315:
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237:
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31:
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50:
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The tree's pea-sized berries are edible, ripening in early
September. Unlike most fruits, the berries are remarkably high in calories from fat, carbohydrate, and protein, and these calories are easily digestible without cooking or preparation. Omaha Native Americans ate the berries casually, while
329:
area, it can grow to 40 metres (130 ft). It has a handsome round-topped head and pendulous branches. It prefers rich moist soil, but will grow on gravelly or rocky hillsides. The roots are fibrous and it grows rapidly. In the western part of its range, trees may still grow up to 29 m
693: in (0.64 to 0.95 cm) long, tipped with the remnants of style, dark purple when ripe. It is borne on a slender stem and ripens in September and October. It remains on the branches during winter. The endocarp contains significant amounts of biogenic carbonate that is nearly pure
293:
The common hackberry is easily distinguished from elms and some other hackberries by its cork-like bark with wart-like protuberances. The leaves are distinctly asymmetrical and coarse-textured. It produces small fruits that turn orange-red to dark purple in the
341:
scales and sometimes roughened with excrescences; the pattern is very distinctive. The remarkable bark pattern is even more pronounced in younger trees, with the irregularly-spaced ridges resembling long geologic palisades of
745:), making it difficult to establish the exact range of either species in the South. Although there is little actual overlap, in the western part of its range the common hackberry is sometimes confused with the smaller
832:
Hackberry's wood is light yellow; heavy, soft, coarse-grained, not strong. It rots easily, making the wood undesirable commercially, although it is occasionally used for fencing and cheap furniture.
761:
is greatly dependent on conditions. In favorable conditions its seedlings will persist under a closed canopy, but in less favorable conditions it can be considered shade intolerant.
644:
are white, smooth, slightly flattened and gradually narrowed from base to apex; in the bud incurved, bringing the anthers face to face, as flower opens they abruptly straighten;
873:
the Dakota used them as a flavor for meat, pounding them fine, seeds and all. The Pawnee also pounded the berries fine, added a little fat, and mixed them with parched corn.
816:
16 August 2016. During that review they evaluated it as "secure", G5, with a very low risk of extinction due to an extensive range and little or no concern due to declines.
352:
346:
rock formations when viewed edge-wise . Coins as large as U.S. quarters can easily be laid flat against the valleys, which may be as deep as an adult human finger.
1148:
364:
2008:
533:
325:
The common hackberry is a medium-sized tree, 9 to 15 metres (30 to 50 ft) in height, with a slender trunk. In the best conditions in the southern
507:
margins, pale yellow green, downy; when full grown are thin, bright green, rough above, paler green beneath. In autumn they turn to a light yellow.
835:
Hackberry is only occasionally used as a street or landscape tree, although its tolerance for urban conditions makes it well suited to this role.
1698:
1230:
306:) and is most easily distinguished by range and habitat. The common hackberry also has wider leaves that are coarser above than the sugarberry.
1439:
1773:
1968:
625:
is light yellow green, five-lobed, divided nearly to the base; lobes linear, acute, more or less cut at the apex, often tipped with hairs,
2003:
1998:
1791:
783:, which do not cause serious damage to the tree. A number of insects and fungi cause rapid decay of dead branches or roots of the tree.
1983:
410:, somewhat flattened, one-fourth of an inch long, light brown. The bud scales enlarge with the growing shoot, and the innermost become
1845:
1646:
380:
1711:
1659:
1049:
394:
The branchlets are slender, and their color transitions from light green to red brown and finally to dark red-brown. The winter
1752:
1350:
1065:
1993:
1824:
1716:
753:), which has a similar bark. Hackberry grows in many different habitats, although it prefers bottomlands and soils high in
1973:
1428:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
2033:
1457:
1988:
1264:
1922:
1778:
572:
545:
1685:
989:
79:
1023:
1917:
1031:
422:
403:
330:(95 ft). The maximum age attained by hackberry is probably between 150 and 200 years in ideal conditions.
1863:
1447:
1506:
1625:
1115:
1045:
851:, are known for the extensive use of hackberry (in the latter case along with closely related but Eurasian
1871:
1563:
1558:
1535:
1133:
2018:
1858:
1202:
1197:
1664:
1223:
914:
314:
2023:
2013:
1801:
1747:
1638:
1129:
1612:
1421:
298:, often staying on the trees for several months. The common hackberry is easily confused with the
94:
1765:
587:
940:
1932:
1850:
790:, and mammals. Most seeds are dispersed by animals, but some seeds are also dispersed by water.
2028:
1703:
1620:
1468:
980:
1729:
1373:
1098:
1149:"Potential For [Carbon 14] Dating Of Biogenic Carbon In Hackberry (Celtis) Endocarps"
560:
319:
211:
1899:
599:
1814:
1584:
8:
1406:
39:
1837:
1517:
891:
521:
1940:
1633:
1171:
798:
326:
89:
1809:
1571:
1367:
1346:
1280:
1260:
1128:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
974:
794:
786:
The small berries, hackberries, are eaten by a number of birds, including robins and
746:
641:
399:
1175:
1123:
1945:
1163:
1041:
909:
853:
706:
630:
615:
508:
476:
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1302:
236:
1978:
1540:
1069:
1062:
758:
132:
1909:
1876:
1739:
1832:
1527:
718:
659:
655:
622:
611:
492:
418:
407:
119:
30:
1189:
579:
290:
with a light-colored wood, yellowish gray to light brown with yellow streaks.
1962:
1724:
1491:
1396:
1288:
900:
787:
769:
734:
334:
227:
59:
54:
598:
The flowers are greenish and appear in May, soon after the leaves. They are
1889:
1167:
730:
500:
1760:
1672:
1500:
1146:
813:
779:
714:
488:
480:
343:
178:
1550:
1114:
Sherman-Broyles, Susan L.; Barker, William T.; Schulz, Leila M. (1997).
1651:
1257:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
844:
738:
722:
637:
607:
426:
371:
299:
1677:
1597:
1453:
1316:
754:
694:
626:
603:
338:
260:
1462:
539:
Yellow leaves of a tree in autumn at the
Jevremonac Botanical Garden
358:
The bark of the same tree on the campus of the
University of Chicago
1884:
1786:
1485:
862:
848:
726:
648:
552:
512:
504:
287:
145:
1690:
1602:
1395:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
777:
The leaves are eaten by four gall-producing insects of the genus
484:
430:
411:
337:
is light brown or silvery gray, broken on the surface into thick
168:
824:
1589:
858:
840:
836:
710:
663:
645:
496:
387:
295:
188:
158:
793:
The tree serves as a butterfly larval host, particularly the
670:
106:
511:
slender, slightly grooved, hairy. Stipules varying in form,
499:
and primary veins prominent. The leaves come out of the bud
1113:
883:
614:(both female and male). They are borne on slender drooping
263:
1369:
Uses of Plants by the
Indians of the Missouri River Region
733:. There is a small isolated pocket at the southern end of
395:
1372:. Washington, DC: Washington, Govt. print. off. p.
1122:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1147:
Wang, Jang; Jahren, A. Hope; Amundsen, Ronald (1996).
1103:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 249–252.
386:
Closeup of the ridges on the bark of a street tree in
773:
The fruits often hang on the tree through the winter.
705:
The common hackberry is native to North
America from
1030:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
651:, oblong, two-celled; cells opening longitudinally.
1345:. Birchwood, WI: Forager's Harvest. p. 130.
915:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61987996A61987998.en
828:One of the streets with 'bođoš' in Sombor, Serbia
266:native to North America. It is also known as the
1960:
1229:. Manitoba Sustainable Development. p. 53.
1021:
1022:Krajicek, John E.; Williams, Robert D. (1990).
1405:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
487:(toothed), except at the base which is mostly
1052:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
934:
932:
1125:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2009:Trees of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
938:
889:
700:
929:
235:
70:
48:
29:
1403:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
1100:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
913:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
823:
768:
370:The ridges on the bark of a tree at the
313:
1365:
1279:
1050:United States Department of Agriculture
819:
1961:
1426:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1419:
1400:
1340:
1254:
1096:
737:. Hackberry's range overlaps with the
602:, meaning that there are three kinds:
1467:
1466:
1075:
972:was first described and published in
479:at the base, with a pointed tip. The
1923:767ef558-e243-42b3-a79c-807e551610a6
1802:9571de99-c4e4-48a3-9bc5-b892c1808dd9
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
318:Hackberry tree on the campus of the
1969:IUCN Red List least concern species
1182:
963:
901:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
2004:Trees of the Eastern United States
1999:Trees of humid continental climate
1458:University of California, Berkeley
1443:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1413:
1285:A Natural History of Western Trees
1236:from the original on 21 March 2023
1107:
951:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
636:There are five stamens, which are
14:
2045:
1984:Medicinal plants of North America
1433:
1366:Gilmore, Melvin Randolph (1914).
1321:QuéBio: La biodiversité au Québec
1004:
1864:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:301424-2
1390:
1259:. New York: Knopf. p. 415.
586:
571:
559:
544:
532:
520:
379:
363:
351:
286:. It is a moderately long-lived
93:
1359:
1334:
1309:
1295:
1273:
1248:
1224:"Field Guide Trees of Manitoba"
1216:
804:
447: in) long by 3–9 cm (
1140:
1056:
869:trees among its street trees.
669:The fruit is a fleshy, oblong
309:
1:
876:
491:(smooth). The leaf has three
414:. No terminal bud is formed.
1317:"Arbres publics de Montréal"
1046:United States Forest Service
7:
1994:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1401:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
1134:Harvard University Herbaria
1097:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
1072:Clary Wood Products Gallery
654:The pistil has a two-lobed
10:
2050:
1974:NatureServe secure species
1255:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
1203:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1198:Plants of the World Online
764:
374:Botanical Garden in Serbia
2034:Trees of Northern America
1475:
1420:Gucker, Corey L. (2011).
1130:Missouri Botanical Garden
551:Mature tree in winter in
243:
234:
217:
210:
90:Scientific classification
88:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1989:Plants described in 1753
1038:Silvics of North America
981:"Plant Name Details for
908:: e.T61987996A61987998.
701:Distribution and habitat
255:, commonly known as the
1341:Thayer, Samuel (2010).
1281:Peattie, Donald Culross
857:) as a street tree. In
1168:10.1006/qres.1997.1894
1132:, St. Louis, MO &
1068:June 10, 2009, at the
829:
774:
322:
1422:"Celtis occidentalis"
1303:"Native Plant Center"
827:
772:
320:University of Chicago
317:
949:NatureServe Explorer
939:NatureServe (2023).
890:Stritch, L. (2018).
820:Cultivation and uses
725:), west to northern
662:containing solitary
629:in bud. There is no
419:alternately arranged
203:C. occidentalis
1792:Celtis~occidentalis
1639:Celtis occidentalis
1507:Celtis occidentalis
1477:Celtis occidentalis
1449:Celtis occidentalis
1441:Celtis occidentalis
1192:Celtis occidentalis
1156:Quaternary Research
1118:Celtis occidentalis
1026:Celtis occidentalis
970:Celtis occidentalis
943:Celtis occidentalis
894:Celtis occidentalis
867:Celtis occidentalis
810:Celtis occidentalis
713:, through parts of
421:on the branchlets,
252:Celtis occidentalis
221:Celtis occidentalis
40:Conservation status
830:
775:
600:polygamo-monœcious
433:, 5–12 cm (2–
327:Mississippi Valley
323:
284:American hackberry
280:northern hackberry
2019:Flora of Colorado
1956:
1955:
1810:Open Tree of Life
1469:Taxon identifiers
1352:978-0-9766266-1-9
975:Species Plantarum
847:, the capital of
812:was evaluated by
795:hackberry emperor
751:Celtis reticulata
747:netleaf hackberry
578:Young leaves are
429:, often slightly
248:
247:
83:
63:
24:Common hackberry
2041:
2024:Flora of Wyoming
2014:Flora of Montana
1949:
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1456:photo database,
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1137:
1136:, Cambridge, MA.
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
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1054:
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1042:Washington, D.C.
1019:
1002:
1001:
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997:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
936:
927:
926:
924:
922:
917:
887:
865:has over 10,000
854:Celtis australis
743:Celtis laevigata
707:southern Ontario
692:
691:
687:
682:
681:
677:
590:
575:
563:
548:
536:
524:
475: in), very
474:
473:
469:
466:
460:
459:
455:
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446:
445:
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438:
383:
367:
355:
304:Celtis laevigata
257:common hackberry
239:
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98:
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33:
21:
20:
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1737:MichiganFlora:
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1414:Further reading
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1343:Nature's Garden
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1188:
1187:
1183:
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1108:
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1076:
1070:Wayback Machine
1061:
1057:
1040:. Vol. 2.
1020:
1005:
995:
993:
979:
968:
964:
954:
952:
937:
930:
920:
918:
888:
884:
879:
822:
807:
767:
759:shade tolerance
729:, and north to
703:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
674:
658:and one-celled
594:
591:
582:
576:
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537:
528:
525:
471:
467:
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417:The leaves are
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312:
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92:
84:
75:
71:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
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5:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1971:
1954:
1953:
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1950:
1946:wfo-0000593651
1937:
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1434:External links
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1291:. p. 468.
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978:2: 1044. 1753
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861:, the city of
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788:cedar waxwings
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719:North Carolina
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660:superior ovary
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2029:Flora of Utah
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1377:. Retrieved
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805:Conservation
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18:
1838:kew-2708380
1761:NatureServe
1673:iNaturalist
1501:Wikispecies
1162:: 337–343.
1063:"Hackberry"
921:19 November
814:NatureServe
780:Pachypsylla
717:, south to
715:New England
344:sedimentary
310:Description
179:Cannabaceae
133:Angiosperms
80:NatureServe
1963:Categories
1930:WisFlora:
1833:Plant List
1379:2014-08-08
1240:21 October
1208:21 October
955:21 October
877:References
845:Bratislava
739:sugarberry
723:Appalachia
638:hypogynous
610:(female),
608:pistillate
427:lanceolate
372:Jevremovac
300:sugarberry
276:beaverwood
272:sugarberry
268:nettletree
1626:233500334
1454:CalPhotos
1033:Hardwoods
755:limestone
695:aragonite
642:filaments
627:imbricate
604:staminate
593:Seedlings
580:tomentous
425:to ovate-
339:appressed
261:deciduous
197:Species:
103:Kingdom:
1918:VicFlora
1907:VASCAN:
1890:33300001
1885:Tropicos
1787:NSWFlora
1766:2.152491
1730:61987996
1704:11056610
1691:301424-2
1548:BioLib:
1486:Wikidata
1283:(1953).
1231:Archived
1176:49232599
1066:Archived
1048:(USFS),
996:June 10,
863:Montreal
849:Slovakia
797:and the
727:Oklahoma
649:extrorse
616:pedicels
606:(male),
553:Kentucky
513:caducous
509:Petioles
505:involute
412:stipules
400:axillary
288:hardwood
175:Family:
146:Eudicots
60:IUCN 3.1
1748:MoBotPF
1652:2984481
1492:Q470006
1452:in the
1407:249–252
1326:18 July
765:Ecology
757:. Its
688:⁄
678:⁄
646:anthers
631:corolla
612:perfect
566:Flowers
485:serrate
477:oblique
470:⁄
456:⁄
442:⁄
431:falcate
185:Genus:
169:Rosales
165:Order:
107:Plantae
78: (
76:Secure
58: (
1979:Celtis
1900:448125
1897:uBio:
1846:PLANTS
1799:NZOR:
1779:228587
1753:245541
1613:celocc
1610:FEIS:
1590:589818
1564:125735
1515:AoFP:
1399::
1349:
1263:
1174:
859:Canada
841:Serbia
837:Sombor
711:Quebec
664:ovules
640:; the
497:midrib
495:, the
493:nerves
489:entire
481:margin
388:Serbia
296:autumn
282:, and
190:Celtis
159:Rosids
1822:PFI:
1815:74296
1717:19040
1699:IRMNG
1678:54857
1634:FoAO2
1603:CETOC
1541:58035
1525:APA:
1234:(PDF)
1227:(PDF)
1172:S2CID
1152:(PDF)
671:drupe
656:style
623:calyx
423:ovate
408:acute
404:ovate
153:Clade
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
1933:3061
1910:4192
1877:3350
1859:POWO
1851:CEOC
1774:NCBI
1725:IUCN
1712:ITIS
1686:IPNI
1665:9774
1660:GRIN
1647:GBIF
1598:EPPO
1577:S4SV
1559:BOLD
1551:3523
1536:APNI
1528:3628
1518:3886
1347:ISBN
1328:2024
1261:ISBN
1242:2023
1210:2023
998:2011
990:IPNI
957:2023
923:2021
906:2018
843:and
709:and
621:The
527:Leaf
398:are
396:buds
335:bark
333:The
264:tree
1941:WFO
1872:RHS
1825:287
1740:712
1621:FNA
1585:EoL
1572:CoL
1194:L."
1164:doi
910:doi
839:in
683:to
483:is
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