847:
816:
900:
67:
831:
922:
502:
239:, which is tilted slightly down to cover the cell area without radiating at higher angles into further off cells which reuse the same frequencies. The elevation angle of the antenna must be carefully adjusted, so the beam covers the entire cell without radiating too far. In modern sector antennas beam tilt can usually be adjusted electronically, to avoid the necessity of a lineman climbing the tower to mechanically tilt the antenna when adjustment is needed.
56:
29:
964:
721:
585:
978:
527:
372:
is intentionally kept at low power and in many cases tilted downward to limit its reach. This allows covering an area small enough not to have to support more conversations than the available channels can carry. Due to the sectorized arrangement of antennas on a tower, it is possible to vary the strength and angle for each sector depending on the coverage from other towers in the area.
400:(a central computer that specializes in making phone connections) and the intelligence of the cellphone keeps track of and allows the phone to switch from one mast to the next during conversation. As the user moves towards a mast it picks the strongest signal and releases the mast from which the signal has become weaker; that channel on that mast becomes available to another user.
796:
These concealed cell sites can distinguish themselves by foliage shape and bark type. The foliage of all these antennas is composed of leaves made of plastic material accurately designed, taking into consideration quantity, shape and array suitable to completely conceal the antennas and all accessory
392:
will degrade or eliminate reception. When many people try to use the cell mast at the same time, e.g. during a traffic jam or a sports event, then there will be a signal on the phone display but it is blocked from starting a new connection. The other limiting factor for cell phones is the ability to
317:
of the signal. Depending on terrain and other circumstances, a GSM Tower can replace between 3 and 80 km (2 and 50 mi) of cabling for fixed wireless networks. In addition, some technologies, such as GSM, have an additional absolute maximum range of 35 km (22 mi), which is imposed
300:
In practice, cell sites are grouped in areas of high population density, with the most potential users. Cell phone traffic through a single site is limited by the base station's capacity; of -56 dBm signal there is a finite number of calls or data traffic that a base station can handle at once. This
371:
the same channels at different locations. Just as a car radio changes from one local station to a completely different local station with the same frequency when traveling to another city, the same radio channel gets reused on a cell mast only a few miles away. To do this, the signal of a cell mast
153:
Cell sites are sometimes required to be inconspicuous; they may be blended with the surrounding area or mounted on buildings or advertising towers. Preserved treescapes can often hide cell towers inside an artificial or preserved tree. These installations are generally referred to as concealed cell
141:
Multiple cellular providers often save money by mounting their antennas on a common shared mast; since separate systems use different frequencies, antennas can be located close together without interfering with each other. Some provider companies operate multiple cellular networks and similarly use
706:
The renewable energy systems supply electrical power when available. The fuel cells are activated only when the natural sources are not enough to supply the energy the system needs. The emergency power supply (the fuel cells) is designed to last an average of ten days. In this way the structure is
570:
reported that the
Technical Operations Group of the U.S. Marshals utilizes spy devices, known as "dirtboxes", to mimic powerful cell tower signals. Such devices are designed to cause mobile phones to switch over to the tower, as it is the strongest signal within reach. The devices are placed on
199:
can be reused in geographically separated cells. When a mobile user moves from one cell to another, their phone is automatically "handed off" to the new cell's antenna, and assigned a new set of frequencies, and subsequently communicates with this antenna. This background handoff process is
308:
range of a mast (where it is not limited by interference with other masts nearby) depends on the same considerations. In any case the limiting factor is the ability of a low-powered personal cell phone to transmit back to the mast. As a rough guide, based on a tall mast and flat
426:
and where the GNSS is not available. The precision of this system varies and is highest where advanced forward link methods are possible and is lowest where only a single cell site can be reached, in which case the location is only known to be within the coverage of that site.
680:. This can reduce the cost of fuel to the cell site or telecom tower by up to 75%. They can be backed up by a fuel generator system which allows the cell site to work when the renewable sources are not enough. One such energy production system consists of:
313:, it may be possible to get between 50 and 70 km (31 and 43 mi). When the terrain is hilly, the maximum distance can vary from as little as 6 to 8 km (3.7 to 5.0 mi) due to encroachment of intermediate objects into the wide center
808:
Rooftop structures such as concealment chimneys or panels, 6 to 12 meters high, may conceal one or more mobile telephone operators on the same station. Roofmask panels can be fixed to existing rooftop structures, restyling them quickly and cheaply.
301:
capacity limitation is commonly the factor that determines the spacing of cell mast sites. In suburban areas, masts are commonly spaced 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) apart and in dense urban areas, masts may be as close as 400–800 m apart.
470:: "Measurement data obtained from various sources have consistently indicated that 'worst-case' ground-level power densities near typical cellular towers are on the order of 1 ÎĽW/cm (or 10 mW/m) or less (usually significantly less)."
183:
and antenna at a base station. All the cell phones within a cell communicate with the system through that cell's antenna, on separate frequency channels assigned by the base station from a common pool of frequencies used by the system.
546:
or transmission tower workers. Transmission tower workers often work at heights of up to 460 m (1,500 ft), performing installation, maintenance and repair work for cellular phone and other wireless communications companies.
178:
through a local antenna at a cellular base station (cell site). The coverage area in which service is provided is divided into a mosaic of small geographical areas called "cells", each served by a separate low power multichannel
653:
systems are added to critical cell sites to provide day-to-day and emergency power. Traditionally, sites have used internal-combustion-engine-driven generator sets, however, being less efficient than public power, they increase
493:, "Scientific consensus shows that non-ionizing radiation is not a carcinogen and, at or below the radio frequency exposure limits set by the FCC, non-ionizing radiation has not been shown to cause any harm to people."
393:
send a signal from its low powered battery to the cell site. Some cellphones perform better than others under low power or low battery, typically due to the ability to send a good signal from the phone to the mast.
473:
Cell phones, cell towers, wi-fi, smart meters, digital enhanced cordless telecommunications phones, cordless phones, baby monitors, and other wireless devices all emit non-ionizing radio frequencies, which the
223:. A common geometry is to locate the cell site at the intersection of three adjacent cells, with three antennas at 120° angles each covering one cell. The type of antenna used for cellular base stations
1552:
252:
The working range of a cell site (the range which mobile devices connects reliably to the cell site) is not a fixed figure. It will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
1521:
293:" to/from other sites (moving the signal for a mobile device from one cell site to another, for those technologies that can handle it - e.g. making a GSM phone call while in a car or train).
886:
signals. They are more energy efficient and deliver broadband more efficiently than current cell sites. They could be used in very populated urban areas to make room for more radio space.
1052:
703:
which are usually designed to have an average of two days of self-sufficiency, also known as autonomy, to allow time for maintenance personnel to arrive at site when a repair is needed.
281:
In addition there are timing limitations in some technologies (e.g., even in free space, GSM would be limited to 150 km, with 180 km being possible with special equipment)
1545:"Americans' Cellphones Targeted in Secret U.S. Spy Program: Devices on Planes that Mimic Cellphone Towers Used to Target Criminals, but Also Sift Through Thousands of Other Phones"
1460:
1490:
216:
band, one for each direction of the bidirectional conversation, plus a control channel which handles registering the phone with the network, dialing, and the handoff process.
1377:
523:
COWs are also used at permanent cell sites—as temporary replacements for damaged equipment, during planned outages, and to augment capacity such as during conventions.
1346:
1262:
815:
516:(COWs), that serve as temporary cell sites. A generator may be included for use where network electrical power is not available, and the system may have a wireless
1316:
1218:
1144:
448:"), it was required that at least 95% of cellular phones in use on 31 December 2005 support such service. Many carriers missed this deadline and were fined by the
846:
937:
1544:
359:
The concept of "maximum" range is misleading in a cellular network. Cellular networks are designed to support many conversations with a limited number of
1579:
1758:
367:
necessary to make one conversation) that are licensed to an operator of a cellular service. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to repeat and
461:
1744:
1513:
430:
An advanced forward link is where a device is within range of at least three cell sites and where the carrier has implemented timing system use.
797:
parts in a natural manner. The materials used guarantee absolute radio-electric transparency and resistance to UVA rays. Nicknames include "
1175:
830:
1619:
1452:
1286:
1046:
200:
imperceptible to the user and can occur in the middle of a phone call without any service interruption. Each cell phone has an automated
1482:
380:
A cellphone may not work at times because it is too far from a mast, or because the phone is in a location where cell phone signals are
1773:
805:, the directional antennas are sometimes hidden in a plastic housing near the top of the pole so that the crossbars can be eliminated.
658:
and are a source of pollution (atmospheric, acoustic, etc.) and some are in areas protected by environment and landscape conservation.
1702:
707:
completely self-sufficient: this enables the maintenance team to pay only few visits to the site, since it is usually hard to get to.
561:, the NSA sells a $ 40,000 "active GSM base station" to be used as a tool to mimic a mobile phone tower and thus monitor cell phones.
1603:
1368:
1279:"Mobile Phone Base Stations, How do mobile base stations work, Mobile Base Stations in Australia, Cell Tower, Mobile Phone Tower"
1210:
945:
1338:
1641:
1258:
506:
323:
1136:
512:
Although cell antennas are normally attached to permanent structures, carriers also maintain fleets of vehicles, called
1736:
1664:
1006:
782:
768:
624:
571:
airplanes to effectively create a "dragnet", gathering data about phones as the planes travel above populated areas.
467:
449:
750:
801:" for a monopole disguised as a palm tree or "Pseudopinus telephoneyensis" for a mast disguised as a pine tree. In
1719:
285:
Generally, in areas where there are enough cell sites to cover a wide area, the range of each one will be set to:
1778:
798:
1243:
1109:
1079:
1011:
785:
and appearance. The latter is sometimes tackled by disguising the mast as something else, such as a flag pole,
746:
606:
343:
336:
1575:
1370:
Questions and
Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields
517:
437:(AoA) and it occurs when the device is in range of at least two cell sites, produces intermediate precision.
188:
346:) Mobile base station: the distances between the 5G base-station is about 250–300 m, due to the use of
793:(e.g. palm trees, pine trees, cypress) or rooftop structures or urban features such as chimneys or panels.
490:
672:
may be available where cell sites are placed. The first off-grid mast in the UK was installed in 2022 in
1741:
486:, "No mechanism by which ELF-EMFs or radiofrequency radiation could cause cancer has been identified."
1036:
742:
602:
1754:
FCC: Information On Human
Exposure To Radio frequency Fields From Cellular and PCS Radio Transmitters
983:
483:
475:
385:
257:
1041:
1016:
731:
364:
347:
219:
Typically a cell tower is located at the edge of one or more cells and covers multiple cells using
115:
1759:
Australian
Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) Base Station Survey 2007- 2011
339:) Mobile base station tower: it is technically possible to cover up to 50–150 km. (Macrocell)
296:
Ensure that the overlap area is not too large, to minimize interference problems with other sites.
1548:
1308:
899:
735:
595:
566:
397:
135:
870:
have developed a cell site called lightRadio that fits in the palm of hand. It is the size of a
110:. The raised structure typically supports antenna and one or more sets of transmitter/receivers
1167:
1026:
103:
1623:
1278:
195:; the low power radio signals used within each cell do not travel far beyond the cell, so the
1404:"World Health Organization, Radiofrequency Radiation and Health—A Hard Nut to Crack (Review)"
99:
1699:
928:
91:
278:
It may also be limited by local geographical or regulatory factors and weather conditions.
66:
8:
700:
444:
In the United States, for emergency calling service using location data (locally called "
220:
209:
1428:
1403:
969:
913:
389:
1600:
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1021:
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by thick building walls, hills, or other structures. The signals do not need a clear
236:
171:
1423:
1415:
991:
802:
434:
163:
107:
1720:"Water tower-based cell antennas provide municipal revenues, better phone service"
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404:
368:
192:
1753:
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909:
867:
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232:
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and communicates with the cell antenna over two digital radio channels in the
1767:
1058:
822:
543:
360:
196:
95:
60:
1675:
1512:
Appelbaum, Jacob; Horchert, Judith; Stöcker, Christian (29 December 2013).
1437:
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423:
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119:
1419:
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205:
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111:
921:
501:
462:
Mobile phone radiation and health § Health hazards of base stations
669:
609: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
479:
175:
106:, or other raised structure) to create a cell, or adjacent cells, in a
55:
1576:"WSJ: A Secret U.S. Spy Program Is Using Planes to Target Cell Phones"
673:
646:
275:
Reflection and absorption of radio energy by buildings or vegetation.
213:
1239:
1053:
In re
Application of the United States for Historical Cell Site Data
720:
584:
28:
1601:
Ballard fuel cells to power telecom backup power units for
Motorola
963:
853:
290:
143:
123:
102:
and electronic communications equipment are placed (typically on a
1001:
837:
526:
310:
269:
The required uplink/downlink data rate of the subscriber's device
996:
1638:"Pembrokeshire: Wind and solar powered phone mast in UK first"
941:
677:
127:
781:
There is often local opposition to new masts for reasons of
422:(e.g. GPS), but it is available to devices that do not have
142:
colocated base stations for two or more cellular networks, (
1376:. OET Bulletin 56 (4th ed.). August 1999. p. 21.
790:
419:
821:
An antenna colored to blend in with its host building, in
272:
The directional characteristics of the site antenna array.
699:
Electrical energy from intermittent sources is stored in
147:
131:
1511:
1313:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and
Science News
170:(cell phones) in which each phone communicates with the
1674:. No. January 1999. UK. p. 51. Archived from
1514:"Shopping for Spy Gear: Catalog Advertises NSA Toolbox"
883:
879:
875:
645:
because of difficult access or lack of infrastructure.
520:
link allowing use where a wired link is not available.
637:
An off-grid cell site is not connected to the public
1339:"Sprint, Alltel, USC fined for missed e911 deadline"
959:
231:, usually consists of a vertical collinear array of
187:
The purpose of cellular organization is to conserve
1110:"24 Cell Phone Towers Disguised as Everyday Things"
1700:The tiny cube that could cut your cell phone bill
1077:
1765:
1166:Buckley, Cara; Richtel, Matt (20 August 2010).
1542:
1165:
1107:
329:
1737:Maps of All Towers Across the United Kingdom
1259:NTIA Seeks Input on Broadband Stimulus Money
1211:"Understanding Small-Cell Wireless Backhaul"
836:Camouflaged monopole, called "monopalm", in
556:
441:uses both satellite and cell phone signals.
256:Height of antenna over surrounding terrain (
1573:
1483:"Radio Frequency Radiation and Cell Phones"
1047:Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations
749:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1134:
27:
1709:, CNN Money, 21 March 2011, David Goldman
1427:
1168:"Good Cellphone Service Comes at a Price"
769:Learn how and when to remove this message
625:Learn how and when to remove this message
455:
375:
927:Water tower cellular around the neck in
525:
500:
65:
54:
1620:"India telecoms to get fuel cell power"
1401:
1395:
1242:undated, URL retrieved 14 August 2007.
1137:"The Girded, The Bland And the Prickly"
1103:
1101:
889:
225:(vertical white rectangles in pictures)
1766:
1493:from the original on 30 September 2022
1078:Raj Krithin Katla (10 November 2020).
478:(WHO) has classified as a "potential"
326:have no such limit defined by timing.
1662:
1582:from the original on 30 November 2020
1524:from the original on 16 December 2020
1349:from the original on 29 November 2020
1289:from the original on 12 November 2020
1261:undated, URL retrieved 3 March 2009.
1080:"Learn about what is on a cell tower"
695:Electro-chemical generator fuel cells
1742:FCC: Universal Licensing Information
1383:from the original on 20 October 2011
1319:from the original on 15 January 2021
1178:from the original on 4 December 2019
1098:
747:adding citations to reliable sources
714:
607:adding citations to reliable sources
578:
289:Ensure there is enough overlap for "
1665:"NEW CONIFER IN THE BRITISH ISLES?"
1543:Devlin Barrett (13 November 2014).
1453:"Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer"
574:
550:
507:2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption
13:
1221:from the original on 9 August 2020
1135:Rubenstein, Carin (11 July 2004).
496:
70:A cell tower in the bush in Africa
14:
1790:
1774:Telecommunications infrastructure
1730:
1663:BOWEN, Humphry (1 January 1999).
1644:from the original on 15 June 2022
1487:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1463:from the original on 5 March 2020
1408:International Journal of Oncology
1402:Hardell, Lennart (21 June 2017).
1147:from the original on 25 June 2020
1007:Mobile phone radiation and health
555:According to documents leaked to
505:A mobile antenna used during the
468:Federal Communications Commission
450:Federal Communications Commission
16:Communications equipment location
1574:Kate Knibbs (13 November 2014).
1555:from the original on 6 June 2018
1108:Jackson Chung (10 August 2013).
976:
962:
920:
898:
845:
829:
814:
719:
583:
354:
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1693:
1656:
1630:
1612:
1594:
1567:
1536:
1505:
1475:
1445:
1361:
1331:
1301:
594:needs additional citations for
263:The frequency of signal in use.
1271:
1252:
1240:Frequently Asked PCS Questions
1233:
1203:
1190:
1159:
1128:
1071:
1012:Telecom infrastructure sharing
948:to place cellular antennas on
852:A site concealed in a tree in
409:
266:The transmitter's rated power.
1:
1196:J. Andrews, A. Gohsh (2007).
1064:
710:
542:Cell site workers are called
537:
154:sites or stealth cell sites.
874:. It is capable of relaying
861:
491:Food and Drug Administration
242:
7:
1532:– via Spiegel Online.
1086:. Techno Chronicle Magazine
955:
235:. It has a flat fan-shaped
157:
10:
1795:
1640:. BBC News. 15 June 2022.
1037:Distributed antenna system
459:
402:
330:Practical example of range
1457:National Cancer Institute
1283:mobilenetworkguide.com.au
984:Telecommunications portal
484:National Cancer Institute
476:World Health Organization
258:Line-of-sight propagation
166:is a network of handheld
138:sources, and sheltering.
118:, control electronics, a
116:digital signal processors
43:
35:
26:
1705:12 November 2020 at the
1265:22 November 2009 at the
1042:Telecommunications lease
1017:Base transceiver station
641:. Usually the system is
482:, According to the U.S.
433:Another method is using
418:is less precise than by
365:radio frequency spectrum
247:
1549:The Wall Street Journal
1414:(August 2017): 405–13.
567:The Wall Street Journal
398:base station controller
136:backup electrical power
39:Cellular telephone site
1779:Radio masts and towers
1027:Radio masts and towers
557:
534:
509:
489:According to the U.S.
466:According to the U.S.
456:Radio power and health
376:Signal limiting factor
134:systems), primary and
71:
63:
45:First production
1747:28 March 2014 at the
1420:10.3892/ijo.2017.4046
1198:Fundamentals of WiMAX
529:
504:
460:Further information:
403:Further information:
320:technical limitations
88:cellular base station
69:
58:
1626:on 26 November 2010.
929:Barrington, Illinois
890:Water tower cellular
743:improve this section
603:improve this article
221:directional antennas
1606:6 July 2011 at the
1315:. 27 January 2017.
701:secondary batteries
23:
1459:. 7 January 2019.
1345:. 31 August 2007.
1309:"Full Page Reload"
1246:9 May 2006 at the
1172:The New York Times
1141:The New York Times
970:Electronics portal
938:Cellular companies
914:Mauston, Wisconsin
564:In November 2014,
535:
510:
390:radio interference
72:
64:
21:
1215:Electronic Design
1032:Mobile cell sites
1022:Remote radio head
946:local governments
779:
778:
771:
662:Renewable sources
656:operating expense
635:
634:
627:
237:radiation pattern
172:telephone network
104:radio mast, tower
53:
52:
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1622:. Archived from
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1217:. 3 April 2014.
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992:Cellular network
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579:
575:Off-grid systems
560:
551:Spy agency setup
435:angle of arrival
348:millimetre waves
164:cellular network
150:, for example).
122:for timing (for
108:cellular network
80:cell phone tower
46:
31:
24:
20:
1794:
1793:
1789:
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1787:
1785:
1784:
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1764:
1763:
1749:Wayback Machine
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:. 26 July 2011.
1718:
1717:
1713:
1707:Wayback Machine
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1694:
1684:
1682:
1681:on 26 July 2011
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1608:Wayback Machine
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1489:. 30 May 2022.
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1267:Wayback Machine
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1116:. Honekai Media
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866:Researchers at
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61:lattice tower
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1683:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1671:
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1632:
1624:the original
1614:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1517:
1507:
1497:14 September
1495:. Retrieved
1486:
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1387:14 September
1385:. Retrieved
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1180:. Retrieved
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1140:
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1118:. Retrieved
1113:
1088:. Retrieved
1083:
1073:
1051:
950:water towers
936:
872:Rubik's cube
865:
807:
795:
780:
765:
756:
741:Please help
729:
705:
698:
660:
651:backup power
643:off-the-grid
636:
621:
612:
601:Please help
596:verification
593:
565:
563:
554:
541:
522:
511:
488:
472:
465:
446:Enhanced 911
443:
439:Assisted GPS
432:
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388:but greater
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315:Fresnel zone
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120:GPS receiver
112:transceivers
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49:20th century
18:
1586:14 November
1578:. Gizmodo.
1559:14 November
1518:Der Spiegel
1467:26 February
1182:18 February
1151:18 February
906:Water tower
787:street lamp
685:Solar power
666:solar power
558:Der Spiegel
416:geolocation
410:Geolocation
363:(slices of
322:. CDMA and
227:, called a
206:transceiver
202:full duplex
181:transceiver
176:radio waves
98:site where
22:Cell towers
1768:Categories
1685:1 November
1528:4 December
1353:4 December
1293:4 December
1225:4 December
1065:References
912:on top in
711:Camouflage
670:wind power
664:, such as
615:April 2012
538:Employment
480:carcinogen
382:attenuated
335:3G/4G/5G (
1672:BSBI NEWS
1120:21 August
1090:21 August
862:Miniature
803:monopoles
730:does not
687:generator
674:Eglwyswrw
649:or other
647:Fuel cell
414:Cellular
243:Operation
214:microwave
94:-enabled
76:cell site
59:Cellular
1745:Archived
1703:Archived
1642:Archived
1604:Archived
1580:Archived
1553:Archived
1522:Archived
1491:Archived
1461:Archived
1438:28656257
1378:Archived
1347:Archived
1317:Archived
1287:Archived
1263:Archived
1244:Archived
1219:Archived
1176:Archived
1145:Archived
1114:TechBlog
956:See also
856:, France
854:Yvelines
799:monopalm
518:backhaul
291:handover
204:digital
158:Overview
144:CDMA2000
124:CDMA2000
100:antennas
92:cellular
1648:15 June
1429:5504984
1200:, p. 43
1002:OpenBTS
838:Arizona
789:, or a
751:removed
736:sources
311:terrain
306:maximum
233:dipoles
1436:
1426:
1323:4 June
1084:Medium
997:Node B
942:leases
783:safety
1679:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1374:(PDF)
944:with
940:sign
908:with
678:Wales
533:(COW)
369:reuse
248:Range
128:IS-95
90:is a
86:, or
1687:2023
1650:2022
1588:2014
1561:2014
1530:2019
1499:2022
1469:2019
1434:PMID
1389:2022
1355:2019
1325:2018
1295:2019
1227:2019
1184:2017
1153:2017
1122:2024
1092:2024
882:and
840:, US
791:tree
734:any
732:cite
668:and
420:GNSS
396:The
342:5G (
324:IDEN
304:The
36:Type
1424:PMC
1416:doi
745:by
605:by
344:FR2
337:FR1
318:by
212:or
210:UHF
191:by
174:by
148:GSM
146:or
132:GSM
130:or
1770::
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1100:^
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884:4G
880:3G
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876:2G
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162:A
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126:/
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