314:), or a variant reading/rearrangement of the received text, would smooth the presently abrupt transition between lines 10 and 11. As noted above, there is some manuscript evidence for missing words after line 10. However, scholar S.J. Harrison, who believes the 13 lines are unified, has argued that "there seems to be no vital gap in content which short lacuna would supply" and if the missing words are many, then it is impossible to guess what they were and the poem must be accepted as simply broken into fragments.
20:
102:, from which three copies survive. Fourteen centuries of copying from copies — the "corrupt manuscript tradition" mentioned above — left scholars in doubt as to the poem's original wording in a few places, although centuries of scholarship have led to a consensus critical version. Research on Catullus was the first application of the genealogical method of
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Of this bird, Sophia, then about thirteen years old, was so extremely fond, that her chief business was to feed and tend it, and her chief pleasure to play with it. By these means little Tommy, for so the bird was called, was become so tame, that it would feed out of the hand of its mistress, would
109:
Lines 1–10 represent the preserved core of the poem. Lines 11–13 are denoted as "Catullus 2b" and differ significantly in tone and subject from the first 10 lines. Hence, these latter three lines may belong to a different poem. In the original manuscripts, these thirteen lines were combined with
317:
Catullus 2 and 2b differ significantly in their tone and subject. Catullus 2 is addressed directly to the bird ("with you") and describes its loving, playful relationship with the poet's girlfriend. By contrast, Catullus 2b mentions neither bird nor girlfriend, introducing a
326:, and seems to be written in the third person ("it is as welcome to me"), although some scholars have suggested that the text was corrupted from the second person ("you are as welcome to me"). The disjunction between Catullus 2 and 2b was first noted by Aquiles Estaço (
166:) wooed Atalanta, who fell in love with him. During the race, Melanion threw a golden apple to distract her; stooping to pick it up, Atalanta lost the race, possibly deliberately so that she could marry him. The final line refers to undressing on the wedding night.
81:
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Following the printing of
Catullus's works in 1472, Poems 2 and 3 gained new influence. From the earliest days after the re-discovery of Catullus' poems, some scholars have suggested that the bird was a phallic symbol, particularly if
274:
Birds were common love-gifts in the
Classical world, and several scholars have speculated that the narrator gave it to the woman; this might explain the poet's identification with the sparrow and his fond lament for the bird in
83:
330:) in 1566; however, the first printed edition to show a lacuna between poems 2 and 2b (by the editor Karl Lachmann) appeared quite late, in 1829. Lachmann's separation of 2 and 2b has been followed by most subsequent editors.
24:
158:, a young princess who was remarkably swift of foot. To avoid marriage, she stipulated that she would marry only a man who could beat her in a footrace; suitors who failed to defeat her would be put to death. The hero
656:
S.J. Harrison Web page at Oxford
University, has a link to WordPad document of "Sparrows and Apples: The Unity of Catullus 2", by S.J. Harrison; according to this Web page, the article appeared in
67:. As scholar and poet John Swinnerton Phillimore has noted, "The charm of this poem, blurred as it is by a corrupt manuscript tradition, has made it one of the most famous in Catullus' book." The
441:
HTML page version of "Notes on the text, interpretation, and translation problems of
Catullus", by S.J. Harrison and S.J. Heyworth, from an Oxford University Web site, accessed February 10, 2007
185:
Catullus was renowned for his meticulous care in crafting poems, even those with seemingly trifling content. Various artful devices are woven into the text of this poem, composed in
310:
Scholars have argued over whether the last three lines (2b) belong to a different poem, and whether words are missing between poems 2 and 2b. Scholars suggest that missing words (a
82:
257:'s epigram (Book I number CIX) on a lap dog, which refers to Catullus 2 specifically ("Issa est passere nequior Catulli", "Issa is naughtier than Catullus's sparrow").
295:
A key question concerns the unity of this poem. In the copies derived from the original V manuscript, poems 2 (lines 1–10 below), 2b (lines 11–13 below), and
190:
1563:"Notes on the text, interpretation, and translation problems of Catullus", by S.J. Harrison and S.J. Heyworth, from an Oxford University Web site:
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is usually translated as "sparrow", but can refer to other species of small songbirds. This is the origin of the
English word "
434:
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Page explaining the relationship of the sounds of the poem to its meaning and a link to a recording of the poem sung in Latin
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340:
640:
1588:
Page with a link to WordPad document of "Sparrows and Apples: The Unity of
Catullus 2", by S.J. Harrison, an article in
1630:
122:
The following Latin text is taken from the 2003 critical edition of D. F. S. Thomson, with macrons added by
Knowledge.
504:
is customarily singular in meaning. It is usually translated as "delight", "pleasure", "sweetheart", "pet", or "toy".
114:, which describes the death of Lesbia's sparrow, but the two poems were separated by scholars in the 16th century.
299:
appear as one poem under the title "Fletus passeris Lesbie" (Lament for Lesbia's
Sparrow). Shortly before 1500,
265:
in line 2 is translated as "lap" rather than "bosom". Other scholars, however, have rejected this suggestion.
245:(a lament for Lesbia's sparrow) inspired a genre of poems about lovers' pets. One classical example include
352:
perch upon the finger, and lie contented in her bosom, where it seemed almost sensible of its own happiness.
217:). The "a" sounds may also convey images: the poet's sighs of longing; an "ouch!" at being bitten sharply (
94:
This poem, together with
Catullus' other poems, survived from antiquity in a single manuscript discovered
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may be translated either as "the radiant girl of my desire" (if all three words are taken as dative with
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205:. The repeated "eee" sounds (corresponding to the letter "i" in Latin) evoke the songbird's peeping (
2382:
1439:
Makes lines 11-13 into a speech by Lesbia to her bird; "you are as welcome to me..." Argues against
607:
Web page titled "Program II by
Raymond M. Koehler" at Able Media Web site, accessed February 11, 2007
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Excellent review of solutions proposed in the 19th century. Supports a three-poem model, in which
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meaning "radiant lady of my longing", but rather "when she is shining with longing for me".
999:
Jocelyn, HD. (1980). "On Some Unnecessarily Indecent Interpretations of Catullus 2 and 3".
907:
Vinson M (1989). "And Baby Makes Three? Parental Imagery in the Lesbia Poems of Catullus".
751:
Jocelyn, HD. (1980). "On Some Unnecessarily Indecent Interpretations of Catullus 2 and 3".
928:
Boyd BW (1987). "The Death of Corinna's Parrot Reconsidered: Poetry and Ovid's "Amores"".
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Johnson M (2003). "Catullus 2b: The Development of a Relationship in the Passer Trilogy".
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555:(indicating purpose); B. Guarinus, also Zicàri (and as printed in Thompson's version):
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quicum ... in sinu ... cui primum ... appetenti ... acris ... nitenti ... iocari
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593:("with you") clarifies for the first time that the poet is addressing the bird.
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adapts the poem to his prose. Tom gives Sophia a little bird. Fielding writes:
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ed. with commentary by Kenneth Quinn, St. Martin's Press (2nd ed., 1973) p.96.
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meaning "radiant lady of my longing", despite dative case. Also argues that
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55:. 54 BCE) that describes the affectionate relationship between an unnamed
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Thomas, RF. (1993). "Sparrows, Hares, and Doves: a Catullan Metaphor".
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813:(2003). "Catullus 2 and 3: A Programmatic Pair of Sapphic Epigrams?".
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Nadeau, Y. (1984). "Catullus' Sparrow, Martial, Juvenal and Ovid".
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1007:(4). The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 101, No. 4: 421–441.
759:(4). The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 101, No. 4: 421–441.
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1244:(4). The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 44, No. 4: 323–324.
1215:(4). The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 44, No. 4: 349–352.
1075:
Bishop JD. (1966). "Catullus 2 and Its Hellenistic Antecedents".
254:
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cui primum digitum dare appetenti et acris solet incitare morsus
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319:
99:
60:
1207:
Braunlich AF (1923). "Against Curtailing Catullus' "Passer"".
949:
Hooper, RW. (1985). "In Defence of Catullus' Dirty Sparrow".
708:
Hooper, RW. (1985). "In Defence of Catullus' Dirty Sparrow".
453:
Catullus: Edited with a Textual and Interpretative Commentary
246:
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by Kenneth Quinn (St. Martin's Press, 2nd ed., 1973) p.91.
1028:
Giangrande, G. (1975). "Catullus' Lyrics on the Passer".
689:
Giangrande, G. (1975). "Catullus' Lyrics on the Passer".
483:", meaning "songbird". It is definitely a songbird from
1329:, and there is likely no lacuna between lines 10 and 11.
249:'s elegy on the death of his mistress Corinna's parrot (
1062:
Genovese, EN. (1974). "Symbolism in the Passer Poems".
670:
Genovese, EN. (1974). "Symbolism in the Passer Poems".
1112:
Lazenby FD (1949). "Greek and Roman Household Pets".
150:
The following lines 11–13 (Catullus 2b) refer to the
865:
Jones, JW Jr. (1998). "Catullus' Passer as Passer".
551:, many scholars have proposed alternatives: Ramler:
1638:
809:
576:, B. Guarinus suggested replacing these words with
307:, which has been supported by scholars ever since.
1133:Frank T (1927). "On Some Fragments of Catullus".
1041:Hough JN (1974). "Bird Imagery in Roman Poetry".
836:Pomeroy AJ. (2003). "Heavy Petting in Catullus".
455:(revised ed.). University of Toronto Press.
303:(the lament) was separated from Catullus 2/2b by
2410:
1236:Kent RG (1923). "Addendum on Catullus' Passer".
1592:(scroll down to "Articles in Journals" No. 60)
1400:
1170:Brotherton, B. (1926). "Catullus' Carmen II".
1624:
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559:(also indicating purpose); Jonathan Powell:
279:. The biting it does in line 4 ties in with
236:
2393:List of bibliographies of works on Catullus
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16:Poem by 1st-century BC Roman poet Catullus
2388:Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829
1602:on his book of bittersweet love-stories,
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385:
2398:List of English translations of Catullus
1061:
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500:Although grammatically plural, the word
171:tam grātum est mihi quam ferunt puellae,
77:
18:
1531:from the Catullus Translations Website.
1525:from the Catullus Translations Website.
1339:"Some 'Vexed Passages' in Latin Poetry"
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580:, and most modern editors have agreed.
534:) or as "radiating desire for me" (if
517:may be translated as "bosom" or "lap".
333:
141:crēdō, ut tum gravis acquiēscat ardor:
1612:
864:
601:
599:
341:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
75:, a common form in Catullus' poetry.
1499:refers to meeting his lover, Lesbia.
1265:Fay EW (1913). "Catullus Carmen 2".
225:, "sharp"); and a comforting sound (
622:
129:quīcum lūdere, quem in sinū tenēre,
59:('girl', possibly Catullus' lover,
13:
596:
180:
14:
2435:
1505:
1238:The American Journal of Philology
1209:The American Journal of Philology
426:
131:cui prīmum digitum dare appetentī
487:, which describes its chirping (
137:cārum nesciō̆ quid lubet iocārī,
90:Catullus 2a and 2b read in Latin
1510:
782:
744:
701:
682:
663:
610:
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538:is taken as ablative of cause).
270:Catullus 3 § Latin: passer
175:quod zōnam soluit diū ligātam.
145:et trīstīs animī levāre cūrās!
133:et ācrīs solet incitāre morsūs,
32:Catullus 2 in Latin and English
563:(with other changes in line 8)
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469:
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173:pernīcī aureolum fuisse mālum,
143:tēcum lūdere sīcut ipsa possem
127:Passer, dēliciae meae puellae,
1:
1604:My Mistress's Sparrow is Dead
1547:Rick Snyder's translation in
1030:Museum Philologum Londiniense
1001:American Journal of Philology
753:American Journal of Philology
691:Museum Philologum Londiniense
355:
117:
660:, accessed February 10, 2007
241:This poem and the following
7:
1583:Text with translation notes
1391:Et solaciolum subit doloris
10:
2440:
1590:Scripta Classica Israelica
1403:"Passer: Catull. Carm. ii"
829:10.1163/156852503770735952
658:Scripta Classica Israelica
370:"Passer: Catull. Carm. ii"
344:(Book IV, ch. III, 1749),
267:
139:et sōlāciolum suī dolōris,
2383:List of poems by Catullus
2375:
2198:
2028:
1942:
1764:
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1469:10.1017/S0009838800005644
1355:10.1017/S0009838800019595
963:10.1017/S0017383500030485
722:10.1017/S0017383500030485
368:Phillimore, J.S. (1910).
237:Influence on later poetry
189:. Lines 2–4 represent a
135:cum dēsīderiō meō nitentī
1557:
1541:website (bizarre ending)
1519:from the VRoma Project.
1457:The Classical Quarterly
1401:Phillimore JS. (1910).
1343:The Classical Quarterly
229:, "small comfort", and
45:Gaius Valerius Catullus
1535:Catullus 2 (lines 1–8)
1381:Calls lines 11-13 the
178:
148:
91:
33:
2030:Hendecasyllabic verse
1944:Unusual poetic meters
1441:desiderio meo nitenti
1307:desiderio meo nitenti
1114:The Classical Journal
1043:The Classical Journal
930:The Classical Journal
909:The Classical Journal
850:10.1353/are.2003.0006
791:The Classical Journal
437:May 23, 2006, at the
305:Marcantonio Sabellico
187:hendecasyllabic verse
168:
124:
89:
31:
1451:McDaniel WB (1908).
1337:Anderson WB (1911).
451:Thomson DFS (2003).
291:Manuscript tradition
285:cui labella mordebis
1545:Catullus 2 & 2b
1517:Catullus 2 & 2b
1407:Classical Philology
1383:carmen vexatissimum
1305:Argues in favor of
1267:Classical Philology
1172:Classical Philology
1135:Classical Philology
1077:Classical Philology
879:10.1093/gr/45.2.188
811:Jennifer Ingleheart
617:Catullus: the Poems
528:desiderio...nitenti
417:Catullus: the Poems
374:Classical Philology
334:Classical tradition
199:quem in sinu tenere
2419:Poetry by Catullus
578:tum ... acquiescet
574:cum ... acquiescat
253:2.6.). Another is
92:
34:
2424:Poems about birds
2406:
2405:
1785:
1600:Jeffrey Eugenides
462:978-0-8020-8592-4
191:tricolon crescens
104:textual criticism
87:
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2200:Elegiac couplets
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1463:(3): 166–169.
1453:"Catvllvs IIb"
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1433:
1420:10.1086/359388
1413:(2): 217–219.
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1529:Catullus 2b
1389:in line 7:
1313:could mean
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572:Originally
547:Originally
283:, line 18 (
195:quem ludere
2413:Categories
1523:Catullus 2
1070:: 121–125.
1036:: 137–146.
994:: 861–868.
902:: 131–142.
697:: 137–146.
678:: 121–125.
651:2007-02-11
485:Catullus 3
421:commentary
356:References
301:Catullus 3
297:Catullus 3
281:Catullus 8
277:Catullus 3
268:See also:
243:Catullus 3
231:acquiescat
227:solaciolum
213:), e.g., (
211:Catullus 3
164:Hippomenes
152:Greek myth
118:Latin text
112:Catullus 3
37:Catullus 2
1596:Interview
1537:from the
1485:170644454
1371:170639627
1295:162227770
1200:162272073
1163:162291182
1105:161360041
979:162225467
858:162385298
844:: 49–60.
816:Mnemosyne
738:162225467
589:The word
513:The word
481:passerine
475:The word
419:ed. with
404:161910464
219:appetenti
1645:Catullus
838:Arethusa
502:deliciae
489:pipiabat
435:Archived
324:Atalanta
207:pipiabat
160:Melanion
156:Atalanta
1550:jubilat
1126:3292469
1055:3296348
988:Latomus
942:3297900
921:3297486
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255:Martial
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477:passer
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396:262194
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320:simile
312:lacuna
251:Amores
201:, and
100:Verona
61:Lesbia
57:puella
1598:with
1558:Other
1481:S2CID
1473:JSTOR
1425:JSTOR
1387:subit
1367:S2CID
1359:JSTOR
1319:credo
1311:ardor
1291:S2CID
1283:JSTOR
1254:JSTOR
1225:JSTOR
1196:S2CID
1188:JSTOR
1159:S2CID
1151:JSTOR
1122:JSTOR
1101:S2CID
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1017:JSTOR
975:S2CID
967:JSTOR
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917:JSTOR
883:JSTOR
854:S2CID
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769:JSTOR
734:S2CID
726:JSTOR
591:tecum
532:lubet
400:S2CID
392:JSTOR
223:acris
69:meter
43:poet
41:Roman
1639:The
1064:Maia
672:Maia
515:sinu
457:ISBN
263:sinu
247:Ovid
2368:116
2365:115
2362:114
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1920:108
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2015:63
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2008:61
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1991:44
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1985:37
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1976:30
1973:29
1970:25
1967:22
1964:17
1960:11
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