858:
827:
911:
78:
842:
933:
513:
250:, which is tilted slightly down to cover the cell area without radiating at higher angles into further off cells which reuse the same frequencies. The elevation angle of the antenna must be carefully adjusted, so the beam covers the entire cell without radiating too far. In modern sector antennas beam tilt can usually be adjusted electronically, to avoid the necessity of a lineman climbing the tower to mechanically tilt the antenna when adjustment is needed.
67:
40:
975:
732:
596:
989:
538:
383:
is intentionally kept at low power and in many cases tilted downward to limit its reach. This allows covering an area small enough not to have to support more conversations than the available channels can carry. Due to the sectorized arrangement of antennas on a tower, it is possible to vary the strength and angle for each sector depending on the coverage from other towers in the area.
411:(a central computer that specializes in making phone connections) and the intelligence of the cellphone keeps track of and allows the phone to switch from one mast to the next during conversation. As the user moves towards a mast it picks the strongest signal and releases the mast from which the signal has become weaker; that channel on that mast becomes available to another user.
807:
These concealed cell sites can distinguish themselves by foliage shape and bark type. The foliage of all these antennas is composed of leaves made of plastic material accurately designed, taking into consideration quantity, shape and array suitable to completely conceal the antennas and all accessory
403:
will degrade or eliminate reception. When many people try to use the cell mast at the same time, e.g. during a traffic jam or a sports event, then there will be a signal on the phone display but it is blocked from starting a new connection. The other limiting factor for cell phones is the ability to
328:
of the signal. Depending on terrain and other circumstances, a GSM Tower can replace between 3 and 80 km (2 and 50 mi) of cabling for fixed wireless networks. In addition, some technologies, such as GSM, have an additional absolute maximum range of 35 km (22 mi), which is imposed
311:
In practice, cell sites are grouped in areas of high population density, with the most potential users. Cell phone traffic through a single site is limited by the base station's capacity; of -56 dBm signal there is a finite number of calls or data traffic that a base station can handle at once. This
382:
the same channels at different locations. Just as a car radio changes from one local station to a completely different local station with the same frequency when traveling to another city, the same radio channel gets reused on a cell mast only a few miles away. To do this, the signal of a cell mast
164:
Cell sites are sometimes required to be inconspicuous; they may be blended with the surrounding area or mounted on buildings or advertising towers. Preserved treescapes can often hide cell towers inside an artificial or preserved tree. These installations are generally referred to as concealed cell
152:
Multiple cellular providers often save money by mounting their antennas on a common shared mast; since separate systems use different frequencies, antennas can be located close together without interfering with each other. Some provider companies operate multiple cellular networks and similarly use
717:
The renewable energy systems supply electrical power when available. The fuel cells are activated only when the natural sources are not enough to supply the energy the system needs. The emergency power supply (the fuel cells) is designed to last an average of ten days. In this way the structure is
581:
reported that the
Technical Operations Group of the U.S. Marshals utilizes spy devices, known as "dirtboxes", to mimic powerful cell tower signals. Such devices are designed to cause mobile phones to switch over to the tower, as it is the strongest signal within reach. The devices are placed on
210:
can be reused in geographically separated cells. When a mobile user moves from one cell to another, their phone is automatically "handed off" to the new cell's antenna, and assigned a new set of frequencies, and subsequently communicates with this antenna. This background handoff process is
319:
range of a mast (where it is not limited by interference with other masts nearby) depends on the same considerations. In any case the limiting factor is the ability of a low-powered personal cell phone to transmit back to the mast. As a rough guide, based on a tall mast and flat
437:
and where the GNSS is not available. The precision of this system varies and is highest where advanced forward link methods are possible and is lowest where only a single cell site can be reached, in which case the location is only known to be within the coverage of that site.
691:. This can reduce the cost of fuel to the cell site or telecom tower by up to 75%. They can be backed up by a fuel generator system which allows the cell site to work when the renewable sources are not enough. One such energy production system consists of:
324:, it may be possible to get between 50 and 70 km (31 and 43 mi). When the terrain is hilly, the maximum distance can vary from as little as 6 to 8 km (3.7 to 5.0 mi) due to encroachment of intermediate objects into the wide center
819:
Rooftop structures such as concealment chimneys or panels, 6 to 12 meters high, may conceal one or more mobile telephone operators on the same station. Roofmask panels can be fixed to existing rooftop structures, restyling them quickly and cheaply.
312:
capacity limitation is commonly the factor that determines the spacing of cell mast sites. In suburban areas, masts are commonly spaced 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) apart and in dense urban areas, masts may be as close as 400–800 m apart.
481:: "Measurement data obtained from various sources have consistently indicated that 'worst-case' ground-level power densities near typical cellular towers are on the order of 1 ÎĽW/cm (or 10 mW/m) or less (usually significantly less)."
194:
and antenna at a base station. All the cell phones within a cell communicate with the system through that cell's antenna, on separate frequency channels assigned by the base station from a common pool of frequencies used by the system.
557:
or transmission tower workers. Transmission tower workers often work at heights of up to 460 m (1,500 ft), performing installation, maintenance and repair work for cellular phone and other wireless communications companies.
189:
through a local antenna at a cellular base station (cell site). The coverage area in which service is provided is divided into a mosaic of small geographical areas called "cells", each served by a separate low power multichannel
664:
systems are added to critical cell sites to provide day-to-day and emergency power. Traditionally, sites have used internal-combustion-engine-driven generator sets, however, being less efficient than public power, they increase
504:, "Scientific consensus shows that non-ionizing radiation is not a carcinogen and, at or below the radio frequency exposure limits set by the FCC, non-ionizing radiation has not been shown to cause any harm to people."
404:
send a signal from its low powered battery to the cell site. Some cellphones perform better than others under low power or low battery, typically due to the ability to send a good signal from the phone to the mast.
484:
Cell phones, cell towers, wi-fi, smart meters, digital enhanced cordless telecommunications phones, cordless phones, baby monitors, and other wireless devices all emit non-ionizing radio frequencies, which the
234:. A common geometry is to locate the cell site at the intersection of three adjacent cells, with three antennas at 120° angles each covering one cell. The type of antenna used for cellular base stations
1563:
263:
The working range of a cell site (the range which mobile devices connects reliably to the cell site) is not a fixed figure. It will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
1532:
304:" to/from other sites (moving the signal for a mobile device from one cell site to another, for those technologies that can handle it - e.g. making a GSM phone call while in a car or train).
897:
signals. They are more energy efficient and deliver broadband more efficiently than current cell sites. They could be used in very populated urban areas to make room for more radio space.
1063:
714:
which are usually designed to have an average of two days of self-sufficiency, also known as autonomy, to allow time for maintenance personnel to arrive at site when a repair is needed.
292:
In addition there are timing limitations in some technologies (e.g., even in free space, GSM would be limited to 150 km, with 180 km being possible with special equipment)
1556:"Americans' Cellphones Targeted in Secret U.S. Spy Program: Devices on Planes that Mimic Cellphone Towers Used to Target Criminals, but Also Sift Through Thousands of Other Phones"
1471:
1501:
227:
band, one for each direction of the bidirectional conversation, plus a control channel which handles registering the phone with the network, dialing, and the handoff process.
1388:
534:
COWs are also used at permanent cell sites—as temporary replacements for damaged equipment, during planned outages, and to augment capacity such as during conventions.
1357:
1273:
826:
527:(COWs), that serve as temporary cell sites. A generator may be included for use where network electrical power is not available, and the system may have a wireless
1327:
1229:
1155:
459:"), it was required that at least 95% of cellular phones in use on 31 December 2005 support such service. Many carriers missed this deadline and were fined by the
857:
948:
1555:
370:
The concept of "maximum" range is misleading in a cellular network. Cellular networks are designed to support many conversations with a limited number of
1590:
1769:
378:
necessary to make one conversation) that are licensed to an operator of a cellular service. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to repeat and
472:
1755:
1524:
441:
An advanced forward link is where a device is within range of at least three cell sites and where the carrier has implemented timing system use.
808:
parts in a natural manner. The materials used guarantee absolute radio-electric transparency and resistance to UVA rays. Nicknames include "
1186:
841:
1630:
1463:
1297:
1057:
211:
imperceptible to the user and can occur in the middle of a phone call without any service interruption. Each cell phone has an automated
1493:
391:
A cellphone may not work at times because it is too far from a mast, or because the phone is in a location where cell phone signals are
1784:
816:, the directional antennas are sometimes hidden in a plastic housing near the top of the pole so that the crossbars can be eliminated.
669:
and are a source of pollution (atmospheric, acoustic, etc.) and some are in areas protected by environment and landscape conservation.
1713:
718:
completely self-sufficient: this enables the maintenance team to pay only few visits to the site, since it is usually hard to get to.
572:, the NSA sells a $ 40,000 "active GSM base station" to be used as a tool to mimic a mobile phone tower and thus monitor cell phones.
1614:
1379:
1290:"Mobile Phone Base Stations, How do mobile base stations work, Mobile Base Stations in Australia, Cell Tower, Mobile Phone Tower"
1221:
956:
1349:
1652:
1269:
517:
334:
1147:
523:
Although cell antennas are normally attached to permanent structures, carriers also maintain fleets of vehicles, called
1747:
1675:
1017:
793:
779:
635:
582:
airplanes to effectively create a "dragnet", gathering data about phones as the planes travel above populated areas.
478:
460:
761:
812:" for a monopole disguised as a palm tree or "Pseudopinus telephoneyensis" for a mast disguised as a pine tree. In
1730:
296:
Generally, in areas where there are enough cell sites to cover a wide area, the range of each one will be set to:
1789:
809:
17:
1254:
1120:
1090:
1022:
796:
and appearance. The latter is sometimes tackled by disguising the mast as something else, such as a flag pole,
757:
617:
354:
347:
1586:
1381:
Questions and
Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields
528:
448:(AoA) and it occurs when the device is in range of at least two cell sites, produces intermediate precision.
199:
357:) Mobile base station: the distances between the 5G base-station is about 250–300 m, due to the use of
804:(e.g. palm trees, pine trees, cypress) or rooftop structures or urban features such as chimneys or panels.
501:
683:
may be available where cell sites are placed. The first off-grid mast in the UK was installed in 2022 in
1752:
497:, "No mechanism by which ELF-EMFs or radiofrequency radiation could cause cancer has been identified."
1047:
753:
613:
1765:
FCC: Information On Human
Exposure To Radio frequency Fields From Cellular and PCS Radio Transmitters
994:
494:
486:
396:
268:
1052:
1027:
742:
375:
358:
230:
Typically a cell tower is located at the edge of one or more cells and covers multiple cells using
126:
1770:
Australian
Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) Base Station Survey 2007- 2011
350:) Mobile base station tower: it is technically possible to cover up to 50–150 km. (Macrocell)
307:
Ensure that the overlap area is not too large, to minimize interference problems with other sites.
1559:
1319:
910:
746:
606:
577:
408:
146:
881:
have developed a cell site called lightRadio that fits in the palm of hand. It is the size of a
121:. The raised structure typically supports antenna and one or more sets of transmitter/receivers
1178:
1037:
114:
1634:
1289:
206:; the low power radio signals used within each cell do not travel far beyond the cell, so the
1415:"World Health Organization, Radiofrequency Radiation and Health—A Hard Nut to Crack (Review)"
110:
1710:
939:
102:
289:
It may also be limited by local geographical or regulatory factors and weather conditions.
77:
8:
711:
455:
In the United States, for emergency calling service using location data (locally called "
231:
220:
1439:
1414:
980:
924:
400:
1611:
1444:
1042:
1032:
672:
666:
395:
by thick building walls, hills, or other structures. The signals do not need a clear
247:
182:
1434:
1426:
1002:
813:
445:
174:
118:
1731:"Water tower-based cell antennas provide municipal revenues, better phone service"
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882:
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379:
203:
1764:
1648:
920:
878:
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and communicates with the cell antenna over two digital radio channels in the
1778:
1069:
833:
554:
371:
207:
106:
71:
1686:
1523:
Appelbaum, Jacob; Horchert, Judith; Stöcker, Christian (29 December 2013).
1448:
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130:
1430:
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122:
932:
512:
473:
Mobile phone radiation and health § Health hazards of base stations
680:
620: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
490:
186:
117:, or other raised structure) to create a cell, or adjacent cells, in a
66:
1587:"WSJ: A Secret U.S. Spy Program Is Using Planes to Target Cell Phones"
684:
657:
286:
Reflection and absorption of radio energy by buildings or vegetation.
224:
1250:
1064:
In re
Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data
731:
595:
39:
1612:
Ballard fuel cells to power telecom backup power units for
Motorola
974:
864:
301:
154:
134:
113:
and electronic communications equipment are placed (typically on a
1012:
848:
537:
321:
280:
The required uplink/downlink data rate of the subscriber's device
1007:
1649:"Pembrokeshire: Wind and solar powered phone mast in UK first"
952:
688:
138:
792:
There is often local opposition to new masts for reasons of
433:(e.g. GPS), but it is available to devices that do not have
153:
colocated base stations for two or more cellular networks, (
1387:. OET Bulletin 56 (4th ed.). August 1999. p. 21.
801:
430:
832:
An antenna colored to blend in with its host building, in
283:
The directional characteristics of the site antenna array.
710:
Electrical energy from intermittent sources is stored in
158:
142:
1522:
1324:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and
Science News
181:(cell phones) in which each phone communicates with the
1685:. No. January 1999. UK. p. 51. Archived from
1525:"Shopping for Spy Gear: Catalog Advertises NSA Toolbox"
894:
890:
886:
656:
because of difficult access or lack of infrastructure.
531:
link allowing use where a wired link is not available.
648:
An off-grid cell site is not connected to the public
1350:"Sprint, Alltel, USC fined for missed e911 deadline"
970:
242:, usually consists of a vertical collinear array of
198:
The purpose of cellular organization is to conserve
1121:"24 Cell Phone Towers Disguised as Everyday Things"
1711:The tiny cube that could cut your cell phone bill
1088:
1776:
1177:Buckley, Cara; Richtel, Matt (20 August 2010).
1553:
1176:
1118:
340:
1748:Maps of All Towers Across the United Kingdom
1270:NTIA Seeks Input on Broadband Stimulus Money
1222:"Understanding Small-Cell Wireless Backhaul"
847:Camouflaged monopole, called "monopalm", in
567:
452:uses both satellite and cell phone signals.
267:Height of antenna over surrounding terrain (
1584:
1494:"Radio Frequency Radiation and Cell Phones"
1058:Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations
760:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1145:
38:
1720:, CNN Money, 21 March 2011, David Goldman
1438:
1179:"Good Cellphone Service Comes at a Price"
780:Learn how and when to remove this message
636:Learn how and when to remove this message
466:
386:
938:Water tower cellular around the neck in
536:
511:
76:
65:
1631:"India telecoms to get fuel cell power"
1412:
1406:
1253:undated, URL retrieved 14 August 2007.
1148:"The Girded, The Bland And the Prickly"
1114:
1112:
900:
236:(vertical white rectangles in pictures)
14:
1777:
1504:from the original on 30 September 2022
1089:Raj Krithin Katla (10 November 2020).
489:(WHO) has classified as a "potential"
337:have no such limit defined by timing.
1673:
1593:from the original on 30 November 2020
1535:from the original on 16 December 2020
1360:from the original on 29 November 2020
1300:from the original on 12 November 2020
1272:undated, URL retrieved 3 March 2009.
1091:"Learn about what is on a cell tower"
706:Electro-chemical generator fuel cells
1753:FCC: Universal Licensing Information
1394:from the original on 20 October 2011
1330:from the original on 15 January 2021
1189:from the original on 4 December 2019
1109:
758:adding citations to reliable sources
725:
618:adding citations to reliable sources
589:
300:Ensure there is enough overlap for "
1676:"NEW CONIFER IN THE BRITISH ISLES?"
1554:Devlin Barrett (13 November 2014).
1464:"Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer"
585:
561:
518:2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption
24:
1232:from the original on 9 August 2020
1146:Rubenstein, Carin (11 July 2004).
507:
81:A cell tower in the bush in Africa
25:
1801:
1785:Telecommunications infrastructure
1741:
1674:BOWEN, Humphry (1 January 1999).
1655:from the original on 15 June 2022
1498:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1474:from the original on 5 March 2020
1419:International Journal of Oncology
1413:Hardell, Lennart (21 June 2017).
1158:from the original on 25 June 2020
1018:Mobile phone radiation and health
566:According to documents leaked to
516:A mobile antenna used during the
479:Federal Communications Commission
461:Federal Communications Commission
27:Communications equipment location
1585:Kate Knibbs (13 November 2014).
1566:from the original on 6 June 2018
1119:Jackson Chung (10 August 2013).
987:
973:
931:
909:
856:
840:
825:
730:
594:
365:
1723:
1704:
1667:
1641:
1623:
1605:
1578:
1547:
1516:
1486:
1456:
1372:
1342:
1312:
605:needs additional citations for
274:The frequency of signal in use.
1282:
1263:
1251:Frequently Asked PCS Questions
1244:
1214:
1201:
1170:
1139:
1082:
1023:Telecom infrastructure sharing
959:to place cellular antennas on
863:A site concealed in a tree in
420:
277:The transmitter's rated power.
13:
1:
1207:J. Andrews, A. Gohsh (2007).
1075:
721:
553:Cell site workers are called
548:
165:sites or stealth cell sites.
885:. It is capable of relaying
872:
502:Food and Drug Administration
253:
7:
1543:– via Spiegel Online.
1097:. Techno Chronicle Magazine
966:
246:. It has a flat fan-shaped
168:
10:
1806:
1651:. BBC News. 15 June 2022.
1048:Distributed antenna system
470:
413:
341:Practical example of range
1468:National Cancer Institute
1294:mobilenetworkguide.com.au
995:Telecommunications portal
495:National Cancer Institute
487:World Health Organization
269:Line-of-sight propagation
177:is a network of handheld
149:sources, and sheltering.
129:, control electronics, a
127:digital signal processors
54:
46:
37:
1716:12 November 2020 at the
1276:22 November 2009 at the
1053:Telecommunications lease
1028:Base transceiver station
652:. Usually the system is
493:, According to the U.S.
444:Another method is using
429:is less precise than by
376:radio frequency spectrum
258:
1560:The Wall Street Journal
1425:(August 2017): 405–13.
578:The Wall Street Journal
409:base station controller
147:backup electrical power
50:Cellular telephone site
1790:Radio masts and towers
1038:Radio masts and towers
568:
545:
520:
500:According to the U.S.
477:According to the U.S.
467:Radio power and health
387:Signal limiting factor
145:systems), primary and
82:
74:
56:First production
1758:28 March 2014 at the
1431:10.3892/ijo.2017.4046
1209:Fundamentals of WiMAX
540:
515:
471:Further information:
414:Further information:
331:technical limitations
99:cellular base station
80:
69:
1637:on 26 November 2010.
940:Barrington, Illinois
901:Water tower cellular
754:improve this section
614:improve this article
232:directional antennas
1617:6 July 2011 at the
1326:. 27 January 2017.
712:secondary batteries
34:
1470:. 7 January 2019.
1356:. 31 August 2007.
1320:"Full Page Reload"
1257:9 May 2006 at the
1183:The New York Times
1152:The New York Times
981:Electronics portal
949:Cellular companies
925:Mauston, Wisconsin
575:In November 2014,
546:
521:
401:radio interference
83:
75:
32:
1226:Electronic Design
1043:Mobile cell sites
1033:Remote radio head
957:local governments
790:
789:
782:
673:Renewable sources
667:operating expense
646:
645:
638:
248:radiation pattern
183:telephone network
115:radio mast, tower
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
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1734:
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1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
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1633:. Archived from
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1228:. 3 April 2014.
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1003:Cellular network
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621:
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586:Off-grid systems
571:
562:Spy agency setup
446:angle of arrival
359:millimetre waves
175:cellular network
161:, for example).
133:for timing (for
119:cellular network
91:cell phone tower
57:
42:
35:
31:
21:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
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1775:
1774:
1760:Wayback Machine
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:. 26 July 2011.
1729:
1728:
1724:
1718:Wayback Machine
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1692:on 26 July 2011
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1619:Wayback Machine
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1500:. 30 May 2022.
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1278:Wayback Machine
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1127:. Honekai Media
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877:Researchers at
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508:Temporary sites
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200:radio bandwidth
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95:cell base tower
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18:Cellular towers
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739:This section
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435:GPS receivers
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366:Channel reuse
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72:lattice tower
68:
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45:
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30:
19:
1725:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1682:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1643:
1635:the original
1625:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1528:
1518:
1508:14 September
1506:. Retrieved
1497:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1398:14 September
1396:. Retrieved
1380:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1265:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1182:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1151:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1124:
1099:. Retrieved
1094:
1084:
1062:
961:water towers
947:
883:Rubik's cube
876:
818:
806:
791:
776:
767:
752:Please help
740:
716:
709:
671:
662:backup power
654:off-the-grid
647:
632:
623:
612:Please help
607:verification
604:
576:
574:
565:
552:
533:
522:
499:
483:
476:
457:Enhanced 911
454:
450:Assisted GPS
443:
440:
424:
406:
399:but greater
390:
369:
326:Fresnel zone
316:
314:
310:
295:
262:
235:
229:
197:
172:
163:
151:
131:GPS receiver
123:transceivers
98:
94:
90:
86:
84:
60:20th century
29:
1597:14 November
1589:. Gizmodo.
1570:14 November
1529:Der Spiegel
1478:26 February
1193:18 February
1162:18 February
917:Water tower
798:street lamp
696:Solar power
677:solar power
569:Der Spiegel
427:geolocation
421:Geolocation
374:(slices of
333:. CDMA and
238:, called a
217:transceiver
213:full duplex
192:transceiver
187:radio waves
109:site where
33:Cell towers
1779:Categories
1696:1 November
1539:4 December
1364:4 December
1304:4 December
1236:4 December
1076:References
923:on top in
722:Camouflage
681:wind power
675:, such as
626:April 2012
549:Employment
491:carcinogen
393:attenuated
346:3G/4G/5G (
1683:BSBI NEWS
1131:21 August
1101:21 August
873:Miniature
814:monopoles
741:does not
698:generator
685:Eglwyswrw
660:or other
658:Fuel cell
425:Cellular
254:Operation
225:microwave
105:-enabled
87:cell site
70:Cellular
1756:Archived
1714:Archived
1653:Archived
1615:Archived
1591:Archived
1564:Archived
1533:Archived
1502:Archived
1472:Archived
1449:28656257
1389:Archived
1358:Archived
1328:Archived
1298:Archived
1274:Archived
1255:Archived
1230:Archived
1187:Archived
1156:Archived
1125:TechBlog
967:See also
867:, France
865:Yvelines
810:monopalm
529:backhaul
302:handover
215:digital
169:Overview
155:CDMA2000
135:CDMA2000
111:antennas
103:cellular
1659:15 June
1440:5504984
1211:, p. 43
1013:OpenBTS
849:Arizona
800:, or a
762:removed
747:sources
322:terrain
317:maximum
244:dipoles
1447:
1437:
1334:4 June
1095:Medium
1008:Node B
953:leases
794:safety
1690:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1385:(PDF)
955:with
951:sign
919:with
689:Wales
544:(COW)
380:reuse
259:Range
139:IS-95
101:is a
97:, or
1698:2023
1661:2022
1599:2014
1572:2014
1541:2019
1510:2022
1480:2019
1445:PMID
1400:2022
1366:2019
1336:2018
1306:2019
1238:2019
1195:2017
1164:2017
1133:2024
1103:2024
893:and
851:, US
802:tree
745:any
743:cite
679:and
431:GNSS
407:The
353:5G (
335:IDEN
315:The
47:Type
1435:PMC
1427:doi
756:by
616:by
355:FR2
348:FR1
329:by
223:or
221:UHF
202:by
185:by
159:GSM
157:or
143:GSM
141:or
1781::
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1111:^
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895:4G
891:3G
889:,
887:2G
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463:.
271:).
173:A
125:,
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85:A
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137:/
20:)
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