Korea under Japanese rule

4250:, where they were employed as poppy farmers, drug peddlers, or proprietors of opium dens — disreputable jobs that were at the bottom rung of the drug trafficking ladder. The initiation of opium and narcotic production in Korea was motivated by the worldwide shortage of opium and Japan's unfavorable environment for poppy cultivation, making the Japanese entirely dependent on foreign imports to meet domestic demand for medical opium. The Japanese discovered that Korea provided favorable climate and soil conditions for poppy cultivation; not only were the climate and soil conditions more suitable, but land and labor costs were lower than in Japan. Farmers in Korea were aware of the global demand for opium, and welcomed the idea of increasing the amount of land for poppy cultivation, an idea that was introduced to them by Japanese pharmaceutical companies. The sale and consumption of drugs were pervasive in Korea, where the country faced a substantial domestic drug abuse problem, appearing in the form of opium-smoking and morphine addiction. Within Korea, most illicit narcotics were supplied by Japanese druggists. 2020: 4229:, a British author, he referred to condition of Korea under Japanese rule. As of 1926, he described on his book "The New Korea", "looking forward from 1910, one thing was clear where many things were obscure, namely that Japan, having decided to make Korea part of her Empire, would deem the permanence of her occupation to be a major element of her national policy, to be held intact, at whatever cost, against internal revolt or foreign intrigue. The Japanese refer with pride to their effective protection of life and property throughout a country but recently overrun by bandits, to the enormous increase during the past fifteen years in every branch of production, with its connotation of increased employment for Koreans, to the constantly mounting number of Koreans appointed to the government service are facts, that cannot be gainsaid. However, the Korean nationalists attribute to them a sinister significance." 3762: 141: 4854:, came from all over the Japanese empire. Historical estimates range from 10,000 to 200,000, including an unknown number of Koreans. However, 200,000 is considered to be a conservative number by modern historians, and up to 500,000 comfort women are estimated to be taken. These women faced an average of 29 men and up to 40 men per day, according to one surviving comfort woman. However, of the 500,000, less than 50 are alive today. Comfort women were often recruited from rural locales with the promise of factory employment; business records, often from Korean subcontractees of Japanese companies, showed them falsely classified as nurses or secretaries. There is evidence that the Japanese government intentionally destroyed official records regarding comfort women. 2311: 2491: 2829: 3228: 567: 4148:

physical facilities remained in Korea after the Liberation. The Japanese government played an even more active role in developing Korea than it had played in developing the Japanese economy in the late nineteenth century. Many programs drafted in Korea in the 1920s and 1930s originated in policies drafted in Japan during the Meiji period (1868–1912). The Japanese government helped to mobilize resources for development and provided entrepreneurial leadership for these new enterprises. Colonial economic growth was initiated through powerful government efforts to expand the economic infrastructure, to increase investment in human capital through health and education and to raise productivity.

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Japanese counterparts, so it was difficult for large Korean enterprises to emerge. More and more farmland was taken over by the Japanese, and an increasing proportion of Korean farmers either became sharecroppers or migrated to Japan or Manchuria as laborers. As greater quantities of Korean rice were exported to Japan, per capita consumption of rice among the Koreans declined; between 1932 and 1936, per capita consumption of rice declined to half the level consumed between 1912 and 1916. Although the government imported coarse grains from Manchuria to augment the Korean food supply, per capita consumption of food grains in 1944 was 35 percent below that of 1912 to 1916.

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Japan's colonial rule grossly neglects the fact that Japan's administrative decisions forced a large number of participants to act against their volition... eo-conservatives neglect to consider that Japan's history of expansion in East Asia did not end with the emperor's declaration on August 15, 1945, nor did it end with treaties of normalization. This history lives within the people it affected. Denial and beautification of this history disturbs the efforts of its surviving victims to distance themselves from this past, and serves as a painful reminder of Japan's unwillingness to accept responsibility for the injustices that Japanese rule inflicted upon them.

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the 20th century. "Japan's initial colonial policy was to increase agricultural production in Korea to meet Japan's growing need for rice. Japan also began to build large-scale industries in Korea in the 1930s as part of the empire-wide program of economic self-sufficiency and war preparation." In terms of exports, "Japanese industry as a whole gained little ... and this is certainly true for the most important manufacturing sector, cotton textiles. This export trade had little impact, positive or negative, on the welfare of Japanese consumer." Likewise in terms of the profitability of Japanese investors: colonial Korea made no significant impact.

2765:. As of April 2020, 81,889 Korean cultural artifacts are in Japan. According to the Overseas Korean Cultural Heritage Foundation, not all the artifacts were moved illegally. Adding to the challenge of repatriating illegally exported Korean cultural properties is the lack of experts in Korean art at overseas museums and institutions, alterations made to artifacts that obscure their origin, and that moving Korean artifacts within what was previously internationally recognized Japanese territory was lawful at the time. The South Korean government has been continuing its efforts to repatriate Korean artifacts from museums and private collections overseas. 4106: 4238: 3623: 4082: 3805: 613: 585: 2721: 81: 3704:

under Japanese control, some Koreans adopted Christianity as an expression of nationalism in opposition to the Japan's efforts to promote the Japanese language and the Shinto religion. In 1914 of 16 million Koreans, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics. By 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000, respectively. Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue. The Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian-based and Christian death and funerary rituals.

4368: 4090: 4074: 4611:. Towards the end of Japanese rule, Korea saw elementary school attendance at 38 percent. Children of elite families were able to advance to higher education, while others were able to attend technical schools, allowing for "the emergence of a small but important class of well-educated white collar and technical workers ... who possessed skills required to run a modern industrial economy." The Japanese education system ultimately produced hundreds of thousands of educated South Koreans who later became "the core of the postwar political and economic elite." 4098: 2647:

officials made peasants pay for these projects in the form of heavy taxes, impoverishing many of them and causing even more of them lose their land. Although many other subsequent developments placed ever greater strain on Korea's peasants, Japan's rice shortage in 1918 was the greatest catalyst for hardship. During that shortage, Japan looked to Korea for increased rice cultivation; as Korean peasants started producing more for Japan, however, the amount they took to eat dropped precipitously, causing much resentment among them.

4350: 4925:), was part of Japan's assimilation efforts. This was heavily resisted by the Korean people. Those Koreans who retained their Korean names were not allowed to enroll at school, were refused service at government offices, and were excluded from the lists for food rations and other supplies. Faced with such compulsion, many Koreans ended up complying with the Name Change Order. Such a radical policy was deemed to be symbolically significant in the war effort, binding the fate of Korea with that of the empire. 2376:, committed suicide at The Hague. In response, the Japanese government took stronger measures. On 19 July 1907, Emperor Gojong was forced to relinquish his imperial authority and appoint the Crown Prince as regent. Japanese officials used this concession to force the accession of the new Emperor Sunjong following abdication, which was never agreed to by Gojong. Neither Gojong nor Sunjong were present at the 'accession' ceremony. Sunjong was to be the last ruler of the Joseon dynasty, founded in 1392. 2613: 599: 538: 177: 3990: 2159: 14070: 10002:) from south-east Asia, and (c) importing colonial rice. The first was most costly and its success was not assured. The second implied loss of foreign exchange and also dependence on foreign producers for the imperial staple, which would seriously weaken the political power of the empire vis-à-vis the West. It also involved a quality problem in that foreign rice of the indica variety did not suit Japanese taste. The third alternative seemed best to the Japanese administration." 3959: 5358: 731: 2448: 4889:

II. The commission, which was organized by the South Korean government, announced that they acknowledged 83 people among them as victims. The commission said that although the people reluctantly served as guards to avoid the draft, they took responsibility for the mistreatment by the Japanese against prisoners of war. Lee Se-il, leader of the investigation, said that examination of the military prosecution reports for 15 Korean prison guards, obtained from

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were abducted from their homes in countries under Imperial Japanese rule. In many cases, women were lured with promises of work in factories or restaurants. In some cases propaganda advocated equity and the sponsorship of women in higher education. Other enticements were false advertising for nursing jobs at outposts or Japanese army bases; once recruited, they were incarcerated in comfort stations both inside their nations and abroad.

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policies. In 1914, out of 16 million people, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics; by 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000. Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue. Catholics tolerated Shinto rites; Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian-based and Christian death and funerary rituals.

5344: 3074:, now part of Russia) for civilian labor. Those who were brought to Japan were often forced to work under conditions that have been described as appalling and dangerous. Although Koreans were reportedly treated better than laborers from other countries, large numbers still died. In Japan, 60,000 of the 670,000 mobilized laborers died. In Korea and Manchuria, estimates of deaths range between 270,000 and 810,000. 1602: 2353:

Secretary of State, John Hay, that the Korean government had been advised by the Japanese government "that hereafter the police matters of Seoul will be controlled by the Japanese gendarmerie" and "that a Japanese police inspector will be placed in each prefecture". A large number of Koreans organized themselves in education and reform movements, but Japanese dominance in Korea had become a reality.

3479: 3604:"were moronic and at times almost bestial in their treatment of prisoners. This applied particularly to Korean private soldiers, conscripted only for guard and sentry duties in many parts of the Japanese empire. Regrettably, they were appointed as guards for the prisoners throughout the camps of Burma and Siam." The highest-ranking Korean to be prosecuted after the war was Lieutenant General 9063:"An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 women across Asia, predominantly Korean and Chinese, are believed to have been forced to work as sex slaves in Japanese military brothels", BBC 2000-12-08;"Historians say thousands of women; as many as 200,000 by some accounts; mostly from Korea, China and Japan worked in the Japanese military brothels", Irish Examiner 2007-03-08;AP 2007-03-07;CNN 2001-03-29. 5435: 9813:

turned out to be an efficacious economic actor. The state utilised its bureaucratic capacities to undertake numerous economic tasks: collecting more taxes, building infrastructure, and undertaking production directly. More important, this highly purposive state made increasing production one of its priorities and incorporated property-owning classes into production-oriented alliances.

3796:. This gave rise to the nation-wide March 1 Movement peaceful protests; it is estimated that 2 million people took part in these rallies. However, they were violently suppressed by Japan; according to Korean records, over a year of demonstrations, 46,948 were arrested, 7,509 killed and 15,961 wounded. According to Japanese figures, 8,437 were arrested, 553 killed and 1,409 wounded. 2814:, was intended to preserve Korean historical artifacts, including those not yet unearthed. Japan's 1871 Edict for the Preservation of Antiquities and Old Items could not be automatically applied to Korea due to Japanese law, which required an imperial ordinance to apply the edict in Korea. The 1933 law to protect Korean cultural heritages was based on the Japanese 1871 edict. 2697:(内地), but had largely failed to accomplish this by 1936. According to figures from 1934, Japanese in Chōsen numbered approximately 561,000 out of a total population of over 21 million, less than 3%. By 1939 the Japanese population increased to 651,000, mostly from Japan's western prefectures. During the same period, the population in Chōsen grew faster than that in the 2269:). They advocated a number of societal reforms, including democracy and a constitutional monarchy, and pushed for closer ties to Western countries in order to counterbalance Japanese influence. It went on to be influential in Korean politics for the short time that it operated, to the chagrin of Gojong. Gojong eventually forcefully disbanded the organization in 1898. 4861:, a secret military medical experimentation unit in World War II. The victims who died in the camp included at least 25 victims from the former Soviet Union and Korea. Some historians estimate up to 250,000 total people were subjected to human experiments. A Unit 731 veteran attested that most that were experimented on were Chinese, Koreans, and Mongolians. 3559:, which was considered during that time to be one of the bloodiest battles in U.S. military history. A fifth of the Japanese garrison during this battle consisted of Korean laborers, where on the last night of the battle a combined 300 Japanese soldiers and Korean laborers did a last ditch charge. Like their Japanese counterparts, many of them were killed. 3634:, many ethnic Korean girls and women (mostly aged 12–17) were forced by the Japanese military to become sex slaves on the pretext of being hired for jobs, such as a seamstresses or factory workers, and were forced to provide sexual service for Japanese soldiers by agencies or their families against their wishes. These women were euphemistically called " 10478: 4143:, "for centuries most Koreans lived as subsistence farmers of rice and other grains and satisfied most of their basic needs through their own labor or through barter. The manufactures of traditional Korea – principally cloth, cooking and eating utensils, furniture, jewelry, and paper – were produced by artisans in a few population centers." 2391:. This led to a large-scale righteous army movement among Koreans, and disbanded troops joined the resistance forces. Japan's response to this was a scorched earth tactic using division-sized troops, which resulted in the movement of armed resistance organizations in Korea to Manchuria. Amid this confusion, on 26 October 1909, 3581:, 23 of whom were sentenced to death (compared to 920 Japanese who were sentenced to death), including Korean prison guards who were particularly notorious for their brutality during the war. The figure is relatively high considering that ethnic Koreans made up a small percentage of the Japanese military. Judge 1807:, Japan mobilized around 5.4 million Koreans to support its war effort. Many were moved forcefully from their homes, and set to work in generally extremely poor working conditions, although there was a range in what people experienced. Some Japanese politicians and scholars, including now Prime Minister 4618:

For example, according to the statistics of the Japanese Government-General of Korea in 1944, which was prepared just before independence, only 8.5% of the total population entered elementary school, and the middle school enrollment rate was only 0.9%. The literacy rate was also very low, so only 30%

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Integration of Korean students into Japanese-language schools and Japanese students in Korean-language schools was discouraged but steadily increased over time. While official policy promoted equality between ethnic Koreans and ethnic Japanese, in practice this was rarely the case. Korean history and

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In 1932, Japan relaxed restrictions on the publication of Korean newspapers. Despite this, the government continued to seize newspapers without warning: there are over a thousand recorded seizures between 1920 and 1939. Revocation of publishing rights was relatively rare, and only three magazines had

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on 3 November 1929 led to the strengthening of Japanese military rule in 1931, after which freedom of the press and freedom of expression were curbed. Many witnesses, including Catholic priests, reported that Japanese authorities dealt with insurgency severely. When villagers were suspected of hiding

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asserted that possibly hundreds of thousands of girls and women, mainly from China and the Korean Peninsula but also Southeast Asian countries occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army, as well as Australia and the Netherlands, were forced to serve as comfort women. According to testimonies, young women

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of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean men were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944. Before 1944, 18,000 Koreans passed the examination for induction into the army. Koreans provided workers to mines

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of Japanese men for the military efforts of World War II led to organized official recruitment of Koreans to work in mainland Japan, initially through civilian agents, and later directly, often involving elements of coercion. As the labor shortage increased, by 1942, the Japanese authorities extended

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was appointed for the commander of Japanese military police forces. Japanese finally replaced Imperial Korean police forces in June 1910, and they combined police forces and military police, firmly establishing the rule of military police. After the annexation, Akashi started to serve as the Chief of

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he Japanese made extensive use of state power for their own economic development and then used the same state power to pry open and transform Korea in a relatively short period of time. . . . The highly cohesive and disciplining state that the Japanese helped to construct in colonial Korea

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only covers enemy and neutral nationals in interstate armed conflicts. However, the principal Allied powers realized they had colonies themselves and never pressed on the Class C charges as they did not want to risk their own colonial atrocities being subject to prosecution. This left the Korean and

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In addition, 70% of the agricultural workers who made up most of Korea's population at the time were reduced to tenants of Japanese and Korean landlords who purchased land at low prices, and they had to pay high rents of 50–70%. As a result, many Koreans left for Manchuria and settled down, becoming

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There were some modernization efforts by the late 19th century prior to annexation. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to have electricity, trolley cars, water, telephone, and telegraph systems all at the same time, but Korea remained a largely backward agricultural economy around the start of

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cautions against the claim that women were not forced as the fact that "no positive sources exist supporting claims that comfort women were forced labor" must be treated with doubt, as "it is well known that the great majority of potentially damaging official documents were destroyed in anticipation

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Most Korean atomic-bomb victims in Japan had been drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the name of humanitarian assistance, Japan paid South Korea four billion yen (approx. thirty five million dollars) and built a welfare center for those suffering from the

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in Korea had come under Japanese control. This ratio increased steadily; as of the years 1916, 1920, and 1932, the ratio of Japanese land ownership increased from 36.8 to 39.8 to 52.7%. The level of tenancy was similar to that of farmers in Japan itself; however, in Korea, the landowners were mostly

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in which they attempted to maintain Gojong but replace the government with a pro-Japanese one. They also wished to liberate Korea from Chinese suzerainty. However, this proved short-lived, as conservative Korean officials requested the help of Chinese forces stationed in Korea. The coup was put down

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The "Truth Commission on Forced Mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism Republic of Korea" investigated the received reports of damage from 86 people among the 148 Koreans who were accused of being Class B and C criminals while serving as prison guards for the Japanese military during World War

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in 1925, communist literature was banned throughout the Empire of Japan, including Chōsen; in order to avoid suspicion and permit dissemination, it was often disguised as Christian literature addressed to missionaries. Communist concepts, such as class struggle, and its partner nationalist movement

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on the Korean Peninsula for the purpose of extracting and exploiting resources such as raw materials (timber), foodstuff (mostly rice and fish), and mineral resources (coal and iron ore). The Japanese developed port facilities and an extensive railway system which included a main trunk railway from

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policies, as well as Chōsen's rapid population growth; the colonial government's attempts to mitigate this problem were inadequate. Most Koreans at the time could access only a primary school education under restriction by the Japanese, and this prevented the growth of an indigenous entrepreneurial

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almost overnight because they could not pay for the land reclamation and irrigation improvements forced on them. Compounding the economic stresses imposed on the Korean peasantry, the authorities forced Korean peasants to do long days of compulsory labor to build irrigation works; Japanese imperial

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and they declared this annexation treaty null and void. They declared these statements in each of their capital cities (Seoul and Tōkyō) with a simultaneous press conference. They announced the "Japanese empire pressured the outcry of the Korean Empire and people and forced by Japan–Korea Treaty of

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During the prelude to the 1910 annexation, a number of irregular civilian militias called "righteous armies" arose. They consisted of tens of thousands of peasants engaged in anti-Japanese armed rebellion. After the Korean army was disbanded in 1907, former soldiers joined the armies and fought the

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Protestant missionary efforts in Asia were nowhere more successful than in Korea. American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received. During the Japanese colonial period, Christianity became an expression of Korean nationalist opposition to Japan and its assimilation

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Another point of view is that it was only after the end of Japanese rule with World War II that Korea saw true, democratic rise in public education as evidenced by the rise of adult literacy rate from 22 percent in 1945 to 87.6 percent by 1970 and 93% by the late 1980s. Though public education was

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During the colonial period, Japan established an officially equal educational system in Korea, but it strictly limited the rate of coed education. After the Korean Educational Ordinance was published in 1938, this situation changed slightly. "Primary education consisted of a mandated four years of

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Virtually all industries were owned either by Japan-based corporations or by Japanese corporations in Korea. As of 1942, indigenous capital constituted only 1.5 percent of the total capital invested in Korean industries. Korean entrepreneurs were charged interest rates 25 percent higher than their

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class. A 1939 statistic shows that among the total capital recorded by factories, about 94 percent was Japanese-owned. While Koreans owned about 61 percent of small-scale firms that had 5 to 49 employees, about 92 percent of large-scale enterprises with more than 200 employees were Japanese-owned.

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Protestant Christian missionary efforts in Asia were quite successful in Korea. American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received. They served as medical and educational missionaries, establishing schools and hospitals in numerous cities. In the years when Korea was

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points out that the nature of industrialization during the period was as an "imposed enclave", so the impact of colonialism was trivial. Another scholar, Song Byung-nak, states that the economic condition of average Koreans deteriorated during the period despite the economic growth. Cha primarily

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A 2017 study found that the gradual removal of trade barriers (almost fully completed by 1923) after Japan's annexation of Korea "increased population growth rates more in the regions close to the former border between Japan and Korea than in the other regions. Furthermore, after integration, the

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After the repression of the March 1st Movement protests, Koreans fled the peninsula. A number of them congregated in Shanghai a month after the protests and founded a government-in-exile: the Korean Provisional Government (KPG). The government was highly diverse, with both left- and right-leaning

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The legacy of Japanese colonization was hotly contested even just after its end, and is still extremely controversial. There is a significant range of opinions in both South Korea and Japan, and historical topics continue to cause regular controversy. Within South Korea, a particular focus is the

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While acknowledging that Japanese policy benefited pockets of Korean society, a responsible argument must also acknowledge that Japan's colonial policies systematically excluded the majority of Koreans from these institutions of modernity. Reliance on a minority sample to explain the entirety of

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In 2002, South Korea started an investigation of Japanese collaborators. Part of the investigation was completed in 2006 and a list of names of individuals who profited from exploitation of fellow Koreans were posted. The collaborators not only benefited from exploiting their countrymen, but the

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Report detailed that "large numbers of women were forced to submit to prolonged prostitution under conditions which were frequently indescribably traumatic". Documents which survived the war revealed "beyond doubt the extent to which the Japanese forces took direct responsibility for the comfort

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system, in favor of a new surname to be used in the family register. The surname could be of their own choosing, including their native clan name, but in practice many Koreans received a Japanese surname. There is controversy over whether or not the adoption of a Japanese surname was effectively

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were either partially or completely demolished. Japan also built infrastructure and industry. Railways, ports and roads were constructed, although in numerous cases workers were subjected to extremely poor working circumstances and discriminatory pay. While Korea's economy grew under Japan, many

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through the capital of Seoul and north to the Chinese border. This infrastructure was intended not only to facilitate a colonial mercantilist economy, but was also viewed as a strategic necessity for the Japanese military to control Korea and to move large numbers of troops and materials to the

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Having established economic and military dominance in Korea in October 1904, Japan reported that it had developed 25 reforms which it intended to introduce into Korea by gradual degrees. Among these was the intended acceptance by the Korean Financial Department of a Japanese Superintendent, the

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Some conservative Japanese nationalists have since attempted to more positively portray the colonization and Japan's intentions. Claims such as "Japan did not want to annex Korea" and "Koreans came to Japan and asked to be annexed" have been forwarded, and efforts are made to highlight Korea's

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formed because of the Japanese colonial period. Zainichi Koreans descend from the population of around 600,000 Koreans who remained in Japan, often not by choice. After Sakhalin was transferred from Japan to the Soviet Union, most of the 43,000 ethnic Koreans there were refused permission to

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During the early period of Japanese rule, the Japanese government attempted to completely integrate the Korean economy with Japan, and thus introduced many modern economic and social institutions and invested heavily in infrastructure, including schools, railroads and utilities. Most of these

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While the statistics appear to indicate that Koreans willingly joined the Japanese military, these numbers were artificially inflated using force. Japanese officials pressed illiterate peasants to sign applications and deliberately inflate statistics. This is also known in mainland Japan, and

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and the "reforms" were enacted, including the reduction of the Korean Army from 20,000 to 1,000 men by disbanding all garrisons in the provinces, retaining only a single garrison in the precincts of Seoul. On 6 January 1905, Horace Allen, head of the American Legation in Seoul reported to his

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to Japan. This removal of Korean cultural property was against a long tradition of such actions dating at least since the sixteenth century wars between Korea and Japan, though in the 20th century colonial period it was a systematised and regulated activity covered by rules issued 1916–1933.

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Korea produced a small amount of opium during the earlier years of the colonial period, but by the 1930s, Korea became a major exporter of both opium and narcotics, becoming a significant supplier to the illicit drug trade, specifically to the opium monopoly created by the Japanese-sponsored

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The public curriculum for most of the period was taught by Korean educators under a hybrid system focused on assimilating Koreans into the Japanese Empire while emphasizing Korean cultural education. This focused on the history of the Japanese Empire as well as inculcating reverence for the

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and sterilization were common. The laws authorized punishment of patients "disturbing the peace", as most Japanese leprologists believed that vulnerability to the disease was inheritable. In Korea, many leprosy patients were also subjected to hard labor. The Japanese government compensated

2216:"), and on 8 October 1895, she was assassinated by Japanese agents. In 2001, Russian reports on the assassination were found in the archives of the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Federation. The documents included the testimony of King Gojong, several witnesses of the assassination, and 4901:

Although officially voluntary, and initially resisted by the Japanese Colonial Government, 80% of Koreans voluntarily changed their name to Japanese in 1940. Many community leaders urged the adoption of Japanese names to make it easy for their children to succeed in society and overcome

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states that less than 10% of arable land actually came under Japanese control and rice was normally traded, not robbed. He also insists that Koreans' knowledge about the era under Japanese rule is mostly made up by later educators. Many of Lee's arguments, however, have been contested.

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surveys that established ownership on the basis of written proof (deeds, titles, and similar documents). The system denied ownership to those who could not provide such written documentation; these turned out to be mostly high-class and impartial owners who had only traditional verbal

4971:. According to the secretary-general of a group named Peace Project Network, "there were a total of 70,000 Korean victims in both cities". Japan paid South Korea 4 billion yen and built a welfare center in the name of humanitarian assistance, not as compensation to the victims. 2881:) was issued, barring ethnic Koreans from taking Japanese names and retroactively reverting the names of Koreans who had already registered under Japanese names back to the original Korean ones. By 1939, however, this position was reversed and Japan's focus had shifted towards 4678:

This left less room for Korean language studies and by 1943 all Korean language courses had been phased out. Teaching and speaking of Korean was prohibited. Although the government report advised further, more radical reform, the 10-year plan would never fully go into effect.

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further alleged the Japanese authorities in Korea did not take adequate steps to protect the lives and property of the Chinese residents, and blamed the authorities for allowing inflammatory accounts to be published. As a result of this riot, the Minister of Foreign Affairs

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From around the time of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, Japanese merchants started settling in towns and cities in Korea seeking economic opportunity. By 1908 the number of Japanese settlers in Korea was somewhere below the figure of 500,000, comprising one of the

3589:, noted that "many of the commanders and guards in POW camps were Koreans – the Japanese apparently did not trust them as soldiers – and it is said that they were sometimes far more cruel than the Japanese." In his memoirs, Colonel Eugene C. Jacobs wrote that during the 2629:. The Korean land-ownership system featured absentee landlords, only partial owner-tenants and cultivators with traditional (but no legal proof of) ownership. By 1920, 90 percent of Korean land had proper ownership of Koreans. Terauchi's new Land Survey Bureau conducted 1851:, South Korea's most influential and controversial president, who collaborated with the Japanese military and continued to praise it even after the colonial period. Until 1964, South Korea and Japan had no functional diplomatic relations, until they signed the 5950:[Inscription of the "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining" on the UNESCO's World Heritage List (Statement by the Japanese Delegation at the 39th Session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO)]. 4820:

repatriate back to Japan or Korea, and were thus trapped in Sakhalin. Many remained stateless. They now form the Sakhalin Korean population. Many Koreans had also escaped to Russia and the Soviet Union because of Japanese activities, and were eventually

2094:. Japanese diplomats, policemen, students, and some Min clan members were also killed during the incident. The Daewongun was briefly restored to power, only to be forcibly taken to China by Chinese troops dispatched to Seoul to prevent further disorder. 3259:

by ethnic Koreans was voluntary, and highly competitive. From a 14% acceptance rate in 1938, it dropped to a 2% acceptance rate in 1943 while the raw number of applicants increased from 3000 per annum to 300,000 in just five years during World War II.

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1910 and full text of a treaty was false and text of the agreement was also false". They also declared the "Process and formality of "Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910" had huge deficiencies and therefore the treaty was null and void. This implied the

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In 1921, government efforts were strengthened to promote Korean media and literature throughout Korea and also in Japan. The Japanese government also created incentives to educate ethnic Japanese students in the Korean language. In 1928, the

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in large numbers, especially after 1930; by 1939 there were over 981,000 Koreans living in Japan. Challenges which deterred Japanese from migrating into Chōsen included lack of arable land and population density comparable to that of Japan.

4671:) with a new government report advising reform to strengthen the war effort. Under this influence, in 1940, all Korean newspapers except the Japanese government's official newspaper were eliminated. In 1942, Japanese authorities caused the 4746:, Korea became more vital to the internal communications and defense of the Japanese empire against the Soviet Union. Japan decided in the 1930s to make the Koreans become more loyal to the Emperor by requiring Korean participation in the 9997:

See p. 558: "Japan faced shortages of rice as domestic production lagged behind demand. The government had three alternatives to deal with this problem: (a) increasing productivity of domestic agriculture, (b) importing foreign rice

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were given "whale meat" to consume, which was actually human flesh from other dead Koreans. They rebelled after learning the truth, and were killed by the dozens in the aftermath. Korean laborers also worked in Korea itself, notably in

4788:. At one point, communist students in Keijō held an "anti-Sunday School conference" and loudly protested religion in front of churches. This protest renewed Japanese governmental interest in censorship of communist ideas and language. 3864:

rebels, entire village populations are said to have been herded into public buildings (especially churches) and massacred when the buildings were set on fire. In the village of Teigan, Suigen District, Keiki Prefecture (now Jeam-ri,

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in 1944, comfort women were in good physical health. They were able to have a periodic checkup once a week and to receive treatment in case of spreading disease to the Japanese soldiers, but not for their own health. However, a 1996

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in 1894 provided a seminal pretext for direct military intervention by Japan in the affairs of Korea. In April 1894, Joseon asked for Chinese assistance in ending the revolt. In response, Japanese leaders, citing a violation of the

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replacement of Korean Foreign Ministers and consuls by Japanese and the "union of military arms" in which the military of Korea would be modeled after the Japanese military. These reforms were forestalled by the prosecution of the

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One point of view is that, although the Japanese education system in Korea was detrimental towards Korea's cultural identity, its introduction of public education as universal was a step in the right direction to improve Korea's

3517:, a colonel of the Imperial Japanese Army who subsequently became a general of the South Korean army. The first ten of the Chiefs of Army Staff of South Korea graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and none from the 129: 4627:

In the initial phase of Japanese rule, students were taught in Korean in public schools established by ethnic Korean officials who worked for the colonial government. Prior to this period, Korean education relied heavily on

2565:

This period is also known as Military Police Reign Era (1910–19) in which Police had the authority to rule the entire country. Japan was in control of the media, law as well as government by physical power and regulations.

4993:

In 2010, the commission concluded its five-volume report. As a result, the land property of 168 South Korean citizens has been confiscated by the government, these citizens being descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators.

1765:

argue that many of the infrastructure projects were designed to extract resources from the peninsula, and not to benefit its people. Most of Korea's infrastructure built during this time was destroyed during the 1950-1953

4391:) with a heavy emphasis on moral and political instruction. Japanese religious groups such as Protestant Christians willingly supported the Japanese authorities in their effort to assimilate Koreans through education. 3593:, "the Korean guards were the most abusive. The Japanese didn't trust them in battle, so used them as service troops; the Koreans were anxious to get blood on their bayonets; and then they thought they were veterans." 4505:

language studies would be taught side by side with Japanese history and language studies until the early 1940s under a new education ordinance that saw wartime efforts increased and the hybrid system slowly weakened.

8472: 2101:

indemnified the families of the Japanese victims, paid reparations to the Japanese government in the amount of 500,000 yen, and allowed a company of Japanese guards to be stationed at the Japanese legation in Seoul.

13562: 2624:

Many Japanese settlers showed interest in acquiring agricultural land in Korea even before Japanese land-ownership was officially legalized in 1906. Governor-General Terauchi Masatake facilitated settlement through

4725:

According to the South Korean government, there are 75,311 cultural artifacts that were taken from Korea. Japan has 34,369, the United States has 17,803, and France had several hundred, which were seized in the

3264:

according to a 1941 survey, over half of applications were forced. The remaining applicants voluntarily applied due a variety of reasons, largely economic, while a small number were genuine supporters of Japan.

11194:

Museums and cultural heritage: to examine the loss of cultural heritage during colonial and military occupations with special reference to the Japanese occupation of Korea, and the possibilities for return and

12018: 1819:, of which Fumio Kishida and 57% of his cabinet are members, deny that they were forced to work at all, and claim that even the pubescent girls consented to sex work and were compensated reasonably. After the 4132:

regions close to Korea that specialized in the fabric industry, whose products were the primary goods exported from Japan to Korea, experienced more population growth than other regions close to Korea did."

3908:

arrived at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula on 8 September 1945, while the Soviet Army and some Korean Communists had stationed themselves in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. U.S. Colonel

13532: 2752:

Japan executed the first modern archaeological excavations in Korea. The Japanese administration also relocated some artifacts; for instance, a stone monument (棕蟬縣神祠碑), which was originally located in the

12535: 4246:

Manchukuo government. The Government-General developed facilities dedicated to the production of morphine and heroin. Emigrant Koreans played an extensive role in drug trafficking in China, especially in

2638:). Because of these developments, Japanese landownership soared, as did the amount of land taken over by private Japanese companies. Many former Korean landowners, as well as agricultural workers, became 2089:

and her allies. Motivated by resentment of the preferential treatment given to newly trained troops, the Daewongun's forces, or "old military", killed a Japanese training cadre, and attacked the Japanese

140: 2795:. The displays in the museum reportedly intentionally contrasted traditional Korean art with examples of modern Japanese art, in order to portray Japan as progressive and legitimize Japanese rule. The 10678:[Language Policy in Korea under the Last Stage of Japanese Occupation: The Mobilization to the Movement for Daily Use and Understanding of Japanese before the Introduction of a Draft System]. 6958: 4722:, the gate in Gyeongsong that was a symbol of Korea, was altered by the addition of large, Shinto-style golden horns near the roofs, later removed by the South Korean government after independence. 3901:

to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese colonial rule, though Japanese troops remained in Southern Korea for several more weeks until fully withdrawing by mid-September.

3524:

Officer cadets had been joining the Japanese Army since before the annexation by attending the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Enlisted Soldier recruitment began as early as 1938, when the Japanese

2846:, a major Korean newspaper, misreported that many Koreans had died in the clashes, sparking a Chinese exclusion movement in urban areas of the Korean Peninsula. The worst of the rioting occurred in 11716: 4283:. However, after continued Japanese pressure on the paper's staff and Bethell's death in 1909, even these papers became owned by the Japanese government. The newspaper's Korean-language successor, 4734:

expressed "deep remorse" for the removal of artifacts, and arranged an initial plan to return the Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty and over 1,200 other books, which was carried out in 2011.

4615:

made available for elementary schools during Japanese rule, Korea as a country did not experience secondary-school enrollment rates comparable to those of Japan prior to the end of World War II.

128: 2364:. Emperor Gojong secretly sent three representatives to bring the problems of Korea to the world's attention. The three envoys, who questioned the legality of the protectorate convention, were 2666:

as an impediment to increased agricultural productivity, and took steps to increase control over the rural sector through the formation in Japan in 1943 of the Central Agricultural Association

9145: 6359: 3774: 1811:, deny that Koreans were forced laborers, and instead claim that they were "requisitioned against their will" to work. Women and girls aged 12–17 were forced into sexual slavery by Japan as " 2284:. This symbolicly asserted Korea's independence from China, especially as Gojong demolished a reception hall that was once used to entertain Chinese ambassadors in order to build the altar. 2039:

was signed. It was designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade, and the rights granted to Japan under the treaty were similar to those granted Western powers in Japan following the visit of

11253: 3667:

claimed that during World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army recruited anywhere from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of women from occupied territories to be used as sex slaves.

2658:

By the 1930s the growth of the urban economy and the exodus of farmers to the cities had gradually weakened the hold of the landlords. With the growth of the wartime economy throughout the

9047:

Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2000), Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II, Asia Perspectives, translation: Suzanne O'Brien, New York: Columbia University Press,

2785: 9094: 8459: 3695:

argues that the resolution has helped to counter the "arguments of ultrarightists flooding the mainstream mass media" and warned against the rationalization of the comfort women system.

2120:

The struggle between the Heungseon Daewongun's followers and those of Queen Min was further complicated by competition from a Korean independence faction known as the Progressive Party (

3552:

and construction sites around Japan. The number of conscripted Koreans reached its peak in 1944 in preparation for war. From 1944, about 200,000 Korean men were inducted into the army.

4211:

production. The Japanese military felt it would be beneficial to have production closer to the source of raw materials and closer to potential front lines for a future war with China.

2334:, to the Imperial Palace on 20 September 1905, to seek political support from the United States despite her diplomatic rudeness. However, it was after exchanging opinions through the 9838:

Nakajima, Kentaro; Okazaki, Tetsuji (2018). "The expanding Empire and spatial distribution of economic activity: the case of Japan's colonization of Korea during the prewar period".

6311: 13481: 4700: 4121:

concluded that the economic development model the Japanese instituted played the crucial role in Korean economic development, a model that was maintained by the Koreans in the post-

3675:

From the early nineties onward, former Korean comfort women have continued to protest against the Japanese government for apparent historical negationism of crimes committed by the

2559: 2194:

relationship with Qing, leading to the proclamation of the full independence of Joseon in 1895. At the same time, Japan suppressed the peasant revolt with Korean government forces.

1852: 1815:", an event that continues to be source of controversy between the two countries. A number of modern Japanese scholars and politicians, notably from the far-right nationalist group 11385: 4990:

appointed an investigation commission into the issue of locating descendants of pro-Japanese collaborators from the times of the 1890s until the collapse of Japanese rule in 1945.

7717: 7034: 7008: 5569: 130: 12228: 4640:, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Korean script. Korean textbooks from this era included excerpts from traditional Korean stories such as 4483:

In addition, modernized (for the time) Korean educational institutions were excluded from the colonial system. 1911, Japanese government set The Regulations for Private Schools (

15813: 15084: 6162:

Article II. It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void.

3059:

The combination of immigrants and forced laborers during World War II brought the total to over 2 million Koreans in Japan by the end of the war, according to estimates by the

2806:

The Governor-General instituted a law in 1933 in order to preserve Korea's most important historical artifacts. The system established by this law, retained as the present-day

12406:

Pak, Soon-Yong; Hwang, Keumjoong (2011). "Assimilation and segregation of imperial subjects: "educating" the colonised during the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial rule of Korea".

11051: 13499: 12165: 2732:

Japan sent anthropologists to Korea who took photos of the traditional state of Korean villages, serving as evidence that Korea was "backwards" and needed to be modernized.

12191: 2182:. On 23 July 1894, Japan attacked Seoul in defiance of the Korean government's demand for withdrawal, and then occupied it and started the Sino-Japanese War. Japan won the 15808: 14357: 14275: 11325: 10235: 7129: 11361: 2551:

Article 1: His Majesty the Emperor of Korea concedes completely and definitely his entire sovereignty over the whole Korean territory to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.

13568: 13320: 3684: 1777: 1693:

Afterwards, Japan embarked on a decades-long process of defeating its local rivals, securing alliances with Western powers, and asserting its influence in Korea. Japan

12010: 6538: 10174: 10128: 1756:

and the Korean language altogether. Tens of thousands of cultural artifacts were looted and taken to Japan, and hundreds of historic buildings like the royal palaces

15079: 9690:

Assertion that the emperor's surrender 'abruptly' ended Japan's occupation of the peninsula, which in fact continued in the southern part for more than three weeks?

5697: 15152: 11004: 10952: 9476: 4325:

left. However, restrictions were eased upon the 1919 March 1st Movement and the Cultural Rule policy, which led to the establishment of the historic Korean papers

11987: 11799: 9396: 9075: 7887: 7566: 15539: 14480: 12532: 8496: 6482: 6465: 6446: 2554:

Article 2: His Majesty the Emperor of Japan accepts the concession stated in the previous article and consents to the annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan.

8558: 4341:

their rights revoked over the entire colonial period. In 1940, as the Pacific War increased in intensity, Japan shut down all Korean language newspapers again.

15778: 6982: 2230:

at the Russian legation in Seoul at that time. According to a Russian eyewitness, Seredin-Sabatin, an employee of the king, a group of Japanese agents entered

6080: 4876:

respectively. Class C was created mainly to address atrocities committed by Japan against its nationals or allied citizens in times of peace or war since the

12809: 8874: 6954: 6367: 4128:

Randall S. Jones wrote that "economic development during the colonial period can be said to have laid the foundation for future growth in several respects."

12270: 9284:

Danielle Kane, and Jung Mee Park, "The Puzzle of Korean Christianity: Geopolitical Networks and Religious Conversion in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia",

6750: 15251: 14510: 14017: 12827:

The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism During the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884–1920

12810:

Kim, Young-Koo, The Validity of Some Coerced Treaties in the Early 20th Century: A Reconsideration of the Japanese Annexation of Korea in Legal Perspective

12690:

The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism During the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884–1920

2019: 11720: 9167:

Open Letter: House Resolution 124 Calling on the Government of Japan to Apologize for the System of Military Sexual Slavery Before and During World War I

6514: 2132:

by Chinese troops, and a Korean mob killed both Japanese officers and Japanese residents in retaliation. Some leaders of the Progressive Party, including

15773: 14968: 12889: 8314: 4113:

Economic output in terms of agriculture, fishery, forestry and industry increased by tenfold from 1910 to 1945 as illustrated on the chart to the right.

3843:(KLA). The army fought in China and Burma, and prepared for its return to Korea as the tide of World War II turned against Japan. This culminated in the 2463:. They were defeated, and largely fled into Manchuria, where they joined the guerrilla resistance movement that persisted until Korea's 1945 liberation. 10754:

Neuhaus, Dolf-Alexander (2016). "Assimilating Korea: Japanese Protestants, "East Asian Christianity" and the education of Koreans in Japan, 1905–1920".

8902: 6019: 4269:

In 1907, the Resident-General of Korea passed the Newspaper Act, which effectively prevented the publication of local papers. Only the English-language

9702: 7528: 2739:, and it was administered by the Governor-General and engaged in collecting Korean historical materials and compiling Korean history. According to the 2238: 2136:, fled to Japan, while others were executed. For the next 10 years, Japanese expansion into the Korean economy was approximated only by the efforts of 11666: 3555:

During World War II, American soldiers frequently encountered Korean soldiers within the ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army. Most notably was in the

15701: 15161: 10789:

Solomon, Deborah B. (August 2014). Lee, Hong Yung; Ha, Yong-Chool; Sorensen, Clark W. (eds.). "Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea, 1910–1945".

10205: 8198: 3024:– The notion of racial and imperial unity of Korea and Japan gained widespread following among the literate minority of the middle and upper classes. 10151: 6356: 4703:, Japan returned roughly 1,400 artifacts to Korea, and considered the diplomatic matter to have been resolved. Korean artifacts are retained in the 15833: 15624: 15522: 15114: 11833: 11289: 4909:

states that "the Korean culture was quashed, and Koreans were required to speak Japanese and take Japanese names". This name change policy, called

3586: 2528:) had made Korea a protectorate of Japan and had established Japanese hegemony over Korean domestic politics. On 22 August 1910, Japan effectively 2476:

Police. These military police officers started to have great authority over Koreans. Not only Japanese but also Koreans served as police officers.

11856: 11777: 11250: 9169: 3940:

chose to retain their Japanese names, either to avoid discrimination, or later, to meet the requirements for naturalization as Japanese citizens.

2850:

on 5 July. Approximately 127 Chinese people were killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties were destroyed by Korean residents.

15527: 15510: 14044: 13330: 11927: 4784:

were resonating well with some of the peasants and lower-class citizens of Chōsen; this was worrying to some missionaries because of communism's

4664:

in the face of accelerating Japanization of Korean culture. And in 1933, the foundation of modern South and North Korean spelling was completed.

3929: 3813: 3679:, and have sought compensation for their sufferings during the war. There has also been international support for compensation, such as from the 1832: 1336: 606: 556: 12446: 11408: 9091: 15289: 13452: 8784: 7238: 7209: 7165: 3255:

Japan did not draft ethnic Koreans into its military until 1944 when the tide of World War II turned against it. Until 1944, enlistment in the

8741: 7687: 1796:. While the international consensus is that these incidents all occurred, various Japanese scholars and politicians, including Tokyo Governor 15838: 15656: 13574: 7439: 5668: 2724:

In 1921, Japan turned a Korean royal cemetery into a golf course, with the graves still directly on the course. This occurred at what is now

2190:

in 1895. Among its many stipulations, the treaty recognized "the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea", thus ending Joseon's

11949: 10125:"ソウル大教授「日本による収奪論は作られた神話」["It is a Myth Made up afterward that Japan Deprived Korea of Land and Food" Professor at Seoul University]" 6390: 6212: 1780:

sometimes within the Japanese Empire, but mostly from outside of it. Koreans were also subjected to a number of mass murders, including the

15706: 15636: 15145: 14986: 13505: 6301: 5897: 5602: 3835:. After the Shanghai bombing, they were forced to flee the city, and eventually settled in Chongqing, where they received support from the 3739:

deprived many of these groups of their bases of operation and supplies. Many were forced to either flee elsewhere in China, or to join the

12292: 9881: 7832: 15349: 15344: 15119: 14500: 14431: 13375: 12927: 12143: 12104: 12061: 11382: 11211: 8433: 7747: 7605: 5024: 4715: 2773: 1576: 1570: 12631:, Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies (Paperback ed.), Seattle: University of Washington Press, 12626: 11353: 11146: 10699: 9137: 8107: 7709: 7060: 7030: 7004: 5539: 4264: 15532: 15517: 12218: 11897: 8932: 8631: 6798: 6587: 5763: 4821: 1630: 1558: 6774: 5957: 3600:, where Lt. Col. William A. (Bill) Henderson wrote from his own experience that some of the guards overseeing the construction of the 2085:, who remained opposed to any concessions to Japan or the West, helped organize the Mutiny of 1882, an anti-Japanese outbreak against 15843: 15723: 15214: 14834: 14444: 14326: 13954: 13427: 7960: 7432:[Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace']. 4958: 3890: 3848: 3106:(where several airstrips were located) were ordered to smooth down the slope in order to prevent American tanks being able to go up. 9007: 8605: 2471:

As Korean resistance against Japanese rule intensified, Japanese replaced Korean police system with their military police. Infamous

15818: 14227: 14217: 13112: 12835: 12792:

Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Economic Growth of Korea under the Japanese Occupation – Background of Industrialization of Korea 1911–1940"

9299:

A History of the Expansion of Christianity: Volume VII: Advance through Storm: A.D. 1914 and after, with concluding generalizations

6242: 5726: 5635: 3743:-backed forces in eastern Russia. One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders in this region was the future leader of North Korea, 2442: 1840: 12169: 11633: 3687:

on 30 July 2007, asking the Japanese government to redress the situation and to incorporate comfort women into school curriculum.

2655:

Japanese, while the tenants were all Koreans. As often occurred in Japan itself, tenants had to pay over half their crop in rent.

15848: 15681: 15138: 13447: 12882: 12195: 9193: 8349: 7631: 6899: 6174: 5003: 3860: 3827:(KPO), a militant arm of the KPG. The KPO planned a number of attacks on Japanese government and colonial officials, including a 3060: 1686:, while Joseon continued to resist foreign attempts to open it up. Japan eventually succeeded in opening Joseon with the unequal 14022: 12478: 11338: 10227: 7121: 4308: 15828: 15793: 15032: 15006: 12766:

Korea and Her Neighbours: A Narrative of Travel, with an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country

10421: 8036: 4890: 4718:

was built in its exact location. The Japanese colonial authorities destroyed 85 percent of all the buildings in Gyeongbokgung.

3785: 13855: 13360: 11506: 8008: 6933: 6905: 4885:

children of these collaborators benefited further by acquiring higher education with the exploitation money they had amassed.

15803: 14976: 13325: 13204: 12710: 12668: 12636: 12596: 12498: 12357: 12055: 11751: 11177: 11140: 11109: 11084: 10923: 10898: 10652: 10611: 10570: 10107: 9639: 9436: 9052: 8768: 8710: 8151: 8101: 7842: 7660: 7599: 7505: 7253: 6865: 6838: 3761: 11574:"Living with the Enemies: Japanese Imperialism, Protestant Christianity, and Marxist Socialism in Colonial Korea, 1919–1945" 9917: 9772: 8168: 7937: 6526: 6149: 4387:. As in Japan itself, education was viewed primarily as an instrument of "the Formation of the Imperial Citizen" (황민화; 皇民化; 15718: 14804: 14560: 14436: 14336: 14321: 14232: 14192: 13258: 12137: 12098: 10511: 10170: 10124: 9472: 8649: 8568: 7858: 7474: 6884: 4727: 3819:

members, and engaged in a range of political and militant efforts that advocated for Korea's independence. In 1931, member

2736: 2715: 2203: 1694: 9807: 9552: 8385: 6561: 6279: 5979: 2745:, some mythology was incorporated. The committee supported the theory of a Japanese colony on the Korean Peninsula called 15505: 15467: 15104: 15099: 14819: 14316: 13102: 9718:"Beyond Assimilation and Dissimilation: Diverse Resolutions to Identity Crises among Younger Generation Koreans in Japan" 5952: 5694: 5561: 5305: 3506: 2490: 2345:, signed in September 1905, Russia acknowledged Japan's "paramount political, military, and economic interest" in Korea. 1089: 11000: 10948: 9947: 9803: 9464: 8841: 3847:, a mission for the KPG and KLA to return to the peninsula and fight the Japanese. Ultimately, with the surprise of the 15783: 15768: 15666: 14671: 14666: 14565: 14505: 14296: 14286: 13977: 13900: 13849: 13305: 12875: 11971: 11807: 11063: 9388: 9072: 8427: 7931: 7884: 6143: 5533: 3789: 2357: 2323:

from 8 February 1904, to 5 September 1905, which Japan won, thus eliminating Japan's last rival to influence in Korea.

1726: 94: 11958:

The files include full descriptions of 318 cases, including at least 25 people from the former Soviet Union and Korea.

8492: 6488: 6462: 6443: 4375:

Following the annexation of Korea, the Japanese administration introduced a public education system modeled after the

2828: 15823: 15221: 15165: 13987: 13982: 12750: 11697: 10077: 10057: 6522: 6431: 3836: 3489:

Other Korean officers who served Japan moved on to successful careers in post-colonial South Korea. Examples include

2851: 2811: 2807: 2790: 2310: 15130: 7389:"VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea" 6974: 6337:[A Study on the Manbosan Affair under the Japanese Colonial Dark Ages and Novelistic Reproduction Aspects]. 6072: 6049: 4237: 4203:, concentrated efforts were made to build up the industrial base in Korea. This was especially true in the areas of 3928:

After the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule, the "Name Restoration Order" was issued on 23 October 1946 by the

3651:

stations" and that the published practices were "in stark contrast with the brutality and cruelty of the practice."

3540:, who served in the Korean War. Historian Philip Jowett noted that during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, the 3536:. The size of the unit grew considerably at an annual rate of 700 men, and included such notable Koreans as General 2124:), as well as the Conservative faction. While the former sought Japan's support, the latter sought China's support. 15788: 15691: 15614: 15011: 14996: 14991: 14701: 14460: 14393: 14182: 14002: 13997: 13612: 13417: 13222: 11473: 9260: 8679: 7806: 6306: 4672: 4376: 1542: 12560:"Neo-Nationalist Interpretations Of Japan's Annexation Of Korea: The Colonization Debate In Japan And South Korea" 12380: 12327: 9725: 8864: 7365: 7311: 6110: 5920: 5828: 3544:"earned a reputation for brutality and was reported to have laid waste to large areas which came under its rule." 2178:

as a pretext, decided upon military intervention to challenge China. On 3 May 1894, 1,500 Qing forces appeared in

1797: 15696: 15329: 14694: 13442: 13437: 13080: 12800: 12791: 12782: 12740: 12726: 10330: 10050:

Growth and Structural Changes in the Korean Economy, 1910–1940: The Korean. Economy under the Japanese Occupation

5009:

economic development during this period. However, the scholar Mark Caprio writes skeptically of such viewpoints:

4632:, Chinese characters, for written communication. However, during this time the Korean language transitioned to a 3532:. Koreans in this unit specialized in counter-insurgency operations against communist guerillas in the region of 2796: 1860: 902: 15294: 12818: 9032: 6669: 5715:"The Outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War and the Issue of Suzerain-Vassal as Viewed from the Standpoint of Chosŏn" 5466:

Sarah Thal. "A Religion That Was Not a Religion: The Creation of Modern Shinto in Nineteenth-Century Japan". In

3970: 3868:, Gyeongggi Province) for example, a group of 29 people were gathered inside a church which was then set afire. 2777: 2368:

to the public debates by the international delegates. One of these representatives was missionary and historian

15599: 15074: 14716: 14417: 14187: 13992: 13422: 10452: 10358: 10171:"李栄薫教授「厳格なジャッジなき学界が歴史を歪曲」["Congress without Strict Judgment Distorts History" Lee Yong Hoon Professor]" 9579: 9543: 9508: 9362: 9330: 6646: 6615: 6270: 5230: 4497: 3913:

proposed to Chischakov, the Soviet military administrator of northern Korea, that Korea should be split at the

3732: 2570: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2485: 2388: 2349: 2301: 2098: 2076: 2036: 2014: 1909: 1863:

have oscillated between warmer and colder periods, often due to conflicts over the historiography of this era.

1734: 1718: 1687: 1623: 1504: 1480: 1417: 801: 675: 426: 412: 8473:

JACAR(Japan Center for Asian Historical Records)Ref.B02031288800、本邦内政関係雑纂／植民地関係第四巻(A-5-0-0-1_1_004)(外務省外交史料館)

8304: 6922:"Populist collaborators : the Ilchinhoe and the Japanese colonization of Korea, 1896-1910/Yumi Moon 2013" 15661: 15390: 15001: 14426: 14341: 14331: 13947: 13010: 7470: 6009: 5254: 5238: 4187: 3824: 3779: 3562:

The Japanese, however, did not always believe they could rely on Korean laborers to fight alongside them. In

3227: 3085:

only 129 of the 1200 laborers survived. According to testimonies in Japanese records, Korean laborers on the

1437: 574: 13710: 12923: 7521: 4619:

of the population could read letters, compared to a sharp rise to 90% in 1955, 10 years after independence.

3017: 2541: 1738: 100: 15576: 15544: 14981: 14852: 14306: 14247: 14237: 13295: 13056: 11656: 10834: 10791: 9111: 5851: 5327: 5150: 4785: 4779:

Missionaries expressed alarm at the rise in communist activity during the 1920s. With the enactment of the

3949: 3894: 3713: 2635: 2617: 2499: 2452: 2365: 2305: 1773: 1530: 1468: 1462: 15641: 13396: 13046: 13041: 10197: 8190: 8161:"Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 4881:

Taiwanese victims of Japanese colonial atrocities without any recourse in the international legal system.

4380: 4353: 4241:

1946 saw the issue of commemorative stamps bearing the dove of peace celebrating the end of Japanese rule.

4057: 2749:, which, according to E. Taylor Atkins, is "among the most disputed issues in East Asian historiography." 2429:

However, the merger took place in the form of Japan's annexation of Korean territory and was disbanded by

15619: 15231: 14656: 14475: 14346: 13315: 10155: 9971: 8925:"UN Commission on Human Rights – Report on mission to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Jan 96)" 6042:"What is the Aim of Nippon Kaigi, the Ultra-Right Organization that Supports Japan's Abe Administration?" 5289: 4302:, were effectively backed by the colonial government. Concurrently, the colonial government published an 3828: 1828: 592: 11829: 11562:

Volume VII: Advance through Storm: A.D. 1914 and after, with concluding generalizations (1945) 7:401–407

11432:

Christianity in a revolutionary age: A history of Christianity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

11271: 9655: 9427:. Translated by Wagner, Edward W. with Edwar J. Shultz. Ilchorak/Harvard University Press. pp. 344 4359: 3247:

as officers of the Imperial Japanese Army, together with members of the Japanese imperial family at the

2889:) went into effect, whereby ethnic Koreans were forced to surrender their traditional use of clan-based 1713:, making it the sole regional power. It then moved quickly to fully absorb Korea. It first made Korea a 15743: 15711: 15676: 15420: 14943: 14912: 13793: 13786: 13487: 12825: 12266: 11866: 11767: 11610: 10537: 10228:"Economic Growth and Human Development in the Republic of Korea, 1945–1992 – Human Development Reports" 9799: 9166: 7626: 6782: 6742: 5396: 5118: 3528:

in Manchuria began accepting pro-Japanese Korean volunteers into the army of Manchukuo, and formed the

2691:

The Japanese government had hoped emigration to its colonies would mitigate the population boom in the

2569:

In March 2010, 109 Korean intellectuals and 105 Japanese intellectuals met in the 100th anniversary of

2335: 2297: 2170: 2149: 1698: 1591: 1535: 1361: 11446:"A Concept of "Overseas Shinto Shrines": A Pantheistic Attempt by Ogasawara Shōzō and Its Limitations" 10032:

Technology Transfer and International Production: The Development of the Electronics Industry in Korea

4864:

The Tokyo trials convened on 29 April 1946 to try Japanese personnel on Class A, B, and C charges for

2422:, and was used for propaganda with the support of the Japanese government. On 3 December 1909, he and 15730: 15452: 15442: 14902: 14824: 14779: 14570: 14257: 13892: 12450: 12223:[The forcefully mobilized Koreans cleared their disgrace as the war criminals.] (in Korean). 11405: 10457: 10363: 10088:

Kim, yong-dalment, The Korean peasants movement and agriculture policies of the Japanese govern(2007)

9584: 9548: 9513: 9367: 9335: 6620: 6275: 5450: 5174: 4218: 4105: 3736: 3622: 3510: 3049: 2758: 2327: 2221: 2044: 1847:"), who have been variously punished or left alone. This controversy is exemplified in the legacy of 1675: 1616: 1563: 1549: 1475: 1457: 1427: 710: 347: 14759: 14049: 13649: 9754: 8788: 6334: 4667:

The Japanese administrative policy shifted more aggressively towards cultural assimilation in 1938 (

4199:

From the late 1920s and into the 1930s, particularly during the tenure of Japanese Governor-General

80: 17: 15738: 15477: 15339: 15284: 15279: 15204: 15016: 14799: 14741: 14689: 14311: 14139: 13940: 13863: 13432: 12976: 12970: 12702: 9610: 9217:"Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military "Comfort Women" System and Its Perception in History" 8745: 7679: 6695: 5391: 5206: 4984: 4974: 4837: 3692: 2513: 992: 654: 146: 12958: 7429: 6103:"Kase Hideaki's Revisionist Vision for Twenty-First-Century Japan: A Final Interview and Obituary" 5470:., eds. Peterson and Walhof (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002). pp. 100–114. 3871:

On 10 December 1941, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, under the presidency of

3804: 2840:, "violent clashes" broke out between the local Chinese and Korean immigrants on 2 July 1931. The 2547:

The treaty became effective the same day and was published one week later. The treaty stipulated:

15686: 15646: 15604: 15586: 15581: 15500: 15457: 15447: 15432: 15380: 15312: 15274: 15236: 14839: 14711: 14641: 14450: 14202: 14129: 13538: 13475: 12047: 11953: 10388: 9428: 9422: 7254:"Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century" 6382: 4873: 4653: 4637: 4492: 4081: 3035:, Governor-General of Chōsen from 1942 to 1944, implemented a draft of Koreans for wartime labor. 2183: 2163: 2153: 2060: 1702: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1447: 1005: 491: 13590: 13122: 12745: 11530:"Christianity and State Shinto in Colonial Korea: A Clash of Nationalisms and Religious Beliefs" 9631: 9625: 5889: 4940:

of 1907 and 1931 as the Japanese home islands. These laws directly and indirectly permitted the

3788:

that declared Korea independent from Japan. Inspired by this, Koreans in Seoul issued their own

2338:

on 27 July 1905, that America and Japan would not interfere with each other on colonial issues.

2226: 15256: 14789: 14551: 14515: 14491: 14388: 14373: 14222: 14134: 13556: 13186: 12628:

Offspring of Empire: The Koch'ang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876–1945

12296: 9885: 5222: 5190: 5110: 4780: 4140: 3840: 3676: 3518: 3256: 2803:, was retained under the Japanese administration but renamed Museum of the Yi Dynasty in 1938. 2634:

cultivator-rights . Japanese landlords included both individuals and corporations (such as the

2520:, was given a mission to finalize Japanese control over Korea after the previous treaties (the 2175: 1793: 1499: 1393: 1382: 770: 12783:

Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Consumer Prices and Real Wages in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule"

12127: 12084: 12041: 11229: 8896: 8417: 7739: 7589: 4761:

in Pyongyang. Shrines such as these were destroyed shortly after Korea was liberated in 1945.

15462: 14575: 14037: 13550: 13526: 13285: 13210: 12642: 11126: 10828: 10035: 9741: 8089: 7056: 5523: 5246: 4704: 4439: 3832: 3664: 3514: 2882: 2856: 2720: 2187: 685: 262: 13909: 13823: 11919: 11889: 11830:"Life as a "comfort woman": Survivors remember a WWII atrocity that was ignored for decades" 8924: 8339: 6794: 5752: 3066:

Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted, about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan (including

15554: 15427: 15415: 15405: 15299: 15264: 14706: 14530: 14520: 14032: 13803: 13605: 13174: 13161: 13149: 12933: 12475: 8375: 6771: 5945: 5319: 4271: 4114: 2886: 2342: 2217: 1888:, the period is usually described as the "Imperial Japanese compulsive occupation period" ( 1152: 959: 790: 13808: 13689: 13386: 9630:. Translated by Wagner. with Edwar J. Shultz. Ilchorak/Harvard University Press. pp. 9186:"Passage of H.Res. 121 on "Comfort Women", the US Congress and Historical Memory in Japan" 8221: 7978: 7885:

A Study on the Development of the Cultural Properties Policy in Korea from 1902 until 1962

4750:

devotions, and by weakening the influences of both Christianity and traditional religion.

4089: 4073: 2799:, originally built as the Korean Imperial Museum in 1908 to preserve the treasures in the 8: 15798: 15559: 15472: 15400: 15324: 14938: 14885: 14858: 14848: 14794: 14784: 14769: 14646: 14470: 14149: 14144: 14027: 13653: 13634: 13243: 13198: 12771: 12090: 10687: 9796:

State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery

8987: 8955: 8609: 8249: 6597: 5420:"Chōsen" was recognized as Korea's name internationally until the end of colonial period. 5376: 5036: 4906: 4865: 4696: 4633: 3933: 3918: 3914: 3747:. These experiences served as a base for Kim's legitimacy after the liberation of Korea. 3578: 3541: 3529: 3067: 2836:

Due to a waterway construction permit, in the small town of Wanpaoshan in Manchuria near

2823: 2741: 2558:

Both the protectorate and the annexation treaties were declared already void in the 1965

2331: 2213: 2048: 749: 242: 14721: 13828: 12775: 12764: 10503: 5714: 5479:

Hitoshi Nitta. "Shintō as a 'Non-Religion': The Origins and Development of an Idea". In

4367: 4152:

However, under Japanese rule, many Korean resources were only used for Japan. Economist

2237:

The Heungseon Daewongun returned to the royal palace the same day. On 11 February 1896,

1918:). Other terms, although often considered obsolete, include "Japanese Imperial Period" ( 15334: 14907: 14844: 14661: 14631: 14172: 13917: 13859: 13842: 13798: 13776: 13746: 13726: 13493: 13350: 13216: 13167: 12760: 12678: 12423: 12086:

War Crimes Tribunals and Transitional Justice: The Tokyo Trial and the Nuremberg Legacy

11465: 10816: 10771: 10739: 10722: 10416: 10322: 10314: 9988: 9969:

Kimura, Mitsuhiko (1995). "The Economics of Japanese Imperialism in Korea, 1910–1939".

9863: 9721: 9252: 9244: 8999: 8983: 8281: 7798: 7790: 7357: 7303: 7232: 7203: 7159: 7103: 6925: 5820: 5812: 5363: 5214: 5158: 4825: 4645: 4303: 4097: 4046: 4022: 4006: 3898: 3756: 3590: 3099: 2754: 2575: 2320: 2293: 1820: 1710: 1670:

Japan first took Korea into its sphere of influence during the late 1800s. Both Korea (

1442: 966: 875: 478: 451: 13833: 13756: 11625: 11529: 9185: 8277:"Gov't report confirms Japan's massacre of forced Korean laborers at Marshall Islands" 7629: 6182: 5054: 4730:

and loaned back to Korea in 2010 without an apology. In 2010, Prime Minister of Japan

4418:) from early childhood. Elementary schools in South Korea today are known by the name 4379:

with a pyramidal hierarchy of elementary, middle and high schools, culminating at the

4030: 2890: 15629: 15160: 14948: 14636: 14616: 14383: 14012: 13813: 13771: 13751: 13731: 13457: 13310: 12964: 12706: 12664: 12632: 12592: 12427: 12133: 12094: 12051: 11979: 11747: 11693: 11457: 11281: 11221: 11173: 11136: 11132: 11105: 11080: 11059: 10919: 10894: 10871: 10820: 10808: 10775: 10326: 10103: 10073: 10053: 9867: 9855: 9635: 9432: 9256: 9236: 9048: 8991: 8975: 8764: 8706: 8625: 8423: 8147: 8097: 7927: 7838: 7802: 7656: 7595: 7501: 7410: 6861: 6855: 6834: 6581: 6427: 6139: 5824: 5793:"Imperial Policy or World Price Shocks? Explaining Interwar Korean Consumption Trend" 5529: 5273: 5030: 4979:

Collaborators of the Imperial Japanese Army were prosecuted in the postwar period as

4893:

of the United Kingdom, confirmed that they were convicted without explicit evidence.

4770: 4688: 4487:) which was aimed at undermining these facilities, which showed patriotic awakening. 4395: 4042: 4026: 4010: 3922: 3897:, and the impending overrun of the Korean Peninsula by U.S. and Soviet forces, Japan 3884: 3784:. Anti-Japanese sentiment flared amongst Koreans. In Tokyo, Korean students issued a 2605: 2594: 2517: 2430: 2260: 2250: 2056: 1824: 1683: 1656: 1452: 1371: 952: 740: 645: 370: 203: 15209: 14092: 13192: 9681: 8305:"[Reporter's notebook] Vestiges of forced labor still remain on Jeju Island" 8042: 7834:

Design and Modernity in Asia: National Identity and Transnational Exchange 1945–1990

4315:

By 1910, the only major privately owned Korean newspaper allowed to publish was the

3859:

Within Korea itself, anti-Japanese rallies continued on occasion. Most notably, the

1800:, either deny completely, attempt to justify, or downplay incidents such as these. 1785: 730: 323: 15317: 15304: 15269: 15089: 14809: 14525: 14197: 13913: 13883: 13818: 13463: 13401: 13143: 13086: 12523:(A record of charges against the anti-nationalists). Seoul: Paegyŏp Munhwasa, 1949. 12415: 12249: 11585: 11498: 11310:

Peter Bartholomew, 'Choson Dynasty Royal Compounds: Windows to a Lost Culture', in

10861: 10800: 10763: 10734: 10691: 10644: 10603: 10562: 10306: 10295:"The Forgotten Plague: Opium and Narcotics in Korea under Japanese Rule, 1910–1945" 9980: 9847: 9228: 9003: 8967: 8254: 8014: 7974: 7782: 7400: 7349: 7295: 7095: 6929: 6921: 6902: 5804: 5401: 5281: 5262: 4806: 4802: 4687:

The Japanese rule of Korea also resulted in the relocation of tens of thousands of

4291: 3937: 3688: 3668: 3656: 3608:, who was in command of all the Japanese prisoner-of-war camps in the Philippines. 3556: 3103: 3082: 3007: 3003: 2127:

On 4 December 1884, the Progressive Party, assisted by the Japanese, attempted the

2040: 2028: 1679: 1045: 984: 759: 719: 292: 252: 15064: 12494: 12349: 10767: 10634: 10593: 10552: 7257: 4754: 3626:

Korean comfort women on Okinawa being interviewed by U.S. marines after liberation

2419: 15671: 15371: 15109: 14814: 14731: 14651: 14124: 13963: 13921: 13693: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13598: 13280: 13155: 12987: 12908: 12586: 12539: 12419: 11952:. China Daily (published by People's Daily Online). 3 August 2005. Archived from 11861: 11772: 11661: 11412: 11389: 11332: 11257: 11216: 11055: 10393: 10256: 10201: 9914:"A Country Study: South Korea, The Japanese Role in Korea's Economic Development" 9913: 9768: 9173: 9098: 9079: 9036: 8479: 8380: 8276: 8226: 8160: 7921: 7891: 7635: 6962: 6909: 6888: 6778: 6700: 6469: 6450: 6394: 6363: 6133: 5701: 5142: 5126: 5102: 5048: 4816: 4747: 4661: 4349: 4333: 4327: 4298: 4226: 4200: 4173: 3248: 3102:

in order to block a US invasion of the Japanese mainland and in 1945 laborers on

3040: 2685: 2472: 2415: 2191: 1889: 1871:

During the period of Japanese colonial rule, Korea was officially known as Chōsen

1789: 1730: 1648: 1492: 1432: 1206: 1120: 665: 399: 257: 247: 208: 161: 14726: 13761: 13736: 13391: 13365: 12981: 12777:

Things Korean: A Collection of Sketches and Anecdotes, Missionary and Diplomatic

11197: 8645: 8001: 7862: 7462: 6881: 5371: 5042: 4975:

South Korean presidential investigation commission on pro-Japanese collaborators

4910: 4758: 4034: 4014: 3052:

to include the conscription of Korean workers for factories and mines in Korea,

2868: 2384: 1753: 464: 15549: 15492: 15226: 15059: 14953: 14774: 14764: 14621: 14585: 14007: 13639: 13544: 13273: 13263: 13180: 13107: 13051: 13025: 12011:"Unmasking Horror – A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity" 10447: 10353: 10268:

Alleyne Ireland "The New Korea" E. P. Dutton. 1926 Chapter I Introductory pp. 6

9769:"朝鮮総督府統計年報昭和１７年 [Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1942]" 9574: 9538: 9503: 9357: 9325: 8536: 7099: 6641: 6610: 6565: 6265: 5987: 5381: 5198: 4851: 4317: 4280: 4214: 4204: 3728: 3680: 3647: 3490: 3482: 2612: 2244: 2212:, orchestrated a plot against 43-year-old Queen Min (later given the title of " 2137: 2052: 1848: 1781: 1487: 1422: 15094: 15069: 13741: 10866: 10849: 10804: 10310: 9138:"Texts adopted – Thursday, 13 December 2007 – Comfort women – P6_TA(2007)0632" 8971: 7405: 7388: 5947:=「明治日本の産業革命遺産製鉄・製鋼，造船，石炭産業」のユネスコ世界遺産一覧表への記載決定（第39回世界遺産委員会における7月5日日本代表団発言について） 5808: 5060: 4018: 3582: 1859:" the past unequal treaties, especially those of 1905 and 1910. Despite this, 15762: 15241: 15192: 14580: 14301: 14291: 14119: 14084: 13879: 13766: 13721: 13533:

The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan

13516: 13370: 13355: 13076: 12850: 12837: 12801:

Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Foreign Trade in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule"

12622: 12559: 12482: 11983: 11712: 11461: 11417: 11285: 11225: 10875: 10812: 9943: 9859: 9240: 9232: 8979: 8833: 8646:"Pride and Patriotism: Stamford's Role in World War II: The Battle of Tarawa" 8309: 7786: 7434: 7414: 6014: 5439: 5386: 5066: 4847: 4711: 4695:

The issue over where these artifacts should be located began during the U.S.

4608: 4158: 4153: 4038: 4002: 3905: 3865: 3844: 3635: 3617: 3601: 3525: 3498: 3032: 2800: 2772:

was partially destroyed beginning in the 1910s, in order to make way for the

2769: 2725: 2639: 2392: 2369: 2348:

Two months later, Korea was obliged to become a Japanese protectorate by the

2277: 2254: 2234:, killed Queen Min, and desecrated her body in the north wing of the palace. 2231: 1856: 1812: 1808: 1757: 1722: 1706: 1301: 926: 910: 840: 543: 311: 86: 14681: 13563:

Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery

12867: 7923:

The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea, Part 2

7556: 7465:['Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'?]. 6234: 6204: 5660: 5627: 5594: 4824:

in 1937. They became a part of the population of Koryo-saram throughout the

3989: 2873:

In 1911, the proclamation "Matter Concerning the Changing of Korean Names" (

2859:, who insisted on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean harmony, lost his position. 2209: 1678:. However, in 1854, Japan was forcefully opened by the United States in the 15594: 15354: 15187: 14177: 14054: 13268: 13015: 12992: 12814: 8995: 8456:"Current state of Korea and Taiwan: Imperial Army Special volunteer system" 8376:"The end of silence: Korea's Hiroshima, Korean A-bomb victims seek redress" 8191:"HyperWar: The Battle for Tarawa [Appendix C: Japanese Casualties]" 7283: 6593: 5349: 5297: 5182: 5094: 5072: 4987: 4843: 4414:) as in Japan, as a means of forming proper "Imperial Citizens" (황국민; 皇国民; 4183: 4122: 3808:

Early members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919)

3652: 3631: 3548: 3537: 3502: 3485:, future leader of South Korea, as a soldier of the Manchukuo Imperial Army 3044: 2659: 2495: 2423: 2411: 2396: 2380: 2115: 2072: 1816: 1804: 1749: 1714: 1606: 1218: 1194: 1182: 1161: 1098: 864: 385: 237: 176: 14751: 14368: 11075:

Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Post-March First Policy Reform and Assimilation".

11048: 10889:

Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Post-March First Policy Reform and Assimilation".

5753:"Economic Growth and human Production in the Republic of Korea, 1945–1992" 5444: 4928: 4363:

Number of public regular schools (公立普通学校) and students under Japanese rule

2158: 15359: 15178: 14829: 14378: 13875: 13117: 6533: 5525:

Christ and Caesar in Modern Korea: A History of Christianity and Politics

5267: 5166: 4810: 4285: 4180: 3793: 3766: 3744: 3494: 3232: 3095: 3091: 2885:

of the Korean people; Imperial Decree 19 and 20 on Korean Civil Affairs (

2842: 2663: 2651: 2626: 2133: 2128: 2111: 1885: 1674:) and Japan had been under policies of isolationism, with Joseon being a 933: 852: 635: 631: 189: 13716: 11590: 11573: 11469: 11445: 11168:

Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Radical Assimilation under Wartime Conditions".

11025:

Huh, Soo-Youl, Some issues on the theory of colonial modernization(2007)

10914:

Caprio, Mark E (2009). "Radical Assimilation under Wartime Conditions".

9248: 9216: 8671: 8517:

Brandon Palmer, Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan's war 1937~1945

8075:

The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves – And Why It Matters

7794: 7770: 6041: 5562:"Imperial Edict No. 318: National Name of Korea to be Changed to Chōsen" 4472:). 1915, the Japanese announced the Regulations for Technical Schools (s 3998: 3958: 3683:, the Netherlands, Canada and the Philippines. The United States passed 3570:

there were five thousand Korean laborers and so as not to have hostiles

2447: 14626: 14242: 13248: 13127: 13020: 12616: 12384: 12319: 10532:

Robinson, Michael E. (1987). Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie (ed.).

9992: 9717: 8869: 7551: 7549: 7527:(in Japanese). Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo. 7361: 7337: 7307: 7107: 7083: 6102: 5816: 5792: 5134: 4963:

Many Koreans were drafted for work at military industrial factories in

4941: 4877: 4869: 4846:, about 450,000 Korean male laborers were involuntarily sent to Japan. 4719: 4675:

and closed the society by applying suspicion of rebellion to scholars.

4657: 4321:. However, this paper was pressured to close by 1915, leaving only the 4118: 3773:

In January 1919, Emperor Gojong died suddenly, which led to widespread

3605: 3505:, South Korea's youngest general who was famous for his command of the 3086: 3056:, and the involuntary relocation of workers to Japan itself as needed. 2781: 2540:, Prime Minister of Korea, and Terauchi Masatake, who became the first 2537: 2529: 2443:

Righteous armies § During the Japanese colonial period (1910–1945)

2273: 2239:

Gojong and the crown prince fled for protection at the Russian legation

1955: 1766: 1761: 915: 779: 509: 267: 14535: 10695: 10318: 10294: 9851: 4450:). Secondary education included four years of middle school for boys ( 4371:

Enrollment rate of public regular schools (公立普通学校) under Japanese rule

3917:. This proposal was made at an emergency meeting to determine postwar 2601: 15609: 15569: 15564: 15395: 14958: 14933: 14928: 14736: 14607: 14540: 14212: 13871: 13469: 10799:(3). Seattle University of Washington Press, 2013. 350 pp.: 827–829. 10648: 10607: 10566: 9029: 4964: 4743: 4731: 4247: 3910: 3731:

in Russia waged a guerrilla war against the Japanese occupation. The

3724: 3642: 3053: 2847: 2837: 2762: 2630: 2460: 2373: 2361: 2281: 2086: 2082: 12442:

A Historical and Ethical Analysis of Leprosy Control Policy in Japan

9984: 7861:(in Korean). National Palace Museum of Korea website. Archived from 7546: 7353: 7299: 4753:

Shinto shrines were established throughout the peninsula, including

4279:

continued their publication, because they were run by the foreigner

15437: 15385: 15246: 15037: 14465: 14156: 14100: 13253: 13233: 12699:

Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945

11276: 10675: 9607:

Background to the March First Movement: Koreans in Japan, 1905–1919

8344: 5086: 4980: 4968: 4945: 4858: 4208: 3740: 3071: 2643: 2407: 2091: 1705:, Joseon became nominally independent and declared the short-lived 1280: 1014: 974: 826: 335: 151:

map of Korea, showing Japanese placenames and provincial boundaries

120: 13932: 13380: 12252:, Ki-baik Lee, Young Ick Lew, Michael Robinson, Edward W. Wagner, 12125: 11493: 11491: 10643:] (in Japanese). Governor-General of Korea. pp. 264–265. 10602:] (in Japanese). Governor-General of Korea. pp. 296–297. 10561:] (in Japanese). Governor-General of Korea. pp. 654–655. 9221:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

8742:"Blood Brothers A Medic's Sketch Book / Jacobs, Colonel Eugene C." 8725: 7771:"Colonial Plunder and the Failure of Restitution in Postwar Korea" 7591:

Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945

7498:

Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945

7088:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6135:

Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics, and Security

3799: 3028: 2047:, forced opening of three Korean ports to Japanese trade, granted 1742: 1733:

to abdicate in 1907, Japan then formally colonized Korea with the

180: 14207: 13620: 13482:

Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea

8811: 8801:

The Dong-a Ilbo 5 May 1933　"民籍을僞造　醜業을强制　악마 길은 유팍업자의 소행　犯人은警察 에被逮"

8458:. administrative bureau. October 1943. p. 13. Archived from 8250:"Japanese researcher reveals 'massacre' of Koreans in Mili Atoll" 7251: 6010:"S. Korea and Japan debate comments about being "forced to work"" 5483:, eds. Breen and Teeuwen (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2000). 5438:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4935: 4701:

Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea

4570: 3851:

and the sudden end of the war, the mission did not come to pass.

3533: 3240: 2832:

Chinese anti-Japanese poster published after reprisals by Koreans

2560:

Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea

2224:, the Foreign Minister of Russia, by Park Jonghyo. Weber was the 2179: 2143: 1881:, although the former name continued to be used internationally. 1230: 1171: 285: 280: 9115: 8493:"第81回帝国議会貴族院予算委員第三分科会（内務省、文部省、厚生省）第2号昭和18年2月26日(1943. 2. 26)" 14890: 14059: 13905: 12943: 12661:

Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea, 1910–1945

11488: 10259:"The New Korea" E. P. Dutton. 1926 Chapter I Introductory pp. 2 6559:

See Russian eyewitness account of surrounding circumstances at

5921:"Strategic Bombing during the Korean War: The Good and the Bad" 4857:

Koreans, along with many other Asians, were experimented on in

4831: 3936:, enabling Koreans to restore their names if they wished. Many 3872: 3820: 3718: 3567: 3078: 2746: 2693: 2400: 1671: 1664: 1291: 1256: 1109: 1024: 946: 885: 11630:

Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education

8703:

Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific

4265:

History of newspapers in Korea § Japanese colonial period

15410: 14252: 13867: 13626: 12224: 12192:"Government to Seize Assets of Collaborators in Colonial Era" 11434:, volume 5: The 20th Century Outside Europe (1962) pp 415–417 9280: 9278: 6955:(A) study on the Ilchinhoe at the end of the Great Han Empire 6453:

p. 6 left 陸軍外務両者上申故陸軍工兵中尉堀本禮造外二名並朝鮮国二於テ戦死ノ巡査及公使館雇ノ者等靖国神社ヘ合祀ノ事

6383:

A reckless adventure in Taiwan amid Meiji Restoration turmoil

4629: 4384: 4192: 4066: 4062: 3597: 3478: 3244: 3236: 3098:, Korean laborers expanded airfields and built facilities at 2379:

On 24 July 1907, a treaty was signed under the leadership of

1899: 1644: 1267: 1132: 1057: 1034: 979: 941: 920: 185: 12126:

Henry F. Carey, Stacey M. Mitchell, ed. (14 February 2013).

12043:

The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations

11102:

Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy

11049:"Na ŭi midŭm ŭn kil wi e itta : Pak Hyŏng-gyu hoegorok" 10676:"日本統治下末期の朝鮮における日本語普及・強制政策 : 徴兵制度導入に至るまでの日本語常用・全解運動への動員" 9907: 9905: 9903: 6426:

Volume 5 The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press

4296:

These two papers, along with the English-language newspaper

4157:

attributed this deterioration to global economic shocks and

2245:

Democracy protests and the proclamation of the Korean Empire

1748:

Japan made sweeping changes in Korea. It began a process of

1601: 13569:

United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121

12267:"North Korea; The Rise of Korean Nationalism and Communism" 12039: 11170:

Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945

11077:

Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945

10916:

Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945

10891:

Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945

9874: 8865:"How Beijing weaponizes 'comfort women' as propaganda tool" 8144:

Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990

7284:"The Economics of Japanese Imperialism in Korea, 1910–1939" 7196:

The Historical Experience of Agrarian Reform in Our Country

7152:

The Historical Experience of Agrarian Reform in Our Country

5869: 4997: 3769:

in the aftermath of the March 1st Movement protests (1919).

3577:

After the war, 148 Koreans were convicted of Class B and C

1979:

In Japan, the term "Chōsen of the Japanese-Governed Period"

1070: 13500:

Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property

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will issue a statement demanding the annexation of Korea.

2314:

Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea (1905–1910)

12533:"South Korea targets Japanese collaborators' descendants" 11100:

Shin, Gi-Wook (2006). "Colonial Racism and Nationalism".

9900: 6456: 6437: 3839:. There, Kim Ku, then the leader of the KPG, founded the 12476:

http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040226a4.html

6475: 4850:, who served in Japanese military brothels as a form of 2586: 2581: 1823:

at the end of the war, Korea was liberated, although it

12548: 12350:"Japan's minorities yet to find their place in the sun" 11317: 10850:"Japanese Higher Education Policy in Korea (1910–1945)" 9312:

North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula – A Modern History.

8705:. New York: William Morrow & Company. p. 278. 7680:"Korea ramps up efforts to bring back looted treasures" 7653:

A Research about the Tombs of Nangnang around Pyongyang

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Youn, Hyun-Chul; Ryoo, Seong-Lyong (20 November 2021).

4929:

Discrimination against Korean leprosy patients by Japan

3997:

There were 13 provinces in Korea during Japanese rule:

3574:

when the Americans invaded, the Japanese killed them."

2479: 15814:

1945 disestablishments in the Japanese colonial empire

10973:

ed. Duus, Peter, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie,

10389:"UK journalist Bethell established newspapers in 1904" 7877: 5492:

John Breen, "Ideologues, Bureaucrats and Priests", in

659: 46: 12293:"Part III: The problem from a historical perspective" 12216: 11383:

Japan to Return Korea Artifacts in Occupation Apology

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The “Comfort Women” Issue and the Asian Women's Fund

8956:"The Politics of Memory: Nation, Individual and Self" 8077:(Paperback ed.). Melville House. pp. 26–29. 6368:

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information

5890:"Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea" 5018: 3878: 2709: 2372:. Out of despair, one of the Korean representatives, 12129:

Trials and Tribulations of International Prosecution

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The Dong-a Ilbo 16 July 1934 "팔린養女 눈물로 呼称　十一歳少女賣春强要"

7594:. University of California Press. pp. 177–180. 7252:

Nozaki, Yoshiko; Hiromitsu Inokuchi; Tae-young Kim.

6819:

Dept of State Correspondence #856 dtd 6 January 1905

5852:"The Impact of the Korean War on the Korean Economy" 5517: 5515: 5339: 4049:. The administrative capital Keijō was in Keiki-dō. 2418:. It was adopted as a representative consultant for 2406:

Meanwhile, pro-Japanese populist groups such as the

1971: 1949: 1931: 1913: 689: 679: 60: 15809:

1910 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire

11942: 11406:

Japan returns Korean royal archives after a century

10641:

Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1942

10600:

Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1936

10559:

Governor-General of Korea Statistical Yearbook 1936

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Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War

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Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 9328:[February 8 Declaration of Independence]. 8834:"Ko Bunyu's Defining History – Entire translation" 8369: 8367: 7674: 7672: 4109:Telephone subscribers in Korea under Japanese rule 3891:dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11972:"Japan unearths site linked to human experiments" 11323: 11312:Transactions: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch 9715: 9527: 8094:Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin 6795:"Alice Roosevelt's Visit to Joseon Korea In 1905" 6596:, Sejong Professor of Korean History Emeritus at 6378: 6376: 5512: 4682: 3596:Korean guards were sent to the remote jungles of 3012: 2735:In 1925, the Japanese government established the 15760: 15115:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 12815:Matsuki Kunitoshi, "Japan's Annexation of Korea" 12701:. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge, MA: 11768:"U.S. playwright takes up 'comfort women' cause" 10986:Andrea Matles Savada and William Shaw, editors. 10154:. Hankooki.com. 18 November 2004. Archived from 9314:2nd ed. New York: Zed Books, 2007. 50–51. Print. 8898:Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report 49 8589: 8222:"218 victims of 'Mili Atoll incident' disclosed" 7587: 6857:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 6399: 5691:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his World, 1852–1912 3587:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 15085:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 12683:. New York, Chicago Fleming H. Revell company. 12611:Brudnoy, David. "Japan's experiment in Korea." 12082: 12002: 11172:. University of Washington Press. p. 155. 10918:. University of Washington Press. p. 153. 10034:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 9837: 8364: 8090:"The North Korean homeland of Koreans in Japan" 7669: 4509:Academic Status of under Japanese rule in 1944 4480:) as post-secondary educational institutions." 4207:, such as chemical plants and steel mills, and 3930:United States Army Military Government in Korea 3849:atomic bomb droppings on Nagasaki and Hiroshima 3814:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 3800:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 3707: 2675: 2414:, thinking that Korea would have autonomy like 2272:In October 1897, Gojong returned to the palace 1988: 1745:(Seoul), until the end of the colonial period. 607:United States Army Military Government in Korea 561:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 15290:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 15162:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy 14069: 13453:List of war apology statements issued by Japan 11950:"Archives give up secrets of Japan's Unit 731" 11857:"Military Record of 'Comfort Woman' Unearthed" 11741: 10723:"Higher Learning in Korea Under Japanese Rule" 10072:. 2nd ed. Hong Kong; Oxford University Press. 8567:(in Korean). 26 September 2005. Archived from 8373: 7926:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 125. 7831:Lee, Yunah; Rajguru, Megha (20 October 2022). 6510: 6508: 6506: 6373: 6131: 5980:"Japan: "Forced to Work" Isn't "Forced Labor"" 4920: 4660:(9 October), which was meant to celebrate the 4468:) or two to three years of vocational school ( 4405: 4085:Industrialization of Korea under Japanese rule 3829:1932 assassination attempt on Emperor Hirohito 3077:Korean laborers were also found as far as the 2875: 2684:, a compulsory organization under the wartime 2669: 2144:Donghak Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War 1982: 1874: 1709:. Japan then defeated Russia in the 1904–1905 1701:. After Japan defeated China in the 1894–1895 39: 15779:States and territories disestablished in 1945 15146: 13948: 13606: 12897: 12883: 11963: 11719:. Russia Beyond the Headlines. Archived from 11269: 11198:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161512289.pdf 9463: 8081: 7915: 7913: 7768: 5693:(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 5595:"Yi-Syek Bids Farewell to Korea, Now Cho-Sen" 4896: 4764: 4707:and in the hands of many private collectors. 3950:Provinces of Korea § Provinces of Chōsen 3685:House of Representatives House Resolution 121 2817: 2259:In 1896, various Korean activists formed the 2197: 2162:Major battles and troop movements during the 2008: 2003: 1737:. The territory was then administered by the 1624: 13515: 13506:Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea 12819:Society the Dissemination of Historical Fact 11912: 11327:해외 유출된 한국문화재 총 75,311점...문화재가 조국의 눈길한번 받지 못해 11036:Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. 10023: 8672:"The Battle of Tarawa, November 20–24, 1943" 8002: 7500:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7348:(9). Institute of Pacific Relations: 87–88. 7057:"[인터뷰] '한일병합 무효' 근거 제공 이태진 서울대 명예교수" 6516: 5507:The Illusion of "Arahitogami" "Kokkashintou" 4914: 4832:Forced laborers, comfort women, and Unit 731 4429: 4423: 4399: 4289:, was subordinated to the Japanese-language 4179:The Japanese government created a system of 3719:Guerrilla resistance in Manchuria and Russia 3022:Japan-Korea Cooperative Unity, World Leader. 2997: 2761:, was taken out of its context and moved to 2503: 2410:helped Japan by being fascinated by Japan's 2330:, who was on a tour of Asian countries with 2264: 2043:in 1854. The treaty ended Korea's status as 1965: 1959: 1943: 1937: 1925: 1919: 1903: 1893: 1754:functionally banning the use of Korean names 669: 53: 14432:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 13376:Japanese General Government Building, Seoul 13321:List of militant independence organizations 11881: 11800:"Japan court rules against 'comfort women'" 10977:, Princeton University Press (1996), p. 326 8953: 8726:B. V. A Roling and Antonio Cassese (1993). 8334: 8332: 8135: 7245: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6503: 6463:Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov. 1882 6444:Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882 6167: 5746: 5744: 5025:List of Japanese governors-general of Korea 3943: 3775:theories that he had been poisoned by Japan 2395:, a former volunteer soldier, assassinated 15774:States and territories established in 1910 15153: 15139: 13955: 13941: 13613: 13599: 12890: 12876: 12383:. Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from 12217:Choe, Gwang-Suk (최광숙) (13 November 2006). 11560:A history of the expansion of Christianity 11443: 11251:Japan, Seoul sign deal on artifact returns 9941: 9911: 9826:The economic development of colonial Korea 9680:Myers, Brian Reynolds (16 December 2023). 9092:Congress backs off of wartime Japan rebuke 8700: 8419:Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire 7910: 7830: 7237:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7222: 7208:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7164:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5655: 5653: 5622: 5620: 5521: 4838:Comfort women § Legacy in South Korea 4101:Km of railway in Korea under Japanese rule 3854: 2894:mandatory, or merely strongly encouraged. 1631: 1617: 139: 14835:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 14445:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 13575:Japan–South Korea Comfort Women Agreement 13428:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine 12495:"일제강점기 소록도 수용 한센인 590명, 日정부서 보상받아 – 연합뉴스" 12381:"The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001" 12166:"List of Japanese Collaborators Released" 12040:Dieter Fleck, Terry D. Gill, ed. (2015). 11920:"Japan Boiled Comfort Woman to Make Soup" 11890:"Korean World War II sex slaves fight on" 11589: 11354:"Recovering South Korea's lost treasures" 11270:Itoi, Kay; Lee, B.J. (21 February 2005). 11263: 11209: 11104:. Stanford University Press. p. 51. 10865: 10738: 10680:The Annual Reports on Educational Science 10525: 9771:. Governor-General of Korea. March 1944. 9073:Japan court rules against 'comfort women' 8038:水野直樹「『創氏改名』の実施過程について」『朝鮮史研究会会報』154号、2004年 7710:"Recovering South Korea's Lost Treasures" 7541:第一条朝鮮史編修会ハ朝鮮総督ノ管理ニ属シ朝鮮史料ノ蒐集及編纂並朝鮮史ノ編修ヲ掌ル 7404: 7331: 7329: 7277: 7275: 5956:(in Japanese and English). 14 July 2015. 5786: 5784: 4959:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4952: 4944:of patients in sanitariums, where forced 4742:As Japan established the puppet state of 3585:, who represented the Netherlands at the 3119:Korean military participation until 1943 1772:These conditions led to the birth of the 14218:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 13034: 12676: 12584: 12405: 11854: 11521: 11118: 10531: 10292: 10250: 9761: 9451: 8810:The Dong-a Ilbo 30 June 1933 "路上에少女掠取　醜業 8785:"Bridge Over the River Kwai – Chapter 8" 8415: 8340:"Japan compensates Korean A-bomb victim" 8329: 7386: 7338:"Korea and Formosa as Colonies of Japan" 6727: 6227: 6179:USC–UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center 6002: 5875: 5741: 4998:Modern justification of the colonization 4366: 4358: 4348: 4236: 4186:, requiring construction of significant 4104: 4096: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4056: 3988: 3803: 3760: 3698: 3641:According to an interrogation report by 3621: 3477: 3268:Motivation of Korean Applicants in 1941 3226: 3027: 3016: 2898:Number of renaming applications in 1940 2862: 2827: 2784:were also destroyed to make way for the 2719: 2611: 2600: 2498:sealed and signed, by the last emperor, 2489: 2446: 2326:Frustrated by this, King Gojong invited 2309: 2287: 2157: 2018: 1936:), "The dark Japanese Imperial Period" ( 15834:Former countries of the interwar period 13448:Japanese history textbook controversies 12649: 12008: 11969: 11887: 11690:Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949 11648: 11607:The Korean Communist Movement 1918–1948 11527: 11351: 11124: 10788: 10753: 10534:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945 10441: 10439: 10382: 10380: 9828:. University of Michigan, 1984. p. 168. 9393:Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service 9214: 8730:. Oxford, UK: Polity Press. p. 76. 7952: 7081: 6903:Annals of King Sunjong3 4 December 1909 6900:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 6828: 5918: 5859:International Journal of Korean Studies 5719:International Journal of Korean History 5650: 5617: 5004:Japanese history textbook controversies 4933:Colonial Korea was subject to the same 4905:A study conducted by the United States 4258: 4093:Population of Korea under Japanese rule 4077:Production in Korea under Japanese rule 3993:Provinces of Korea during Japanese rule 3114:Korean service in the Japanese military 3061:Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers 1861:relations between Japan and South Korea 1682:. It then rapidly modernized under the 27:1910–1945 colony of the Empire of Japan 14: 15761: 15033:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 12696: 12687: 12621: 12585:Robinson, Michael E. (30 April 2007), 12557: 12009:Kristof, Nicholas D. 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In 2006 3875:, declared war on Japan and Germany. 3861:Kōshū Students Anti-Japanese Movement 3750: 2587:Japanese migration and land ownership 2582:Early years and expansion (1910–1941) 2276:, and proclaimed the founding of the 1695:assassinated the defiant Korean queen 15839:Japanese imperialism and colonialism 14437:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 14193:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 13650:Karafuto Civil Administration Office 13259:Korean History Compilation Committee 12472:Korean Hansens patients seek redress 12320:"Koreans in Japan: Past and Present" 12231:from the original on 18 October 2015 12146:from the original on 1 November 2023 12107:from the original on 1 November 2023 12064:from the original on 1 November 2023 11970:McCurry, Justin (21 February 2011). 11900:from the original on 15 January 2007 11705: 11687: 11623: 11572:Shin, Seung-yop (5 September 2022). 11571: 11437: 11364:from the original on 16 January 2015 11352:Glionna, John M. 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Hundreds of historic buildings in 2774:Japanese General Government Building 2737:Korean History Compilation Committee 2716:Korean History Compilation Committee 2650:By 1910 an estimated 7 to 8% of all 2480:Japan–Korea annexation treaty (1910) 2204:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong 831: 15468:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 15105:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 14347:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 13962: 13361:Government-General Museum of Chōsen 13103:Aso Mining forced labor controversy 12378: 12317: 12083:Madoka Futamura (11 October 2007). 11836:from the original on 22 August 2017 11604: 11476:from the original on 3 October 2023 11007:from the original on 18 August 2023 10955:from the original on 6 October 2023 10847: 10720: 10414: 10345: 10271: 10208:from the original on 31 August 2012 9623: 9490: 9420: 9411: 8269: 8241: 8219: 8213: 7809:from the original on 2 October 2022 7750:from the original on 2 October 2022 7720:from the original on 2 October 2022 7690:from the original on 2 October 2022 7646: 7336:Porter, Catherine (22 April 1936). 6936:from the original on 6 October 2023 6747:Library of Congress Country Studies 6662: 6602: 5953:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) 5849: 5790: 5683: 5584: 5494:Shintō in History: Ways of the Kami 5481:Shintō in History: Ways of the Kami 5306:Whale Star: The Gyeongseong Mermaid 1958:(Japanese) administration period" ( 1776:, which acted both politically and 1729:. 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Lexington Books. p. 169. 12119: 12076: 12033: 11848: 11822: 11792: 11760: 11735: 11681: 11598: 11565: 11552: 11499:"神社참배 거부 18개교 日帝, 가차 없이 폐교｜주간동아" 11424: 11398: 11376: 11345: 11304: 11272:"Korea: A Tussle Over Treasures" 11244: 11186: 11161: 11093: 11068: 11041: 11019: 10993: 10980: 10967: 10941: 10932: 10907: 10882: 10841: 10782: 10747: 10714: 10667: 10626: 10585: 10544: 10262: 10220: 10190: 10177:from the original on 3 June 2013 10162: 10144: 10131:from the original on 3 June 2013 10116: 10091: 10082: 10062: 10042: 10014: 10005: 9962: 9831: 9818: 9787: 9695: 9673: 9648: 9617: 9598: 9566: 9381: 9349: 9304: 9291: 9208: 9178: 9160: 9130: 9104: 9085: 9066: 9057: 9041: 9022: 8947: 8917: 8889: 8856: 8826: 8817: 8804: 8795: 8787:. Mekong Express. Archived from 8777: 8752: 8734: 8719: 8694: 8676:World War II Multimedia Database 8664: 8652:from the original on 16 May 2008 8638: 8598: 8583: 8551: 8529: 8520: 8511: 8485: 8466: 8448: 8409: 8400: 8374:Andreas Hippin (2 August 2005). 8248:Choi, Jeong-yoon (7 June 2024). 7907:日本外交文書デジタルアーカイブ昭和期I第1部第5巻 p248 7740:"Korea: A Tussle Over Treasures" 7608:from the original on 19 May 2016 7430:"왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년'" 7154:. Pyongyang. 1974. pp. 6–7. 7132:from the original on 21 May 2023 7005:"韓日 지식인 "1910년 한일병합조약 무효"..공동선언" 6985:from the original on 16 May 2023 6696:"The emperor is crowned: Part 1" 6694:Neff, Robert (15 October 2022). 6333:Young, Sek-won (November 2010). 6307:Cultural Heritage Administration 5572:from the original on 19 May 2022 5542:from the original on 18 May 2016 5433: 5356: 5342: 4673:Korean Language Society Incident 4196:Chinese border at short notice. 4061:Groundbreaking ceremony for the 3957: 3611: 2208:The Japanese minister to Korea, 1600: 729: 611: 597: 583: 565: 536: 175: 126: 93: 79: 15819:1945 disestablishments in Korea 15330:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 14820:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 11806:. 29 March 2001. Archived from 10848:Lee, Jeong-Kyu (7 March 2002). 10168: 10122: 9101:, The Boston Globe, 2006-10-15. 8863:Morgan, Jason (24 March 2018). 8297: 8183: 8122: 8066: 8057: 8029: 7995: 7901: 7851: 7775:Journal of Contemporary History 7762: 7702: 7640: 7620: 7581: 7514: 7489: 7463:"'옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에?" 7216: 7187: 7172: 7144: 7114: 7075: 7049: 7023: 6997: 6967: 6948: 6914: 6893: 6874: 6847: 6822: 6813: 6787: 6765: 6715: 6634: 6553: 6422:Marius B. Jansen (April 1989). 6349: 6326: 6294: 6257: 6125: 6095: 6064: 6034: 5972: 5938: 5919:Florick, Davis (18 June 2017). 5912: 5881: 5843: 5797:The Journal of Economic History 5750: 5706: 5414: 2992: 2797:National Palace Museum of Korea 2701:. Koreans also migrated to the 2066: 1841:Korean collaborators with Japan 15849:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 15075:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 14188:Imperial Rescript on Education 13423:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 13326:List of independence activists 12591:, University of Hawaii Press, 11692:, Greenwood, pp. 10, 13, 11505:(in Korean). 26 October 2005. 10483:The Archives of Korean History 10453:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 10445: 10359:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 10070:The Rise of the Korean Economy 9656:"우리역사넷 :: 한국 근ㆍ현대사 사진 모음" 9627:A New History of Korea (韓国史新論) 9580:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9544:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9509:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9424:A New History of Korea (韓国史新論) 9363:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9331:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 8526:朝鮮總督府(1941.12), ｢第79回帝國議會說明資料｣ 8220:Lee, Hyeong-Ju (8 June 2024). 7223:Grajdanzev, Andrew J. (1944). 6647:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 6616:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 6424:The Cambridge History of Japan 6271:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 5499: 5486: 5473: 5460: 4822:forced to move to Central Asia 4714:Palace was demolished and the 4683:Taking of historical artifacts 4498:Imperial Rescript on Education 3904:American forces under General 3733:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 3566:, author Gaven Daws wrote, "n 3511:defense of the Pusan Perimeter 3013:Forcing of labor and migration 2451:Battle of Namdaemun in 1907 – 2105: 1966: 1960: 1944: 1938: 1926: 1920: 1904: 1894: 1866: 696:According to Korean Christians 670: 13: 1: 15829:Japanese military occupations 15794:Military occupations of Korea 15391:Collaborationist Chinese Army 14521:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 14427:Imperial General Headquarters 14018:Foreign commerce and shipping 13621:Former external territories ( 10768:10.1080/00309230.2016.1224262 10351: 9703:"Surrender of Japan in Korea" 9613:, V. 13, 1989. pp. 1–21. 9572: 9536: 9501: 9355: 9323: 9286:American Journal of Sociology 8041:(in Japanese). Archived from 7471:Seoul Metropolitan Government 7122:"토지 조사 사업(土地調査事業) – 부산역사문화대전" 6860:. Columbia University Press. 6608: 6528:일본인 폭도가 가슴을 세 번 짓밟고 일본도로 난자했다 6389:, Retrieved on 22 July 2007. 6263: 5986:. 7 July 2015. Archived from 5888:Fisher, Max (3 August 2015). 5427: 4728:French campaign against Korea 4460:) and three years for girls ( 4232: 4188:transportation infrastructure 3825:Korean Patriotic Organization 2578:was not an illegal movement. 2494:General power of attorney to 1998: 1803:Beginning in 1939 and during 1676:tributary state of Qing China 15804:1910 establishments in Korea 14853:Hirohito surrender broadcast 14248:Greater East Asia Conference 13920:Civil Affairs Bureau | 13916:Civil Affairs Bureau | 13912:Civil Affairs Bureau | 13908:Civil Affairs Bureau | 13057:Oriental Development Company 12751:Resources in other libraries 12663:, Cornell University Press, 12420:10.1080/00309230.2010.534104 12254:Korea Old and New: A History 10988:South Korea: A Country Study 10792:The Journal of Asian Studies 10052:, Harvard University Press, 9882:"Summer Institute Summaries" 8814:에賣渡　金神通 팔아먹은 男女檢擧判明 된誘引魔手段" 8063:朝鮮総督府法務局「第79回朝鮮総督府帝国議会説明資料」｣ 6537:(in Korean) (508): 472–485. 6335:"일제 암흑기 만보산사건과 소설적 재현 양상 연구" 5509:. Tokyo: PHP Kenkyūjo, 2003. 5328:Tale of the Nine-Tailed 1938 5309:, 2019 webtoon by Na Yoonhee 5170:, 2012 South Korean TV drama 5151:The Good, the Bad, the Weird 4344: 3895:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 3714:Korean independence movement 3708:Korean independence movement 3235:(front row, right to left): 3110:effects of the atomic bomb. 2778:Chōsen Industrial Exhibition 2662:, the government recognized 2636:Oriental Development Company 2618:Oriental Development Company 2608:, the first Governor-General 2306:Hague Secret Emissary Affair 1990:Nippon Tōchi-jidai no Chōsen 1839:role of the numerous ethnic 1774:Korean independence movement 1723:ruled the country indirectly 1090:Northern and Southern period 7: 15232:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 14233:Supreme Court of Judicature 13443:Japan–South Korea relations 13438:Japan–North Korea relations 13316:Korean National Association 13306:Declaration of Independence 13123:Slavery during World War II 11444:Kōji, Suga; 𳜳𨀉𠄈 (2010). 11337:(in Korean). Archived from 10387:Neff, Robert (2 May 2010). 10198:"정치 지도자의 잘못된 역사관이 나라 망치고있다" 10020:Kimura (1995), p. 564. 10011:Kimura (1995), p. 557. 9972:The Economic History Review 9944:"Korea Under Japanese Rule" 9840:The Economic History Review 8013:(in Korean). Archived from 7769:Christine Kim (July 2017). 7288:The Economic History Review 6235:"Japan's Progress in China" 5634:. No. 29 August 1910. 5335: 5290:The Battle: Roar to Victory 5285:, 2019 South Korean TV show 5277:, 2018 South Korean TV show 5258:, 2018 South Korean TV show 5234:, 2017 South Korean TV show 5146:, 2008 South Korea TV drama 4771:Evangelicalism § Korea 4737: 4436:gukmin hakgyo/kokumin gakkō 4253: 3790:declaration of independence 3660:of the Allied occupation". 2676: 1989: 1972: 1950: 1932: 1914: 1663:), the Japanese reading of 1647:was ruled as a part of the 1153:Later Three Kingdoms period 903:Proto–Three Kingdoms period 690: 680: 660: 593:Soviet Civil Administration 492:Japanese claim relinquished 440:• Annexation by Japan 61: 47: 10: 15865: 15421:First Indian National Army 14944:Second Philippine Republic 14717:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 13488:Independence Hall of Korea 12924:Governor-General of Chōsen 12578: 11611:Princeton University Press 11558:Kenneth Scott Latourette, 11430:Kenneth Scott Latourette, 11314:Vol. 68 (Seoul: RAS, 1993) 11125:Hopfner, Jonathan (2009). 11034:Pratt, Rutt, Hoare, 1999. 10674:Inoue, Kaoru (June 1997). 10538:Princeton University Press 10293:Jennings, John M. (1995). 9800:Cambridge University Press 9716:Fukuoka, Yasunori (1996). 9605:Wells, Kenneth M. (1989). 9297:Kenneth Scott Latourette, 9215:Hayashi, Hirofumi (2008). 8759:Jacobs, Eugene C. (1985). 8728:The Tokyo Trial and Beyond 8560:초기 육군 총장들은 일본 육사 출신, 여야 설전 8422:. NUS Press. p. 115. 8416:Kratoska, Paul H. (2006). 7627:Metropolitan Museum of Art 7496:Atkins, E. Taylor (2010). 7100:10.1177/000271620903400222 6783:Willard Dickerman Straight 6772:Cornell University Library 5528:. SUNY Press. p. 62. 5397:Taiwan under Japanese rule 5119:Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja 5022: 5001: 4956: 4897:Result of the name changes 4835: 4815:A number of groups in the 4800: 4768: 4765:Christianity and communism 4699:. In 1965, as part of the 4262: 4191:the southern port city of 4052: 3947: 3882: 3833:military rally in Shanghai 3811: 3754: 3711: 3615: 3493:, who became president of 3001: 2866: 2821: 2818:Anti-Chinese riots of 1931 2713: 2571:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 2542:Governor-General of Chōsen 2534:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 2526:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 2522:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904 2486:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 2483: 2440: 2387:to transfer all rights of 2350:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 2302:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 2291: 2248: 2201: 2198:Assassination of Queen Min 2171:Donghak Peasant Revolution 2150:Donghak Peasant Revolution 2147: 2109: 2099:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882 2077:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882 2070: 2037:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 2015:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 2012: 2009:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 2004:Political turmoil in Korea 1855:, which declared "already 1739:Governor-General of Chōsen 1735:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 1719:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 1699:Donghak Peasant Revolution 1688:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 579:People's Republic of Korea 15769:Korea under Japanese rule 15490: 15370: 15186: 15176: 15172: 15052: 15025: 14967: 14921: 14878: 14871: 14825:Japan during World War II 14780:Pacification of Manchukuo 14750: 14680: 14672:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 14667:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 14605: 14598: 14549: 14536:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 14489: 14415: 14408: 14355: 14273: 14266: 14258:Imperial Japanese Airways 14165: 14112: 14077: 14066: 13970: 13891: 13841: 13785: 13702: 13633: 13410: 13397:Keijō Imperial University 13343: 13294: 13232: 13136: 13095: 13069: 13047:Chōsen Government Railway 13042:Chōsen Anthracite Company 13011:Bank of Korea (1909–1950) 13003: 12951: 12940: 12916: 12905: 12899:Korea under Japanese rule 12746:Resources in your library 12732:Korea under Japanese rule 12680:Korea's Fight for Freedom 12650:Ireland, Alleyne (1926). 12324:Saitama University Review 11746:. SaKyejul. p. 173. 11609:, Princeton, New Jersey: 11528:Grayson, James H (1993). 11388:15 September 2011 at the 11200:Retrieved 3 December 2023 11058:. Seoul: Ch'angbi, 2010. 10867:10.14507/epaa.v10n14.2002 10805:10.1017/s0021911814000837 10458:Academy of Korean Studies 10364:Academy of Korean Studies 10311:10.1017/S0026749X00016188 9585:Academy of Korean Studies 9549:Academy of Korean Studies 9514:Academy of Korean Studies 9368:Academy of Korean Studies 9336:Academy of Korean Studies 8988:10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129 8972:10.2979/his.1999.11.2.129 8590:Philip S. Jowett (2004). 8092:. In Ryang, Sonia (ed.). 8003: 7563:Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia 7461:신, 병주 (8 February 2023). 7406:10.3390/buildings11110561 7031:"'한일병합 무효' 입증 문건 처음으로 확인" 6621:Academy of Korean Studies 6517: 6355:Kim Jeong-in ed. (2005). 6302:"특집 – 일제시대 문화재 수난사를 되새기다" 6276:Academy of Korean Studies 5809:10.1017/S0022050700021148 5468:The Invention of Religion 5451:Federal Research Division 5315:, 2021 novel by Juhea Kim 5114:, 1972 North Korean opera 5098:, 1971 North Korean opera 4921: 4915: 4791: 4634:mixed Hanja–Korean script 4430: 4424: 4406: 4400: 4381:Keijō Imperial University 4354:Keijō Imperial University 4219:Seoul National University 3737:Pacification of Manchukuo 3564:Prisoners of the Japanese 3050:National Mobilization Law 2998:National Mobilization Law 2876: 2670: 2504: 2328:Alice Roosevelt Longworth 2265: 2222:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky 2035:On 27 February 1876, the 1983: 1875: 1853:Treaty on Basic Relations 1660: 649: 641: 627: 515: 505: 501: 488: 475: 461: 448: 438: 422: 409: 405: 395: 391: 376: 361: 357: 345: 341: 329: 317: 305: 301: 291: 279: 217: 196: 168: 156: 138: 115: 75: 70: 54: 40: 34: 15824:Former Japanese colonies 15340:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 15285:National Republican Army 15280:Latvian Auxiliary Police 15205:Albanian Fascist Militia 14800:Second Sino-Japanese War 14742:Racial Equality Proposal 14322:Agriculture and Commerce 13854:Civil Affairs Bureau of 13674:Motodomari Subprefecture 12977:Office of the Yi Dynasty 12971:Colored Clothes Campaign 12703:Harvard University Press 12615:25.1/2 (1970): 155–195. 12219: 11326: 11256:12 November 2012 at the 10833:: CS1 maint: location ( 10727:The Developing Economies 9233:10.1177/0002716208314191 8559: 8478:11 February 2022 at the 8096:. Taylor & Francis. 8073:Myers, Brian R. (2011). 8037: 8009: 7961: 7787:10.1177/0022009417692410 7648: 7557: 7523: 7227:. New York. p. 118. 7194:McCune, Shannon (1974). 7179:McCune, Shannon (1964). 6777:13 November 2023 at the 6527: 6483: 5946: 5407: 5301:, 2019 South Korean film 5293:, 2019 South Korean film 5250:, 2017 South Korean film 5242:, 2017 South Korean film 5226:, 2016 South Korean film 5218:, 2016 South Korean film 5210:, 2016 South Korean film 5202:, 2016 South Korean film 5194:, 2016 South Korean film 5186:, 2015 South Korean film 5178:, 2015 South Korean film 5162:, 2011 South Korean film 5138:, 2008 South Korean film 5130:, 1986 South Korean film 5122:, 1973 South Korean film 5106:, 1972 North Korean film 5090:, 1965 South Korean film 4710:The primary building of 4547:Middle & high school 3944:Administrative divisions 3693:University of Manchester 2776:as well as the colonial 2514:Minister of War of Japan 1829:rule of the Soviet Union 993:Four Commanderies of Han 15789:Former colonies in Asia 15458:Royal Thai Armed Forces 15448:Manchukuo Imperial Army 15433:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 15381:Burma Independence Army 15313:Russian Liberation Army 15275:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps 15237:Belarusian Home Defence 15201:Albanian collaborators 14712:Washington Naval Treaty 14657:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 14642:First Sino-Japanese War 14461:Nuclear weapons program 14203:Great Japan Youth Party 14130:National seals of Japan 13682:Tomarioru Subprefecture 13539:Wednesday demonstration 13476:Treaty of San Francisco 12688:Stucke, Walter (2011). 12677:McKenzie, F.A. (1920). 12048:Oxford University Press 11742:Kim Seong-hwan (2004). 11657:"Stateless in Sakhalin" 11411:21 October 2012 at the 11054:14 January 2014 at the 10633:朝鮮総督府 (31 March 1944). 10592:朝鮮総督府 (31 March 1938). 10551:朝鮮総督府 (31 March 1929). 10481:[Keijo Nippo]. 10415:Han, Jeon (June 2019). 10068:Song, Byung-Nak (1997) 10048:Suh, Sang-Chul (1978), 9288:(2009) 115#2 pp 365–404 7890:13 October 2013 at the 7859:"history of the museum" 7634:3 December 2008 at the 7198:. Pyongyang. p. 7. 6829:Hulbert, H. B. (1999). 6393:31 October 2007 at the 6132:Hook, Glenn D. (2001). 5313:Beasts of a Little Land 5154:, 2008 South Korea film 4874:crimes against humanity 4654:Korean Language Society 4638:Japanese writing system 4569:temporary school & 4495:and instruction in the 4493:Imperial House of Japan 4394:During colonial times, 3855:Resistance within Korea 3765:Korean Christians were 3735:in 1932 and subsequent 2358:Second Peace Conference 2186:, and China signed the 2184:First Sino-Japanese War 2164:First Sino-Japanese War 2154:First Sino-Japanese War 2061:Ganghwa Island incident 2049:extraterritorial rights 2045:a protectorate of China 1825:was immediately divided 1703:First Sino–Japanese War 695: 644: 197:Official languages 15443:Malayan Volunteer Army 15309:Russian collaborators 15257:Finnish Defence Forces 14790:Motherland controversy 14760:Shōwa financial crisis 14552:Imperial Japanese Navy 14492:Imperial Japanese Army 14223:Peace Preservation Law 13658:Toyohara Subprefecture 13331:Provisional Government 13187:Shinano River incident 12851:37.57750°N 126.97694°E 12824:Walter Stucke (2011), 11688:Pohl, J. Otto (1999), 11605:Suh, Dae-sook (1967), 10187:Registration required. 10152:"일제 토지ㆍ식량 수탈론은 상상된 신화" 10141:Registration required. 9749:Cite journal requires 9682:"The Power to Mystify" 9660:contents.history.go.kr 9389:"March First Movement" 9142:www.europarl.europa.eu 9035:9 January 2021 at the 8592:Rays of the Rising Sun 8142:Rummel, R. J. (1999). 7126:busan.grandculture.net 6961:6 October 2023 at the 6908:6 October 2023 at the 6887:6 October 2023 at the 6724:; London, October 1904 6722:Anglo-Japanese Gazette 6521:) former professor at 6239:The Gazette (Montreal) 6175:"Treaty of Annexation" 5850:Lee, Jong-won (2001). 5323:, 2022 Apple TV+ drama 5016: 4985:South Korean president 4953:Atomic bomb casualties 4781:Peace Preservation Law 4438:has recently become a 4377:Japanese school system 4372: 4364: 4356: 4242: 4169: 4150: 4110: 4102: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4070: 3994: 3841:Korean Liberation Army 3809: 3770: 3677:Imperial Japanese Army 3627: 3519:Korean Liberation Army 3486: 3257:Imperial Japanese Army 3252: 3231:Korean royalty of the 3048:the provisions of the 3036: 3025: 2833: 2729: 2621: 2609: 2509: 2455: 2433:on 26 September 1910. 2336:Taft–Katsura agreement 2315: 2298:Taft–Katsura agreement 2176:Convention of Tientsin 2166: 2032: 1794:Shinano River incident 1697:and intervened in the 1568:World Heritage Sites ( 1559:Science and technology 1337:Provisional Government 15784:Japan–Korea relations 15463:Russian Fascist Party 15252:Croatian Armed Forces 14702:Siberian Intervention 14511:Railways and Shipping 14327:Commerce and Industry 14023:Industrial production 13876:Torakku Subprefecture 13690:Esutoru Subprefecture 13670:Shikuka Subprefecture 13662:Ōtomari Subprefecture 13527:Futsukaichi Rest Home 13344:Places and structures 13297:Independence movement 13211:Hongkou Park Incident 12959:Chōsen Art Exhibition 12538:28 April 2018 at the 12408:Paedagogica Historica 11956:on 13 February 2009. 11624:Moon, Rennie (2010). 11192:Kim, Jongsok (2018). 10756:Paedagogica Historica 10721:ABE, Hiroshi (1971). 10098:Pratt, Keith (2007). 10030:Cyhn, Jin W. (2002). 9624:Lee, Ki-Baik (1999). 9421:Lee, Ki-Baik (1999). 8088:Ryang, Sonia (2000). 7714:The Los Angeles Times 7428:노, 형석 (31 May 2018). 7294:(3). Wiley: 564–566. 6468:13 April 2009 at the 6449:13 April 2009 at the 5925:Human Security Centre 5713:Mori, Mayuko (2012). 5661:"Aero Meet for Fleet" 5247:Anarchist from Colony 5011: 4891:The National Archives 4705:Tōkyō National Museum 4485:Shiritsu gakko kisoku 4440:politically incorrect 4370: 4362: 4352: 4240: 4164: 4145: 4139:According to scholar 4108: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4060: 3992: 3807: 3764: 3699:Religion and ideology 3625: 3507:1st Infantry Division 3481: 3230: 3031: 3020: 2883:cultural assimilation 2863:Order to change names 2831: 2723: 2615: 2604: 2493: 2450: 2313: 2288:Prelude to annexation 2188:Treaty of Shimonoseki 2161: 2055:signed under duress ( 2031:which is near Ganghwa 2022: 1060:(Tributary of Baekje) 1006:Three Kingdoms period 413:Japanese protectorate 15428:Inner Mongolian Army 15416:Indian National Army 15300:Royal Hungarian Army 15295:Romanian Land Forces 15120:Political dissidence 14969:Occupied territories 14707:General Election Law 14531:Taiwan Army of Japan 13924:Civil Affairs Bureau 13884:Yarūto Subprefecture 13880:Ponape Subprefecture 13864:Saipan Subprefecture 13804:Shinchiku Prefecture 13694:Ushiro Subprefecture 13666:Rūtaka Subprefecture 13433:Japan–Korea disputes 13175:Battle of Qingshanli 13162:Battle of Fengwudong 13150:March First Movement 12934:Japanese Korean Army 12697:Uchida, Jun (2011). 12659:Hildi, Kang (2001), 12521:Panminnja Choesanggi 12220:강제동원 ‘조선인 전범’ 오명 벗었다 12091:Taylor & Francis 12050:. pp. 548–549. 11832:. 29 December 2015. 11810:on 22 September 2006 11723:on 28 September 2013 10299:Modern Asian Studies 9794:Kohli, Atul (2004). 8565:CBS Nocut News/Naver 8017:on 28 September 2007 7746:. 20 February 2005. 7467:mediahub.seoul.go.kr 6362:6 March 2023 at the 6357:왜정시대, 일제식민지시대, 일제강점기 6209:Reno Gazette-Journal 5700:4 April 2023 at the 5632:Brooklyn Times Union 5392:Japan–Korea disputes 4866:crimes against peace 4272:The Korea Daily News 4259:Newspaper censorship 3919:spheres of influence 2642:, having lost their 2616:Headquarters of the 2343:Treaty of Portsmouth 2218:Karl Ivanovich Weber 2169:The outbreak of the 2097:In August 1882, the 1833:of the United States 1372:North-South division 1362:Military governments 1135:(Tributary of Silla) 15473:Takasago Volunteers 15401:Gando Special Force 15325:Security Battalions 14939:Wang Jingwei regime 14849:Potsdam Declaration 14840:Soviet–Japanese War 14795:Anti-Comintern Pact 14785:January 28 incident 14770:London Naval Treaty 14647:Triple Intervention 14476:Supreme War Council 14360:deliberative bodies 13872:Yappu Subprefecture 13868:Parao Subprefecture 13686:Honto Subprefecture 13678:Maoka Subprefecture 13654:Karafuto Prefecture 13244:Five Eulsa Traitors 13199:June Tenth Movement 12856:37.57750; 126.97694 12847: / 12772:Horace Newton Allen 12613:Monumenta Nipponica 12453:on 13 November 2011 12318:Fukuoka, Yasunori. 12299:on 31 December 2004 11591:10.3390/rel13090824 11404:Yoshihiro Makino. " 10688:Hokkaido University 8701:Gavan Daws (1994). 8462:on 18 October 2015. 8130:Death by Government 7883:Ohashi Toshihiro. " 7716:. 5 December 2010. 6930:10.7591/j.ctt1xx4cs 6598:Columbia University 6241:. 13 October 1937. 6185:on 11 February 2007 6109:. 15 January 2023. 5878:, pp. 119–120. 5667:. 29 October 1910. 5522:Wi Jo Kang (1997). 5377:Japanese war crimes 5191:Spirits' Homecoming 5111:Tell O' The Forest! 5037:Hasegawa Yoshimichi 4907:Library of Congress 4826:former Soviet Union 4697:occupation of Japan 4642:Heungbujeon/Kōfuden 4510: 4141:Donald S. Macdonald 3921:, which led to the 3831:and a bombing at a 3579:Japanese war crimes 3542:Gando Special Force 3530:Gando Special Force 3269: 3120: 3081:, where during the 3068:Karafuto Prefecture 2899: 2824:Wanpaoshan Incident 2742:Doosan Encyclopedia 2502:on 22 August 1910 ( 2437:Militant resistance 2332:William Howard Taft 2280:at the royal altar 2214:Empress Myeongseong 1643:From 1910 to 1945, 1327:Japanese occupation 181:Keijō (Gyeongseong) 148:National Geographic 15335:Slovene Home Guard 14662:Russo-Japanese War 14632:Two Lords Incident 14287:Imperial Household 13824:Karenkō Prefecture 13799:Taihoku Prefecture 13551:Asian Women's Fund 13494:Murayama Statement 13351:Altteureu Airfield 13217:Battle of Pochonbo 13168:Battle of Samdunja 12761:Isabella Lucy Bird 12387:on 4 February 2007 12379:Stearns, Peter N. 12015:The New York Times 11869:on 17 October 2006 11715:(21 August 2012). 11626:"Koreans in Japan" 11421:. 8 December 2011. 11232:on 26 January 2007 10949:"Statistics Korea" 10504:"조선총독부 관보: 일자별 보기" 10102:. Reaktion Books. 9824:Randall S. Jones. 9722:Saitama University 9467:[Kim Ku], 9326:"2·8독립선언 (二八獨立宣言)" 9172:9 May 2021 at the 9118:on 3 November 2009 9097:2016-03-03 at the 9082:, CNN, 2001-03-29. 9078:2006-09-22 at the 8960:History and Memory 8791:on 28 August 2008. 8282:Yonhap News Agency 8158:Available online: 7920:Em, Henry (2013). 7896:Sogo Seisaku Ronso 7522:"Hakoishi report" 7342:Far Eastern Survey 7260:on 25 January 2007 6854:Keene, D. (2005). 6568:on 1 February 2016 6525:(1 January 2002). 6491:on 16 January 2015 6484:国立公文書館アジア歴史資料センター 5601:. 29 August 1910. 5364:South Korea portal 5231:Chicago Typewriter 5215:The Age of Shadows 5080:In popular culture 4786:atheist components 4689:cultural artifacts 4636:influenced by the 4508: 4474:enmon gakko kisoku 4396:elementary schools 4373: 4365: 4357: 4277:Daehan Maeil Sinbo 4243: 4172:the foundation of 4111: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4071: 3995: 3969:. You can help by 3837:Chinese government 3810: 3771: 3757:March 1st Movement 3751:March 1st Movement 3665:Asian Women's Fund 3628: 3591:Bataan Death March 3487: 3267: 3253: 3118: 3100:Altteureu Airfield 3037: 3026: 2897: 2891:Korean family name 2834: 2755:Liaodong Peninsula 2730: 2622: 2610: 2576:March 1st Movement 2510: 2456: 2356:In June 1907, the 2321:Russo-Japanese War 2316: 2294:Russo-Japanese War 2167: 2033: 1821:surrender of Japan 1711:Russo-Japanese War 1270:(Vassal of Goryeo) 880:4th–2nd century BC 754:700,000 BC-8000 BC 741:Prehistoric period 479:Surrender of Japan 452:March 1st Movement 104:Government-General 15756: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15735: 15591: 15486: 15485: 15374:collaborationists 15350:Wehrmacht foreign 15345:Waffen-SS foreign 15261: 15195:collaborationists 15128: 15127: 15100:Socialist thought 15048: 15047: 14987:Dutch East Indies 14949:Empire of Vietnam 14867: 14866: 14637:Satsuma Rebellion 14617:Meiji Restoration 14594: 14593: 14404: 14403: 14342:Greater East Asia 14228:Political parties 14183:Foreign relations 13930: 13929: 13860:Nan'yō Government 13814:Tainan Prefecture 13809:Taichū Prefecture 13588: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13557:Shimonoseki Trial 13458:Division of Korea 13387:Keijō Post Office 13339: 13338: 13311:Independence Club 13065: 13064: 12965:Chosun Exhibition 12952:Cultural policies 12911:from 1910 to 1945 12727:Library resources 12712:978-0-674-06253-5 12670:978-0-8014-7270-1 12638:978-0-295-97533-7 12623:Eckert, Carter J. 12598:978-0-8248-3174-5 12440:Michio Miyasaka, 12250:Eckert, Carter J. 12198:on 4 October 2012 12172:on 4 October 2012 12057:978-0-1987-4462-7 11753:978-89-5828-032-3 11358:Los Angeles Times 11179:978-0-295-98900-6 11142:978-1-59880-250-4 11133:Moon Publications 11111:978-0-8047-5408-8 11086:978-0-295-98900-6 10925:978-0-295-98900-6 10900:978-0-295-98900-6 10354:"대한매일신보 (大韓每日申報)" 10109:978-1-86189-335-2 9888:on 12 August 2013 9852:10.1111/ehr.12535 9641:978-0-674-61575-5 9454:, pp. 52–53. 9438:978-0-674-61575-5 9053:978-0-231-12033-3 8929:hrlibrary.umn.edu 8770:978-0-8062-2300-1 8763:. Carlton Press. 8712:978-0-688-11812-9 8153:978-3-8258-4010-5 8103:978-1-136-35312-3 7984:on 3 January 2007 7844:978-1-350-09146-7 7662:978-89-89524-05-2 7601:978-0-520-94768-9 7507:978-0-520-26674-2 6867:978-0-231-12340-2 6840:978-0-7007-0700-3 6387:The Asahi Shimbun 6048:. November 2017. 5665:Los Angeles Times 5274:The Hymn of Death 5239:Battleship Island 5207:The Last Princess 5031:Terauchi Masatake 4604: 4603: 4558:elementary school 4536:Vocational school 4217:, a professor at 3987: 3986: 3923:division of Korea 3885:Division of Korea 3476: 3475: 3225: 3224: 2990: 2989: 2852:Republic of China 2768:The royal palace 2606:Terauchi Masatake 2518:Terauchi Masatake 2512:In May 1910, the 2459:Japanese army at 2431:Terauchi Masatake 2261:Independence Club 2251:Independence Club 2227:chargé d'affaires 2057:gunboat diplomacy 1684:Meiji Restoration 1641: 1640: 1402: 1401: 1345: 1344: 1310: 1309: 1240: 1239: 1143: 1142: 1080: 1079: 893: 892: 810: 809: 703: 702: 658: 623: 622: 619: 618: 549: 548: 427:Annexation treaty 381: 378:• 1944–1945 371:Terauchi Masatake 366: 363:• 1910–1916 331:• 1926–1945 319:• 1912–1926 307:• 1910–1912 131: 16:(Redirected from 15856: 15733: 15589: 15305:Royal Iraqi Army 15259: 15184: 15183: 15174: 15173: 15155: 15148: 15141: 15132: 15131: 15090:Shinmin no Michi 15080:Internment camps 14992:French Indochina 14876: 14875: 14722:Taishō Democracy 14603: 14602: 14526:Japanese holdout 14413: 14412: 14337:Colonial Affairs 14271: 14270: 14198:Yokusan Sonendan 14104: 14096: 14088: 14072: 14071: 13998:Economic history 13957: 13950: 13943: 13934: 13933: 13901:Governor-General 13829:Taitō Prefecture 13819:Takao Prefecture 13794:Governor-General 13711:Governor-General 13615: 13608: 13601: 13592: 13591: 13519: 13513: 13512: 13464:Koreans in Japan 13402:Seodaemun Prison 13298: 13236: 13144:105-Man Incident 13093: 13092: 13087:Sakhalin Koreans 13032: 13031: 12946: 12945: 12892: 12885: 12878: 12869: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12716: 12693: 12684: 12673: 12655: 12646: 12641:, archived from 12601: 12572: 12571: 12555: 12546: 12530: 12524: 12517: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12491: 12485: 12469: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12449:. Archived from 12438: 12432: 12431: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12335: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12295:. Archived from 12289: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12263: 12257: 12247: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12227:/ Seoul Sinmun. 12214: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12194:. Archived from 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12168:. Archived from 12162: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12139:9-7807-3916-9414 12123: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12100:9-7811-3409-1317 12080: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11865:. Archived from 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11744:일제의 침략 전쟁과 병참기지화 11739: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11613:, pp. 66–68 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11569: 11563: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11495: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11441: 11435: 11428: 11422: 11402: 11396: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11321: 11315: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11267: 11261: 11260:14 November 2010 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11228:. Archived from 11207: 11201: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11131:. Berkeley, CA: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11072: 11066: 11045: 11039: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10997: 10991: 10984: 10978: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10945: 10939: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10869: 10845: 10839: 10838: 10832: 10824: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10649:10.11501/1454691 10630: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10608:10.11501/1452382 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10567:10.11501/1443598 10548: 10542: 10541: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10508:db.history.go.kr 10500: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10443: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10290: 10269: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10234:. January 1997. 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10194: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10169:Lee, Yong Hoon. 10166: 10160: 10159: 10158:on 18 June 2013. 10148: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10123:Lee, Yong Hoon. 10120: 10114: 10113: 10095: 10089: 10086: 10080: 10066: 10060: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10027: 10021: 10018: 10012: 10009: 10003: 9996: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9939: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9909: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9884:. Archived from 9878: 9872: 9871: 9835: 9829: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9752: 9747: 9745: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9534: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9499: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9465:"김구[金九]" 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9418: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9321: 9315: 9308: 9302: 9301:(1945) 7:401–407 9295: 9289: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9182: 9176: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9114:. Archived from 9108: 9102: 9089: 9083: 9070: 9064: 9061: 9055: 9045: 9039: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8815: 8808: 8802: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8612:on 13 April 2016 8608:. Archived from 8602: 8596: 8595: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8533: 8527: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8489: 8483: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8336: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8285:. 5 October 2010 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8255:The Korea Herald 8245: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8157: 8139: 8133: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8006: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7983: 7977:, archived from 7975:Kyoto University 7972: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7917: 7908: 7905: 7899: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7828: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7686:. 16 July 2020. 7676: 7667: 7666: 7649:평양일대 락랑무덤에 대한 연구 7644: 7638: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7536: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7256:. Archived from 7249: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7228: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7181:Korea's Heritage 7176: 7170: 7169: 7163: 7155: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6971: 6965: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6918: 6912: 6897: 6891: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6831:History of Korea 6826: 6820: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6791: 6785: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6738: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6606: 6600: 6591: 6585: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6564:. Archived from 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6487:. Archived from 6479: 6473: 6460: 6454: 6441: 6435: 6420: 6397: 6380: 6371: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6181:. Archived from 6171: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6077:The Conversation 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5990:on 2 August 2015 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5856: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5757: 5751:Lee, J ong-Wha. 5748: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5710: 5704: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5519: 5510: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5454: 5437: 5436: 5421: 5418: 5402:History of Korea 5366: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5282:Different Dreams 5266:, 2017 novel by 4924: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4902:discrimination. 4807:Sakhalin Koreans 4803:Zainichi Koreans 4514:Academic ability 4511: 4507: 4446:primary school ( 4433: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4304:official gazette 3982: 3979: 3961: 3954: 3938:Koreans in Japan 3783: 3689:Hirofumi Hayashi 3669:Yoshimi Yoshiaki 3657:Kyoto University 3557:Battle of Tarawa 3270: 3266: 3121: 3117: 3083:Battle of Tarawa 3008:Sakhalin Koreans 3004:Koreans in Japan 2900: 2896: 2879: 2878: 2857:Kijūrō Shidehara 2794: 2759:Japanese control 2683: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2660:Second World War 2507: 2506: 2453:Le Petit Journal 2268: 2267: 2029:Yeongjong Island 1994: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1915:Ilje Gangjeom-gi 1907: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1680:Perry Expedition 1662: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1607:Korea portal 1605: 1604: 1579: 1573: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1465: 1358: 1357: 1323: 1322: 1253: 1252: 1174:(Later Goguryeo) 1158: 1157: 1095: 1094: 1046:Gaya confederacy 1011: 1010: 969: 962: 955: 936: 929: 867: 855: 843: 833: 823: 822: 746: 745: 733: 723: 705: 704: 693: 683: 673: 672: 663: 653: 651: 615: 614: 601: 600: 587: 586: 569: 568: 553: 552: 540: 539: 533: 532: 517: 516: 484:2 September 1945 471:10 November 1939 430: 418:17 November 1905 379: 364: 348:Governor-General 179: 171:and largest city 143: 133: 132: 97: 83: 65: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 43: 42: 32: 31: 21: 15864: 15863: 15859: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15759: 15758: 15757: 15748: 15511:Italian Albania 15482: 15366: 15191: 15168: 15159: 15129: 15124: 15110:Yasukuni Shrine 15044: 15021: 14963: 14917: 14863: 14815:Tripartite Pact 14810:Rape of Nanking 14746: 14732:Tapani incident 14676: 14652:Boxer Rebellion 14610: 14590: 14554: 14545: 14494: 14485: 14420: 14400: 14394:Representatives 14362: 14359: 14358:Legislative and 14351: 14317:Foreign Affairs 14280: 14277: 14262: 14161: 14140:Government Seal 14125:Rising Sun Flag 14108: 14102: 14094: 14086: 14073: 14064: 13966: 13964:Empire of Japan 13961: 13931: 13926: 13887: 13837: 13834:Hōko Prefecture 13781: 13698: 13629: 13619: 13589: 13580: 13517: 13511: 13406: 13335: 13296: 13290: 13281:Song Byeong-jun 13234: 13228: 13156:Jeamri Massacre 13132: 13091: 13061: 13030: 12999: 12988:Shinto in Korea 12947: 12938: 12912: 12909:Empire of Japan 12901: 12896: 12865: 12855: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12833: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12735: 12734: 12730: 12723: 12713: 12671: 12645:on 30 July 2013 12639: 12608: 12606:Further reading 12599: 12581: 12576: 12575: 12556: 12549: 12540:Wayback Machine 12531: 12527: 12518: 12514: 12504: 12502: 12497:. 12 May 2016. 12493: 12492: 12488: 12481:5 June 2012 at 12470: 12466: 12456: 12454: 12445: 12439: 12435: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12361: 12348: 12347: 12343: 12333: 12331: 12316: 12312: 12302: 12300: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12276: 12274: 12265: 12264: 12260: 12248: 12244: 12234: 12232: 12221: 12215: 12211: 12201: 12199: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12164: 12163: 12159: 12149: 12147: 12140: 12124: 12120: 12110: 12108: 12101: 12093:. p. 116. 12081: 12077: 12067: 12065: 12058: 12038: 12034: 12024: 12022: 12007: 12003: 11993: 11991: 11968: 11964: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11924:The Seoul Times 11918: 11917: 11913: 11903: 11901: 11886: 11882: 11872: 11870: 11862:The Chosun Ilbo 11853: 11849: 11839: 11837: 11828: 11827: 11823: 11813: 11811: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11783: 11781: 11773:The Japan Times 11766: 11765: 11761: 11754: 11740: 11736: 11726: 11724: 11717:"Korean carrot" 11710: 11706: 11700: 11686: 11682: 11672: 11670: 11662:The Korea Times 11653: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11622: 11618: 11603: 11599: 11570: 11566: 11557: 11553: 11543: 11541: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11497: 11496: 11489: 11479: 11477: 11442: 11438: 11429: 11425: 11413:Wayback Machine 11403: 11399: 11390:Wayback Machine 11381: 11377: 11367: 11365: 11350: 11346: 11341:on 8 July 2011. 11333:The Chosun Ilbo 11328: 11322: 11318: 11309: 11305: 11295: 11293: 11268: 11264: 11258:Wayback Machine 11249: 11245: 11235: 11233: 11212:"A Legacy Lost" 11208: 11204: 11191: 11187: 11180: 11166: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11143: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11098: 11094: 11087: 11073: 11069: 11056:Wayback Machine 11047:Hyŏng-gyu Pak. 11046: 11042: 11033: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11010: 11008: 10999: 10998: 10994: 10985: 10981: 10972: 10968: 10958: 10956: 10947: 10946: 10942: 10937: 10933: 10926: 10912: 10908: 10901: 10887: 10883: 10846: 10842: 10826: 10825: 10787: 10783: 10752: 10748: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10682:(in Japanese). 10672: 10668: 10658: 10656: 10636:朝鮮総督府統計年報昭和17年 10631: 10627: 10617: 10615: 10595:朝鮮総督府統計年報昭和11年 10590: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10549: 10545: 10530: 10526: 10516: 10514: 10502: 10501: 10497: 10487: 10485: 10477: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10460: 10444: 10437: 10427: 10425: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10394:The Korea Times 10385: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10350: 10346: 10336: 10334: 10291: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10257:Alleyne Ireland 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10204:. 31 May 2007. 10202:The Chosun Ilbo 10196: 10195: 10191: 10180: 10178: 10167: 10163: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10134: 10132: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10096: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10067: 10063: 10047: 10043: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10015: 10010: 10006: 9985:10.2307/2598181 9967: 9963: 9953: 9951: 9940: 9933: 9923: 9921: 9910: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9836: 9832: 9823: 9819: 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9750: 9748: 9739: 9738: 9731: 9729: 9714: 9710: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9678: 9674: 9664: 9662: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9622: 9618: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9587: 9575:"독수리작전 (禿수리作戰)" 9571: 9567: 9558: 9556: 9539:"한국광복군 (韓國光復軍)" 9535: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9504:"한인애국단 (韓人愛國團)" 9500: 9491: 9482: 9480: 9462: 9458: 9452:Robinson (2007) 9450: 9446: 9439: 9419: 9412: 9402: 9400: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9370: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9322: 9318: 9309: 9305: 9296: 9292: 9283: 9276: 9266: 9264: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9192:. August 2007. 9184: 9183: 9179: 9174:Wayback Machine 9165: 9161: 9151: 9149: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9121: 9119: 9110: 9109: 9105: 9099:Wayback Machine 9090: 9086: 9080:Wayback Machine 9071: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9046: 9042: 9037:Wayback Machine 9027: 9023: 9013: 9011: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8936: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8878: 8861: 8857: 8847: 8845: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8818: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8757: 8753: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8655: 8653: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8623: 8622: 8615: 8613: 8606:"Archived copy" 8604: 8603: 8599: 8588: 8584: 8574: 8572: 8571:on 12 July 2012 8561: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8480:Wayback Machine 8471: 8467: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8439: 8437: 8430: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8381:The Japan Times 8372: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8348:. 1 June 2001. 8338: 8337: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8288: 8286: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8230: 8227:The Dong-A Ilbo 8218: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8195:www.ibiblio.org 8189: 8188: 8184: 8174: 8172: 8159: 8154: 8140: 8136: 8128:Rummel, R. J., 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8104: 8086: 8082: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8045:on 4 March 2016 8039: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8011: 8000: 7996: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7970: 7963: 7959:Mizuno, Naoki, 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7892:Wayback Machine 7882: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7865:on 3 March 2016 7857: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7829: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7767: 7763: 7753: 7751: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7684:The Korea Times 7678: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7655:]. 서울: 중심. 7650: 7645: 7641: 7636:Wayback Machine 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7602: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7547: 7534: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7426: 7422: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7354:10.2307/3021667 7334: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7300:10.2307/2598181 7280: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7250: 7246: 7230: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7201: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7177: 7173: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7059:. 12 May 2010. 7055: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6986: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6963:Wayback Machine 6953: 6949: 6939: 6937: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6910:Wayback Machine 6898: 6894: 6889:Wayback Machine 6879: 6875: 6868: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6797:. 2 July 2014. 6793: 6792: 6788: 6779:Wayback Machine 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6701:The Korea Times 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6670:"환구단에서 황제에 오르다" 6668: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6607: 6603: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6569: 6562:"Archived copy" 6560: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6529: 6515:Park Jong-hyo ( 6513: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6470:Wayback Machine 6461: 6457: 6451:Wayback Machine 6442: 6438: 6421: 6400: 6395:Wayback Machine 6381: 6374: 6364:Wayback Machine 6354: 6350: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6266:"일제강점기 (日帝强占期)" 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6155: 6153: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6018:. 7 July 2015. 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5789: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5711: 5707: 5702:Wayback Machine 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5599:Washington Post 5593: 5592: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5520: 5513: 5505:Hitoshi Nitta. 5504: 5500: 5491: 5487: 5478: 5474: 5465: 5461: 5446:Country Studies 5443: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5143:Capital Scandal 5103:The Flower Girl 5082: 5055:Yamanashi Hanzō 5049:Kazushige Ugaki 5027: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4938:Prevention Laws 4931: 4899: 4868:, conventional 4840: 4834: 4817:Korean diaspora 4813: 4801:Main articles: 4799: 4797:Korean diaspora 4794: 4773: 4767: 4740: 4685: 4662:Korean alphabet 4625: 4623:Korean language 4420:chodeung hakgyo 4347: 4334:The Dong-a Ilbo 4328:The Chosun Ilbo 4306:, entitled the 4299:The Seoul Press 4267: 4261: 4256: 4235: 4227:Alleyne Ireland 4201:Kazushige Ugaki 4174:Korean in China 4055: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3967:needs expansion 3952: 3946: 3887: 3881: 3857: 3816: 3802: 3777: 3759: 3753: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3620: 3614: 3249:Yasukuni Shrine 3136: 3131: 3116: 3104:Songak Mountain 3043:as a result of 3041:labor shortages 3015: 3010: 3000: 2995: 2871: 2865: 2826: 2820: 2788: 2718: 2712: 2686:command economy 2680: 2667: 2589: 2584: 2532:Korea with the 2488: 2482: 2473:Akashi Motojiro 2469: 2467:Military police 2445: 2439: 2416:Austria-Hungary 2308: 2292:Main articles: 2290: 2257: 2249:Main articles: 2247: 2206: 2200: 2156: 2148:Main articles: 2146: 2118: 2110:Main articles: 2108: 2079: 2071:Main articles: 2069: 2041:Commodore Perry 2017: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1995:has been used. 1980: 1973:Wae-jeong Sidae 1872: 1869: 1790:Jeamni massacre 1651:under the name 1649:Empire of Japan 1637: 1599: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1575: 1569: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1461: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1320: 1319:Colonial period 1312: 1311: 1250: 1249:Dynastic period 1242: 1241: 1207:Dongdan Kingdom 1155: 1145: 1144: 1121:Little Goguryeo 1101:(Unified Silla) 1092: 1082: 1081: 1008: 998: 997: 989: 965: 958: 951: 932: 925: 905: 895: 894: 865: 853: 841: 820: 812: 811: 802:Liaoning dagger 764:8000 BC–1500 BC 743: 721: 714: 699: 634: 612: 598: 584: 578: 566: 560: 537: 494: 481: 468: 454: 441: 431: 425: 415: 400:Empire of Japan 382: 367: 350: 332: 320: 308: 275: 272: 213: 183: 172: 162:Empire of Japan 152: 134: 127: 124: 111: 110: 109: 107: 105: 103: 98: 90: 89: 84: 66: 59: 58: 52: 45: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15862: 15852: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 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15227:Armistice Army 15224: 15219: 15218: 15217: 15212: 15210:Balli Kombëtar 15207: 15198: 15196: 15181: 15170: 15169: 15166:Imperial Japan 15158: 15157: 15150: 15143: 15135: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15056: 15054: 15050: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15042: 15041: 15040: 15029: 15027: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14973: 14971: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14961: 14956: 14954:State of Burma 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14925: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14882: 14880: 14873: 14869: 14868: 14865: 14864: 14862: 14861: 14856: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14775:Musha Incident 14772: 14767: 14765:Jinan incident 14762: 14756: 14754: 14748: 14747: 14745: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14698: 14697: 14686: 14684: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14622:Beipu uprising 14619: 14613: 14611: 14606: 14600: 14596: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14586:Treaty Faction 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14557: 14555: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14516:Imperial Guard 14513: 14508: 14503: 14497: 14495: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14423: 14421: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14397: 14396: 14391: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14365: 14363: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14283: 14281: 14276:Administration 14274: 14268: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14169: 14167: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14159: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14127: 14122: 14116: 14114: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14106: 14098: 14090: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14074: 14067: 14065: 14063: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13968: 13967: 13960: 13959: 13952: 13945: 13937: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13904:Kantō Bureau: 13897: 13895: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13847: 13845: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13791: 13789: 13783: 13782: 13780: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13708: 13706: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13646: 13644: 13631: 13630: 13618: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13595: 13586: 13585: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13545:Kono Statement 13542: 13536: 13530: 13523: 13521: 13510: 13509: 13503: 13497: 13491: 13485: 13479: 13473: 13467: 13461: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13347: 13345: 13341: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13302: 13300: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13274:Park Jung-yang 13266: 13264:Park Yeong-hyo 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13240: 13238: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13220: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13196: 13193:Kantō Massacre 13190: 13184: 13181:Gando Massacre 13178: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13159: 13153: 13147: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13108:Hashima Island 13105: 13099: 13097: 13090: 13089: 13084: 13073: 13071: 13067: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13059: 13054: 13052:Chosen Railway 13049: 13044: 13038: 13036: 13029: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13007: 13005: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12985: 12979: 12974: 12968: 12962: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12948: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12907:Colony of the 12906: 12903: 12902: 12895: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12872: 12831: 12830: 12822: 12812: 12807: 12805:, 14(2): 37–53 12798: 12789: 12787:, 13(1): 40–56 12780: 12769: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12721:External links 12719: 12718: 12717: 12711: 12694: 12685: 12674: 12669: 12656: 12647: 12637: 12619: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12580: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12547: 12545:, 14 July 2010 12525: 12512: 12486: 12464: 12433: 12414:(3): 377–397. 12398: 12371: 12341: 12310: 12284: 12258: 12242: 12209: 12183: 12157: 12138: 12118: 12099: 12075: 12056: 12032: 12001: 11962: 11941: 11911: 11880: 11847: 11821: 11791: 11759: 11752: 11734: 11713:Lankov, Andrei 11704: 11698: 11680: 11647: 11616: 11597: 11564: 11551: 11520: 11487: 11436: 11423: 11397: 11375: 11344: 11316: 11303: 11262: 11243: 11202: 11185: 11178: 11160: 11141: 11135:. p. 25. 11117: 11110: 11092: 11085: 11067: 11064:978-8936471866 11040: 11027: 11018: 10992: 10979: 10966: 10940: 10931: 10924: 10906: 10899: 10881: 10840: 10781: 10762:(6): 614–628. 10746: 10713: 10666: 10625: 10584: 10554:朝鮮総督府統計年報昭和2年 10543: 10524: 10495: 10470: 10446:정, 진석; 최, 진우. 10435: 10407: 10376: 10344: 10305:(4): 795–815. 10270: 10261: 10249: 10219: 10189: 10161: 10143: 10115: 10108: 10090: 10081: 10061: 10041: 10022: 10013: 10004: 9979:(3): 555–574. 9961: 9931: 9899: 9873: 9846:(2): 593–616. 9830: 9817: 9786: 9760: 9751:|journal= 9708: 9694: 9672: 9647: 9640: 9616: 9611:Korean Studies 9597: 9565: 9526: 9489: 9456: 9444: 9437: 9410: 9380: 9358:"3·1운동 (三一運動)" 9348: 9316: 9310:French, Paul. 9303: 9290: 9274: 9207: 9177: 9159: 9129: 9103: 9084: 9065: 9056: 9040: 9021: 8966:(2): 129–152. 8946: 8916: 8888: 8855: 8825: 8816: 8803: 8794: 8776: 8769: 8751: 8748:on 6 May 2008. 8733: 8718: 8711: 8693: 8663: 8637: 8597: 8582: 8550: 8528: 8519: 8510: 8484: 8465: 8447: 8429:978-9971693336 8428: 8408: 8399: 8363: 8328: 8296: 8268: 8240: 8212: 8182: 8152: 8146:. Lit Verlag. 8134: 8121: 8102: 8080: 8065: 8056: 8028: 7994: 7951: 7933:978-0822353720 7932: 7909: 7900: 7876: 7850: 7843: 7820: 7781:(3): 607–624. 7761: 7731: 7701: 7668: 7661: 7639: 7619: 7600: 7580: 7545: 7513: 7506: 7488: 7453: 7420: 7379: 7325: 7271: 7244: 7215: 7186: 7171: 7143: 7113: 7094:(2): 183–189. 7074: 7048: 7022: 6996: 6966: 6947: 6913: 6892: 6873: 6866: 6846: 6839: 6821: 6812: 6786: 6764: 6726: 6714: 6686: 6661: 6633: 6601: 6552: 6502: 6474: 6455: 6436: 6398: 6372: 6348: 6325: 6293: 6256: 6226: 6211:. 8 May 1940. 6196: 6166: 6145:978-0415240970 6144: 6124: 6094: 6063: 6033: 6001: 5971: 5937: 5911: 5880: 5868: 5842: 5780: 5740: 5705: 5689:Donald Keene, 5682: 5649: 5616: 5583: 5553: 5535:978-0791432488 5534: 5511: 5498: 5485: 5472: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:Hashima Island 5379: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5353: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5270: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5199:The Handmaiden 5195: 5187: 5179: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5023:Main article: 5020: 5017: 4999: 4996: 4976: 4973: 4957:Main article: 4954: 4951: 4930: 4927: 4898: 4895: 4852:sexual slavery 4833: 4830: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4766: 4763: 4739: 4736: 4684: 4681: 4624: 4621: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4470:jitsugyo gakkō 4346: 4343: 4318:Gyeongnam Ilbo 4281:Ernest Bethell 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4234: 4231: 4215:Lee Young-hoon 4205:heavy industry 4054: 4051: 3985: 3984: 3964: 3962: 3948:Main article: 3945: 3942: 3889:Following the 3883:Main article: 3880: 3877: 3856: 3853: 3812:Main article: 3801: 3798: 3755:Main article: 3752: 3749: 3729:Primorsky Krai 3720: 3717: 3712:Main article: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3681:European Union 3648:United Nations 3616:Main article: 3613: 3610: 3491:Park Chung Hee 3483:Park Chung Hee 3474: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3115: 3112: 3070:, present-day 3014: 3011: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2867:Main article: 2864: 2861: 2822:Main article: 2819: 2816: 2711: 2708: 2640:tenant farmers 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2484:Main article: 2481: 2478: 2468: 2465: 2441:Main article: 2438: 2435: 2389:Korea to Japan 2366:refused access 2289: 2286: 2246: 2243: 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2145: 2142: 2138:tsarist Russia 2107: 2104: 2068: 2065: 2053:unequal treaty 2013:Main article: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1951:Ilje Amheuk-gi 1868: 1865: 1849:Park Chung Hee 1786:Kantō Massacre 1782:Gando Massacre 1639: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1528: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1455: 1450: 1448:Historiography 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 971: 970: 963: 956: 944: 939: 938: 937: 930: 918: 913: 907: 906: 901: 900: 897: 896: 891: 890: 888: 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 869: 860: 859: 857: 848: 847: 845: 836: 835: 829: 821: 819:Ancient period 818: 817: 814: 813: 808: 807: 805: 796: 795: 793: 786: 785: 784:1500 BC–300 BC 782: 776: 775: 773: 766: 765: 762: 756: 755: 752: 744: 739: 738: 735: 734: 726: 725: 716: 715: 708: 701: 700: 698: 697: 694: 642: 639: 638: 629: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 609: 603: 602: 595: 589: 588: 581: 571: 570: 563: 550: 547: 546: 541: 529: 528: 523: 513: 512: 507: 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 489: 486: 485: 482: 476: 473: 472: 469: 462: 459: 458: 455: 449: 446: 445: 444:29 August 1910 442: 439: 436: 435: 434:22 August 1910 432: 423: 420: 419: 416: 410: 407: 406: 403: 402: 397: 396:Historical era 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 377: 374: 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 333: 330: 327: 326: 321: 318: 315: 314: 309: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 289: 288: 283: 277: 276: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 234: 228: 221: 219: 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 200: 198: 194: 193: 173: 170: 166: 165: 158: 154: 153: 144: 136: 135: 125: 113: 112: 101: 99: 92: 91: 85: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 68: 67: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15861: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15732: 15729: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15617: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15520: 15519: 15518:Baltic states 15516: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15494: 15489: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15406:Golden Square 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15369: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15265:Golden Square 15263: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15242:Blue Division 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15216: 15215:Cham Albanian 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15189: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15175: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15156: 15151: 15149: 15144: 15142: 15137: 15136: 15133: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15065:Fukoku kyōhei 15063: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15051: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15034: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14970: 14966: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14922:Puppet states 14920: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14893: 14892: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14877: 14874: 14870: 14860: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14696: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14688: 14687: 14685: 14683: 14679: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14604: 14601: 14597: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14581:Fleet Faction 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14561:General Staff 14559: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14548: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14501:General Staff 14499: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14488: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14455: 14454:military code 14453: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14414: 14411: 14407: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14385: 14384:Imperial Diet 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14374:Privy Council 14372: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14354: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14292:Home Ministry 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14272: 14269: 14265: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14164: 14158: 14155: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14135:Imperial Seal 14133: 14132: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14120:Flag of Japan 14118: 14117: 14115: 14111: 14105: 14099: 14097: 14091: 14089: 14083: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13958: 13953: 13951: 13946: 13944: 13939: 13938: 13935: 13923: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13890: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13790: 13788: 13784: 13778: 13777:Kankyōhoku-dō 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13747:Keishōhoku-dō 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13727:Chūseihoku-dō 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13705: 13701: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13616: 13611: 13609: 13604: 13602: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13518:Comfort women 13514: 13507: 13504: 13501: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13486: 13483: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13465: 13462: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13371:Hyochang Park 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13356:Gyeongbokgung 13354: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13342: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13301: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13235:Collaborators 13231: 13224: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13200: 13197: 13194: 13191: 13188: 13185: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13173: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13157: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13094: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13078: 13077:Comfort women 13075: 13074: 13072: 13070:Controversies 13068: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13002: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12972: 12969: 12966: 12963: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12935: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12910: 12904: 12900: 12893: 12888: 12886: 12881: 12879: 12874: 12873: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12860: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12799: 12797: 12796:, 20(1): 1–19 12795: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12781: 12779: 12778: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12714: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12695: 12691: 12686: 12682: 12681: 12675: 12672: 12666: 12662: 12657: 12653: 12652:The New Korea 12648: 12644: 12640: 12634: 12630: 12629: 12624: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12609: 12600: 12594: 12590: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12554: 12552: 12544: 12543:The Telegraph 12541: 12537: 12534: 12529: 12522: 12516: 12500: 12496: 12490: 12484: 12483:archive.today 12480: 12477: 12473: 12468: 12452: 12448: 12443: 12437: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12345: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12314: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12272: 12269:. June 1993. 12268: 12262: 12255: 12251: 12246: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12213: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12131: 12130: 12122: 12106: 12102: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12087: 12079: 12063: 12059: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12044: 12036: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12005: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11966: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11915: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11858: 11851: 11835: 11831: 11825: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11763: 11755: 11749: 11745: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11701: 11699:0-313-30921-3 11695: 11691: 11684: 11668: 11664: 11663: 11658: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11620: 11612: 11608: 11601: 11592: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11568: 11561: 11555: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11492: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11433: 11427: 11420: 11419: 11418:Asahi Shimbun 11414: 11410: 11407: 11401: 11394: 11393:Business Week 11391: 11387: 11384: 11379: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11348: 11340: 11336: 11334: 11329: 11320: 11313: 11307: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11247: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11196: 11189: 11181: 11175: 11171: 11164: 11148: 11144: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11121: 11113: 11107: 11103: 11096: 11088: 11082: 11078: 11071: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11044: 11037: 11031: 11022: 11006: 11002: 10996: 10989: 10983: 10976: 10970: 10954: 10950: 10944: 10935: 10927: 10921: 10917: 10910: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10885: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10844: 10836: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10793: 10785: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10741: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10717: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10629: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10588: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10535: 10528: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10499: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10459: 10456:(in Korean). 10455: 10454: 10449: 10442: 10440: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10411: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10381: 10365: 10362:(in Korean). 10361: 10360: 10355: 10348: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10265: 10258: 10253: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10193: 10176: 10172: 10165: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10111: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10085: 10079: 10078:0-19-590049-9 10075: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10058:0-674-36439-2 10055: 10051: 10045: 10037: 10033: 10026: 10017: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9973: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9938: 9936: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9821: 9814: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9798:. Cambridge: 9797: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9756: 9743: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9712: 9704: 9698: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9620: 9612: 9608: 9601: 9586: 9583:(in Korean). 9582: 9581: 9576: 9569: 9554: 9550: 9547:(in Korean), 9546: 9545: 9540: 9533: 9531: 9515: 9512:(in Korean). 9511: 9510: 9505: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9471:(in Korean), 9470: 9466: 9460: 9453: 9448: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9425: 9417: 9415: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9369: 9366:(in Korean). 9365: 9364: 9359: 9352: 9337: 9334:(in Korean). 9333: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9307: 9300: 9294: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9069: 9060: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9025: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8950: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8892: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8859: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8820: 8813: 8807: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8729: 8722: 8714: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8633: 8627: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8593: 8586: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8538: 8532: 8523: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8488: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8412: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8368: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8335: 8333: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8310:The Hankyoreh 8306: 8300: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8076: 8069: 8060: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8016: 8012: 7998: 7980: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7916: 7914: 7904: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7827: 7825: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7647:리순진 (2001). 7643: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7584: 7568: 7565:(in Korean). 7564: 7560: 7552: 7550: 7542: 7530: 7526: 7517: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7469:(in Korean). 7468: 7464: 7457: 7441: 7438:(in Korean). 7437: 7436: 7435:The Hankyoreh 7431: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7332: 7330: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7276: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7234: 7226: 7219: 7211: 7205: 7197: 7190: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7161: 7153: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6960: 6957:Jongjun Kim. 6956: 6951: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6896: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6877: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6836: 6833:. Routledge. 6832: 6825: 6816: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6741:Hadar, Oren. 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6723: 6718: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6642:"독립협회 (獨立協會)" 6637: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6432:0-521-22356-3 6429: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6015:The Hankyoreh 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5941: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5876:Robinson 2007 5872: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5785: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5745: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5440:public domain 5432: 5431: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Comfort women 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5354: 5351: 5340: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175:Assassination 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5067:Kuniaki Koiso 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848:Comfort women 4845: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4755:Chōsen Shrine 4751: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4712:Gyeongbokgung 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4609:human capital 4599: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4412:kokumin gakkō 4397: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4251: 4249: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4225:According to 4223: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4159:laissez-faire 4155: 4154:Suh Sang-chul 4149: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4099: 4091: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4048: 4047:Kankyōhoku-dō 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023:Keishōhoku-dō 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007:Chūseihoku-dō 4004: 4000: 3991: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3965:This section 3963: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3934:38th parallel 3932:south of the 3931: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915:38th parallel 3912: 3907: 3906:John R. Hodge 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3845:Eagle Project 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3715: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3636:comfort women 3633: 3624: 3619: 3618:Comfort women 3612:Comfort women 3609: 3607: 3603: 3602:Burma Railway 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3572:at their back 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526:Kwantung Army 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499:Chung Il-kwon 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3033:Kuniaki Koiso 3030: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3005: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877:朝鮮人ノ姓名改称ニ関スル件 2870: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2830: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2801:Gyeongbokgung 2798: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770:Gyeongbokgung 2766: 2764: 2760: 2757:, then under 2756: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2726:Hyochang Park 2722: 2717: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2477: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420:Ryohei Uchida 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393:Ahn Jung-geun 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2370:Homer Hulbert 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2278:Korean Empire 2275: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2255:Korean Empire 2252: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2232:Gyeongbokgung 2229: 2228: 2223: 2220:'s report to 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2123: 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