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in the lumbar region. A disc herniation occurs when one of the soft flexible discs that functions as an elastic shock absorber between the bones of the spinal column displaces from its normal position. The herniation occurs after the disc begins to break down with
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and can be precipitated by stress or a mechanical problem in the spine. The result is that the softer, center portion of the disc pushes out and causes pressure on the nerve roots in the lumbar spine. Other causes include spinal
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arise from the cord as they get closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs, the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord while the lower end of the nerve exits the
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continue to grow, by about 12 months of age the end of the cord reaches its permanent position. Typically this is at the level of L1 or L2 (closer to the head), ranging due to normal
504:, a rare disorder affecting the bundle of nerve roots (cauda equina) at the lower (lumbar) end of the spinal cord, is a surgical emergency. Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the
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444:, within the spinal column, from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column.
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at level L3/L4, or L4/L5, where there is no risk of accidental injury to the spinal cord, when a sample of CSF is needed for clinical purposes.
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in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting sensation and movement. Nerve roots that control the function of the
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776:"Cauda Equina Syndrome – The Spine Hospital at The Neurological Institute of New York"
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also exists within this space. Because the spinal cord terminates at level L1/L2,
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Dissection of deep back and spinal cord video: great view of the Cauda Equina
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Smith's
Anesthesia for infants and children. 8th edition, Chapter 1, Page 8.
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Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy and
Physiology The Unity of Form and Function
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408:. At birth the end of the spinal cord is about the level of the third
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569:. Cauda equina syndrome can often be mistaken for conditions such as
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750:"Cauda Equina Syndrome – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatments"
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The cauda equina was named after its resemblance to a horse's tail (
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at its proper level. This results in a "bundle"-like structure of
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and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth
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The cauda equina is vulnerable to being compressed, causing a
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are especially vulnerable to damage. It can lead to permanent
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837:—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
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Cauda equina syndrome most commonly results from a massive
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695:, in Aminoff, Michael J.; Daroff, Robert B. (eds.),
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
848:- Cauda Equina Syndrome UK Charity social network
520:, impaired bladder and/or bowel control, loss of
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756:. American Association of Neurological Surgeons
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667:"LSUHSC School of Medicine - Search Results"
314:that compose the cauda equina innervate the
350:. In addition, the cauda equina extends to
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1103:Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
729:"Cauda Equina Syndrome-OrthoInfo - AAOS"
557:, subdural, epidural), narrowing of the
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447:
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699:, Oxford: Academic Press, p. 613,
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565:lumbar spine surgery complications or
151:Human caudal spinal cord anterior view
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424:variations anywhere from the twelfth
835:Cross section image: pembody/body12a
831:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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457:The cauda equina exists within the
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966:Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
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298:. The cauda equina occupies the
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469:of the spinal cord, called the
278:pairs, the first through fifth
34:needs additional citations for
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381:, the cauda equina is made of
286:, all of which arise from the
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1400:Bones of the vertebral column
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1060:Central gelatinous substance
691:Lavyne, M. H. (2014-01-01),
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1004:Posterior thoracic nucleus
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1329:Anterior white commissure
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829:Anatomy photo:02:08-0106
671:www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu
428:(T12) to L3. Individual
1367:Posterior median sulcus
1352:Anterior median fissure
790:"Cauda Equina Syndrome"
620:) in the 17th century.
545:, spinal infections or
348:external anal sphincter
344:internal anal sphincter
630:anatomical terminology
606:
551:lumbar spinal stenosis
306:space inferior to the
240:Anatomical terminology
1372:Posterolateral sulcus
953:Posterior grey column
642:Cauda equina syndrome
502:Cauda equina syndrome
497:Cauda equina syndrome
448:Clinical significance
412:, or L3. Because the
1357:Anterolateral sulcus
1188:Spinoreticular tract
1014:Anterior grey column
897:Cervical enlargement
461:, a gap between the
43:improve this article
16:Anatomical structure
1193:Spino-olivary tract
991:Lateral grey column
481:(or colloquially, "
475:Cerebrospinal fluid
352:sensory innervation
1039:Gamma motor neuron
1027:Alpha motor neuron
932:Terminal ventricle
902:Lumbar enlargement
733:orthoinfo.aaos.org
628:This article uses
471:subarachnoid space
463:arachnoid membrane
430:spinal nerve roots
386:spinal nerve roots
288:lumbar enlargement
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1342:External features
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1254:Hypothalamospinal
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819:MedlinePlus Image
794:caudaequina.co.uk
706:978-0-12-385158-1
616:Andreas Lazarus (
567:spinal anesthesia
426:thoracic vertebra
404:stops growing in
324:motor innervation
270:) is a bundle of
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168:Iliolumbar artery
139:seen from behind.
135:Cauda equina and
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971:Nucleus proprius
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907:Conus medullaris
890:General features
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647:Conus medullaris
618:André du Laurens
522:sexual sensation
453:Needle insertion
418:vertebral column
358:and, partially,
308:conus medullaris
292:conus medullaris
246:edit on Wikidata
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1283:Extrapyramidal
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591:radiculopathy
585:Radiculopathy
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581:compression.
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563:postoperative
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54:Find sources:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
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21:
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1079:White matter
944:Grey columns
917:Cauda equina
916:
821:
793:
784:
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758:. Retrieved
754:www.aans.org
753:
732:
710:, retrieved
696:
670:
661:
607:cauda equina
600:
588:
559:spinal canal
555:subarachnoid
547:inflammation
526:
500:
489:between two
456:
438:nerve fibers
395:
376:
304:subarachnoid
280:sacral nerve
276:lumbar nerve
265:
258:cauda equina
257:
255:
209:A14.2.00.036
185:cauda equina
184:
124:Cauda equina
105:
99:January 2020
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1307:Olivospinal
1302:Raphespinal
1297:Tectospinal
1244:Raphespinal
1239:Rubrospinal
1170:Spinotectal
1022:Interneuron
883:Spinal cord
637:Spinal cord
506:nerve roots
402:spinal cord
392:Development
383:lumbosacral
363:innervation
322:to include
320:lower limbs
296:spinal cord
174:Identifiers
1389:Categories
712:2021-01-06
653:References
579:nerve root
483:spinal tap
422:anatomical
260:(from
69:newspapers
1095:Posterior
760:28 August
614:anatomist
609:) by the
518:paralysis
491:vertebrae
467:pia mater
379:adulthood
373:Structure
1348:Ventral
1277:Anterior
1266:Anterior
1180:Anterior
1158:anterior
922:Meninges
624:See also
465:and the
442:caudally
356:perineum
290:and the
1363:Dorsal
1227:Lateral
1214:Lateral
1153:lateral
1141:ventral
1123:Lateral
1113:Cuneate
1108:Gracile
1087:Sensory
597:History
539:lesions
510:bladder
416:of the
406:infancy
367:bladder
365:of the
354:of the
326:of the
294:of the
197:D002420
157:Details
83:scholar
1136:dorsal
703:
611:French
543:tumors
400:, the
398:humans
336:ankles
312:nerves
310:. The
163:Artery
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1206:Motor
1048:Other
823:19504
603:Latin
534:aging
514:bowel
414:bones
332:knees
264:
262:Latin
244:[
233:52590
180:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
1322:Both
762:2020
701:ISBN
577:and
541:and
512:and
346:and
340:feet
328:hips
318:and
302:, a
256:The
221:6163
204:TA98
192:MeSH
62:news
396:In
377:In
228:FMA
216:TA2
45:by
1391::
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752:.
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731:.
720:^
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97:(
87:·
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39:.
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