everywhere for the salt.’)
1584:, Chavacano has still a little impact in Semporna.
7341:Una gramática descriptiva del chabacano de Ternate
7260:"Notes on Ternateño (A Philippine Spanish Creole)"
7007:
6484:and is the only way of expressing this meaning in
1899:Spanish: Nosotros ya pedimos un favor de tu padre.
1741:Spanish: El hombre que encontraste, es mi hermano.
1723:Spanish: Él/Ella se fue al colegio / a la escuela.
1580:area as stated on the Protocol and control by the
6834:
6807:
3520:“z” pronounced as English “z” (like: zebra) (zi)
2816:The Chavacano alphabet has 30 letters, including
556:Caviteño (Chabacano di Nisos/Chabacano de Cavite)
9293:
8144:
8054:(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)
6781:(Graduate). Ohio State University. p. 171.
6372:We will have watched the movie when you arrive.
1902:(We have already asked your father for a favor.)
1217:Chavacano, Zamboangueño, Zamboangueño Chavacano
963:and predominantly Muslim areas of Mindanao like
341:The responsible for this Spanish creole was Don
6984:
6982:
6304:and another sentence in the simple past tense:
4459:Chavacano singular noun (accepted or uncommon)
3517:“v” pronounced as English “v” (like: vase) (vi)
5659:
5644:has nothing to do with the Spanish infinitive
5175:Personal (nominative/subjective case) pronouns
2331:Chavacano (common/colloquial/vulgar/familiar)
1783:visitado únicamente por cazadores de pájaros.
1447:
1066:) and Davao Region became part of short-lived
8130:
7470:
4456:Chavacano singular noun (general and common)
2097:Estimated English translations provided with
1909:yo (Spanish singular) becomes bo (Ternateño),
699:), primarily Caviteño mestizos, stationed at
7127:Chambers, John; Wee, Salvador, eds. (2003).
6979:
6698:
6696:
6694:
4408:functioning as an indefinite article would:
2300:Chavacano (especially Zamboangueño) has two
1366:‘ta jasí solo para ilós el cabesa de espinge
998:, both Christians and Muslims, also live in
766:as their primary substrate language are the
414:
254: Areas where Chavacano is mainly spoken
7257:
7126:
6997:. Vol. II, no. 4. pp. 71–73.
6673:"Language/Dialect Generally Spoken at Home"
6405:
3354:but is now obsolete and is only written as
2956:
2175:Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag
8137:
8123:
7477:
7463:
2092:
1977:
550:359,000 (Rubino 2008, citing 2000 census)
244:
7151:
7138:
6930:
6928:
6691:
5664:Chavacano of Zamboangueño uses the words
1996:Señor, yo vino aquí para pedir vos ayuda.
1599:(also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas) were
833:, but there are many words borrowed from
6995:The Philippine Review (Revista Filipina)
6973:The Philippine Review (Revista Filipina)
6587:
6180:
5262:
5209:
2700:
1760:Another sample of Zamboangueño Chavacano
1520:Zamboanga like the Samals and Subanons.
1387:Uber das Malaiospanische der Philippinen
1289:
990:areas, there are Muslim speakers of the
865:, etc. as can be evidenced by the words
428:Native Zamboangueño speakers in Mindanao
423:
7337:
7297:
7131:. Ateneo de Zamboanga University Press.
6988:
6975:. Vol. II, no. 5. p. 26.
6966:
6739:
6441:Archaic Spanish words and false friends
1890:
1350:. The dialogue found in chapter 18 is:
274:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
27:Spanish-based creole of the Philippines
14:
9294:
7318:
7264:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
7211:
7086:
6925:
6570:
6497:. Some examples of false friends are:
6414:El maga soldao ya mata con el criminal
4547:el tragedia (la tragedia is uncommon)
4378:Hindê yo ta llorá lagrimas sino sangre
3511:
2200:que ya pone na movemiento el un nación
1969:Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño Chavacano)
1081:
608:Castellano Abakay (Chabacano Davaoeño)
330:. Chavacano is the only Spanish-based
8118:
7458:
7369:
6774:
6742:Creole Language in Creole Literatures
4316:
1936:¿Escribí mga novela como José Rizal?
1590:
1404:
1239:Zamboangueño, Chavacano de Zamboanga
955:Chavacano speakers are also found in
301:
6991:"Na maldito arena (poema ermitense)"
6710:
6708:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6661:
4574:Chavacano singular noun (masculine)
4565:is added to make the noun feminine:
4558:el doctora (la doctora is uncommon)
3896:(‘The businessmen are buying land.’)
2694:
2237:puestos en movemiento por una nación
1924:
1920:Another sample of Caviteño Chavacano
1631:who vied for their control with the
1528:developed and became a full-fledged
1451:
1408:
1397:on the origin of these vernaculars.
1382:In the 1883 work of German linguist
468:(once spoken in the old district of
440:as their substrate language are the
388:, it is the only one that is not an
9312:Spanish language in the Philippines
6868:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
6864:; Guéron, Jacqueline, eds. (2007).
4577:Chavacano singular noun (feminine)
4418:(’Maria is a beautiful candidate’.)
2429:ayudanta (female); ayudante (male)
793:, and divided into two varieties,
24:
6946:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 276.
6416:The soldiers killed the criminal.
6280:exists in Zamboangueño. The words
4786:Chavacano plural noun (masculine)
3326:Other letter combinations include
2295:
1896:Nisós ya pidí pabor cun su papáng.
1355:¿Porque ba no di podí nisós entrá?
1091:books are published in Chavacano.
812:
582:Cotabateño (Chabacano de Cotabato)
25:
9373:
9307:Spanish-based pidgins and creoles
7399:
7319:Forman, Michael Lawrence (1972).
6705:
6658:
4789:Chavacano plural noun (feminine)
4434:
4383:(’I do not cry tears but blood’.)
3914:(‘I went to church a while ago.’)
3835:Chavacano is a language with the
2739:. As Chavacano has mostly been a
2690:
2179:
1744:(The man you met is my brother.)
1732:Spanish: Mario durmió en la casa.
1687:
1639:against an impending invasion by
1375:dijo la voz de mujer alejándose;
1373:¡Curioso también el maná prailes!
1323:Estadismos de las Islas Filipinas
1250:Cotabateño, Chavacano Cotabateño
1123:originated from the Spanish word
9317:Languages of Zamboanga del Norte
7406:An abridged Chavacano dictionary
7258:Steinkrüger, Patrick O. (2007).
7152:Michaelis, Susanne, ed. (2008).
7008:Michaelis, Susanne, ed. (2008).
6835:Maximilian Larena (2021-01-21).
5636:(give) does not become 'da' but
5278:kitá (inclusive/common/familiar)
5276:kamé (exclusive/common/familiar)
2699:
2678:delgado(a)/flaco(a)/chiquito(a)
2271:With honour, justice and freedom
2268:And to the country it represents
1455:
1412:
1206:Alternative names and spellings
1183:as their substrate language(s).
1147:" (language of the street), or "
7216:. In Michaelis, Susanne (ed.).
7141:Journal of East Asiatic Studies
7068:
7065:Chabacano de Zamboanga Handbook
7059:
7034:
7001:
6960:
6911:
6899:
6890:
6854:
6828:
6801:
6789:
6768:
6677:Philippine Statistics Authority
6388:Present perfect (Zamboangueño)
4763:
4321:The Chavacano definite article
3480:
2735:Chavacano is written using the
2608:feo (masculine)/fea (feminine)
2194:y el País que ese ta representá
2025:Valentina y Conching (Conchita)
1490:
982:, majority of those people are
921:
9327:Languages of Zamboanga Sibugay
9322:Languages of Zamboanga del Sur
7304:. Hong Kong University Press.
6919:"Chabacano - Cavite's Dialect"
6733:
6634:
6610:
6576:
6564:
6538:Spanish-based creole languages
6361:Future perfect (Zamboangueño)
4525:el luna (la luna is uncommon)
4503:el gato (la gata is uncommon)
4273:No hay el maga/mana negociante
3504:; sometimes written as just -t
3497:; sometimes written as just -k
2265:To the flag of the Philippines
2234:con honor, justicia y libertad
2197:Con Honor, Justicia y Libertad
1564:signed an agreement named the
1110:
932:and in the island province of
869:("monkey", instead of Spanish
365:, Philippines using the famed
13:
1:
7793:Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela
7080:
7074:Brooks 1933, Vol. 16, 1st Ed.
7012:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
6989:Balmori, Jesús (April 1917).
6814:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6431:as indicated by the particle
6223:Zamboangueño present perfect
6085:Castellano Abakay infinitive
5400:Castellano Abakay (de Davao)
5197:Castellano Abakay (de Davao)
4966:el maga/mana día(s) que viene
4860:the grandsons/granddaughters
4439:Unlike in Spanish, Chavacano
4413:Un bonita candidata si Maria.
4297:Nunca el maga/mana negociante
4212:Nunca el maga/mana negociante
4159:Hindê el maga/mana negociante
4131:Hindê el maga/mana negociante
4103:Hindê el maga/mana negociante
3909:Ya andá yo na iglesia enantes
3530:
2290:
2231:y al país que esta representa
2228:a la bandera de las Filipinas
1735:(‘Mario slept in the house.’)
1623:occupation of the islands by
1357:preguntaba una voz de mujer.
490:of households (2020 census)
343:Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera
308:Spanish-based creole language
70:(Zamboangueño and Basileño),
9302:Languages of the Philippines
8146:Languages of the Philippines
7418:Chavacano Lessons with Audio
7129:English-Chabacano Dictionary
6718:. 2005-02-05. Archived from
6558:
6330:Past perfect (Zamboangueño)
6310:Past perfect (Zamboangueño)
6256:ta dormí pa. / ta dormi ya.
6234:ta cantá pa. / ta canta ya.
6226:Zamboangueño future perfect
5656:which means the same thing.
4996:(el maga cosa/s is common),
3417:(in common with dialects of
3413:j, g (before 'e' and 'i') ~
3330:(erre), which is pronounced
2710:appears to contradict itself
2664:tornado/remolino, remulleno
1865:Fuerte-fuerte el voz: ¡Aray!
1272:Ermitense, Ermita Chabacano
1038:, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-tawi,
1006:. Christians and Muslims in
770:-based creoles of which are
444:-based creoles of which are
419:
7:
6967:Balmori, Jesús (May 1917).
6515:
5934:While Bahra uses the words
5660:Verb tenses – simple tenses
5114:
5004:(el maga gente is common),
4874:el maga/mana professor(es)
4648:the grandson/granddaughter
4242:sino el maga/mana empleados
4224:sino el maga/mana empleados
4189:sino el maga/mana empleados
4171:sino el maga/mana empleados
4143:sino el maga/mana empleados
4115:sino el maga/mana empleados
2811:
2274:Put in motion by one Nation
1848:Bajo tus faldas, ¡amoratáo!
1793:
1551:gave up its territories in
1448:Parallel-development theory
1101:Ateneo de Manila University
1070:, which chose Chavacano as
723:Most of what appears to be
394:Malayo-Polynesian languages
187:Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
10:
9378:
8357:Southern Catanduanes Bikol
8083:Coastal Argentina, Uruguay
7951:spoken by Catalan speakers
7338:Sippola, E. (2011-12-09).
6808:Susanne Michaelis (2008).
6391:Present perfect (English)
6267:ya pedí pa. / ya pedí ya.
6245:ta bebé pa. / ta bebe ya.
6220:Zamboangueño past perfect
5000:(el maga casa is common),
4888:el maga/mana consejala(s)
4885:el maga/mana consejal(es)
4877:el maga/mana profesora(s)
4822:el maga/mana engeniera(s)
4819:el maga/mana engeniero(s)
4181:el maga/mana negociante(s)
3825:
3707:to move the hips a little
3469:, which are pronounced as
3346:. Another combination was
2800:are sometimes replaced by
2761:appear mostly in words of
2426:muchacho (m)/muchacha (f)
2401:bugalon(a)/ hambuguero(a)
2253:
2216:
1729:Si Mario ya dormí na casa.
1726:(‘He/She went to school.’)
1682:
1603:natives of the islands of
1309:Creole languages (such as
1159:The Mindanao Creoles have
657:
631:
605:
579:
553:
497:
326:province on the island of
29:
9347:Culture of Zamboanga City
9263:
9247:
9155:
9133:
9090:
9042:
8989:
8886:
8868:
8850:
8822:
8759:
8671:
8633:
8560:
8512:
8473:
8370:
8302:
8264:
8251:
8173:
8152:
8062:
7959:
7897:
7760:Central western Argentina
7690:
7629:
7579:
7541:
7528:
7497:
6364:Future perfect (English)
5652:(to hop) is from Spanish
5008:(el maga juego is common)
4958:el maga/mana chavacano(s)
4946:el maga/mana caballero(s)
4833:el maga/mana sastrera(s)
4830:el maga/mana sastrero(s)
4827:the tailors/seamstresses
1839:Que un cangrejo ya corré,
1802:Junto contigo na un peñon
1799:En la dulzura de mi afán,
1156:Philippine Creole Spanish
1050:(region that composed of
906:loanwords, most commonly
778:(spoken in some areas of
734:(Chavacano) is spoken in
415:Distribution and variants
260:
243:
229:
213:
197:
192:
180:
166:Official language in
164:
159:
138:
113:
103:
82:
59:
49:
44:
39:
6937:"Spanish in the Pacific"
6406:Passive and active voice
5803:Caviteño uses the words
5708:Zamboangueño infinitive
5580:
5293:nosotros (Chino, Japón)
4970:el maga/mana almujada(s)
4800:el maga/mana maestra(s)
4797:el maga/mana maestro(s)
4072:Nunca ay/Ay nunca comprá
4058:Nunca ay/Ay nunca comprá
2957:Letters and letter names
2708:This article or section
2188:Yo ta prometé mi lealtad
1853:Cosa que el diablo hacé,
1822:Tu me decías, "justo na"
1699:(‘Where are you going?’)
1532:still in use today as a
1499:, which was part of the
314:. The variety spoken in
310:varieties spoken in the
7840:Colombia-Ecuador border
7370:Lesho, Marivic (2013).
7298:Whinnom, Keith (1956).
7276:10.1075/jpcl.22.2.10ste
6775:Lesho, Marivic (2013).
6754:10.1075/jpcl.20.1.09gil
6423:before the verb phrase
6333:Past perfect (English)
6313:Past perfect (English)
5022:el maga/mana caballeros
4811:el maga/mana buruja(s)
4808:el maga/mana burujo(s)
4394:(’I am carrying wood’).
4234:el mana/maga negociante
4080:el maga/mana negociante
4062:el maga/mana negociante
4047:el maga/mana negociante
4029:el maga/mana negociante
4009:el maga/mana negociante
3991:el maga/mana negociante
3971:el maga/mana negociante
3953:el maga/mana negociante
3879:el maga/mana negociante
3861:el maga/mana negociante
2684:delgado/flaco/flaquito
2583:guachi/guachinanggo(a)
2527:duro cabeza/duro pulso
2191:na bandera de Filipinas
2093:Castellano Abakay Japon
1978:Castellano Abakay Chino
1862:Hasta que yo ya escuché
1856:Si escabeche o kalamáy,
1819:Yo te decía, "gusto ko"
1767:Zamboangueño Chavacano
1720:Ya andá ele na escuela.
1619:, converted during the
1566:Madrid Protocol of 1885
1154:Linguists use the term
916:Indo-European languages
900:maritime Southeast Asia
879:("mini markets"), etc.
799:Castellano Abakay Japón
795:Castellano Abakay Chino
32:Chabacano metro station
9342:Languages of Tawi-Tawi
9255:Filipino Sign Language
8590:Casiguran Dumagat Agta
7486:Dialects and varieties
6159:to ask (of something)
6044:to ask (of something)
5913:to ask (of something)
5782:to ask (of something)
5337:silá (common/familiar)
5226:vo (common)/(informal)
5075:el maga organizaciones
5067:el maga contestaciones
5028:el maga/mana caballero
4866:el maga/mana nieta(s)
4863:el maga/mana nieto(s)
4855:el maga/mana madre(s)
4852:el maga/mana padre(s)
4721:(puerca is uncommon),
4615:the tailor/seamstress
4571:English singular noun
4453:English singular noun
4347:el maga/mana cajón(es)
2530:testarudo/cabeza dura
2348:resbaloso/resbaladizo
2342:resbalozo/resbaladizo
2262:I pledge my allegiance
1884:
1845:Y de pronto ta escondé
1842:Poco a poco na tu lao.
1814:Se iba bajando el sol.
1705:Spanish: Yo vi a José.
1696:Spanish: ¿A dónde vas?
1380:
1364:, contestó un hombre;
1299:ethnolinguistic groups
1125:
1032:Chavacano de Zamboanga
996:Chavacano de Zamboanga
992:Chavacano de Zamboanga
884:Austronesian languages
870:
429:
405:
299:Spanish pronunciation:
262:This article contains
7212:Rubino, Carl (2008).
6716:"Mensajes Y Noticias"
6599:29 April 2012 at the
6181:Perfect constructions
4978:el maga/mana pluma(s)
4962:el maga/mana santo(s)
4954:el maga/mana noche(s)
4844:el maga/mana niña(s)
4841:el maga/mana niño(s)
4470:la virgen (accepted)
4428:(’a certain Juancho’)
3675:one hundred, hundred
3350:which was pronounced
2718:for more information.
2647:thunder/thunderstorm
2432:muchacha(o)/ayudante
2225:yo prometo mi lealtad
2222:(Yo) soy un filipino.
2185:Yo (soy) un Filipino.
1879:
1871:The Philippine Review
1859:Ese el que no ta sabé
1805:Mientras ta despierta
1352:
1340:) of Filipino writer
1301:inhabiting them. The
1290:Historical background
1068:Republic of Zamboanga
476:and is now extinct).
427:
390:Austronesian language
374:mutually intelligible
9332:Languages of Basilan
9264:Historical languages
8395:Central Cagayan Agta
8252:Indigenous languages
7226:10.1075/cll.33.15rub
6427:and then the object
5839:Caviteño infinitive
5109:el maga organización
5101:el maga contestación
4974:el maga/mana mesa(s)
4783:English plural noun
4717:(gata is uncommon),
4536:la vista (accepted)
3370:in informal speech;
3342:which is pronounced
2496:chico(a)/pequeño(a)
1811:Las playas del Pasay
1702:Ya mirá yo con José.
1659:river (known as the
1311:French-based creoles
1303:Spanish colonisation
1141:lenguaje de la calle
839:Philippine languages
660:Ermiteño (Ermitense)
386:Philippine languages
382:Philippine languages
303:[tʃaβaˈkano]
125:Spanish-based creole
9156:Immigrant languages
9135:Zamboanga Peninsula
6905:text reproduced by
6605:Instituto Cervantes
6553:Chavacano Knowledge
6543:Spanish East Indies
6468:Miguel de Cervantes
6082:Spanish infinitive
6079:English infinitive
5967:Spanish infinitive
5964:English infinitive
5836:Spanish infinitive
5833:English infinitive
5705:Spanish infinitive
5702:English infinitive
5567:de ellos/di ellos (
5484:ese (Chino, Japón)
5471:3rd person singular
5430:2nd person singular
5406:1st person singular
5305:vosotros (familiar)
5254:3rd person singular
5222:2nd person singular
5203:1st person singular
5063:el maga tentaciones
5006:el maga juego juego
5002:el maga gente gente
4950:el maga/mana día(s)
4725:(perra is uncommon)
4640:el padre/sacerdote
4365:(’the bachelor’) –
3841:subject–verb–object
3837:verb–subject–object
3803:care, to take care
3512:Sounds from English
3421:and other areas of
2808:in informal texts.
2611:malacara, malacuka
2594:rezbalasa/deslizar
2552:de estado/de estao
2513:asarante/salawayun
2328:Chavacano (formal)
1834:Un asuáng ta cercá.
1831:Ya sentí yo como si
1661:Barra de Maragondon
1645:Kingdom of Tungning
1643:, the new ruler of
1615:in the vicinity of
1578:Spanish East Indies
1196:
1097:Instituto Cervantes
1082:Social significance
1036:Zamboanga Peninsula
961:Zamboanga Peninsula
946:Zamboanga del Norte
760:Zamboanga del Norte
536:Zamboanga del Norte
434:substrate languages
8175:Regional languages
8153:Official languages
7727:Chiloé Archipelago
7430:Chavacano Handbook
7423:2022-01-18 at the
7411:2011-07-16 at the
6907:Filipino Scribbles
6522:Philippine Spanish
5280:nosotros (formal)
5213:yo (Chino, Japón)
5171:is used for both.
4771:Philippine English
4492:la mar (accepted)
4481:la paz (accepted)
4317:Nouns and articles
2830:⟨rr⟩
2822:⟨ll⟩
2818:⟨ch⟩
2749:spelling systems.
2600:resbalar/deslizar
2499:pequeño(a)/diutay
2395:braggart/boastful
1930:Caviteño Chavacano
1891:Caviteño/Ternateño
1591:Caviteño/Ternateño
1467:. You can help by
1424:. You can help by
1405:Monogenetic theory
1395:monogenetic theory
1203:Geographical area
1194:
1149:lenguaje de cocina
1145:lenguaje de parian
831:Andalusian Spanish
823:peninsular Spanish
776:Chavacano Davaoeño
430:
361:before sailing to
9352:Culture of Cavite
9337:Languages of Sulu
9289:
9288:
9151:
9150:
8991:Northern Mindanao
8921:Calamian Tagbanwa
8362:Southern Sorsogon
8342:Northern Sorsogon
8112:
8111:
8098:
8084:
8055:
8045:
8035:
8025:
8008:
7942:
7932:
7893:
7892:
7874:
7873:Coastal Argentina
7860:
7841:
7822:
7808:
7794:
7780:
7761:
7747:
7746:Central Argentina
7728:
7653:
7450:Chavacano Ternate
7362:978-952-10-7327-4
7235:978-90-272-5255-5
7181:978-90-272-5255-5
6862:Baptista, Marlyse
6821:978-90-272-5255-5
6646:www.zamboanga.com
6403:
6402:
6376:
6375:
6345:
6344:
6325:
6324:
6274:
6273:
6178:
6177:
6063:
6062:
5932:
5931:
5801:
5800:
5578:
5577:
5557:3rd person plural
5528:2nd person plural
5493:1st person plural
5452:de tuyo/di tuyo (
5379:are obviously of
5356:
5355:
5333:3rd person plural
5307:ustedes (formal)
5299:2nd person plural
5272:1st person plural
5097:el maga tentación
5034:el maga/mana días
4998:el maga casa casa
4994:el maga cosa-cosa
4892:
4891:
4849:the priests/nuns
4680:
4679:
4562:
4561:
4355:(’a bachelor’) –
3823:
3822:
3739:what, that, than
3595:take care, cared
3324:
3323:
2826:⟨ñ⟩
2746:Filipino language
2744:the usage of the
2733:
2732:
2688:
2687:
2670:tornado/remolino
2569:(mi) tata'y nana
2544:chancla/chinelas
2246:por la naturaleza
1965:
1964:
1960:José Rizal?
1791:
1790:
1693:Donde tu ay anda?
1549:Sultanate of Sulu
1538:official language
1505:San José Fortress
1495:On 23 June 1635,
1485:
1484:
1442:
1441:
1347:El Filibusterismo
1287:
1286:
1072:official language
1034:. Take note that
950:Filipino diaspora
942:Zamboanga Sibugay
938:Zamboanga del Sur
782:), influenced by
772:Castellano Abakay
756:Zamboanga Sibugay
752:Zamboanga del Sur
684:
683:
634:Ternateño (Bahra)
542:Zamboanga Sibugay
530:Zamboanga del Sur
288:
287:
270:rendering support
266:phonetic symbols.
182:Regulated by
171:Regional language
78:(Ternateño/Bahra)
16:(Redirected from
9369:
9362:City colloquials
9271:Proto-Philippine
9034:Western Bukidnon
8926:Central Tagbanwa
8337:Mount Iriga Agta
8332:Mount Iraya Agta
8262:
8261:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8116:
8115:
8096:
8082:
8053:
8044:(mixed language)
8043:
8033:
8023:
8002:
7940:
7930:
7872:
7858:
7839:
7820:
7806:
7792:
7778:
7759:
7745:
7726:
7647:
7539:
7538:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7456:
7455:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7366:
7346:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7315:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7148:
7132:
7120:
7075:
7072:
7066:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6986:
6977:
6976:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6941:
6932:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6841:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6712:
6703:
6700:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6669:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6614:
6608:
6591:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6533:Spanish Filipino
6385:
6384:
6358:
6357:
6327:
6326:
6307:
6306:
6217:
6216:
6076:
6075:
5970:Bahra ininitive
5961:
5960:
5830:
5829:
5699:
5698:
5648:. The Chavacano
5532:de iño/di inyo (
5503:de atón/diaton (
5497:de amón/diamon (
5481:de suyo/di suyo
5391:
5390:
5182:
5181:
5071:el maga naciones
5040:el maga/mana día
4780:
4779:
4773:than elsewhere.
4568:
4567:
4450:
4449:
4389:Ta cargá yo palo
4369:(’the spinster’)
3755:to guide, guide
3659:warning, notice
3535:
3534:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3416:
3410:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3376:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3320:
3313:
3302:
3290:
3276:
3265:
3254:
3241:
3230:
3219:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3135:
3124:
3113:
3100:
3089:
3078:
3065:
3054:
3043:
3030:
3019:
3007:
2994:
2983:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2376:lluvia/aguacero
2370:lluvia/aguacero
2322:
2321:
2286:for the Country.
2249:y por la patria.
2209:para naturaleza,
1925:
1779:con este lugar.
1764:
1763:
1553:Sulu Archipelago
1480:
1477:
1459:
1452:
1437:
1434:
1416:
1409:
1197:
1193:
965:Sulu Archipelago
711:plantations and
494:Native speakers
479:
478:
306:) is a group of
305:
300:
253:
248:
239:
225:
209:
202:
153:Spanish alphabet
144:
119:
95:Spanish Filipino
37:
36:
21:
9377:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9259:
9243:
9147:
9129:
9092:Western Visayas
9086:
9057:Cotabato Manobo
9038:
8985:
8882:
8864:
8846:
8824:Eastern Visayas
8818:
8755:
8667:
8635:Central Visayas
8629:
8556:
8508:
8469:
8450:Nagtipunan Agta
8405:Dupaningan Agta
8366:
8352:Rinconada Bikol
8298:
8279:Pangutaran Sama
8253:
8247:
8169:
8148:
8143:
8113:
8108:
8097:Central America
8058:
7955:
7899:
7889:
7779:Coastal Ecuador
7686:
7625:
7581:Central America
7575:
7530:
7524:
7498:Africa and Asia
7493:
7483:
7444:Hugo Schuchardt
7425:Wayback Machine
7413:Wayback Machine
7402:
7379:
7377:
7363:
7344:
7328:
7326:
7312:
7288:
7286:
7248:
7246:
7236:
7202:
7200:
7182:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7053:
7039:
7035:
7020:
7006:
7002:
6987:
6980:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6939:
6933:
6926:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6876:
6859:
6855:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6829:
6822:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6773:
6769:
6738:
6734:
6725:
6723:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6692:
6682:
6680:
6671:
6670:
6659:
6650:
6648:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6626:
6624:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6601:Wayback Machine
6592:
6588:
6581:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6518:
6443:
6408:
6380:present perfect
6187:present perfect
6183:
5662:
5583:
5566:
5563:common/familiar
5543:
5537:
5515:de/di nuestro (
5514:
5508:
5505:common/familiar
5502:
5499:common/familiar
5486:de iya (Chino)
5480:
5478:
5476:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5361:
5348:
5346:
5339:ellos (formal)
5338:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5289:
5287:
5279:
5277:
5259:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5230:usted (formal)
5229:
5227:
5177:
5117:
5059:el maga mayores
5055:el maga mujeres
4882:the councilors
4871:the professors
4766:
4643:el madre/monja
4637:the priest/nun
4437:
4319:
4230:Nunca ay comprá
4177:Ay hindê comprá
4039:Ay hindê comprá
4025:Ay hindê comprá
3963:Hindê ta comprá
3949:Hindê ta comprá
3923:
3850:
3833:
3828:
3533:
3514:
3483:
3314:
3291:
3277:
3206:
3008:
2959:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2741:spoken language
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:Please see the
2713:
2704:
2693:
2298:
2296:Forms and style
2293:
2280:for the People,
2259:I am a Filipino
2256:
2219:
2182:
2177:
2095:
1980:
1971:
1966:
1922:
1893:
1796:
1762:
1708:(‘I saw José.’)
1690:
1685:
1593:
1530:creole language
1493:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1465:needs expansion
1450:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1422:needs expansion
1407:
1384:Hugo Schuchardt
1292:
1113:
1084:
1000:Lanao del Norte
924:
819:Mexican Spanish
815:
813:Characteristics
462:Ternate, Cavite
422:
417:
367:Manila galleons
298:
268:Without proper
256:
255:
251:
235:
221:
205:
198:
167:
160:Official status
145:
140:
134:
120:
117:Language family
115:
106:
105:Native speakers
99:
76:Ternate, Cavite
74:(Caviteño) and
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9375:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9249:
9248:Sign languages
9245:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9229:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9170:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9139:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9096:
9094:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9048:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8995:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8880:
8874:
8872:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8856:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8828:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8765:
8763:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8677:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8625:Umiray Dumaget
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8566:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8518:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8504:Umiray Dumaget
8501:
8496:
8490:
8485:
8479:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8400:Dinapigue Agta
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8376:
8374:
8372:Cagayan Valley
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8317:Inagta Partido
8314:
8308:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8259:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8149:
8142:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8066:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8046:
8036:
8026:
8016:
8009:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7989:Tetuani Ladino
7979:Judaeo-Spanish
7976:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7933:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7849:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7830:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7769:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7736:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7655:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7547:
7545:
7536:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7482:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7415:
7401:
7400:External links
7398:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7367:
7361:
7335:
7316:
7310:
7295:
7270:(2): 367–378.
7255:
7234:
7209:
7180:
7164:10.1075/cll.33
7149:
7136:
7133:
7124:
7121:
7101:10.2307/332588
7082:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7052:978-9711801311
7051:
7033:
7018:
7000:
6978:
6959:
6952:
6924:
6910:
6898:
6889:
6874:
6853:
6827:
6820:
6800:
6788:
6767:
6748:(1): 167–174.
6732:
6704:
6690:
6679:. July 3, 2023
6657:
6633:
6609:
6586:
6575:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6490:
6489:
6477:
6476:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6439:
6421:el maga soldao
6407:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6355:respectively:
6349:future perfect
6343:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:Present tense
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:Present tense
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5958:respectively:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:Present tense
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5827:respectively:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:Present tense
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5696:respectively:
5676:(from Spanish
5668:(from Spanish
5661:
5658:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5482:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5418:di mio/di mío
5408:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5322:
5313:
5308:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5284:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5176:
5173:
5142:familiar forms
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5105:el maga nación
5078:
5077:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5010:
5009:
4981:
4980:
4939:
4938:
4912:los chavacanos
4900:los caballeros
4890:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:the engineers
4813:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4727:
4726:
4707:
4706:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4670:the councilor
4667:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:the professor
4656:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4436:
4435:Singular nouns
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:un tal Juancho
4421:
4420:
4419:
4404:or the phrase
4398:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4359:(’a spinster’)
4350:
4345:(’the box’) –
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4227:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4174:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4098:Present Tense
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4069:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4036:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
3998:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3960:
3944:Present Tense
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3868:
3849:
3846:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:hear, to hear
3817:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3611:kick, to kick
3609:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3563:fall, to fall
3561:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:Pronunciation
3539:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3479:
3477:in Chavacano.
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3427:southern Spain
3411:
3322:
3321:
3306:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3266:
3258:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3231:
3223:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3195:
3187:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3082:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3055:
3047:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3012:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2813:
2810:
2731:
2730:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2691:Writing system
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:flaco/flaquit
2679:
2676:
2675:thin (person)
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:pequeño/chico
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:mámang (nana)
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:pápang (tata)
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:vianda/comida
2388:
2385:
2384:vianda/comida
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:aguacero/ulan
2371:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:for Nature and
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:por el pueblo,
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:y para Patria.
2210:
2207:
2206:para'l pueblo,
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1592:
1589:
1582:United Kingdom
1562:United Kingdom
1542:Zamboanga City
1501:Subanon people
1497:Zamboanga City
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1419:
1417:
1406:
1403:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1112:
1109:
1083:
1080:
1060:South Cotabato
1052:Sultan Kudarat
1020:South Cotabato
1012:Sultan Kudarat
929:Zamboanga City
923:
920:
825:and possibly,
814:
811:
736:Zamboanga City
682:
681:
678:
675:
662:
656:
655:
652:
649:
636:
630:
629:
626:
623:
610:
604:
603:
600:
597:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
558:
552:
551:
548:
545:
506:Zamboanga City
502:
496:
495:
492:
488:Main language
486:
483:
421:
418:
416:
413:
316:Zamboanga City
286:
285:
272:, you may see
258:
257:
250:
249:
241:
240:
233:
227:
226:
219:
211:
210:
203:
195:
194:
193:Language codes
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
168:
165:
162:
161:
157:
156:
146:
142:Writing system
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
123:
121:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
86:
84:
80:
79:
64:Zamboanga City
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9374:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9357:False friends
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9262:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9246:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9154:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9041:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8885:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8852:Ilocos Region
8849:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8821:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8620:Southern Alta
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:Northern Alta
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8562:Central Luzon
8559:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8499:Southern Alta
8497:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8483:Inagta Alabat
8481:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8257:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8135:
8133:
8128:
8126:
8121:
8120:
8117:
8105:
8102:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7941:(Extremadura)
7939:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7896:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7864:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7692:South America
7689:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7639:United States
7637:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7631:North America
7628:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7533:Interamerican
7527:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7510:Equatoguinean
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7487:
7480:
7475:
7473:
7468:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7395:
7387:
7375:
7374:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7343:
7342:
7336:
7324:
7323:
7317:
7313:
7311:9780608137933
7307:
7303:
7302:
7296:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7256:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7210:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7071:
7062:
7054:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7019:9789027289964
7015:
7011:
7004:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6983:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6955:
6953:9783110134179
6949:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6929:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6875:9789027291820
6871:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6771:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6736:
6722:on 2005-02-05
6721:
6717:
6711:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6579:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:false friends
6487:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6292:(before) and
6291:
6287:
6284:(before) and
6283:
6279:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6259:ay dormí ya.
6258:
6255:
6253:ya dormí ya.
6252:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6237:ay cantá ya.
6236:
6233:
6231:ya cantá ya.
6230:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6094:Future tense
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5979:Future tense
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5848:Future tense
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5717:Future tense
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5573:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5541:
5538:de vosotros (
5535:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5512:
5507:) (inclusive)
5506:
5501:) (exclusive)
5500:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5397:Zamboangueño
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5351:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5314:
5309:
5303:kamó (common)
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5228:tú (familiar)
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5188:Zamboangueño
5187:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:el maga mayor
5090:
5089:el maga mujer
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5051:el maga meses
5049:
5048:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4986:Reduplication
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4924:las almujadas
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:the teachers
4793:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4696:el negociante
4693:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4676:el consejala
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:el profesora
4664:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4610:el engeniera
4609:
4607:el engeniero
4606:
4604:the engineer
4603:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4367:el un soltera
4364:
4363:el un soltero
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:(’the boxes’)
4348:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:con el tierra
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:Future Tense
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:con el tierra
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:con el tierra
4235:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:con el tierra
4217:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:Future Tense
4205:
4203:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:con el tierra
4182:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4167:con el tierra
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:Future Tense
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:con el tierra
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:con el tierra
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4066:con el tierra
4063:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4033:con el tierra
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:Future Tense
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:No hay comprá
3999:
3996:
3995:con el tierra
3992:
3988:
3987:No hay comprá
3985:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:con el tierra
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:con el tierra
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:fallen, fell
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:Latin America
3420:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2727:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:rayo/quirlat
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:(mis) padres
2571:
2568:
2566:(mis) padres
2565:
2563:(my) parents
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:casado/casao
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:mamá (madre)
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:papá (padre)
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:orgulloso(a)
2403:
2400:
2398:orgulloso(a)
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:Kirei (綺麗) –
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1875:Jesús Balmori
1872:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:and/or as an
1535:
1534:lingua franca
1531:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1479:
1476:February 2018
1470:
1466:
1463:This section
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1433:February 2018
1427:
1423:
1420:This section
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:'s 1891 work
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Cotabato City
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:Cotabato City
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Lanao del Sur
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Sunni Muslims
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:
919:
917:
913:
909:
908:Islamic terms
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
807:Cotabato City
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
721:
719:
714:
710:
707:to man their
706:
702:
698:
697:Latin America
694:
690:
679:
676:
674:
673:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
654:3,000 (2013)
653:
650:
648:
647:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
627:
624:
622:
621:
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
601:
598:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:Cotabato City
585:
583:
580:
576:4,000 (2013)
575:
572:
570:
569:
564:
563:
559:
557:
554:
549:
546:
544:
543:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
507:
503:
501:
498:
493:
491:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
412:
410:
409:
408:
401:
399:
398:reduplication
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
296:
292:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:
259:
247:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
201:
196:
191:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
163:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
137:
131:
128:
127:
126:
122:
118:
112:
108:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
9044:Soccsksargen
8870:Metro Manila
8761:Davao Region
8455:Paranan Agta
8347:Pandan Bikol
8304:Bicol Region
8192:
8089:
8075:
8069:
8048:
8040:Media Lengua
8038:
8029:
8028:
8018:
8011:
7997:
7971:
7935:
7925:
7865:
7859:Coastal Peru
7851:
7832:
7821:Paisa Region
7813:
7799:
7785:
7771:
7752:
7738:
7719:
7675:Sabine River
7662:
7649:
7644:
7613:
7566:Puerto Rican
7492:by continent
7391:
7378:. Retrieved
7372:
7340:
7327:. Retrieved
7321:
7300:
7287:. Retrieved
7267:
7263:
7247:. Retrieved
7217:
7201:. Retrieved
7154:
7144:
7140:
7128:
7095:(1): 23–34.
7092:
7088:
7070:
7061:
7042:
7036:
7009:
7003:
6994:
6972:
6962:
6943:
6913:
6901:
6892:
6865:
6856:
6844:. Retrieved
6830:
6810:
6803:
6798:Page 136-137
6791:
6782:
6777:
6770:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6724:. Retrieved
6720:the original
6681:. Retrieved
6676:
6649:. Retrieved
6645:
6636:
6625:. Retrieved
6621:
6612:
6589:
6578:
6571:Rubino (2008
6566:
6491:
6444:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6377:
6353:past perfect
6346:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6278:past perfect
6275:
6270:ay pedí ya.
6264:ya pedí ya.
6248:ay bebé ya.
6242:ya bebé ya.
6211:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6070:
6066:
6064:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5933:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5545:
5544:de ustedes (
5539:
5533:
5527:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5485:
5470:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5422:
5405:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5332:
5325:
5298:
5271:
5253:
5246:
5221:
5215:ako (Chino)
5214:
5202:
5178:
5168:
5164:
5161:exclusive we
5156:
5153:inclusive we
5150:
5146:formal forms
5145:
5141:
5137:common forms
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4805:the witches
4775:
4767:
4764:Plural nouns
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4673:el consejal
4662:el profesor
4621:el sastrera
4618:el sastrero
4582:the teacher
4563:
4544:el tragedia
4541:the tragedy
4438:
4423:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4388:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:The negator
4252:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:The negator
4199:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:The negator
4090:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3908:
3903:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3834:
3808:
3792:
3776:
3760:
3744:
3728:
3712:
3696:
3680:
3664:
3656:advertencia
3648:
3632:
3616:
3600:
3584:
3568:
3552:
3547:Significant
3481:Other sounds
3465:
3402:
3398:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3327:
3325:
3315:
3308:
3297:
3285:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3236:
3225:
3214:
3200:
3189:
3178:
3165:
3154:
3143:
3130:
3119:
3108:
3095:
3084:
3073:
3060:
3049:
3038:
3025:
3014:
3002:
2989:
2978:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2815:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:acute accent
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:Austronesian
2758:
2755:
2751:
2737:Latin script
2734:
2724:January 2016
2721:
2709:
2586:travieso(a)
2580:travieso(a)
2521:hard-headed
2488:abuela/lela
2485:abuela/lola
2479:grandmother
2474:abuelo/lolo
2471:abuelo/lolo
2465:grandfather
2454:mamá (nana)
2440:papá (tata)
2387:comida/ulam
2359:kanon/arroz
2318:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2180:Zamboangueño
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2139:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:Kará (から) –
2096:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2012:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1972:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1825:Y de repente
1808:El buan y en
1688:Zamboangueño
1673:
1660:
1594:
1586:
1574:Isabela City
1546:
1540:, mainly in
1522:
1518:
1494:
1491:Zamboangueño
1486:
1473:
1469:adding to it
1464:
1443:
1430:
1426:adding to it
1421:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1334:Supercherías
1333:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1296:
1293:
1189:
1185:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1093:
1085:
1048:Soccsksargen
1031:
995:
991:
969:
954:
927:
925:
922:Demographics
881:
876:
866:
841:, primarily
816:
802:
798:
794:
775:
771:
732:Zamboangueño
731:
730:
722:
689:Zamboangueño
685:
670:
664:
659:
644:
638:
633:
618:
614:Davao Region
612:
607:
592:
586:
581:
566:
560:
555:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
499:
489:
465:
457:
453:
445:
431:
404:
402:
371:
340:
294:
290:
289:
261:
231:Linguasphere
214:
129:
90:Zamboangueño
9281:Old Cebuano
9276:Old Tagalog
8971:Romblomanon
8600:Kasiguranin
8495:(Remontado)
8493:Hatang Kayi
8312:Albay Bikol
8223:Maguindanao
8213:Kapampangan
8005:Para-Romani
7867:Rioplatense
7807:Zulia State
7670:New Mexican
7658:Californian
7594:Costa Rican
7571:Trinidadian
7440:1883 letter
7380:18 December
7329:18 December
6618:"Chavacano"
6429:el criminal
6088:Past tense
5973:Past tense
5842:Past tense
5711:Past tense
5085:el maga mes
4920:las mañanas
4838:the babies
4738:el pantalón
4700:el ayudante
4588:el maestra
4585:el maestro
4552:the doctor
4464:the virgin
4268:Past Tense
4126:Past Tense
4082:(subject).
4049:(subject).
4011:(subject).
3982:Past Tense
3973:(subject).
3881:(subject).
3720:institutuo
3392:instead of
3204:/ˈuvedoble/
2619:rainshower
2418:auto/coche
2356:morisqueta
2162:(Spanish);
2117:(Spanish);
1913:Ternateño).
1280:Manila Bay
1269:Manila Bay
1225:Manila Bay
1111:Terminology
1040:Maguindanao
1008:Maguindanao
894:. Words of
821:, southern
805:(spoken in
742:, parts of
677:0 (extinct)
594:Maguindanao
562:Cavite City
460:(spoken in
450:Cavite City
448:(spoken in
392:, but like
312:Philippines
276:instead of
175:Philippines
72:Cavite City
54:Philippines
9296:Categories
9215:Indonesian
9024:Matigsalug
8673:Cordillera
8643:Bantayanon
8605:Mariveleño
8552:Surigaonon
8527:Ata Manobo
8475:Calabarzon
8266:Bangsamoro
8233:Pangasinan
8198:Hiligaynon
8050:Papiamento
8020:Palenquero
7911:Andalusian
7902:Peninsular
7885:Venezuelan
7828:Paraguayan
7773:Equatorial
7767:Ecuadorian
7621:Salvadoran
7609:Nicaraguan
7599:Guatemalan
7561:Panamanian
7515:Philippine
7353:0138/28255
7198:2008019875
7172:10197/6022
7147:: 205–226.
7081:References
6851:(Appendix)
6846:2021-03-23
6726:2018-10-19
6702:Ethnologue
6683:January 6,
6651:2018-11-16
6627:2018-11-16
6622:Ethnologue
6197:. Second,
5458:de usted (
5381:Hiligaynon
5036:(accepted)
5024:(accepted)
4932:las plumas
4916:los santos
4908:las noches
4754:el ventana
4713:Examples:
4692:el capitan
4688:el alcalde
4686:Examples:
4599:el buruja
4596:el burujo
4593:the witch
4555:el doctor
4475:the peace
4467:el virgen
4357:un soltera
4353:un soltero
4307:(object).
4299:(subject)
4283:(object).
4275:(subject)
4236:(subject)
4214:(subject)
4183:(subject)
4161:(subject)
4133:(subject)
4105:(subject)
4064:(subject)
4031:(subject)
3993:(subject)
3955:(subject)
3863:(subject)
3723:institute
3531:Diphthongs
3471:fricatives
3390:/kastilla/
2633:lightning
2524:testarudo
2423:housemaid
2306:sociolects
2291:Vocabulary
2203:para Dios,
1671:, Manila.
1657:Maragondon
1621:Portuguese
1617:New Guinea
1342:José Rizal
1336:) and 28 (
1319:Palenquero
1315:Papiamento
1211:Zamboanga
1173:Hiligaynon
1064:Saranggani
1028:Saranggani
978:, and the
888:Hiligaynon
886:including
827:Portuguese
803:Cotabateño
718:Hiligaynon
701:Fort Pilar
620:Davao City
396:, it uses
9220:Malaysian
9115:Caluyanon
8946:Kagayanen
8896:Agutaynen
8809:Sarangani
8804:Sangirese
8741:Kankanaey
8731:Kalanguya
8663:Porohanon
8653:Karolanos
8435:Kalanguya
8327:Masbateño
8193:Chavacano
8071:Cocoliche
8030:Chavacano
8013:Spanglish
7931:(Galicia)
7921:Castilian
7880:Uruguayan
7801:Maracucho
7734:Colombian
7556:Dominican
7543:Caribbean
7284:0920-9034
7244:0920-9026
7190:0920-9026
7109:0018-2133
7028:300482807
6884:233632814
6762:0920-9034
6559:Footnotes
6300:+ verb +
6189:. First,
6139:to sleep
6119:to drink
6039:di dormí
6036:ta dormí
6024:to sleep
6004:to drink
5999:di cantá
5996:ta cantá
5908:di dormí
5905:ta dormí
5902:ya dormí
5893:to sleep
5873:to drink
5868:di cantá
5865:ta cantá
5862:ya cantá
5777:ay dormí
5774:ta dormí
5771:ya dormí
5762:to sleep
5742:to drink
5737:ay cantá
5734:ta cantá
5731:ya cantá
5591:continuar
5574:de ellos
5509:nuestro (
5326:vosotros
5191:Caviteño
5042:(correct)
5030:(correct)
4936:las cosas
4928:las mesas
4746:el camino
4742:el comida
4734:el cocina
4719:el puerco
4704:el chufer
4654:el nieta
4651:el nieto
4626:the baby
4533:el vista
4530:the view
4519:the moon
4301:ay comprá
4240:(object)
4222:(object)
4216:ay comprá
4187:(object)
4169:(object)
4163:ay comprá
4141:(object)
4135:ya comprá
4113:(object)
4107:ta comprá
4078:(object)
4068:(object).
4045:(object)
4035:(object).
4007:(object)
3997:(object).
3969:(object)
3959:(object).
3877:(object)
3871:Ta comprá
3867:(object).
3857:Ta comprá
3749:strong g
3736:qué, que
3672:cien(to)
3458:ci, si ~
3451:ti, te ~
3444:di, de ~
3419:Caribbean
3394:/kastiʎa/
2716:talk page
2541:chinelas
2535:slippers
2516:fastidio
2510:fastidio
2507:nuisance
2345:malandug
2339:slippery
2302:registers
2240:por Dios,
2170:(English)
2164:beautiful
2125:(English)
2029:Valentina
1882:dentro...
1828:¡Ay nakú!
1547:When the
1330:Chabacano
1258:Mindanao
1247:Mindanao
1244:Cotabato
1236:Mindanao
1214:Mindanao
1200:Location
1137:Chavacano
1127:chabacano
1121:Chabacano
1117:Chavacano
1115:The term
1076:Bicolanos
988:Tawi-Tawi
748:Tawi-Tawi
524:Tawi-Tawi
458:Ternateño
420:Varieties
407:Chabacano
403:The word
353:to reach
295:Chabacano
291:Chavacano
237:51-AAC-ba
216:Glottolog
200:ISO 639-3
130:Chavacano
83:Ethnicity
45:Chabacano
40:Chavacano
18:Chabacano
9200:Japanese
9183:Mandarin
9120:Capiznon
9004:Higaonon
8976:Tadyawan
8966:Ratagnon
8961:Palawano
8888:Mimaropa
8842:Kabalian
8814:Tagabawa
8774:Davaoeño
8686:Balangao
8537:Higaonon
8532:Butuanon
8390:Bugkalot
8160:Filipino
8091:Malespín
8077:Lunfardo
8034:(creole)
8024:(creole)
7967:Standard
7927:Castrapo
7916:Canarian
7853:Ribereño
7847:Peruvian
7740:Cordobés
7710:Bolivian
7700:Amazonic
7604:Honduran
7589:Belizean
7529:Americas
7505:Canarian
7421:Archived
7409:Archived
7089:Hispania
6597:Archived
6548:Hispanic
6527:Portugis
6516:See also
6099:to sing
6059:di pedí
6056:ta pedí
6033:a dormí
6019:di bebé
6016:ta bebé
5993:a cantá
5984:to sing
5928:di pedí
5925:ta pedí
5922:ya pedí
5888:di bebé
5885:ta bebé
5882:ya bebé
5853:to sing
5797:ay pedí
5794:ta pedí
5791:ya pedí
5757:ay bebé
5754:ta bebé
5751:ya bebé
5722:to sing
5611:continuá
5561:de ila (
5540:familiar
5522:nuestro
5454:familiar
5448:familiar
5442:familiar
5434:de vos (
5383:but not
5324:ustedes
5169:nosotros
5129:familiar
5115:Pronouns
4904:los dias
4750:el trapo
4723:el perro
4632:el niña
4629:el niño
4522:el luna
4508:the sun
4500:el gato
4497:the cat
4486:the sea
4343:el cajón
3688:canción
3544:Example
3538:Letters
3386:Castilla
2812:Alphabet
2788:and the
2667:ipo-ipo
2661:tornado
2625:talítih
2577:naughty
2549:married
2538:chancla
2334:Spanish
2325:English
2140:op. cit.
2099:Japanese
2044:Conching
1992:Ayudante
1988:La Ayuda
1794:Ermiteño
1773:English
1770:Spanish
1613:Moluccas
1601:Catholic
1597:Merdicas
1509:Mindanao
1277:Ternate
1233:Basilan
1163:(mostly
1056:Cotabato
1016:Cotabato
957:Semporna
791:Japanese
768:Mindanao
680:Extinct
628:No data
602:No data
482:Variety
466:Ermiteño
446:Caviteño
384:. Among
355:Acapulco
349:through
320:Mindanao
282:Help:IPA
223:chav1241
9232:Spanish
9178:Hokkien
9173:Chinese
9143:Subanen
9100:Aklanon
9082:Tiruray
9062:Ilianen
9029:Subanen
9019:Kamigin
9009:Ilianen
8981:Tawbuid
8936:Hanunoo
8931:Cuyonon
8901:Alangan
8878:Taglish
8860:Bolinao
8832:Abaknon
8794:Mansaka
8789:Mandaya
8779:Kalagan
8746:Malaweg
8736:Kalinga
8696:Ga'dang
8658:Magahat
8648:Eskayan
8585:Botolan
8570:Abellen
8547:Mamanwa
8460:Paranan
8445:Malaweg
8425:Itbayat
8410:Gaddang
8238:Tagalog
8228:Maranao
8218:Karay-a
8208:Ilocano
8188:Cebuano
8165:English
8063:Extinct
7984:Haketia
7973:Llanito
7946:Murcian
7834:Pastuso
7787:Llanero
7721:Chilote
7715:Chilean
7682:Mexican
7650:Chicano
7615:Pachuco
7520:Saharan
7490:Spanish
6425:ya mata
6294:despues
6286:despues
6151:duerme
6148:durmió
6145:dormir
6142:dormir
6105:cantar
6102:cantar
6053:a pedí
6027:dormir
6013:a bebé
5987:cantar
5952:present
5896:dormir
5856:cantar
5821:present
5765:dormir
5725:cantar
5690:present
5680:), and
5654:brincar
5609:become
5603:recibir
5440:de tu (
5394:
5385:Cebuano
5347:lohotro
5345:lojotro
5317:bujotro
5315:buhotro
5288:mihotro
5286:mijotro
5185:
4715:el gato
4514:el sol
4511:el sol
4489:el mar
4478:el paz
4445:article
4303:(verb)
4279:(verb)
4232:(verb)
4218:(verb)
4179:(verb)
4165:(verb)
4137:(verb)
4109:(verb)
4074:(verb)
4060:(verb)
4041:(verb)
4027:(verb)
4003:(verb)
3989:(verb)
3965:(verb)
3951:(verb)
3873:(verb)
3859:(verb)
3826:Grammar
3784:cuento
3704:saciút
3592:cuidao
3467:/b,d,ɡ/
3388:became
3375:/tʃɛnɛ/
3366:became
3364:escoger
3319:/ˈseda/
3312:/ˈseta/
3253:/ˈatʃe/
3240:/ˈekis/
3201:doble u
2982:/ˈxota/
2779:kaninyo
2775:kanamon
2656:trueno
2653:trueno
2650:trueno
2628:lluvia
2614:feo(a)
2597:landug
2558:casado
2482:abuela
2468:abuelo
2451:mother
2437:father
2277:For God
2254:English
2217:Spanish
2152:hermosa
2101:words.
1954:English
1942:Spanish
1683:Samples
1676:Ternate
1649:Formosa
1641:Koxinga
1629:Spanish
1611:of the
1605:Ternate
1572:, only
1558:Germany
1556:Spain,
1338:Tatakut
1266:Ermita
1222:Cavite
1177:Subanon
1165:Cebuano
1161:Visayan
972:Tausugs
934:Basilan
912:Persian
892:Tagalog
863:Quechua
855:Nahuatl
847:Tagalog
843:Ilonggo
835:Nahuatl
787:Chinese
784:Hokkien
764:Cebuano
740:Basilan
651:No data
640:Ternate
547:104,470
512:Basilan
485:Places
438:Tagalog
378:Spanish
278:Unicode
173:in the
68:Basilan
9237:status
9227:Sindhi
9205:Korean
9195:German
9190:French
9168:Basque
9163:Arabic
9067:Iranun
9014:Iranun
8951:Molbog
8837:Baybay
8751:Tuwali
8716:Itawis
8706:Ifugao
8701:Ibaloi
8691:Bontoc
8615:Sambal
8575:Ambala
8542:Kamayo
8522:Agusan
8514:Caraga
8488:Manide
8430:Ivatan
8420:Itawis
8415:Isinai
8322:Manide
8289:Tausug
8274:Iranun
8256:region
8203:Ibanag
7937:Castúo
7898:Europe
7754:Cuyano
7705:Andean
7664:Isleño
7359:
7308:
7289:9 June
7282:
7249:9 June
7242:
7232:
7203:9 June
7196:
7188:
7178:
7117:332588
7115:
7107:
7049:
7026:
7016:
6950:
6882:
6872:
6818:
6760:
6486:Ladino
6482:Mexico
6460:Spain.
6168:pidió
6165:pedir
6162:pedir
6154:dormí
6128:bibío
6125:beber
6122:beber
6114:cantá
6111:canta
6108:cantó
6047:pedir
6030:dormí
6007:beber
5990:cantá
5956:future
5954:, and
5942:, and
5916:pedir
5899:dormí
5876:beber
5859:cantá
5825:future
5823:, and
5811:, and
5785:pedir
5768:dormí
5745:beber
5728:cantá
5694:future
5692:, and
5650:brinca
5625:, and
5623:recibí
5607:llevar
5605:, and
5595:hablar
5569:formal
5546:formal
5534:common
5517:formal
5511:formal
5465:de tu
5460:formal
5446:tuyo (
5436:common
5416:de mío
5352:ellos
5349:lotro
5319:ustedi
5312:busos
5290:motro
5283:nisos
5245:usted
5194:Bahra
5133:formal
5131:, and
5125:common
4758:el mar
4406:un tal
4277:comprá
4255:no hay
4076:tierra
4043:tierra
4005:tierra
3967:tierra
3931:no hay
3875:tierra
3800:cuidá
3787:story
3771:water
3643:video
3640:vídeo
3627:laugh
3608:patéa
3576:caido
3382:/dʒɔs/
3368:iscují
3338:, and
3193:/ˈeɲe/
3182:/ˈefe/
3169:/ˈube/
3123:/ˈeme/
3088:/ˈeʎe/
3064:/ˈese/
3053:/ˈele/
3029:/ˈere/
2993:/ˈeɾe/
2828:, and
2622:lluve
2591:slide
2493:small
2412:coche
2156:bonita
2009:Patron
1669:Cavite
1663:) and
1653:Taiwan
1637:Manila
1625:Jesuit
1609:Tidore
1560:, and
1526:pidgin
1255:Davao
1179:, and
1171:, and
1169:Tausug
1089:Qur'an
1062:, and
1030:speak
1026:, and
980:Yakans
976:Samals
974:, the
904:Arabic
877:tiange
867:chongo
851:Bisaya
801:, and
750:, and
725:Bisaya
705:Iloilo
672:Manila
666:Ermita
646:Cavite
568:Cavite
474:Manila
470:Ermita
464:) and
363:Manila
359:Mexico
351:Panama
332:creole
324:Cavite
252:
60:Region
9210:Malay
9125:Sulod
9077:Tboli
9052:Blaan
8999:Bukid
8956:Onhan
8941:Iraya
8916:Buhid
8911:Batak
8784:Klata
8769:Blaan
8726:Iwaak
8721:Itneg
8711:Isnag
8580:Antsi
8465:Yogad
8440:Karao
8294:Yakan
8243:Waray
8183:Bikol
8104:Bozal
7960:Other
7815:Paisa
7551:Cuban
7345:(PDF)
7113:JSTOR
6940:(PDF)
6840:(PDF)
6573::279)
6473:voseo
6290:antes
6282:antes
6174:pedí
6171:pide
6134:bebé
6131:bebe
6050:pedí
6010:bebé
5919:pedí
5879:bebé
5788:pedí
5748:bebé
5627:llevá
5615:hablá
5599:poner
5581:Verbs
5479:de su
5414:de mi
5342:ilos
5321:tedi
5310:vusos
5242:usté
5240:vo/bo
5237:usté
5233:vo/bo
4441:nouns
4263:nunca
4259:nunca
4202:nunca
4093:hindê
3939:nunca
3935:hindê
3927:hindê
3768:agua
3752:guía
3691:song
3475:stops
3438:rr ~
3432:ch ~
3372:tiene
3275:/ɟʝe/
3250:hache
3237:equis
3158:/ene/
3081:Ll ll
3077:/tʃe/
3070:Ch ch
3022:Rr rr
2790:trema
2642:rayo
2636:rayo
2605:ugly
2415:auto
2381:dish
2367:rain
2353:rice
2168:bonny
2160:bella
1665:Tanza
1633:Dutch
896:Malay
859:Taino
780:Davao
709:sugar
693:Spain
454:Bahra
442:Luzon
328:Luzon
149:Latin
8681:Atta
8595:Indi
8385:Atta
8380:Arta
8284:Sama
8254:(by
8074:and
7999:Caló
7645:Caló
7382:2018
7357:ISBN
7331:2018
7306:ISBN
7291:2018
7280:ISSN
7251:2018
7240:ISSN
7230:ISBN
7205:2018
7194:LCCN
7186:ISSN
7176:ISBN
7105:ISSN
7047:ISBN
7024:OCLC
7014:ISBN
6948:ISBN
6880:OCLC
6870:ISBN
6816:ISBN
6758:ISSN
6685:2024
6351:and
6276:The
6210:and
6201:and
6069:and
5948:past
5817:past
5686:past
5678:está
5642:dale
5638:dale
5619:poné
5551:vos
5477:suyo
5423:mío
5377:inyo
5375:and
5369:aton
5365:Amon
5263:eli
5260:ele
5247:vos
5165:kame
5157:kita
4334:and
4257:and
3637:eyo
3624:reí
3605:eya
3589:aow
3560:caé
3557:aye
3453:/tʃ/
3446:/dʒ/
3440:/xr/
3434:/ts/
3425:and
3407:f ~
3379:Dios
3344:/ŋɡ/
3332:/xr/
3316:zeda
3309:zeta
3301:/ku/
3264:/pe/
3218:/xe/
3112:/de/
3099:/te/
3085:elle
3042:/se/
3026:erre
3018:/ka/
3006:/be/
2979:jota
2804:and
2796:and
2771:kita
2767:kame
2409:car
2119:from
1607:and
1595:The
1513:Jolo
1511:and
1181:Sama
1143:", "
1002:and
890:and
872:mono
849:and
797:and
789:and
758:and
746:and
744:Sulu
713:rice
695:and
518:Sulu
347:Peru
336:Asia
66:and
9110:Ati
9105:Ata
9072:Obo
8906:Asi
8799:Obo
7488:of
7349:hdl
7272:doi
7222:doi
7168:hdl
7160:doi
7097:doi
6750:doi
6433:con
5672:),
5646:dar
5634:dar
5421:mi
5412:mío
5373:ila
5266:él
5210:yo
5207:yo
3937:or
3816:oí
3813:oy
3797:wi
3781:we
3765:wa
3733:ke
3717:ow
3701:yu
3685:yo
3669:ye
3653:ya
3621:ey
3573:ay
3502:/t/
3500:-d
3495:/k/
3493:-g
3488:/h/
3486:-h
3460:/ʃ/
3415:/h/
3409:/p/
3396:).
3352:/ŋ/
3348:ñg,
3340:ng,
3336:/r/
3334:or
3305:Z z
3294:Q q
3289:/i/
3282:I i
3268:Y y
3257:P p
3246:H h
3233:X x
3229:/o/
3222:O o
3211:G g
3197:W w
3190:eñe
3186:Ñ ñ
3179:efe
3175:F f
3166:uve
3162:V v
3155:ene
3151:N n
3147:/e/
3140:E e
3134:/u/
3127:U u
3120:eme
3116:M m
3105:D d
3092:T t
3074:che
3061:ese
3057:S s
3050:ele
3046:L l
3035:C c
3011:K k
2999:B b
2990:ere
2986:R r
2975:J j
2971:/a/
2964:A a
2781:).
2304:or
2121:or
2115:por
1647:in
1471:.
1428:.
1175:),
1119:or
875:),
774:or
625:542
599:442
573:921
472:in
456:or
452:),
334:in
293:or
264:IPA
207:cbk
9298::
7396:)
7355:.
7278:.
7268:22
7266:.
7262:.
7238:.
7228:.
7192:.
7184:.
7174:.
7166:.
7143:.
7111:.
7103:.
7093:16
7091:.
7022:.
6993:.
6981:^
6971:.
6927:^
6878:.
6756:.
6746:20
6744:.
6707:^
6693:^
6675:.
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