437:
When the blood-letting was over I had no power to keep silence and asked him, 'By God, O my lord, what made thee say to the servant, Give him an hundred and three dinars?'; and he answered, 'One dinar was for the astrological observation, another for thy pleasant conversation, the third for the phlebotomisation, and the remaining hundred and the dress were for thy verses in my commendation.'" "May God show small mercy to my father," exclaimed I, "for knowing the like of thee."
433:
When the blood-letting was over I had no power to keep silence and asked him, 'By God, O my lord, what made thee say to the servant, Give him an hundred and three dinars?'; and he answered, 'One dinar was for the astrological observation, another for thy pleasant conversation, the third for the phlebotomisation, and the remaining hundred and the dress were for thy verses in my commendation.'" "May God show small mercy to my father," exclaimed I, "for knowing the like of thee."
375:
1683:
36:
450:
409:. These variants respectively specify whether the full lines of a paragraph are aligned on the left or the right, centered (edges not aligned), or fully justified (spread over the whole column width). In programs that do not offer multiple kinds of justification, typically only left (for left-to-right languages) or right (for right-to-left languages) justification is provided.
510:
programs almost always provide for the use of an exception dictionary, in part because no algorithm hyphenates all words correctly, and in part because different publishers will follow different dictionaries. Different publishers may also have different rules about permissible hyphenation. Most publishers follow a basic system such as the
386:, and for poems and songs. As with flush-right alignment, centered text is often used to present data in tables. Centered text is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next.
333:
The term "right alignment" is frequently used when the right side of text is aligned along a visible or invisible vertical line which may or may not coincide with the right margin. For example, if a paragraph that is flush right were indented from the right, it would no longer be flush right, but it
591:
were able to reduce the jaggedness of the right-hand sides of adjacent lines of flush left composition by inserting self-adjusting space bands between words to evenly distribute white space, taking excessive space that would have occurred at the end of the line and redistributing it between words.
477:
At one time, common word-processing software adjusted only the spacing between words, which was a source of the river problem. Modern word processing packages and professional publishing software significantly reduce the river effect by adjusting also the spacing between characters. Additionally,
436:
Thy father was delighted and cried out to the servant, 'Give him a hundred and three gold pieces with a robe of honour!' The man obeyed his orders, and I awaited an auspicious moment, when I blooded him; and he did not baulk me; nay he thanked me and I was also thanked and praised by all present.
432:
Thy father was delighted and cried out to the servant, 'Give him a hundred and three gold pieces with a robe of honour!' The man obeyed his orders, and I awaited an auspicious moment, when I blooded him; and he did not baulk me; nay he thanked me and I was also thanked and praised by all present.
301:
The phrase "left alignment" is often used when the left side of text is aligned along a visible or invisible vertical line which may or may not coincide with the left margin. For example, if a paragraph that is flush left were indented from the left, it would no longer be flush left, but it would
541:
Justification has been the preferred setting of type in many
Western languages through the history of movable type. This is due to the classic Western manuscript book page being built of a column or two columns, which is considered to look "best" if it is even-margined on the left and right. The
509:
word processors, this was done manually: the compositor or author added hyphenation on a case-by-case basis. Currently, most typesetting systems (also called layout programs) and modern word processors hyphenate automatically, using a hyphenation algorithm. In addition, professional typesetting
322:, text is commonly aligned "flush right". Additionally, flush-right alignment is used to set off special text in English, such as attributions to authors of quotes printed in books and magazines, or text associated with an image to its right. Flush right is often used when formatting
542:
classical
Western column did not rigorously justify, but came as close as feasible when the skill of the penman and the character of the manuscript permitted. Historically, both scribal and typesetting traditions took advantage of abbreviations (
599:
Graphic designers and typesetters using desktop systems also have the option to adjust word and letter spacing, or "tracking", on a manual line-by-line basis to achieve more even overall spacing. Some modern desktop publishing programs, such as
469:
of white space may appear. Rivers appear in right-aligned, left-aligned and centered settings too, but are more likely to appear in justified text, because of the additional word spacing. Since there is no added white space built into a typical
389:
Centered text can also be commonly found on signs, flyers, and similar documents where grabbing the attention of the reader is the main focus, or visual appearance is important and the overall amount of centered text is small.
604:, evaluate the effects of all the different possible line-break choices on the entire paragraph, to choose the one that creates the least variance from the ideal spacing while justifying the lines (so as to reduce
461:
Justification sometimes leads to typographic anomalies. One example: when justification is used in narrow columns, extremely large spaces may appear between words on lines with only two or three words.
286:
where words are read left-to-right, text is usually aligned "flush left", meaning that the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the
354:
are stretched or compressed in order to align both the left and right ends of consecutive lines of text. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a
584:
Not all "flush left" settings in traditional typography were identical. In flush left text, words are separated on a line by the default word space built into the font.
358:
separately by simply left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called
298:. Flush left might also be used in very narrow columns, where full justification would produce too much whitespace between characters or words on some lines.
1268:
248:—text is aligned along the left margin, with letter-spacing and word-spacing adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as
483:
266:
Alignment does not change the direction in which text is read; however, text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that
1642:
382:
Text can also be "centered", or symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column. This is often used for the title of a work,
417:
The following table displays the difference between a justified (flush left and flush right) and a flush left (and ragged right) text.
100:
72:
670:
453:
Automated justification in a demonstration from the early 1990s. The technology was later purchased by Adobe and added to their
53:
482:
for the same character and slightly stretching or shrinking the character in order to better fill the line. The technique of
465:
Another example: when the spaces between words line up approximately above one another in several loose lines, a distracting
79:
712:
86:
119:
474:(period), other than that above the full stop itself, full stops contribute to the river effect in a limited way.
68:
641:
Bringhurst, R. (1996). The
Elements of Typographic Style. Second Edition. Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks.
529:, characters or glyphs are elongated instead of stretching the white spaces. Another technique sometimes used is
57:
1637:
516:
or Oxford style, but will overlay their own "house style", which further restricts permissible hyphenation.
1522:
1484:
1668:
737:
478:
these systems use advanced digital typography techniques such as automatically choosing among different
1248:
287:
262:—text is aligned to neither the left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line.
894:
561:
Its use has only waned somewhat since the early 20th century through the advocacy of the typographer
295:
1652:
1469:
1140:
1077:
782:
705:
93:
17:
512:
46:
1097:
820:
664:
622:
650:
1572:
1072:
1067:
980:
967:
330:. It is used to align text to the right margin; in this case, the left ends will be unequal.
1364:
1005:
859:
578:
547:
519:
Word-processing software usually uses a different kind of justification when dealing with
8:
1707:
1686:
1647:
1560:
1454:
1309:
1287:
1277:
1145:
752:
742:
698:
323:
189:
161:
1610:
1537:
1517:
1507:
1479:
1449:
1409:
1036:
899:
884:
825:
815:
605:
593:
551:
466:
283:
267:
1532:
27:
Setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column, table cell, or tab
1555:
1474:
1429:
1359:
830:
351:
682:
1441:
1394:
1233:
1180:
1041:
851:
588:
487:
311:
279:
1577:
1464:
1459:
1379:
1347:
1238:
975:
777:
520:
319:
315:
1582:
1527:
1404:
1207:
1031:
985:
919:
889:
757:
601:
562:
491:
291:
1701:
1374:
1342:
1332:
1212:
1632:
1512:
1399:
1384:
1354:
1314:
1297:
1051:
1021:
995:
904:
747:
729:
530:
157:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1605:
1419:
1369:
1324:
1264:
1228:
1199:
1187:
1167:
990:
942:
810:
343:
137:
133:
608:); this also gives the least uneven edge when set with a ragged margin.
1600:
1414:
1304:
1157:
1150:
1127:
1082:
1046:
1000:
957:
952:
947:
932:
772:
767:
762:
721:
555:
374:
169:
165:
149:
1092:
1087:
864:
792:
617:
596:
systems, although most now default to more sophisticated approaches.
471:
355:
230:—the text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as
212:—the text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as
35:
1565:
1424:
1243:
1116:
1102:
927:
879:
454:
393:
Some modern typesetting programs offer four justification options:
383:
1389:
1175:
1026:
937:
869:
805:
570:
525:
506:
1292:
909:
502:
495:
479:
346:
is "justification", where the spaces between words and between
449:
1135:
874:
842:
690:
543:
347:
153:
1491:
1337:
1282:
574:
362:, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called
327:
310:
In other languages that read text right-to-left, such as
175:
The type alignment setting is sometimes referred to as
587:Continuous casting typesetting systems such as the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
683:Discussion of rivers and methods of avoiding them
420:
1699:
501:The problem of loose lines is reduced by using
444:
172:(and often to an image above it or under it).
1643:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
706:
294:for left-to-right text. Quotations are often
205:There are four basic typographic alignments:
187:. The edge of a page or column is known as a
1185:
569:and the freer typographic treatment of the
713:
699:
193:, and a gap between columns is known as a
1669:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
660:
658:
448:
373:
671:The Book of One Thousand and One Nights
14:
1700:
694:
655:
505:. With older typesetting systems and
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
342:A common type of text alignment in
200:
24:
592:This feature is also available in
25:
1719:
424:Justified (flush left and right)
1682:
1681:
554:to help maintain the rhythm and
34:
290:style of text alignment on the
45:needs additional citations for
720:
676:
644:
635:
334:would still be right aligned.
305:
13:
1:
1638:History of Western typography
628:
273:
1485:traditional point-size names
494:and more recent versions of
337:
7:
738:Canons of page construction
611:
445:Problems with justification
412:
369:
10:
1724:
536:
1677:
1661:
1593:
1546:
1500:
1440:
1323:
1263:
1221:
1198:
1166:
1126:
1115:
1060:
1014:
966:
918:
895:Subscript and superscript
850:
841:
791:
728:
427:Flush left, ragged right
423:
1653:Vox-ATypI classification
783:Intentionally blank page
490:has been implemented by
156:placement relative to a
651:HTML 4.01 Specification
513:Chicago Manual of Style
302:still be left aligned.
69:"Typographic alignment"
1186:
665:Richard Francis Burton
623:Runaround (typography)
579:Russian constructivist
458:
442:
379:
567:Asymmetric Typography
558:of a justified line.
452:
419:
377:
1523:Typographic features
669:Tale of the Tailor,
54:improve this article
1648:Technical lettering
1547:Typography in other
1288:Hanging punctuation
1611:Handwriting script
1538:Desktop publishing
1508:Character encoding
1501:Digital typography
1015:Horizontal aspects
968:Visual distinction
826:Widows and orphans
594:desktop publishing
459:
380:
284:European languages
254:full justification
185:type justification
181:text justification
148:is the setting of
1695:
1694:
1442:Typographic units
1360:For position only
1259:
1258:
1111:
1110:
441:
440:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1715:
1685:
1684:
1662:Related template
1594:Related articles
1395:Phototypesetting
1249:reverse-contrast
1234:Display typeface
1191:
1168:Blackletter type
1124:
1123:
1061:Vertical aspects
1042:Sentence spacing
852:Typeface anatomy
848:
847:
715:
708:
701:
692:
691:
685:
680:
674:
662:
653:
648:
642:
639:
421:
201:Basic variations
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1723:
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1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
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1712:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1673:
1657:
1589:
1549:writing systems
1548:
1542:
1496:
1436:
1380:Microtypography
1319:
1255:
1217:
1194:
1162:
1119:classifications
1118:
1107:
1056:
1010:
976:Blackboard bold
962:
914:
837:
787:
778:Recto and verso
724:
719:
689:
688:
681:
677:
663:
656:
649:
645:
640:
636:
631:
614:
539:
488:microtypography
447:
415:
372:
340:
308:
276:
250:fully justified
203:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1721:
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1618:
1613:
1608:
1597:
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1588:
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1586:
1585:
1583:National Fonts
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Web typography
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Reversing type
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Letter-spacing
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
986:Color printing
983:
978:
972:
970:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
922:
920:Capitalization
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
856:
854:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
834:
833:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:Page numbering
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
732:
726:
725:
718:
717:
710:
703:
695:
687:
686:
675:
654:
643:
633:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
620:
613:
610:
602:Adobe InDesign
563:Jan Tschichold
538:
535:
492:Adobe InDesign
446:
443:
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:
425:
414:
411:
403:center justify
371:
368:
339:
336:
307:
304:
292:World Wide Web
275:
272:
264:
263:
257:
243:
225:
202:
199:
177:text alignment
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1720:
1709:
1706:
1705:
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1688:
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1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Bézier curves
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Rasterization
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
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1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Microprinting
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
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1336:
1334:
1333:Etaoin shrdlu
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1322:
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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1633:Type foundry
1470:Metric units
1400:Punchcutting
1385:Movable type
1355:Font catalog
1315:Vertical bar
1052:Word spacing
1022:Figure space
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748:Even working
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1628:Type design
1623:Style guide
1616:Calligraphy
1606:Handwriting
1420:Type design
1370:Lorem ipsum
1365:Letterpress
1325:Typesetting
1265:Punctuation
1229:Record type
1200:Gaelic type
1188:Schwabacher
1078:Body height
943:Letter case
811:Line length
581:movements.
503:hyphenation
364:tight lines
360:loose lines
344:print media
306:Flush right
236:ragged left
228:flush right
222:ranged left
164:(measure),
138:page layout
134:typesetting
1708:Typography
1601:Penmanship
1573:East Asian
1415:Type color
1348:monospaced
1305:Interpunct
1298:minus sign
1222:Specialist
1158:Sans-serif
1151:slab serif
1128:Roman type
1083:Cap height
1047:Thin space
1006:Whitespace
958:Title case
953:Snake case
948:Small caps
933:Camel case
865:Diacritics
773:Pull quote
768:Pagination
763:Paper size
722:Typography
629:References
274:Flush left
210:flush left
166:table cell
80:newspapers
1098:Overshoot
1093:Mean line
1088:Descender
1001:Underline
843:Character
821:Runaround
801:Alignment
793:Paragraph
618:Word wrap
548:ligatures
472:full stop
384:headlines
356:paragraph
338:Justified
282:and most
246:justified
142:alignment
1702:Category
1687:Category
1566:PT Fonts
1561:Cyrillic
1425:Typeface
1343:computer
1244:fat face
1117:Typeface
1103:x-height
1073:Baseline
1068:Ascender
928:All caps
890:Rotation
885:Ligature
880:Ink trap
612:See also
589:Linotype
565:'s book
457:product.
455:InDesign
413:Examples
370:Centered
296:indented
260:centered
152:flow or
110:May 2008
18:Centered
1513:Hinting
1390:Pangram
1208:Insular
1181:Rotunda
1176:Fraktur
1141:Antiqua
1027:Kerning
996:Oblique
991:Italics
938:Initial
870:Dingbat
860:Counter
806:Leading
571:Bauhaus
552:swashes
537:History
526:kashida
507:WYSIWYG
352:letters
312:Persian
288:default
280:English
94:scholar
1556:Arabic
1455:Cicero
1293:Hyphen
1278:Bullet
1239:script
1213:Uncial
1146:Didone
910:Tittle
753:Margin
743:Column
606:rivers
577:, and
556:colour
550:, and
521:Arabic
496:pdfTeX
480:glyphs
348:glyphs
324:tables
320:Hebrew
316:Arabic
268:script
195:gutter
190:margin
162:column
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1480:Point
1450:Agate
1310:Space
1136:Serif
1037:Pitch
900:Swash
875:Glyph
816:River
544:sigla
467:river
183:, or
168:, or
154:image
146:range
101:JSTOR
87:books
1578:Thai
1492:Twip
1475:Pica
1430:list
1410:Sort
1338:Font
1283:Dash
1269:List
981:Bold
831:runt
730:Page
575:Dada
405:and
328:data
318:and
158:page
150:text
136:and
73:news
546:),
486:or
350:or
326:of
278:In
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