374:. Rather, the pursuit of a fair complexion was largely driven by its associations with high status and wealth of the individual. This was because labour workers who performed outdoor work under direct sunlight often had tanned skin, whereas individuals in higher positions within society had the luxury of staying indoors and did not engage in employment. Elizabeth I of England was only ever depicted with fair white skin, as a result of Venetian ceruse, to emphasise her nobility and high status. Many portraits during the Elizabethan era also depicted servants with a dark complexion in the background, to contrast the "lightness" of the main subject with a fairer complexion.
282:
blood pressure and reduced fertility for both men and women. Long-term usage of
Venetian ceruse caused problems from within, such as internal organ damage and in some cases eventual death. Lead toxicity has also been found to cause intellectual impairment and damage to the bones, kidneys and liver in particular. Superficial side effects included hair loss, particularly at the front of the hairline. It is suspected that the hair loss experienced by many women during the 16th century gave rise to the Elizabethan beauty ideal of possessing a high forehead. However, balding may also have been associated with contracting
274:(WHO) declared lead as one of the ten major chemicals of concern in cosmetics. Some sources state that small amounts of lead carbonate exposed to humans can elevate blood levels to high levels of toxicity. The WHO stated that side effects of lead are most prominent following either chronic exposure or short-term exposure to high doses. Long-term use of Venetian ceruse was detrimental to the human body as high amounts of lead were constantly absorbed by the skin. Use of this cosmetic involved the direct application of harmful lead carbonate compounds onto the face, causing regular users to experience
31:
353:, a side effect of using ceruse, was even associated with witchcraft during the 16th century. Although the use of ceruse was rather visibly noticeable upon the individual's face, many women chose to keep their use of Venetian ceruse a secret and did not disclose this information even to their families. The use of Venetian ceruse was largely for the purpose of enhancing beauty by creating a smooth, natural complexion. However, many non-users made commentary on its unnatural appearance and condemned women for using lead-based cosmetics despite their known adverse side effects.
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there were marked differences between the two variants of ceruse. In contrast to regular ceruse, Venetian ceruse was said to be made from pure white lead that was more intense and concentrated in its form. Due to the high demand of ceruse sourced straight from Venice, there may have been counterfeit items for sale on the market. The disingenuous ceruse was thought to contain a mixture of chalk or whiting, which compromised the whiteness, brittleness and weight in comparison to
Venetian ceruse.
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compounds in
Venetian ceruse allowed it to be dissolved in water to form a thick paste that could be easily absorbed by the body through the skin. When mixed with vinegar, the white lead composition of Venetian ceruse had a cooling and drying effect that would suck moisture from the skin of the individual's face and prevent inflammation. Therefore, ceruse was also commonly used for medicinal purposes by surgeons in the 16th century to dry up moist sores.
290:
acidic ingredients were more harsh, and would remove the superficial epidermis of the skin or stop the production of melanin altogether. Some sources state that the faithful application of ceruse by many was a result of the side effects caused by its lead compounds. The lead compounds caused human skin to
342:
individuals had little access to effective medicine for treatment of the many diseases that were rampant at the time. Having fair, clear skin free from blemishes was therefore very highly sought after as it was considered to be a social indicator of an individual in good health and fertility for women.
324:
The practice of deliberate skin lightening initially began in ancient Rome, where lead carbonate was used as a cosmetic product to whiten the skin. Light skin was thought to be a symbol of femininity, and the beauty ideals during that time favoured clarity of the individuals' skin. Lead carbonate was
231:
The process of manufacturing
Venetian ceruse involved carefully placing lead sheets into clay pots partially filled with vinegar. The pots were then sealed with lead lids or packed straw and kept aside for several weeks, allowing lead acetate to form and produce lead carbonate once eventually exposed
222:
White lead was not only used in
Venetian ceruse, but also several other 16th century cosmetics. They had presence in blush products for application on the cheeks and were used in lip stains, by combining red pigments such as vermilion or sandalwood and cinnabar, which contained more harmful compounds
281:
Symptoms of lead poisoning were painful and unpleasant for the affected individual, including but not limited to acute abdominal pain, muscle paralysis, mental confusion and uncontrollable convulsions. More common symptoms of lead poisoning include feeling nauseous, experiencing abdominal pain, high
189:
Variants of ceruse differ based on their proportions of lead carbonate and white lead. Some sources state that
Venetian ceruse was almost identical to regular ceruse, however due to its origins in Venice it was able to be marketed as the best available product on the market. Other sources state that
218:
Apart from its adverse health effects on the human body, white lead had many qualities that made it a valuable ingredient for use in various cosmetic products during the 16th century. Its opaque nature made it an ideal product for concealing imperfections on the skin's surface. The presence of lead
180:
Although
Venetian ceruse was certainly predominantly used by women, it was also thought to have been used by some men in royalty during the 16th century. A light skin complexion was sought after by men as it became a symbol of aristocracy, and suggested that the individual did not have to engage in
269:
Many users of
Venetian ceruse were aware of its potential to cause adverse health side effects, however they continued to use the product regardless. It was not until the end of the 18th century that scientific studies officially concluded the severity of health problems caused by the presence of
252:
trade. The white lead present in ceruse was the exact same compound used in cosmetic products, as medicine and by artists to paint with on canvas. As such, its multiple uses meant the quality and purity of the ceruse was very important to the user. Some sources state that
Venetian ceruse was much
294:
and peel with long-term usage, which left blemishes and scarring on the skin's surface. These blemishes could only be concealed by applying several more layers of the product itself, creating a cycle where women were dependent on
Venetian ceruse for vanity on a daily basis. The product was also
289:
The reason Venetian ceruse was favoured over other 16th century cosmetic powders such as starch, alabaster and crushed mother-of-pearl, was predominantly due to its ease of application and ability to adhere to the skin easily. Other skin lighteners during the 16th century containing mercury and
204:
341:
The ideal beauty standards during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance saw women aiming to achieve a white complexion contrasted by bright red cheeks and lips. The complexion many women strived towards was one that was as "bright as moonlight" and "fair as snow". During the Middle Ages,
145:
Venetian ceruse was the most expensive and highly sought after form of ceruse, making it almost exclusive to high status individuals or the wealthy class. It was favoured by the European aristocracy due to its high quality and most notably, Venetian ceruse was thought to have been used quite
158:
exists to support the claim that Elizabeth used ceruse. It was thought that Elizabeth I's death may have been caused by chronic lead poisoning and the combined use of other dangerous chemicals present in her cosmetics, such as mercury and arsenic.
235:
The white lead present in ceruse originated from various locations around Europe, however Italy was the major manufacturer of corrosives and had been exporting ceruse since the 14th century. Following the powerful influence of the
166:, in 1760. Coventry had been a frequent user of ceruse, and is believed to have died of lead poisoning at age 27 as a result of her faithful use of the cosmetic product. The general public referred to her as "Death by Vanity".
682:
Even Venetian Ceruse, the notorious pale make-up used by Elizabethan actors and never found in the inventories of the queen herself, has been shown in reconstructions to blend lightly into the skin like a modern
73:, the global merchant capital at the time. It is similar to the regular ceruse, although it was marketed as better, more exclusive and more expensive than the regular ceruse variant. The regular ceruse white
215:(PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) also known as hydrocerrusite, which is a hydrate form of cerrusite. Cerrusite is also known as the heavy metal, lead carbonate (PbCO3), which encourages skin depigmentation.
303:
may have contracted smallpox in 1562, which left scarring on her skin and brought about her later faithful use of Venetian ceruse to hide the blemishes that remained.
329:. The basic ingredient of cerussa was white lead, and it was used by Roman women to cover blemishes and enhance skin colour. The Egyptians used lead sulphide in
1473:
Beck, Lucile; Caffy, Ingrid; Delqué-Količ, Emmanuelle; Moreau, Christophe; Dumoulin, Jean-Pascal; Perron, Marion; Guichard, Hélène; Jeammet, Violaine (2018).
406:"After 1558, Elizabeth I of England popularized the use of two toxins in face creams—arsenic and Venetian ceruse, a lead carbonate base dissolved in vinegar."
389:
The procession of Elizabeth I of England. She has been portrayed with a lightness about her and dons a very fair complexion, indicative of her nobility.
666:
1045:
The Handbook of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: Principles, Practice, Populations, and Problem-Solving, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]
1357:
345:
Despite the Elizabethan beauty ideals women faced, the wearing of cosmetics was not received well by the general public. Women who used
938:"The drying of linseed oil investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Historical recipes and influence of lead compounds"
69:. It was in great demand and considered the best available at the time, supposedly containing the best quality white lead sourced from
2371:
361:, disapproved and attempted to wipe the Venetian ceruse from her face in public. Cosmetics were also referred to as the Latin word
253:
more expensive than regular ceruse due to its higher purity and refinement, selling for up to twice as much as regular lead white.
1288:"Awareness of adverse effects of lead-containing cosmetics among the adolescence and young adult population in Chennai. A survey"
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A portrait of Maria Coventry representing 18th-century beauty ideals of a clear, fair complexion with rouged cheeks and lips
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Skin lightening practices, such as the wearing of Venetian ceruse, may not have been directly racially motivated during the
354:
163:
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248:. It was well known for its high-quality luxury goods available at lower prices and played a significant role in the
992:"Red, White and Black: Colors of Beauty, Tints of Health and Cosmetic Materials in Early Modern English Art Writing"
1524:"The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially "Harley Lyrics", Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans"
173:, whose appearance demonstrated how ceruse caused permanent damage and premature ageing. In 1534, an account by
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A recipe from 1688 described the cosmetic as a mixture of water, vinegar, and lead. The cosmetic's use of
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commonly used to conceal scars like pimples or freckles, or blemishes left over from diseases including
2516:
349:, including Venetian ceruse, were often viewed as promiscuous and unfaithful. Some sources state that
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286:; a common disease during the Renaissance period which attributes hair loss as a symptom of disease.
271:
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1999:
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Venice in the 15th century, a global merchant capital famous for trade and high-quality merchandise
1222:"Preventing disease through healthy environments: Exposure to lead: a major public health concern"
154:
user of Venetian ceruse, and critics including Anna Riehl and Kate Maltby have argued that little
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was said to have adopted the beauty ideals of the time while in Paris, however her husband,
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translating to "false colour", further suggesting that wearing makeup was "not natural".
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described her "smeared face" as "dishonestly ugly and even more dishonestly made up."
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World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence
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White lead in the form of moulded tablets, once used as a cosmetic in Ancient Greece
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240:, Venice quickly became a major merchant and fashion capital during the late
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also used throughout ancient Egypt and Greece as a white cosmetic, known as
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de Viguerie, L.; Payard, P.A.; Portero, E.; Walter, P.; Cotte, M. (2016).
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Ceruse was also blamed for the death of an 18th-century London socialite,
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Nicholas Eastaugh; Valentine Walsh; Tracey Chaplin; Ruth Siddall (2007).
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1475:"Absolute dating of lead carbonates in ancient cosmetics by radiocarbon"
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Tabasum, Humyra; Ahmad, Tanzeel; Anjum, Farzana; Rehman, Hina (2013).
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The Face of Queenship: Early Modern Representations of Elizabeth I
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labour work outdoors that would change the colour of their skin.
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Beneath the Surface: A Transnational History of Skin Lighteners
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499:. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 44.
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1131:"Vendecolori a Venezia': The Reconstruction of a Profession"
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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History
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350:
207:
Cerussite, the active ingredient present in Venetian ceruse
150:. However some sources state that she may only have been a
889:"Skin lightening and its motives: A historical overview"
851:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35.
449:. Theory in Forms. Duke University Press. p. pt26.
1425:
497:
Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments
1391:
Skin Bleaching in Black Atlantic Zones: Shade Shifters
1116:
Studying Old Master Paintings: Technology and Practice
333:, for application as makeup typically around the eye.
211:
The primary active ingredient in Venetian ceruse was
1332:"Lead: Health Problems Caused by Lead | NIOSH | CDC"
667:"Why is Elizabeth I always depicted as a grotesque?"
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1112:"Lead white from Venice: a whiter shade of pale"
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419:
1247:"Occupational Lead Exposure and Lead Poisoning"
703:Painted Faces: A Colourful History of Cosmetics
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1432:Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association
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77:is a basic lead carbonate of chemical formula
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129:was detrimental to the human body and caused
1428:"Dapsone in the Management of Acne Vulgaris"
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1251:Journal of the American Medical Association
1165:"Skin lightening: causes and complications"
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169:Another devout user of Venetian ceruse was
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893:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
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804:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
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270:lead in cosmetic products. In 2010, the
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529:. London: John Murray. pp. 45–46.
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1080:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
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1169:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
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800:"Death by Vanity in the 18th Century"
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612:. Taylor & Francis. p. 154.
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355:Maria Coventry, Countess of Coventry
164:Maria Coventry, Countess of Coventry
1376:
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24:
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1245:Staudinger, K; Roth, V.S. (1998).
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137:and in some cases eventual death.
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1263:10.1001/jama.1944.02850330070033
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582:Face Paint: The Story of Makeup
264:
1110:Berrie, B; Matthew, L (2011).
955:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.12.010
469:
400:
226:
38:may have used Venetian ceruse.
13:
1:
1594:
1137:. 114(1196) (1196): 680–686.
734:"The changing face of beauty"
413:
1444:10.1097/jdn.0000000000000008
942:Progress in Organic Coatings
906:10.1016/j.annder.2019.04.017
7:
1813:Hair coloring and bleaching
1388:Tate, Shirley Anne (2016).
10:
2639:
1528:The Modern Language Review
996:Early Science and Medicine
527:The Secret Lives of Colour
306:
223:such as mercury sulphide.
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1492:10.1038/s42004-018-0034-y
1400:10.1007/978-1-137-49846-5
1362:. BoD – Books on Demand.
1042:Guidotti, Tee L. (2020).
1009:10.1163/15733823-02046p05
738:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
525:Kassia St. Clair (2016).
482:Oxford English Dictionary
320:Historical uses of ceruse
272:World Health Organization
194:Chemistry and manufacture
53:blanc de céruse de Venise
1479:Communications Chemistry
990:Sammern, Romana (2015).
606:Snodgrass, M.E. (2015).
393:
140:
34:Some sources state that
2287:Laura Mercier Cosmetics
2069:Anastasia Beverly Hills
1995:Cosmetic electrotherapy
1620:Botulinum toxin (Botox)
1301:10.37506/mlu.v21i1.2444
1135:The Burlington Magazine
1074:Pfaff, Gerhard (2017).
887:Petit, Antoine (2019).
706:. Amberley Publishing.
2252:Jeffree Star Cosmetics
2179:Daigaku Honyaku Center
1522:Brewer, D. S. (1955).
1356:Chooto, Pipat (2020).
1163:Sommerlad, M. (2022).
1129:Matthew, L.C. (2002).
700:Susan Stewart (2017).
579:Lisa Eldridge (2015).
390:
382:
363:
316:
301:Elizabeth I of England
299:. It was thought that
261:
208:
148:Elizabeth I of England
52:
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36:Elizabeth I of England
2194:Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
2099:Bath & Body Works
2044:Major cosmetic brands
2005:Cosmetics advertising
798:Littler, W A (2020).
732:Romm, Sharon (1989).
443:Thomas, L.M. (2020).
388:
380:
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259:
206:
61:, was a 16th-century
33:
2608:History of cosmetics
2382:Neal's Yard Remedies
2020:History of cosmetics
2000:Cosmetic ingredients
847:Jill Condra (2008).
817:10.1093/qjmed/hcz173
238:Venetian Renaissance
199:Chemical composition
2159:ColourPop Cosmetics
1762:Circle contact lens
1292:Medico-Legal Update
639:Anna Riehl (2010).
156:historical evidence
2618:Lead(II) compounds
2613:Inorganic pigments
2010:Cosmetic packaging
1767:Eyelash extensions
1077:Inorganic Pigments
750:10.1007/bf01571475
391:
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98:while the mineral
40:
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2537:Victoria's Secret
2247:Helena Rubinstein
2129:Bumble and bumble
2025:Cosmetic industry
1409:978-1-349-69820-2
1369:978-1-83962-567-1
1181:10.1111/ced.14972
1087:978-3-11-048451-9
1055:978-1-4408-6527-5
619:978-1-317-45167-9
476:"Venetian white,
456:978-1-4780-0705-0
347:cosmetic products
104:carbonate of lead
59:Spirits of Saturn
16:(Redirected from
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2623:Human skin color
2572:
2571:
2357:Morphe Cosmetics
2322:Make Up For Ever
2139:Carol's Daughter
2040:
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1918:Artificial nails
1875:Styling products
1680:Permanent makeup
1610:Anti-aging cream
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2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2556:
2497:Tarte Cosmetics
2377:Nature Republic
2272:Kylie Cosmetics
2257:Kao Corporation
2045:
2034:
1983:
1979:Sunless tanning
1969:Plastic surgery
1942:
1906:
1796:
1745:
1709:
1705:Venetian ceruse
1670:Moist towelette
1598:
1593:
1563:
1540:10.2307/3719759
1520:
1516:
1471:
1467:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1161:
1150:
1127:
1123:
1108:
1095:
1088:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1040:
1033:
988:
971:
934:
930:
885:
866:
859:
845:
841:
810:(11): 783–784.
796:
781:
730:
721:
714:
698:
689:
676:
674:
665:
664:
660:
653:
637:
633:
624:
622:
620:
604:
600:
593:
577:
552:
537:
523:
514:
507:
493:
489:
475:
474:
470:
461:
459:
457:
441:
420:
416:
411:
410:
405:
401:
396:
372:Elizabethan era
339:
322:
309:
267:
229:
201:
196:
187:
185:Ceruse variants
171:Isabella d'Este
143:
133:, skin damage,
114:
111:
110:
109:
107:
94:
91:
90:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
78:
43:Venetian ceruse
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Richard Hudnut
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Natural Wonder
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:Love Cosmetics
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2030:Male cosmetics
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:Skin whitening
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Blepharoplasty
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1534:(3): 257–269.
1514:
1465:
1438:(6): 315–319.
1415:
1408:
1375:
1368:
1359:Lead Chemistry
1348:
1323:
1294:. 2021-01-04.
1276:
1237:
1210:
1175:(2): 264–270.
1148:
1121:
1093:
1086:
1061:
1054:
1031:
969:
928:
899:(5): 399–409.
864:
857:
839:
779:
719:
712:
687:
658:
651:
631:
618:
598:
591:
550:
535:
512:
505:
487:
468:
455:
417:
415:
412:
409:
408:
398:
397:
395:
392:
338:
335:
321:
318:
308:
305:
276:lead poisoning
266:
263:
228:
225:
200:
197:
195:
192:
186:
183:
175:Pietro Aretino
146:frequently by
142:
139:
131:lead poisoning
112:
92:
83:
47:Venetian white
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2635:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:The Face Shop
2505:
2503:
2502:The Body Shop
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Sinful Colors
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
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2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:NYX Cosmetics
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
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2360:
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2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:MAC Cosmetics
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
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2240:
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2200:
2197:
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2177:
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2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
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2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
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2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
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1921:
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1901:
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1754:
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1748:
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1719:
1718:
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1712:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:Facial toning
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
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1601:
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1502:
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1422:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
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1384:
1382:
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1371:
1365:
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1352:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
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1302:
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1170:
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1159:
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1125:
1117:
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1098:
1089:
1083:
1079:
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1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
924:
920:
916:
912:
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902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
860:
858:9780313336621
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
715:
713:9781445654003
709:
705:
704:
696:
694:
692:
684:
672:
668:
662:
654:
652:9780230106741
648:
644:
643:
635:
621:
615:
611:
610:
602:
594:
592:9781613128183
588:
584:
583:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
546:
542:
538:
536:9781473630819
532:
528:
521:
519:
517:
508:
506:9781136373855
502:
498:
491:
483:
479:
472:
458:
452:
448:
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439:
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431:
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423:
418:
403:
399:
387:
379:
375:
373:
368:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
337:Beauty ideals
334:
332:
328:
313:
304:
302:
298:
293:
287:
285:
279:
277:
273:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
224:
220:
216:
214:
205:
191:
182:
178:
176:
172:
167:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
105:
101:
76:
72:
68:
67:skin whitener
64:
60:
56:
54:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2427:Paula Begoun
2352:Molton Brown
2342:Merle Norman
2262:Kevyn Aucoin
2224:Fenty Beauty
2199:Estée Lauder
2064:Amorepacific
1704:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1435:
1431:
1390:
1358:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1338:. 2021-12-09
1335:
1326:
1291:
1257:(15): 1072.
1254:
1250:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:
1172:
1168:
1134:
1124:
1115:
1076:
1048:. ABC-CLIO.
1044:
999:
995:
945:
941:
931:
896:
892:
848:
842:
807:
803:
744:(2): 91–98.
741:
737:
702:
683:concealer...
681:
675:. Retrieved
673:. 2015-05-25
670:
661:
641:
634:
623:. Retrieved
608:
601:
581:
526:
496:
490:
481:
477:
471:
460:. Retrieved
445:
402:
369:
344:
340:
326:
323:
288:
280:
268:
265:Side effects
234:
230:
221:
217:
210:
188:
179:
168:
161:
151:
144:
120:
102:is a simple
58:
50:
46:
42:
41:
2552:Yves Rocher
2527:Urban Decay
2522:Uoma Beauty
2512:Ulta Beauty
2407:O Boticário
2292:Lise Watier
2209:Etude House
2134:Burt's Bees
2119:Bobbi Brown
2114:Bite Beauty
2015:Cosmetology
1933:Nail polish
1808:Conditioner
1772:Eyelid glue
1675:Moisturizer
1665:Highlighter
1336:www.cdc.gov
1226:www.who.int
671:Kate Maltby
246:Renaissance
242:Middle Ages
227:Manufacture
2602:Categories
2573:Categories
2472:SimplySiti
2467:Shu Uemura
2387:Neutrogena
2337:Maybelline
2332:Max Factor
2302:L'Occitane
2242:Hard Candy
2124:Bonne Bell
1954:Cold cream
1782:Eye shadow
1660:Foundation
1635:Cotton pad
1342:2022-04-05
1231:2022-05-27
1118:: 295–301.
677:2019-10-05
625:2020-07-17
585:. Abrams.
462:2020-07-17
414:References
213:white lead
123:white lead
65:used as a
2577:Companies
2517:Ultima II
2487:Skin Food
2437:Red Earth
2164:CoverGirl
1853:threading
1777:Eye liner
1630:Concealer
1596:Cosmetics
1548:0026-7937
1509:133959672
1501:2399-3669
1452:1945-760X
1318:234214265
1310:0971-720X
1271:0002-9955
1205:238636351
1189:0307-6938
1018:1383-7427
964:0300-9440
948:: 46–60.
923:155088444
826:1460-2725
758:0364-216X
545:936144129
135:hair loss
100:cerussite
2547:Younique
2532:Vaseline
2462:Shiseido
2417:Oriflame
2327:Mary Kay
2237:Guerlain
2184:Dermacol
2169:Creme 21
2149:Clinique
2109:Biotherm
2084:Artistry
2079:Aqua Net
2074:Anna Sui
1938:Pedicure
1928:Manicure
1843:plucking
1828:electric
1823:chemical
1721:Lipstick
1645:DD cream
1640:Cleanser
1625:CC cream
1615:BB cream
1460:75385410
1197:34637158
1026:26856049
915:31088697
834:31304971
297:smallpox
284:syphilis
244:and the
232:to air.
152:possible
63:cosmetic
2587:History
2457:Sephora
2422:Origins
2297:L'Oréal
2282:Laneige
2277:LancĂ´me
2267:Kiehl's
2232:Garnier
2214:Fabergé
2189:Douglas
2144:Clarins
2104:Benefit
1988:Related
1964:Peeling
1923:Buffing
1870:Sindoor
1865:Shampoo
1848:shaving
1818:Removal
1792:Mascara
1556:3719759
1143:3100528
774:2989869
766:2662717
327:cerussa
307:History
250:pigment
127:pigment
88:·Pb(OH)
75:pigment
2582:People
2452:Rimmel
2442:Revlon
2432:Pond's
2392:Nexxus
2367:Natura
2347:Missha
2219:Farmec
1959:Lotion
1890:pomade
1885:mousse
1858:waxing
1690:Powder
1685:Primer
1650:Facial
1554:
1546:
1507:
1499:
1458:
1450:
1406:
1366:
1316:
1308:
1269:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1141:
1084:
1052:
1024:
1016:
962:
921:
913:
855:
832:
824:
772:
764:
756:
710:
649:
616:
589:
543:
533:
503:
453:
292:mottle
79:2 PbCO
71:Venice
18:Ceruse
2542:Wella
2492:Stila
2482:SK-II
2397:Nivea
2228:Fresh
2174:Cutex
2089:Aveda
2059:Almay
2054:Ahava
1911:Nails
1895:spray
1833:laser
1741:Stain
1736:Liner
1731:Gloss
1700:Toner
1695:Rouge
1552:JSTOR
1505:S2CID
1485:(1).
1456:S2CID
1314:S2CID
1201:S2CID
1139:JSTOR
919:S2CID
770:S2CID
394:Notes
364:fucus
141:Users
125:as a
2362:NARS
2312:Lush
2154:Coty
2094:Avon
1947:Body
1801:Hair
1787:Kohl
1750:Eyes
1726:Balm
1714:Lips
1603:Face
1544:ISSN
1497:ISSN
1448:ISSN
1404:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1306:ISSN
1267:ISSN
1193:PMID
1185:ISSN
1082:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1022:PMID
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