282:
219:
241:
272:
260:
292:
209:
229:
446:. In a large study, a majority of brow presentations were delivered by caesarean section, however, because of 'postmaturity', factors other than labour dynamics may have played a role. Most face presentations can be delivered vaginally as long as the chin is anterior; there is no increase in fetal or maternal mortality. Mento-posterior positions cannot be delivered vaginally in most cases (unless rotated) and are candidates for caesarean section in contemporary management.
251:
32:
313:
157:
is the presenting part; with further labor the head will either flex or extend more so that in the end this presentation leads to a vertex or face presentation. In the brow presentation, the head is slightly extended, but less than in the face presentation. The chin presentation is a variant of the
303:
The occipito-anterior position is ideal for birth; it means that the baby is lined up so as to fit through the pelvis as easily as possible. The baby is head down, facing the spine, with their back anterior. In this position, the baby's chin is tucked onto their chest, so that the smallest part of
375:
While some consider the brow presentation as an intermediate stage towards the face presentation, others disagree. Thus Bhal et al. indicated that both conditions are about equally common (1/994 face and 1/755 brow positions), and that prematurity was more common with face while
177:
The vertex is the area of the vault bounded anteriorly by the anterior fontanelle and the coronal suture, posteriorly by the posterior fontanelle and the lambdoid suture and laterally by 2 lines passing through the parietal eminences.
437:
Many factors determine the optimal way to deliver a baby. A vertex presentation is the ideal situation for a vaginal birth, although occiput posterior positions tend to proceed more slowly, often requiring intervention in the form of
400:
is larger and thus a fetus will adapt its position so that the bulkier and more movable podalic pole makes use of it, while the head moves to the opposite site. Factors that influence this positioning include the
185:
curve by extending the head. In an occiput posterior position, labor becomes prolonged, and more operative interventions are deemed necessary. The prevalence of the persistent occiput posterior is given as 4.7%.
826:
811:
125:
so that only a small part (or none) of it can be felt abdominally. The perineum and cervix are further flattened and the head may be felt vaginally. Head engagement is known colloquially as the
133:
because of the release of pressure on the upper abdomen and renewed ease in breathing. However, it severely reduces bladder capacity resulting in a need to void more frequently.
425:
delivers the precise diagnosis and may indicate possible causes of a malpresentation. On vaginal examination, the leading part of the fetus becomes identifiable after the
304:
their head will be applied to the cervix first. The position is usually "Left
Occiput Anterior", or LOA. Occasionally, the baby may be "Right Occiput Anterior", or ROA.
719:
Lydon-Rochelle M, Albers L, Gotwocia J, Craig E, Qualls C (September 1993). "Accuracy of
Leopold Maneuvrers in Screening for Malpresentation: A Prospective Study".
345:
352:
procedures Duff indicates that the prevalence of face presentations is about 1/500–600, while
Benedetti et al. found it to be 1/1,250 term deliveries.
1830:
1443:
405:
age (earlier in gestation breech presentations are more common as the head is relatively bigger), size of the head, malformations, amount of
153:
becomes the leading part. Face presentations account for less than 1% of presentations at term. In the sinicipital presentation, the large
1412:
344:. In an uncomplicated face presentation, duration of labor is not altered. Perinatal losses with face presentation occur with traumatic
757:
Ducarme G, Ceccaldi PF, Chesnoy V, Robinet G, Gabriel R (2006). "Face presentation: retrospective study of 32 cases at term".
1608:
1538:
1753:
1113:
1712:
880:
149:
leads the way. This is the most common configuration and seen at term in 95% of singletons. If the head is extended, the
1578:
1613:
1478:
579:
Bashiri A, Burstein E, Bar-David J, Levy A, Mazor M (2008). "Face and brow presentation: independent risk factors".
396:
has been given as the major cause for the finding that most singletons favor the cephalic presentation at term. The
1717:
1417:
942:
1769:
1483:
1533:
317:
181:
In the vertex presentation, the occiput typically is anterior and thus in an optimal position to negotiate the
40:
93:
enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the
1558:
1465:
967:
1563:
1523:
1022:
1392:
1203:
1176:
538:
Gardberg M, Tuppurainen M (1994). "Persitent occiput posterior presentation — a clinical problem".
337:
1598:
1435:
1193:
1118:
1088:
511:
281:
1648:
1260:
1000:
924:
478:. Appleton-Century-Crofts (1971) Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 73-133179. pp. 322–2.
218:
86:
240:
1010:
271:
259:
291:
208:
1583:
1448:
1186:
947:
914:
873:
422:
228:
1702:
1518:
1083:
962:
200:
Right
Occipito-Anterior (ROA), Right Occipito-Posterior (ROP), Right Occipito-Transverse (ROT)
1697:
1553:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1322:
1275:
1238:
1058:
166:
1804:
1743:
1603:
1460:
1384:
1292:
1282:
1078:
979:
957:
197:
Left
Occipito-Anterior (LOA), Left Occipito-Posterior (LOP), Left Occipito-Transverse (LOT)
8:
1825:
1707:
1618:
1573:
1473:
1332:
1250:
1233:
1198:
1053:
974:
934:
830:
162:
684:
Bhal PS, Davies NJ, Chung T (1998). "A population study of face and brow presentation".
1835:
1593:
1488:
1453:
1312:
1161:
1073:
1038:
919:
866:
732:
604:
489:
1672:
1548:
1287:
1228:
1068:
1048:
1043:
841:
774:
736:
701:
663:
636:
596:
547:
443:
366:
Right Mento-Anterior (RMA), Right Mento-Posterior (RMP), Right Mento-Transverse (RMT)
48:
835:
1643:
1255:
1128:
1123:
1017:
766:
728:
693:
608:
588:
418:
349:
363:
Left Mento-Anterior (LMA), Left Mento-Posterior (LMP), Left Mento-Transverse (LMT)
1692:
1407:
1302:
1171:
1063:
952:
901:
770:
189:
The vertex presentations are further classified according to the position of the
118:
102:
105:) and are either more difficult to deliver or not deliverable by natural means.
1738:
1653:
1359:
1307:
1005:
406:
341:
190:
846:
820:
592:
1819:
1748:
1638:
1427:
1402:
1154:
995:
909:
122:
654:
Benedetti TJ, Lowensohn RL, Tuscott AM (1980). "Face
Presentation at Term".
1784:
1364:
1317:
1265:
1223:
858:
778:
705:
697:
600:
426:
377:
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667:
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551:
421:
will demonstrate the presentation and possibly the position of the fetus.
1774:
1369:
1327:
1245:
397:
333:
98:
803:
250:
1779:
1297:
1219:
1098:
893:
329:
154:
90:
78:
62:
53:
565:
889:
402:
1658:
1374:
409:, presence of multiple gestations, presence of tumors, and others.
355:
Face presentations are classified according to the position of the
1181:
718:
627:
Duff, P (1981). "Diagnosis and
Management of Face Presentation".
439:
325:
146:
142:
94:
1687:
1149:
1144:
815:
393:
182:
312:
31:
1733:
1397:
1166:
756:
193:, both right, left, or transverse and anterior or posterior:
113:
The movement of the fetus to cephalic presentation is called
82:
578:
389:
356:
150:
429:
has been broken and the head is descending in the pelvis.
653:
512:"Lightening During Pregnancy as an Early Sign of Labor"
121:. In head engagement, the fetal head descends into the
158:
face presentation with maximum extension of the head.
793:
97:
is the leading part (the part that first enters the
537:
324:Factors that predispose to face presentation are
1817:
683:
874:
888:
473:
383:
881:
867:
752:
750:
533:
531:
529:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
30:
16:Childbirth in which the head emerges first
1831:Presentations and positions in childbirth
101:). All other presentations are abnormal (
311:
290:
280:
270:
258:
249:
239:
227:
217:
207:
141:In the vertex presentation, the head is
747:
626:
526:
456:
39:Vertex presentation, occiput anterior,
1818:
679:
677:
622:
620:
618:
172:
862:
380:was more common with brow positions.
316:A mento-posterior face presentation,
370:
307:
1713:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
674:
615:
161:Non-cephalic presentations are the
13:
733:10.1111/j.1523-536X.1993.tb00437.x
14:
1847:
789:
476:Williams Obstetrics, 14th edition
136:
129:, and in natural medicine as the
1718:Postpartum physiological changes
1418:Postpartum physiological changes
943:Assisted reproductive technology
1770:Adaptation to extrauterine life
712:
1413:Maternal physiological changes
647:
572:
558:
504:
482:
1:
968:partner-assisted reproduction
449:
432:
108:
771:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.07.042
566:"Optimum Foetal Positioning"
412:
7:
1204:Traditional birth attendant
581:J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
392:-shaped) morphology of the
338:cephalopelvic disproportion
285:Straight occipito-posterior
10:
1852:
1436:Brain health and pollution
474:Hellman LM, Pritchard JA.
222:Straight occipito-anterior
1797:
1762:
1726:
1680:
1671:
1649:Chorionic villus sampling
1631:
1426:
1383:
1352:
1345:
1212:
1137:
1106:
1097:
1031:
1001:Obstetric ultrasonography
988:
933:
925:Pre-conception counseling
900:
797:
593:10.1080/14767050802037647
540:Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
336:and other malformations,
244:Right occipito-transverse
47:
38:
29:
24:
1539:Intrahepatic cholestasis
514:. Giving Birth Naturally
442:, vacuum extraction, or
384:Reasons for predominance
275:Right occipito-posterior
263:Left occipito-transverse
1609:Motor vehicle emissions
1470:Concomitant conditions
1444:environmental toxicants
1187:Auxiliary nurse midwife
948:artificial insemination
915:Natural family planning
492:. pregnancy-bliss.co.uk
417:Usually performing the
295:Left occipito-posterior
212:Right occipito-anterior
75:head-first presentation
1703:Postpartum confinement
963:in vitro fertilisation
698:10.1080/01443619867371
423:Ultrasound examination
346:version and extraction
321:
296:
286:
276:
264:
254:
245:
233:
232:Left occipito-anterior
223:
213:
1698:Postpartum depression
1579:Pruritic folliculitis
1323:Unassisted childbirth
759:Gynecol Obstet Fertil
315:
294:
284:
274:
262:
253:
243:
231:
221:
211:
167:shoulder presentation
67:cephalic presentation
25:Cephalic presentation
1805:Gravidity and parity
1785:Congenital disorders
1744:Lactation consultant
1614:Pre-existing disease
1293:Childbirth positions
1283:Rupture of membranes
980:Unintended pregnancy
958:fertility medication
1708:Sex after pregnancy
1515:Endocrine diseases
1461:Prenatal depression
1333:Placental expulsion
1251:Uterine contraction
1234:cervical effacement
975:Fertility awareness
173:Vertex presentation
163:breech presentation
117:. It occurs in the
1484:Hypercoagulability
1313:Natural childbirth
1162:Postterm pregnancy
920:Male contraceptive
322:
297:
287:
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265:
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246:
234:
224:
214:
77:is a situation at
1813:
1812:
1798:Obstetric history
1793:
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1754:Confinement nanny
1667:
1666:
1534:Acute fatty liver
1341:
1340:
1229:cervical dilation
856:
855:
686:J Obstet Gynaecol
490:"Starting labour"
444:caesarean section
419:Leopold maneuvers
371:Brow presentation
308:Face presentation
301:
300:
71:head presentation
59:
58:
19:Medical condition
1843:
1678:
1677:
1644:Cardiotocography
1350:
1349:
1256:Vaginal delivery
1129:Nesting instinct
1104:
1103:
1089:Rudimentary horn
1018:Prenatal testing
883:
876:
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859:
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783:
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612:
576:
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569:
568:. Homebirth.org.
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103:malpresentations
87:longitudinal lie
34:
22:
21:
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1816:
1815:
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1693:Postpartum care
1663:
1627:
1530:Liver diseases
1524:Thyroid disease
1422:
1408:Gestational age
1379:
1337:
1303:Labor induction
1208:
1199:Perinatal nurse
1172:Birth attendant
1133:
1093:
1027:
1023:Medical imaging
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953:fertility fraud
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318:William Smellie
310:
175:
165:(3.5%) and the
139:
119:third trimester
115:head engagement
111:
41:William Smellie
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1739:Health visitor
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1654:Nonstress test
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1570:Skin diseases
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1360:Amniotic fluid
1356:
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1308:Multiple birth
1305:
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1114:Bradley method
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1006:Pregnancy test
1003:
998:
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798:Classification
791:
790:External links
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746:
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673:
662:(2): 199–202.
656:Obstet Gynecol
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629:Obstet Gynecol
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407:amniotic fluid
388:The piriform (
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342:polyhydramnios
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137:Classification
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1749:Monthly nurse
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1639:Amniocentesis
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1599:Vaginal flora
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1489:Substance use
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1155:Preterm birth
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1119:Hypnobirthing
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1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:3D ultrasound
994:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
940:
938:
936:
932:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:Birth control
908:
907:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
865:
864:
861:
848:
844:
843:
839:
837:
833:
832:
828:
824:
822:
818:
817:
813:
809:
808:
805:
800:
796:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
678:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
638:
635:(1): 105–12.
634:
630:
623:
621:
619:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:(6): 357–60.
586:
582:
575:
567:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
532:
530:
513:
507:
491:
485:
477:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
455:
447:
445:
441:
430:
428:
424:
420:
410:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
365:
362:
361:
360:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
314:
305:
293:
289:
283:
279:
273:
269:
268:
261:
257:
252:
248:
242:
238:
237:
230:
226:
220:
216:
210:
206:
205:
199:
196:
195:
194:
192:
187:
184:
179:
170:
168:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
134:
132:
128:
124:
123:pelvic cavity
120:
116:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
1479:Hypertension
1466:Immunization
1449:in pregnancy
1365:Amniotic sac
1318:Silent birth
1270:
1261:Presentation
1224:Bishop score
1194:Obstetrician
1084:Interstitial
1011:home testing
840:
825:
810:
765:(5): 393–6.
762:
758:
727:(3): 132–5.
724:
720:
714:
692:(3): 231–5.
689:
685:
659:
655:
649:
632:
628:
584:
580:
574:
560:
546:(4): 117–9.
543:
539:
516:. Retrieved
506:
494:. Retrieved
484:
475:
436:
427:amniotic sac
416:
387:
378:postmaturity
374:
354:
323:
302:
188:
180:
176:
160:
140:
130:
126:
114:
112:
74:
70:
66:
60:
1775:Apgar score
1559:Hepatitis C
1545:Infections
1385:Development
1370:Endometrium
1328:Water birth
1246:Bloody show
1177:Men's roles
1107:Preparation
1059:Heterotopic
403:gestational
334:anencephaly
326:prematurity
99:birth canal
1826:Obstetrics
1820:Categories
1780:Child care
1673:Postpartum
1632:Procedures
1584:Dermatoses
1440:Nutrition
1298:Home birth
1220:Pelvimetry
1099:Childbirth
1079:Unintended
935:Conception
894:childbirth
842:DiseasesDB
496:14 January
450:References
433:Management
359:(mentum):
350:midforceps
330:macrosomia
155:fontanelle
131:lightening
109:Engagement
89:and the
81:where the
79:childbirth
63:obstetrics
54:Obstetrics
1836:Midwifery
1288:Caesarean
1054:Abdominal
890:Pregnancy
518:22 August
413:Diagnosis
127:baby drop
49:Specialty
1681:Maternal
1659:Abortion
1604:Bleeding
1554:COVID-19
1519:Diabetes
1504:Cannabis
1454:prenatal
1375:Placenta
1346:Prenatal
1276:shoulder
1271:cephalic
1239:position
1213:Delivery
1074:Postterm
1039:Cervical
902:Planning
779:16630740
706:15512065
601:18570114
169:(0.5%).
145:and the
85:is in a
1590:Others
1564:Malaria
1509:Opioids
1499:Alcohol
1494:Smoking
1353:Anatomy
1182:Midwife
1150:Newborn
1069:Ovarian
1049:Ectopic
1044:Cryptic
989:Testing
741:8240620
668:7352081
641:7005774
609:6986584
552:7975796
440:forceps
191:occiput
147:occiput
95:occiput
1763:Infant
1688:Lochia
1474:Anemia
1393:Embryo
1266:breech
1145:Mother
1124:Lamaze
777:
739:
704:
666:
639:
607:
599:
550:
398:fundus
394:uterus
340:, and
320:, 1792
183:pelvic
143:flexed
43:, 1792
1734:Doula
1727:Roles
1619:Sleep
1594:Drugs
1574:Lupus
1398:Fetus
1167:Doula
1138:Roles
1064:Molar
1032:Types
821:O80.0
721:Birth
605:S2CID
83:fetus
1428:Care
892:and
847:1631
831:9-CM
775:PMID
737:PMID
702:PMID
664:PMID
637:PMID
597:PMID
548:PMID
520:2010
498:2009
390:pear
357:chin
348:and
151:face
91:head
65:, a
1549:HIV
836:650
827:ICD
812:ICD
767:doi
729:doi
694:doi
589:doi
544:198
73:or
69:or
61:In
1822::
1222:/
845::
834::
819::
816:10
773:.
763:34
761:.
749:^
735:.
725:20
723:.
700:.
690:18
688:.
676:^
660:55
658:.
633:57
631:.
617:^
603:.
595:.
585:21
583:.
542:.
528:^
458:^
332:,
328:,
882:e
875:t
868:v
829:-
814:-
804:D
781:.
769::
743:.
731::
708:.
696::
670:.
643:.
611:.
591::
554:.
522:.
500:.
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