1132:
571:
403:
1490:
29:
52:
788:(WWF) gives the region the status of "Critical/Endangered". At elevations from 1,000 to 2,000 metres (3,300 to 6,600 ft) most of the forest has been destroyed, with only isolated fragments remaining. The 519 hectares (1,280 acres) Yotoco Forest Reserve holds the largest such fragment. Higher up there are larger areas of forest. Protected areas include
419:
The ecoregion contains diverse formations of vegetation, including dry regions in the eastern foothills of the
Cordillera Occidental with annual rainfall of 500 to 1,000 millimetres (20 to 39 in) and very humid forests in the middle and upper western slopes of the Cordillera Central with annual
301:
soils with some deposits of limestone on the foothills. The Cauca Valley runs between these two ranges for about 600 kilometres (370 mi) from south to north. The foothills, starting at 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level, become increasingly steep at higher levels. They are cut by deep
345:
is Af: equatorial, fully humid. Mean temperatures range from 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in
October to 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) in March. Total annual precipitation is about 2,300 millimetres (91 in). Monthly precipitation ranges from 116.1 millimetres (4.57 in) in July to 265
208:, the route along which North American species invaded South America and then diversified as they moved to the upper parts of the Andes. Little of the original habitat remains at lower levels, but higher up there are sizeable blocks of forest, some of which are protected.
800:, and small regional reserves such as the UcumarĂ Regional Park. The forests outside the national parks continue to be logged, and large birds and mammals are threatened by illegal hunting. The Cinturon Andino Cluster Biosphere Reserve covers part of the ecoregion.
296:
The
Cordillera Central has volcanoes and peaks with permanent snow rising to more than 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) above sea level. It has extremely fertile volcanic soil. The Cordillera Occidental rises to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level.. It has
420:
rainfall up to 3,000 millimetres (120 in). There is high diversity between species at different levels. North
American species that invaded South America when the isthmus of Panama formed have differentiated in the mid- and high-elevation forests, including
670:
92 species of frogs have been recorded, of which 60 are regionally endemic. Frog species vary by elevation, and different species are found at the same elevation on different slopes. Endangered amphibians include the
Angelito stubfoot toad
593:), restricted to a few remnants of humid forest at elevations from 1,200 to 2,200 metres (3,900 to 7,200 ft) on both sides of the valley. Other restricted-range or endangered bird species include the
1531:
1455:
1445:
135:
1153:
963:
1404:
1332:
1021:
1576:
1475:
1357:
359:
84:
1148:
1470:
204:. The ecoregion is home to very diverse fauna and flora, due in part to its varied elevations and climates, in part to its position near the
479:. This may be the world's tallest palm, with heights that can exceed 60 metres (200 ft). Below 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) species of
585:
as defined by BirdLife
International. There are 12 restricted-range species, of which four are found only in the region. These include the
362:
biome. The ecoregion is biologically diverse due in part to its varied altitudes and climates, and in part to exchange of species when the
1566:
1571:
1546:
515:
The Cauca Valley montane forests ecoregion is rich in species of fauna, including 200 of butterflies. Butterflies such as the subtribe
1209:
1460:
281:(252–66 Ma). The configuration of three Andean cordilleras in Colombia separated by two large valleys resulted from folding in the
1551:
1274:
1112:
519:
have closely related species at different elevations and on different slopes of the mountains. There are 120 mammal species. The
391:
1561:
1556:
1014:
313:
1429:
1168:
370:
for various taxa of flora and fauna. It is part of the
Northern Andean Montane Forests global ecoregion, which includes the
1386:
1352:
1158:
1219:
254:
1289:
1269:
1199:
1038:
383:
379:
246:
1510:
1204:
1007:
797:
42:
1187:
1214:
789:
375:
371:
250:
226:
193:
969:
342:
1536:
1494:
1178:
1107:
793:
467:
The montane forests extend from 1,000 to 3,000 metres (3,300 to 9,800 ft). They include palms of the genus
1424:
1367:
644:
1409:
1229:
222:
189:
581:
There are over 500 bird species. This ecoregion contains a 19,000 square kilometres (7,300 sq mi)
1419:
1299:
1279:
1079:
1072:
552:
253:. In the extreme north, where the river enters the Caribbean lowlands, the ecoregion transitions into the
1505:
1500:
1304:
1084:
1067:
745:
544:
387:
1294:
1089:
785:
536:
1372:
1060:
1055:
760:
1284:
242:
1581:
1254:
1162:
1030:
721:
628:
238:
1342:
487:
dominate. From 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft) the majority of species are in the
1541:
1347:
739:
703:
233:. It has an area of 3,211,585 hectares (7,936,000 acres). The ecoregion covers both sides of the
733:
618:
574:
1414:
766:
709:
685:
610:
594:
475:
411:
241:
that runs along the river. On the highest land of the cordilleras the ecoregion gives way to
1309:
907:
905:
903:
901:
715:
560:
1450:
876:
874:
816:
814:
812:
8:
928:
898:
679:
660:
652:
602:
67:
1362:
871:
809:
751:
727:
367:
188:. It covers the sides of the Cauca Valley, which runs from south to north between the
1489:
1131:
1117:
691:
673:
582:
363:
355:
277:(145–66 Ma). The Cordillera Occidental to the west started to form at the end of the
205:
72:
1316:
1249:
983:
886:
772:
265:
The
Cordillera Central to the east of the Cauca Valley started to form in the late
1465:
947:
570:
285:
23–5.3 million year ago (Ma). The mountains rose to the present elevations in the
697:
520:
492:
461:
38:
1239:
528:
402:
1525:
1264:
406:
328:
315:
150:
137:
499:
families. Above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) the main families of flora are
1224:
999:
623:
621:(Leptosittaca branickii). The golden-plumed parakeet and quetzals of genus
516:
449:
1394:
1337:
453:
290:
270:
234:
962:
892:
627:
migrate regionally along the Andes slopes. Endangered birds include the
1047:
636:
586:
504:
274:
500:
496:
488:
469:
457:
266:
181:
34:
484:
480:
445:
298:
286:
278:
185:
123:
51:
28:
1399:
440:
434:
428:
282:
927:
911:
880:
820:
535:) are of special concern. Other endangered mammals include the
422:
230:
201:
79:
1532:
Neotropical tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
302:
canyons formed by the many tributaries of the Cauca River.
838:
826:
221:
The Cauca Valley runs from south to north between the
444:
species. The ecoregion is a center where shrubs and
1523:
360:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
85:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1015:
945:
865:
1029:
982:
893:Northern Andean Montane Forests – WWF Global
832:
1333:Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves
366:connected South and North America. It is a
1022:
1008:
949:Northern South America: Central Colombia
569:
464:families have diversified and radiated.
401:
1577:Geography of Valle del Cauca Department
1275:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
392:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
346:millimetres (10.4 in) in October.
115:32,412 km (12,514 sq mi)
1524:
269:(541–252 Ma) on the western edge of a
245:. It transitions to the west into the
1210:Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves
1003:
22:Cauca Valley montane forests (NT0109)
912:Cauca Valley montane forests – Myers
881:Cauca Valley montane forests – Myers
821:Cauca Valley montane forests – Myers
310:At a sample location at coordinates
249:ecoregion, and on the east into the
1358:Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests
1290:Northwestern Andean montane forests
1270:Cordillera Oriental montane forests
384:Cordillera Oriental montane forests
380:Northwestern Andean montane forests
247:Northwestern Andean montane forests
13:
1205:Eastern Panamanian montane forests
1130:
770:) and Colombian lightbulb lizard (
237:valley, above the narrow strip of
14:
1593:
1572:Geography of Risaralda Department
1547:Geography of Antioquia Department
798:Los Nevados National Natural Park
43:Los Nevados National Natural Park
1488:
1353:Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub
1215:Magdalena Valley montane forests
790:Farallones de Cali National Park
758:Endangered reptiles include the
382:, Cauca Valley montane forests,
376:Venezuelan Andes montane forests
372:Magdalena Valley montane forests
251:Magdalena Valley montane forests
50:
27:
1567:Geography of QuindĂo Department
965:Northern Andean Montane Forests
920:
764:, Daniel's large scale lizard (
56:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
1552:Geography of Caldas Department
929:"Cauca Valley montane forests"
707:), Johnson's horned treefrog (
645:chestnut-bellied flowerpiercer
293:(2.6 Ma to 11,700 years ago).
1:
1562:Geography of Huila Department
1557:Geography of Cauca Department
1230:Western Ecuador moist forests
1220:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
803:
343:Köppen climate classification
255:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
16:Ecoregion in western Colombia
1300:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
1280:Magdalena Valley dry forests
1260:Cauca Valley montane forests
968:, WWF Global, archived from
794:Tatamá National Natural Park
211:
178:Cauca Valley montane forests
7:
1305:Santa Marta montane forests
746:Pristimantis scoloblepharus
388:Santa Marta montane forests
273:, and was still low in the
216:
170:Af: equatorial, fully humid
10:
1598:
1368:Negro–Branco moist forests
1200:Chocó–Darién moist forests
988:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
786:World Wide Fund for Nature
749:) and Ruiz's robber frog (
743:), Los Patos robber frog (
683:), painted stubfoot toad (
677:), Malvasa stubfoot toad (
537:black-headed spider monkey
349:
305:
260:
1484:
1438:
1385:
1325:
1238:
1186:
1177:
1141:
1128:
1100:
1046:
1037:
779:
761:Lepidoblepharis williamsi
553:Handley's slender opossum
166:
129:
119:
111:
106:
98:
90:
78:
66:
61:
49:
26:
21:
1295:PatĂa Valley dry forests
1255:Cauca Valley dry forests
1149:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
1031:Biodiversity of Colombia
731:), Spotted robber frog (
722:Pristimantis dorsopictus
719:), Serna's Robber Frog (
713:), Argelia Robber Frog (
629:black-and-chestnut eagle
615:Chlorochrysa nitidissima
577:(Leptosittaca branickii)
545:Geoffroy's spider monkey
510:
397:
394:terrestrial ecoregions.
354:The ecoregion is in the
239:Cauca Valley dry forests
1373:SinĂş Valley dry forests
1348:Catatumbo moist forests
740:Pristimantis parectatus
704:Atopophrynus syntomopus
1537:Ecoregions of Colombia
1446:Alexander von Humboldt
1405:BahĂa Portete–Kaurrele
1285:Northern Andean páramo
1135:
935:, Myers Enterprises II
734:Pristimantis maculosus
665:Ognorhynchus icterotis
649:Diglossa gloriosissima
619:golden-plumed parakeet
578:
575:Golden-plumed parakeet
416:
243:Northern Andean páramo
1430:Thomas van der Hammen
1343:Caquetá moist forests
1154:Eastern Hills, Bogotá
1134:
767:Ptychoglossus danieli
710:Hemiphractus johnsoni
686:Atelopus pictiventris
611:multicoloured tanager
595:brown-banded antpitta
573:
476:Ceroxylon quindiuense
412:Ceroxylon quindiuense
405:
227:Cordillera Occidental
716:Pristimantis bernali
561:white-footed tamarin
1415:Chamicero de Perijá
1113:Non-marine molluscs
946:Gustavo H. Kattan,
680:Atelopus eusebianus
661:yellow-eared parrot
657:Bangsia aureocincta
653:gold-ringed tanager
603:moustached antpitta
325: /
200:) of the Colombian
147: /
1363:Napo moist forests
1310:Santa Marta páramo
1136:
752:Strabomantis ruizi
737:), Rana diminuta (
728:Pristimantis lemur
641:Penelope perspicax
591:Penelope perspicax
579:
557:Marmosops handleyi
525:Tremarctos ornatus
417:
368:center of endemism
223:Cordillera Central
1519:
1518:
1451:FundaciĂłn ProAves
1381:
1380:
1126:
1125:
914:, All Endangered.
866:Gustavo H. Kattan
692:Atelopus quimbaya
674:Atelopus angelito
633:Spizaetus isidori
599:Grallaria milleri
583:Endemic Bird Area
565:Saguinus leucopus
533:Tapirus pinchaque
364:isthmus of Panama
289:(5.3–2.6 Ma) and
229:of the Colombian
206:isthmus of Panama
174:
173:
1589:
1492:
1456:John von Neumann
1410:Cerulean Warbler
1184:
1183:
1044:
1043:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
993:
979:
978:
977:
959:
958:
957:
942:
941:
940:
915:
909:
896:
890:
884:
878:
869:
863:
836:
833:WildFinder – WWF
830:
824:
818:
773:Riama columbiana
725:), Rana picuda (
607:Grallaria alleni
549:Ateles geoffroyi
541:Ateles fusciceps
473:, including the
340:
339:
337:
336:
335:
330:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
152:
151:4.839°N 75.631°W
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
54:
31:
19:
18:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1582:Montane forests
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:Protected areas
1506:Natural regions
1501:Natural hazards
1480:
1434:
1425:Laguna de Sonso
1420:Colibri del Sol
1387:Nature reserves
1377:
1321:
1241:
1234:
1191:
1189:
1173:
1169:Magdalena River
1137:
1122:
1096:
1033:
1028:
998:
991:
989:
975:
973:
955:
953:
938:
936:
923:
918:
910:
899:
891:
887:
883:, Climate Data.
879:
872:
864:
839:
831:
827:
823:, WWF Abstract.
819:
810:
806:
782:
701:, Sonson frog (
698:Atelopus sernai
521:spectacled bear
513:
493:Melastomataceae
462:Melastomataceae
400:
352:
333:
331:
327:
324:
319:
316:
314:
312:
311:
308:
263:
219:
214:
180:(NT0109) is an
155:
153:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
134:
133:
57:
45:
39:Nevado del Ruiz
17:
12:
11:
5:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Andean forests
1539:
1534:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1317:Sumapaz Páramo
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:Bogotá savanna
1246:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1142:Regional biota
1139:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
997:
996:
980:
960:
943:
933:Global Species
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:
897:
885:
870:
837:
825:
807:
805:
802:
781:
778:
529:mountain tapir
512:
509:
399:
396:
358:realm, in the
351:
348:
329:4.75°N 75.75°W
307:
304:
262:
259:
218:
215:
213:
210:
194:Western Ranges
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
156:4.839; -75.631
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:Mammal species
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1594:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Proyecto TitĂ
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:Organizations
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Cocora Valley
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:General biota
1036:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
987:
986:
981:
972:on 2017-04-25
971:
967:
966:
961:
951:
950:
944:
934:
930:
926:
925:
913:
908:
906:
904:
902:
894:
889:
882:
877:
875:
867:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
834:
829:
822:
817:
815:
813:
808:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
775:
774:
769:
768:
763:
762:
756:
754:
753:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
735:
730:
729:
724:
723:
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
675:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
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584:
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566:
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546:
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534:
530:
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455:
451:
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443:
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431:
430:
425:
424:
414:
413:
408:
407:Cocora valley
404:
395:
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389:
385:
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377:
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369:
365:
361:
357:
347:
344:
338:
303:
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258:
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169:
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132:
128:
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105:
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97:
93:
89:
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83:
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60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1493:
1259:
1225:Panama Bight
1163:Hippopotamus
990:, retrieved
984:
974:, retrieved
970:the original
964:
954:, retrieved
948:
937:, retrieved
932:
921:Bibliography
888:
828:
783:
771:
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738:
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708:
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696:
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684:
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672:
669:
664:
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640:
632:
624:Pharomachrus
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
580:
564:
556:
548:
540:
532:
524:
517:Pronophilina
514:
474:
468:
466:
450:Gesneriaceae
439:
433:
427:
421:
418:
410:
353:
334:4.75; -75.75
309:
295:
264:
220:
197:
177:
175:
167:Climate type
91:Bird species
1338:Campinarana
1108:Butterflies
1048:Vertebrates
454:Orchidaceae
356:neotropical
332: /
291:Pleistocene
271:miogeocline
257:ecoregion.
235:Cauca River
198:cordilleras
184:in western
154: /
130:Coordinates
73:Neotropical
1526:Categories
1179:Ecoregions
992:2017-04-26
985:WildFinder
976:2017-06-15
956:2017-06-16
939:2017-06-16
804:References
637:Cauca guan
587:Cauca guan
505:Asteraceae
275:Cretaceous
142:75°37′52″W
33:View from
1395:ArvĂ Park
1192:Magdalena
501:Ericaceae
497:Rubiaceae
489:Lauraceae
470:Ceroxylon
458:Rubiaceae
446:epiphytes
267:Paleozoic
212:Geography
182:ecoregion
139:4°50′20″N
120:Countries
107:Geography
35:Manizales
1240:Tropical
1159:Invasive
1080:Reptiles
1073:Primates
485:Moraceae
481:Fabaceae
299:laterite
287:Pliocene
279:Mesozoic
217:Location
186:Colombia
124:Colombia
1400:Azufral
1085:Lizards
1068:Mammals
1061:Endemic
448:in the
441:Juglans
435:Talauma
429:Quercus
350:Ecology
320:75°45′W
306:Climate
283:Miocene
261:Terrain
190:Central
94:>500
62:Ecology
37:of the
1495:Portal
1476:Sinchi
1188:Tumbes
1090:Snakes
780:Status
659:) and
617:) and
559:) and
527:) and
460:, and
415:palms.
341:, the
317:4°45′N
1471:SINAP
1326:Other
1242:Andes
1190:ChocĂł
1118:Flora
1101:Other
1056:Birds
952:, WWF
511:Fauna
423:Alnus
409:with
398:Flora
231:Andes
202:Andes
80:Biome
68:Realm
796:and
784:The
503:and
495:and
483:and
438:and
390:and
225:and
192:and
176:The
112:Area
1461:PNN
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