44:) or rules (thin lines, in this case vertical). Columns are most commonly used to break up large bodies of text that cannot fit in a single block of text on a page. Additionally, columns are used to improve page composition and readability. Newspapers very frequently use complex multi-column layouts to break up different stories and longer bodies of texts within a story. Column can also more generally refer to the vertical delineations created by a typographic grid system which type and image may be positioned. In
1956:
17:
110:. Following these guidelines usually results in multiple narrow columns being favored over a single wide column. Historically, books containing predominantly text generally have around 40 lines per column. However, this rule of thumb does not apply to more complex text that contain multiple images or illustrations, footnotes, running heads, folios, and captions.
579:
148:
to either float or position the corresponding text. These methods were not as straightforward as using HTML tables, which made a tableless three column layout a sort of holy grail once these techniques were discovered in the early 2000s. More recent levels of CSS have addressed column behaviors, and
137:, columns are often used to separate primary content from secondary and tertiary content. For example, a common two column layout may include a left column with navigation links, and a right column for body text. One method of creating columns for the web is to place text within an
116:
refers to the overall color or greyness established by the column, and can be adjusted in a number of ways. One way is to adjust the relationship between the width and height of the column. Another way is to make adjustments to the
54:; the gap between two facing pages is also considered a gutter, since there are columns on both sides. (Any gutter can also be referred to as a margin, but exterior and horizontal margins are not gutters.)
98:
by typesetters. For best legibility, typographic manuals suggest that columns should be wide enough to contain roughly 60 characters per line. One formula suggests multiplying the
1541:
219:
1915:
738:
144:, often with the border set to zero. However, this method is considered outdated and inaccessible to some. Another method includes using
302:
412:
125:. Column contrast can be used to establish hierarchy, to balance the page composition, and to visually activate areas of the page.
985:
57:
In some cases, column numbers are provided to improve specifying the in-source location in addition to or in absence of
526:
373:
73:. Historically, column designations were abbreviated "c" (singular) or "cc" (plural), i.e. "c130" or "cc130–136".
1910:
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1941:
1010:
469:
1521:
1167:
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41:
1925:
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978:
937:
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743:
499:
145:
48:, the whitespace on the outside of the page (bounding the first and last columns) are known as
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205:
1985:
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8:
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50:
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452:
99:
62:
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1103:
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103:
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33:
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66:
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1974:
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353:
163:
141:
1900:
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942:
879:
612:
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556:
489:
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429:
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259:
For example, a 9 pt font size would require an 18 pica column width.
185:
158:
82:
58:
45:
1873:
1687:
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994:
914:
895:
834:
708:
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587:
541:
457:
434:
349:
134:
86:
25:
317:
121:, from choosing a specific font, to adjusting weight, style, size and
1365:
1360:
1137:
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16:
1838:
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561:
118:
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864:
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239:
POOR LAWS' AMENDMENT-REPORT. HC Deb 27 June 1834 vol 24 cc913–935
122:
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1182:
551:
70:
390:
149:
web browser support for these behaviors continues to improve.
102:
size of the font by 2 to reach how wide a column should be in
20:
An example of a two-column layout (double folio) with caption.
1408:
1147:
1115:
963:
295:
1764:
1610:
1555:
566:
360:
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons: 1993. pp. 51–53, 90–91.
138:
363:
578:
206:"In Typography, what are Gutters? (With pictures)"
1972:
368:. New York, N.Y: Watson-Guptill. p. 140.
1916:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
979:
406:
386:. R. R. Bowker Company: 1984. pp. 86–86.
1458:
905:
296:“CSS Layout Techniques: for Fun and Profit”
212:
986:
972:
413:
399:
358:Typographic Design: Form and Communication
303:National and University Library of Iceland
1942:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
15:
1973:
106:— in effect a column width of 24
967:
394:
364:Haslam, Andrew; Baines, Phil (2005).
76:
36:positioned on a page, separated by
13:
335:"caniuse.com" Accessed 2012-05-16.
318:“CSS3 module: Multi-column layout”
32:is one or more vertical blocks of
14:
1997:
1955:
1954:
577:
224:Hansard House of Commons Debates
420:
327:
220:"Poor Laws' Amendment - Report"
993:
311:
289:
280:
271:
262:
253:
244:
198:
182:, referring to monospaced text
1:
1911:History of Western typography
342:
128:
1758:traditional point-size names
268:Romano, 1984. pp. 86–87
7:
1011:Canons of page construction
470:Canons of page construction
152:
10:
2002:
80:
1950:
1934:
1866:
1819:
1773:
1713:
1596:
1536:
1494:
1471:
1439:
1399:
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1333:
1287:
1239:
1191:
1168:Subscript and superscript
1123:
1114:
1064:
1001:
888:
803:
762:
664:
646:
598:Anthropodermic bibliopegy
586:
575:
428:
277:Haslam, 2005. p. 140
1926:Vox-ATypI classification
1056:Intentionally blank page
938:Intentionally blank page
286:Carter, 1993. p. 51
250:Carter, 1993. p. 91
230:. Column 913. 1834-06-27
191:
94:is traditionally called
1459:
906:
324:. Accessed 2007-12-12.
21:
81:Further information:
19:
1796:Typographic features
384:The TypeEncyclopedia
308:Accessed 2007-12-12.
1921:Technical lettering
1820:Typography in other
1561:Hanging punctuation
366:Type and Typography
180:Characters per line
63:serial publications
1884:Handwriting script
1811:Desktop publishing
1781:Character encoding
1774:Digital typography
1288:Horizontal aspects
1241:Visual distinction
1099:Widows and orphans
933:Fore-edge painting
928:Extra-illustration
301:2005-11-05 at the
22:
1968:
1967:
1715:Typographic units
1633:For position only
1532:
1531:
1384:
1383:
961:
960:
840:Addendum/Appendix
724:Table of contents
382:Romano, Frank J.
208:. 30 August 2023.
77:Typographic style
1993:
1958:
1957:
1935:Related template
1867:Related articles
1668:Phototypesetting
1522:reverse-contrast
1507:Display typeface
1464:
1441:Blackletter type
1397:
1396:
1334:Vertical aspects
1315:Sentence spacing
1125:Typeface anatomy
1121:
1120:
988:
981:
974:
965:
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909:
638:Treasure binding
581:
415:
408:
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336:
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175:
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1971:
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1946:
1930:
1862:
1822:writing systems
1821:
1815:
1769:
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1653:Microtypography
1592:
1528:
1490:
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1435:
1392:classifications
1391:
1380:
1329:
1283:
1249:Blackboard bold
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1187:
1110:
1060:
1051:Recto and verso
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962:
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884:
799:
795:Tipped-in pages
758:
739:Acknowledgments
660:
642:
589:
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547:Recto and verso
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131:
114:Column contrast
89:
79:
67:legal documents
12:
11:
5:
1999:
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1988:
1983:
1966:
1965:
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1962:
1951:
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1870:
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1856:National Fonts
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
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1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Web typography
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1793:
1788:
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1678:Reversing type
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1305:Letter-spacing
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
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1259:Color printing
1256:
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1245:
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1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
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1208:
1203:
1197:
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1193:Capitalization
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889:Other elements
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754:Printer's mark
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699:Imprimi potest
696:
694:Edition notice
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537:Page numbering
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288:
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270:
261:
252:
243:
237:. Column 913:
211:
196:
195:
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189:
188:
183:
177:
161:
154:
151:
130:
127:
78:
75:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1998:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
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1835:
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1824:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:BĂ©zier curves
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Rasterization
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
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1772:
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1763:
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1661:
1659:
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1649:
1648:Microprinting
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Etaoin shrdlu
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
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1024:
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1019:
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1008:
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996:
989:
984:
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969:
966:
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791:
788:
785:
783:
782:Illustrations
780:
778:
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742:
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