527:
563:
500:
512:
539:
476:
702:
488:
551:
79:
416:-bearing parts, leaves, stems and young fruit, so that they remain a dramatic purple-to-reddish-brown throughout the life of the plant. Plants with the dark leaves can be found growing next to those with green leaves, so there is most likely only a single gene controlling the production of the pigment in some varieties. The stems and the spherical, spiny seed capsules also vary in pigmentation. The fruit capsules of some varieties are more showy than the flowers.
61:
773:
464:
811:. However, it can grow well outdoors in cooler climates, at least in southern England, and the leaves do not appear to suffer frost damage in sheltered spots, where it remains evergreen. It was used in Edwardian times in the parks of Toronto, Canada. Although not cultivated there, the plant grows wild in the US, notably
972:
If ricin is ingested, symptoms commonly begin within two to four hours, but may be delayed by up to 36 hours. These include a burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in
945:
The castor oil plant produces abundant amounts of very light pollen, which easily become airborne and can be inhaled into the lungs, triggering allergic reactions. The sap of the plant causes skin rashes. People who are allergic to the plant can also develop rashes from touching the leaves, flowers,
632:
root methanol extract resulted in enrichment of two triterpenes: lupeol and urs-6-ene-3,16-dione (erandone). Crude methanolic extract, enriched n-hexane fraction and isolates at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw
411:
are 15–45 centimetres (6–18 inches) long, long-stalked, alternate and palmate with five to twelve deep lobes with coarsely toothed segments. In some varieties they start off dark reddish purple or bronze when young, gradually changing to a dark green, sometimes with a reddish tinge, as they mature.
763:
Each castor seed has a yellow nodule full of fats one end of the seed that are nutritious for young ants. After hauling their harvest into their nests and pulling off the delicious part, ants discard the rest of the seed into their trash pile, where the future plant starts to grow.
1528:
can be made of castor beans, particularly necklaces and bracelets. Holes must not be drilled into the castor beans as the shell protects the wearer from the ricin. Any chips in the shell can cause poisoning of the wearer. Pets who chew the jewellery can become ill.
1210:
As attractively patterned, low-cost personal adornments, such as non-durable necklaces and bracelets. Holes must not be drilled in the beans to make beads. The outer shell protects the wearer from the poison. Wearing castors beans has been known to cause rashes, and
1022:
Global castor seed production is around two million tons per year. Leading producing areas are India (with over three-quarters of the global yield), China and
Mozambique, and it is widely grown as a crop in Ethiopia. There are several active breeding programmes.
1335:
cited the poisonous qualities of the seeds, but mentioned that they could be used to form wicks for oil lamps (possibly if crushed together), and the oil for use as a laxative and lamp oil. He also recommends the use of the leaves as follows:
392:
can vary greatly in its growth habit and appearance. The variability has been increased by breeders who have selected a range of cultivars for leaf and flower colours, and for oil production. It is a fast-growing,
803:. If sown early, under glass, and kept at a temperature of around 20 °C (68 °F) until planted out, the castor oil plant can reach a height of 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) in a year. In areas prone to
796:, and India, today it is widespread throughout tropical regions. In areas with a suitable climate, castor establishes itself easily where it can become an invasive plant and can often be found on wasteland.
1514:
due to high resistance to heat compared to petroleum-based oils. It does not mix well with petroleum products, particularly at low temperatures, but mixes better with the methanol-based fuels used in
1971:
Cross, Fiona R., and Robert R. Jackson. "Odour‐mediated response to plants by evarcha culicivora, a blood‐feeding jumping spider from East Africa." New
Zealand Journal of Zoology 36.2 (2009): 75-80.
980:
by chewing: intact seeds may pass through the digestive tract without releasing the toxin. The toxin provides the castor oil plant with some degree of natural protection from insect pests such as
2630:
562:
1221:
residues in castor oil and its derivatives, inhibits many microbes, whether viral, bacterial or fungal. They accordingly are useful components of many ointments and similar preparations.
303:. The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied using modern genetic tools. It reproduces with a mixed pollination system which favors selfing by
2718:
1535:
leaves are used in botanical printing (also known as ecoprinting) in Asia. When bundled with cotton or silk fabric and steamed, the leaves can produce a green-colored imprint.
662:
also exists in zoology, and designates insects (not ticks) which are parasites of birds; this is possible because the names of animals and plants are governed by different
881:'Brigham' is a variety with reduced ricin content adapted for Texas, US. It grows up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and has 10% of the ricin content of 'Hale'
1522:
applications, it tends to leave carbon deposits and varnish within the engine. It has been largely replaced by synthetic oils that are more stable and less toxic.
1894:
Oliver, Paul M.; Lee, Michael S.Y. (2010). "The botanical and zoological codes impede biodiversity research by discouraging publication of unnamed new species".
538:
1832:
Srivastava, Pooja; Jyotshna; Gupta, Namita; Kumar Maurya, Anil; Shanker, Karuna (2013). "New anti-inflammatory triterpene from the root of
Ricinus communis".
2260:
Irwin R (March 1982). "NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of Castor Oil (CAS No. 8001-79-4) In F344/N Rats And B6C3F1 Mice (Dosed Feed
Studies)".
2640:
826:
have been developed by breeders for use as ornamental plants (heights refer to plants grown as annuals) and for commercial production of castor oil.
1352:, is good for inflammations of various kinds. Boiled by themselves, and applied to the face for three successive days, they improve the complexion."
435:; the female flowers, borne at the tips of the spikes, lie within the immature spiny capsules, are relatively few in number and have prominent red
868:'Zanzibarensis' is also tall (2–3 metres or 6.6–9.8 feet), with large, mid-green leaves (50 centimetres or 20 inches long) that have white midribs
3440:
2969:
915:
446:
containing large, oval, shiny, bean-like, highly poisonous seeds with variable brownish mottling. Castor seeds have a warty appendage called the
2723:
963:. Although the lethal dose in adults is considered to be four to eight seeds, reports of actual poisoning are relatively rare. According to the
475:
1371:
Castor seed and its oil have also been used in China for centuries, mainly prescribed in local medicine for internal use or use in dressings.
412:
The leaves of some other varieties are green practically from the beginning, whereas in yet others a pigment masks the green color of all the
3528:
3008:
1954:
908:
3269:
878:'Hale' was launched in the 1970s for the US state of Texas. It is short (up to 1.2 m or 3 ft 11 in) and has several racemes
2404:
2244:
608:)-19-hydroxycasba-3,7,11-trien-5-one, 6α-hydroxy-10β-methoxy-7α,8α-epoxy-5-oxocasbane-20,10-olide, 15α-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one, and (2
3636:
3044:
3365:
2917:
1344:, and fresh-gathered, they are used by themselves for diseases of the mamillæ and de- fluxions; a decoction of them in wine, with
3808:
3752:
3466:
3391:
2982:
2930:
2870:
2755:
2224:
2076:
41:
2384:
Rekha, D. (2013). "Study of medicinal plants used from koothanoallur and marakkadai, Thiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu, India".
799:
It is also used extensively as a decorative plant in parks and other public areas, particularly as a "dot plant" in traditional
3793:
3564:
1569:
895:
511:
1739:
3494:
3195:
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2561:
2298:
2117:
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1722:
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973:
urine. Unless treated, death can be expected to occur within 3–5 days; however, in most cases a full recovery can be made.
526:
3757:
1281:
is an ancient
Egyptian medical treatise believed to date from 1552 BC. Translated in 1872, it describes castor oil as a
3303:
3264:
2865:
1193:, pressure-resistant lubricant for special purposes, either of latex or metals, or as a lubricating component of fuels.
1401:
in
Francoist Spain. Dissidents and regime opponents were forced to ingest the oil in large amounts, triggering severe
499:
2820:
2478:
2444:
1636:
991:
Commercially available cold-pressed castor oil is not toxic to humans in normal doses, whether internal or external.
935:
1876:
862:'Impala' is compact (only 1.2 metres or 3.9 feet tall) with reddish foliage and stems, brightest on the young shoots
431:
of green or, in some varieties, shades of red. The male flowers are numerous, yellowish-green with prominent creamy
3693:
3378:
3088:
3533:
3427:
3013:
2956:
1273:
travellers noted the use of castor seed oil for lighting, body ointments, and improving hair growth and texture.
2501:
Scarpa, Antonio; Guerci, Antonio (1982). "Various uses of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) a review".
3688:
3569:
3083:
2327:"Castor Oil Induces Laxation and Uterus Contraction via Ricinoleic Acid Activating Prostaglandin EP3 Receptors"
2018:
854:'New Zealand Purple' has plum colored leaves tinged with red, plum colored seed pods turn to red as they ripen
3654:
3200:
3062:
2468:
3515:
2995:
1603:
1799:
Tan Q.-G.; Cai X.-H.; Dua Z.-Z.; Luo X.-D. (2009). "Three terpenoids and a tocopherol-related compound from
656:; the seed is so named because it has markings and a bump at the end that resemble certain ticks. The genus
420:
78:
3347:
3334:
1225:
938:
allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. The plant is also a very strong trigger for asthma, and allergies to
3220:
419:
The flowers lack petals and are unisexual (male and female) where both types are borne on the same plant (
3662:
3453:
3182:
2839:
836:
17:
2909:
1628:
3649:
3396:
3143:
3057:
2739:
2075:"Hale" is a dwarf-internode castor bean variety developed in the cooperative castorbean program of the
1499:
2935:
2576:
Zahir AA, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, et al. (August 2010). "Evaluation of botanical extracts against
904:'GCH5' was developed by Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada University, 1995. It is resistant to fusarium wilt
776:
In Greece it is hardy enough to grow as a small tree. In northern countries it is grown instead as an
3798:
3556:
3489:
3023:
1981:
342:, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant).
760:. They consume the nectar for food and preferentially use these plants as a location for courtship.
3230:
2043:
1929:
1519:
1515:
3507:
1958:
3641:
3342:
3256:
3049:
2904:
1573:
1439:
1327:
The ancient Romans had a variety of medicinal/cosmetic uses for both the seeds and the leaves of
3445:
3329:
2782:
1805:
1410:
1004:
Castor oil and the plant's roots and leaves are used in the ancient Indian medicinal system of
965:
800:
2974:
2434:
2288:
2241:
349:, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in
840:
740:
231:
3595:
3036:
3419:
3277:
2338:
1292:) in India has been documented since 2000 BC in lamps and in local medicine as a laxative,
2770:
1409:, which could ultimately cause death. This punishment method was originally thought of by
550:
8:
3803:
3703:
2313:
1457:
1398:
976:
Poisoning occurs when animals, including humans, ingest broken castor beans or break the
789:
487:
331:
3154:
2896:
2764:
2342:
3711:
3628:
3321:
3096:
2609:
2361:
2326:
2219:
1857:
1775:
1511:
952:
752:
746:
663:
401:
73:
2747:
2228:
1185:
Other modern uses of natural, blended, or chemically altered castor products include:
620:)-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2
3590:
3238:
3031:
2852:
2686:
2601:
2557:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2474:
2440:
2366:
2294:
2269:
2198:
2150:
2146:
2113:
1911:
1849:
1779:
1718:
1688:
2734:
2613:
1861:
1683:
1658:
3716:
3383:
3243:
3101:
2857:
2593:
2549:
2510:
2356:
2346:
2142:
1903:
1841:
1814:
1743:
1678:
1394:
693:, that derives from castor oil's reputed ability to heal wounds and cure ailments.
658:
463:
443:
400:
that can reach the size of a small tree, around 12 metres (39 feet), but it is not
31:
3187:
3174:
2844:
2831:
1380:
1265:
tombs dating back to 4000 BC; the slow-burning oil was mostly used to fuel lamps.
865:'Red Spire' is tall (2–3 metres or 6.6–9.8 feet) with red stems and bronze foliage
3743:
3667:
3577:
3481:
2713:
2553:
2248:
2133:
Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, Krenzelok EP (May 1986). "Castor bean poisoning".
2068:
1845:
1507:
1414:
1390:
1332:
1317:
1218:
714:
436:
377:
283:
271:
116:
3520:
3000:
851:'Gibsonii' has red-tinged leaves with reddish veins and bright scarlet seed pods
701:
571:(round) and first true leaves (serrated) on a young plant (about four weeks old)
3623:
3164:
2805:
2546:
Social
Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Europe
2331:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1616:
The castor oil plant is one of the few major crops to have an origin in Africa.
1364:, where the plant is turned into a red oil that is then given to newborns as a
1270:
793:
544:
The green capsule dries and splits into three sections, forcibly ejecting seeds
103:
3605:
2654:
2597:
2466:
1324:. It is regularly given to children to treat infections with parasitic worms.
845:'Carmencita Bright Red' has red stems, dark purplish leaves and red seed pods;
669:
The common name "castor oil" probably comes from its use as a replacement for
3787:
3308:
3128:
2708:
2522:
2184:
1915:
1466:
1452:
1278:
1262:
1240:
1233:
1190:
899:
891:'BRS Energia" was developed by Embrapa in 2004 for mechanised or hand harvest
812:
726:
720:
641:
428:
279:
209:
172:
162:
3546:
2351:
2185:
Soto-Blanco B, Sinhorini IL, Gorniak SL, Schumaher-Henrique B (June 2002). "
914:'Hiruy' was developed by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research's
3770:
3680:
3458:
3075:
2605:
2370:
2273:
2202:
1853:
1818:
1692:
1313:
1229:
808:
777:
350:
152:
2530:
2154:
454:. The caruncle promotes the dispersal of the seed by ants (myrmecochory).
3502:
3404:
3210:
3137:
2943:
2814:
1663:
pollination improves agronomic productivity of anemophilous castor bean (
1503:
1434:
1406:
1386:
985:
919:
735:
413:
394:
335:
312:
304:
3582:
3357:
857:(All the above grow to around 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall as annuals.)
3370:
2922:
2089:
1907:
1549:
1341:
1017:
589:
568:
372:, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant .
366:
354:
346:
308:
182:
60:
3409:
3316:
3290:
2948:
2891:
2878:
2325:
Tunaru, S; Althoff, TF; Nusing, RM; Diener, M; Offermanns, S (2012).
2084:
1525:
1485:
1430:
1385:
Castor oil was used as an instrument of coercion by the paramilitary
1365:
1321:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1274:
1266:
1204:
1197:
670:
585:
451:
447:
358:
275:
268:
2776:
1798:
772:
3765:
3737:
3675:
3122:
3070:
2799:
2635:
2242:
Union County
College: Biology: Plant of the Week: Castor Bean Plant
1831:
1657:
Rizzardo, RA; Milfont, MO; Silva, EM; Freitas, BM (December 2012).
1492:
1489:
1473:
1448:
1402:
1282:
1277:
is reputed to have used it to brighten the whites of her eyes. The
1005:
823:
674:
327:
296:
129:
3432:
3295:
2961:
2883:
2405:"Pliny, the Natural History Chapter 41. – Castor Oil, 16 Remedies"
3541:
3251:
1881:
1772:
The Royal
Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
1544:
1462:
1444:
1349:
1345:
1179:
A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates)
885:
424:
3282:
1498:
Castor oil is an effective motor lubricant and has been used in
624:-chromene-5,8-dione were isolated from the methanol extracts of
2729:
2544:
Petersen, Jens (1982), "Violence in Italian Fascism, 1919–25",
2467:
Auvenshine, Martha Ann; Enriquez, Martha Gunther, eds. (1990).
2171:. London, UK: Guinness World Records Limited. 2016. p. 43.
1309:
922:
Agricultural Research Centers for hand harvest during 2010/2011
678:
432:
142:
2470:
Comprehensive Maternity Nursing: Perinatal and Women's Health
2402:
1481:
1477:
1357:
1301:
1036:
981:
960:
947:
804:
731:
649:
628:
by chromatographic methods. Partitioned h-hexane fraction of
397:
369:
362:
339:
286:
90:
68:
Leaves and inflorescence (male flowers below female flowers)
2286:
1656:
1244:
977:
959:
The toxicity of raw castor beans is due to the presence of
898:, India, 2004: it is resistant to root rot and tolerant to
653:
481:
Green variant after blooming, with developing seed capsules
408:
323:
319:
40:"Castor oil plant" redirects here. Not to be confused with
984:. Ricin has been investigated for its potential use as an
2735:
A Bean Called Castor Can Cut Carbon & Fuel the Future
2324:
2132:
946:
or seeds. They can also have cross-allergic reactions to
592:-related compound have been found in the aerial parts of
1320:
considers castor oil the king of medicinals for curing
1228:, a modifier that improves the flow characteristics of
1584:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1413:, the Italian poet and Fascist supporter, during the
848:'Carmencita Pink' has green leaves and pink seed pods
2049:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 88
1769:
322:
is the castor bean, which despite the term is not a
27:
Monotypic genus of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae
2680:
2575:
2548:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 275–299,
2432:
2280:
2112:. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 184–185.
1510:. It has historically been popular for lubricating
1340:"The leaves are applied topically with vinegar for
969:, this is the world's most poisonous common plant.
888:
in 1990 for hand harvest and semi-arid environments
442:The fruit is a spiny, greenish (to reddish-purple)
2681:Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L.; Little, C.R. (2007).
911:'s Essential Oils Research Center for hand harvest
807:it is usually shorter, and grown as if it were an
712:is the host plant of the common castor butterfly (
2287:R. M. Mortier; S. T. Orszulik (6 December 2012).
1480:, India, use the leaves of the plant to feed the
326:(as it is not the seed of a member of the family
3785:
2631:"Growing danger: Toxic plants pose pet threat"
2473:. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 122.
2180:
2178:
1877:Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes
1368:to cleanse the insides of their first stools.
1175:No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate,
307:but at the same time can be an out-crosser by
1217:As an anti-microbial. The high percentage of
1167:
1162:
926:
375:The plant known as "false castor oil plant",
2500:
1224:As the major raw material (in oil form) for
909:Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
330:). Castor is indigenous to the southeastern
2417:
2175:
1712:
884:'BRS Nordestina' was developed by Brazil's
1965:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1568:
1011:
730:). It is also used as a food plant by the
59:
2360:
2350:
1893:
1682:
1650:
1177:* = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data,
1027:Top ten castor oil seed producers – 2019
2717:) is being considered for deletion. See
2685:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
2683:Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico
2543:
2235:
2103:
2101:
1955:"The Complex Case of Castor's Etymology"
1671:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
1203:As a raw material for some varieties of
771:
700:
2625:
2623:
2259:
2077:United States Department of Agriculture
1758:
1699:
685:in Latin). It has another common name,
14:
3786:
2403:John Bostock & H.T. Riley (1855).
2386:Hygeia Journal for Drugs and Medicines
2290:Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants
896:Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada University
2781:
2780:
2383:
2107:
2098:
2081:Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
2011:
1713:Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1999).
1637:University of Maryland Medical School
1582:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1506:airplanes, some racing cars and some
1374:
673:, a perfume base made from the dried
3694:29ef40e1-4c52-41b6-a53d-6ef14e5506b9
3557:a211ac31-2ad0-4595-8f4a-2f531ee172b3
3089:4a84389a-2c87-4e30-8844-ac8398abf76b
3024:5ef657e9-f738-4edc-b126-0d5efe529ae0
2620:
934:is extremely allergenic, and has an
724:), and the castor semi-looper moth (
1614:. Dept. of Plant Sciences, Oxford.
1316:systems. Traditional Ayurvedic and
1251:
24:
2674:
1770:Christopher Brickell, ed. (1996).
1717:. London: Macmillan. p. 106.
788:is indigenous to the southeastern
25:
3825:
2721:to help reach a consensus. ›
2700:
2433:Quiros-Moran, Dalia, ed. (2009).
2422:. p. Chapter 41, Book 23.41.
1629:"Euphorbiaceae (spurge) genomics"
1214:As a component of many cosmetics.
3655:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:355498-1
3063:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327636-2
1437:activities against the adult of
1261:Castor seeds have been found in
1236:, and thereby reduces the costs.
999:
561:
549:
537:
525:
510:
498:
486:
474:
462:
282:. It is the sole species in the
77:
2647:
2569:
2537:
2494:
2460:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2377:
2318:
2307:
2253:
2209:
2161:
2126:
2083:. It is resistant to bacterial
2061:
2036:
1999:
1982:"Castor Bean, Ricinus communis"
1974:
1947:
1922:
1887:
1868:
1684:10.1590/s0001-37652012005000057
1256:
1196:As sources of various chemical
1154:
3809:Monotypic Euphorbiaceae genera
2639:. 10 June 2009. Archived from
1825:
1792:
1731:
1621:
1596:
1562:
767:
384:
13:
1:
3794:Crops originating from Africa
2706:
2436:Guide to Afro-Cuban Herbalism
1633:Institute for Genome Sciences
1555:
1472:Members of the Bodo tribe of
1420:
907:'Abaro' was developed by the
345:Castor seed is the source of
2752: – at Purdue University
2744: – at Purdue University
2554:10.1007/978-1-349-16941-2_17
2515:10.1016/0378-8741(82)90038-1
2503:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2439:. AuthorHouse. p. 347.
2147:10.1016/0735-6757(86)90080-X
1846:10.1080/14786419.2013.861834
1381:Castor oil § Punishment
1288:The use of castor bean oil (
1226:polyglycerol polyricinoleate
942:are commonplace and severe.
873:Cultivars for oil production
835:'Carmencita' has gained the
818:
579:
7:
3814:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2293:. Springer. pp. 226–.
2169:Guinness World Records 2017
2110:The Allergy-Fighting Garden
1880:, digital facsimile at the
1874:Charles de Geer, 1752-1778
1538:
1500:internal combustion engines
1149:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1049:
837:Royal Horticultural Society
636:
30:For the genus of lice, see
10:
3830:
2189:cake poisoning in a dog".
1612:Oxford University Herbaria
1378:
1015:
927:Allergenicity and toxicity
696:
381:, is not closely related.
39:
29:
3727:
3112:
2789:
2598:10.1007/s00436-010-1898-7
2044:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2008:, 9 June 1906, p. 17
1740:"PROTA published species"
1174:
734:of some other species of
237:
230:
74:Scientific classification
72:
67:
58:
51:
2767:in Wildflowers of Israel
2719:templates for discussion
2656:how to make ECOPRINT DIY
1834:Natural Product Research
894:'GCH6' was developed by
756:has an association with
2821:Ricinus (Euphorbiaceae)
2578:Haemaphysalis bispinosa
2352:10.1073/pnas.1201627109
1986:Master Gardener Program
1440:Haemaphysalis bispinosa
1012:Modern commercial usage
994:
705:Plant in disturbed area
2108:Ogren, Thomas (2015).
1819:10.1002/hlca.200900105
1806:Helvetica Chimica Acta
1520:total-loss-lubrication
1354:
1232:in the manufacture of
966:Guinness World Records
781:
706:
315:(insect pollination).
311:(wind pollination) or
42:False castor oil plant
2761:at Cornell University
2586:Parasitology Research
2073:. 1961. p. 126.
1930:"Animal Nomenclature"
1715:Annuals and Biennials
1502:, including those of
1379:Further information:
1338:
950:sap from the related
841:Award of Garden Merit
775:
741:Hypercompe hambletoni
718:), the eri silkmoth (
704:
450:, which is a type of
1778:. pp. 884–885.
1389:under the regime of
830:Ornamental cultivars
750:). A jumping spider
721:Samia cynthia ricini
596:. Compounds named (3
2741:Ricinus communis L.
2582:Hippobosca maculata
2343:2012PNAS..109.9179T
2247:24 May 2013 at the
2019:"RHS Plantfinder –
1961:on 3 February 2011.
1608:: Castor oil plant"
1458:Hippobosca maculata
1411:Gabriele D'Annunzio
1399:Spanish Civil Guard
1239:As a repellent for
1189:As a non-freezing,
1028:
790:Mediterranean Basin
332:Mediterranean Basin
2659:, 3 September 2019
2220:Cornell University
1908:10.1002/tax.594020
1776:Dorling Kindersley
1516:glow model engines
1512:two-stroke engines
1375:Uses in punishment
1322:arthritic diseases
1026:
953:Hevea brasiliensis
782:
753:Evarcha culicivora
747:Discestra trifolii
707:
664:nomenclature codes
365:, a highly potent
267:, is a species of
3781:
3780:
3591:Open Tree of Life
3032:Open Tree of Life
2783:Taxon identifiers
2773:Flowers in Israel
2692:978-0-89672-614-7
2563:978-1-349-16943-6
2418:Pliny the Elder.
2337:(23): 9179–9184.
2300:978-1-4615-3272-9
2119:978-1-60774-491-7
1934:projects.ncsu.edu
1785:978-0-7513-0303-2
1724:978-0-333-74889-3
1331:. The naturalist
1183:
1182:
815:in Los Angeles.
517:Pollen grains of
252:
251:
212:
16:(Redirected from
3821:
3799:Castor oil plant
3774:
3773:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3720:
3719:
3707:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3606:Ricinus_communis
3599:
3598:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3521:NBNSYS0000032637
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3461:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3400:
3399:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3270:Ricinus_communis
3260:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3234:
3233:
3231:ricinus-communis
3224:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3201:Ricinus_communis
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:Ricinus communis
3133:
3132:
3131:
3114:Ricinus communis
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3004:
3003:
3001:NHMSYS0000462400
2991:
2990:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2778:
2777:
2771:Castor oil plant
2765:Ricinus communis
2757:Ricinus communis
2696:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2322:
2316:
2314:Castor Oil World
2311:
2305:
2304:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:. Archived from
2216:Ricinus communis
2213:
2207:
2206:
2187:Ricinus communis
2182:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2021:Ricinus communis
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:. Archived from
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1902:(4): 1201–1205.
1891:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1801:Ricinus communis
1796:
1790:
1789:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1742:. Archived from
1735:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1665:Ricinus communis
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1606:Ricinus communis
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1576:Ricinus communis
1566:
1533:Ricinus communis
1427:Ricinus communis
1395:Benito Mussolini
1329:Ricinus communis
1252:Historical usage
1157:
1029:
1025:
786:Ricinus communis
744:and the nutmeg (
710:Ricinus communis
648:because it is a
626:Ricinus communis
565:
553:
541:
529:
519:Ricinus communis
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
390:Ricinus communis
265:castor oil plant
256:Ricinus communis
243:
241:Ricinus communis
223:R. communis
208:
82:
81:
63:
49:
48:
21:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3578:Observation.org
3576:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3479:MichiganFlora:
3478:
3470:
3465:
3457:
3452:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3395:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2785:
2722:
2703:
2693:
2677:
2675:Further reading
2672:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2643:on 11 May 2014.
2629:
2628:
2621:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2542:
2538:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2431:
2427:
2420:Natural History
2416:
2412:
2401:
2397:
2382:
2378:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2258:
2254:
2249:Wayback Machine
2240:
2236:
2223:
2214:
2210:
2191:Vet Hum Toxicol
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2106:
2099:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1869:
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1826:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1700:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1541:
1508:model airplanes
1423:
1415:First World War
1383:
1377:
1333:Pliny the Elder
1318:siddha medicine
1259:
1254:
1219:ricinoleic acid
1178:
1176:
1155:
1020:
1014:
1002:
997:
929:
821:
801:bedding schemes
770:
715:Ariadne merione
699:
675:perineal glands
639:
582:
577:
576:
575:
572:
566:
557:
554:
545:
542:
533:
530:
521:
515:
506:
503:
494:
491:
482:
479:
470:
467:
387:
378:Fatsia japonica
272:flowering plant
248:
245:
239:
226:
207:
76:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3762:
3749:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:wfo-0000297077
3708:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3561:
3551:
3538:
3525:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3476:
3463:
3450:
3437:
3424:
3414:
3401:
3388:
3375:
3362:
3352:
3339:
3326:
3313:
3300:
3287:
3274:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3134:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:wfo-4000033254
3093:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3028:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2826:
2811:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2702:
2701:External links
2699:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2646:
2619:
2568:
2562:
2536:
2509:(2): 117–137.
2493:
2479:
2459:
2445:
2425:
2410:
2395:
2376:
2317:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2252:
2234:
2231:on 8 May 1998.
2218:(Castor bean)—
2208:
2174:
2160:
2135:Am J Emerg Med
2125:
2118:
2097:
2060:
2035:
2010:
1998:
1973:
1964:
1946:
1921:
1886:
1867:
1840:(5): 306–311.
1824:
1813:(12): 2762–8.
1791:
1784:
1757:
1730:
1723:
1698:
1677:(4): 1137–45.
1661:Apis mellifera
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1234:chocolate bars
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1016:Main article:
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817:
794:Eastern Africa
769:
766:
698:
695:
687:palm of Christ
644:used the name
638:
635:
633:oedema model.
581:
578:
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429:inflorescences
423:) in terminal
386:
383:
361:also contains
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3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:(castor bean)
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:(3): 585–92.
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2482:
2480:9780867204216
2476:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2448:
2446:9781438980973
2442:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2399:
2392:(1): 164–170.
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:Toxic Rep Ser
2256:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:(3): 259–61.
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2070:The Cattleman
2064:
2045:
2039:
2024:
2023:'Carmencita'"
2022:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1746:on 4 May 2010
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1467:Hippoboscidae
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1453:hematophagous
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:it is called
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:Ebers Papyrus
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:antimicrobial
1188:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1000:Folk medicine
992:
989:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
968:
967:
962:
957:
955:
954:
949:
943:
941:
937:
933:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
901:
900:fusarium wilt
897:
893:
890:
887:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
856:
855:
853:
850:
847:
844:
842:
838:
834:
833:
829:
828:
827:
825:
816:
814:
813:Griffith Park
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
779:
774:
765:
761:
759:
755:
754:
749:
748:
743:
742:
737:
733:
729:
728:
727:Achaea janata
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
703:
694:
692:
691:Palma Christi
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:Carl Linnaeus
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
570:
564:
559:
552:
547:
540:
535:
532:Female flower
528:
523:
520:
513:
508:
501:
496:
489:
484:
477:
472:
465:
460:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
396:
391:
382:
380:
379:
373:
371:
368:
367:water-soluble
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:triglycerides
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
285:
281:
280:Euphorbiaceae
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
244:
242:
236:
233:
232:Binomial name
229:
225:
224:
219:
216:
215:
211:
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:Acalyphoideae
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:Euphorbiaceae
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:Tracheophytes
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
75:
71:
66:
62:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
36:
34:
19:
3728:
3113:
2790:
2756:
2749:Castor beans
2748:
2740:
2724:
2712:
2682:
2661:, retrieved
2655:
2649:
2641:the original
2634:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:Neumann and
2577:
2571:
2545:
2539:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2469:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2435:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2309:
2289:
2282:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2237:
2229:the original
2225:"Castorbean"
2215:
2211:
2197:(3): 155–6.
2194:
2190:
2186:
2168:
2163:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2109:
2088:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2020:
2013:
2006:Toronto Star
2005:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1976:
1967:
1959:the original
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1875:
1870:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1771:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:the original
1733:
1714:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1581:
1575:
1564:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1497:
1471:
1456:
1438:
1435:insecticidal
1426:
1425:Extract of
1424:
1384:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1328:
1326:
1314:ethnomedical
1289:
1287:
1260:
1257:Ancient uses
1230:cocoa butter
1184:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1111:South Africa
1035:Production (
1021:
1003:
990:
975:
971:
964:
958:
951:
944:
939:
931:
930:
822:
798:
785:
783:
762:
757:
751:
745:
739:
738:, including
725:
719:
713:
709:
708:
690:
686:
682:
668:
657:
645:
640:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
518:
441:
418:
406:
389:
388:
376:
374:
344:
317:
300:
291:
290:
264:
260:
255:
254:
253:
240:
238:
222:
221:
203:
202:
192:
153:Malpighiales
136:
123:
110:
97:
52:
46:
32:
3503:NatureServe
3405:iNaturalist
3138:Wikispecies
2944:iNaturalist
2815:Wikispecies
2707:‹ The
1504:World War I
1407:dehydration
1397:and by the
1387:Blackshirts
986:insecticide
920:Wondo Genet
768:Cultivation
758:R. communis
736:Lepidoptera
505:Male flower
469:Young plant
414:chlorophyll
407:The glossy
385:Description
336:East Africa
313:entomophily
305:geitonogamy
261:castor bean
169:Subfamily:
117:Angiosperms
18:Castor bean
3804:Acalypheae
3788:Categories
3629:kew-178867
3624:Plant List
3218:Calflora:
2663:23 October
2090:Alternaria
1774:. London:
1588:1 February
1570:USDA, NRCS
1556:References
1550:Toxalbumin
1431:acaricidal
1429:exhibited
1421:Other uses
1342:erysipelas
1312:and other
1269:and other
1198:feedstocks
1164:1,407,588
1057:Mozambique
1018:Castor oil
590:tocopherol
586:terpenoids
569:Cotyledons
421:monoecious
402:cold hardy
355:ricinolein
347:castor oil
309:anemophily
189:Subtribe:
183:Acalypheae
3744:Q15633353
3729:Ricininae
3348:200012604
3335:200012604
3317:FloraBase
3228:Cal-IPC:
2892:FloraBase
2523:0378-8741
2093:leaf spot
2085:leaf spot
2053:9 October
2028:9 October
1916:0040-0262
1526:Jewellery
1493:silkworms
1393:dictator
1366:purgative
1306:Ayurvedic
1298:cathartic
1294:purgative
1275:Cleopatra
1267:Herodotus
1247:in lawns.
1205:biodiesel
1050:1,196,680
1042:Footnote
824:Cultivars
819:Cultivars
784:Although
671:castoreum
652:word for
580:Chemistry
452:elaiosome
395:suckering
353:, mainly
301:Ricininae
284:monotypic
269:perennial
217:Species:
193:Ricininae
87:Kingdom:
3771:50126686
3766:Tropicos
3738:Wikidata
3689:VicFlora
3681:12800093
3676:Tropicos
3603:PalDat:
3508:2.137770
3446:10248491
3433:355498-1
3265:eFloraSA
3208:BioLib:
3123:Wikidata
3084:VicFlora
3076:40025862
3071:Tropicos
2962:327636-2
2866:eFloraSA
2806:Q9069137
2800:Wikidata
2709:template
2636:NBC News
2614:20498642
2606:20467752
2584:Leach".
2486:5 August
2452:5 August
2371:22615395
2274:12209174
2268:: 1–B5.
2245:Archived
2203:12046967
2079:and the
1991:4 August
1939:4 August
1884:website.
1862:36797216
1854:24279342
1750:21 April
1693:22990600
1572:(n.d.).
1539:See also
1474:Bodoland
1449:Ixodidae
1403:diarrhea
1362:maskreti
1283:laxative
1263:Egyptian
1144:Pakistan
1133:Thailand
1122:Paraguay
1089:Ethiopia
1032:Country
1006:Ayurveda
916:Melkassa
637:Taxonomy
448:caruncle
328:Fabaceae
297:subtribe
278:family,
159:Family:
130:Eudicots
35:(insect)
3542:NTFlora
3490:MoBotPF
3371:5380041
3283:1151096
3252:Ecocrop
3129:Q155867
2975:1029487
2923:3071267
2871:Ricinus
2791:Ricinus
2725:Ricinus
2711:below (
2531:7035750
2362:3384204
2339:Bibcode
2155:3964368
1882:Gallica
1642:9 March
1545:Kikayon
1463:Diptera
1445:Acarina
1391:Italian
1350:saffron
1346:polenta
1100:Vietnam
956:plant.
940:Ricinus
932:Ricinus
886:Embrapa
697:Ecology
677:of the
659:Ricinus
646:Ricinus
630:Ricinus
594:Ricinus
444:capsule
437:stigmas
433:stamens
425:panicle
292:Ricinus
274:in the
204:Ricinus
199:Genus:
179:Tribe:
149:Order:
91:Plantae
53:Ricinus
33:Ricinus
3637:PLANTS
3596:339346
3554:NZOR:
3495:280095
3358:RICCOM
3355:FoIO:
3309:169992
3188:113722
3175:143294
3172:APDB:
3152:AoFP:
3045:PLANTS
3037:934795
3021:NZOR:
2910:128572
2845:113692
2832:194442
2829:APDB:
2730:Curlie
2714:Curlie
2689:
2612:
2604:
2560:
2529:
2521:
2477:
2443:
2369:
2359:
2297:
2272:
2222:2008.
2201:
2153:
2116:
1914:
1860:
1852:
1782:
1721:
1691:
1482:larvae
1451:) and
1310:siddha
1296:, and
1290:eranda
1211:worse.
1156:
1092:11,157
1082:16,349
1079:Brazil
1071:36,000
1060:85,089
1037:tonnes
982:aphids
809:annual
778:annual
732:larvae
683:castor
679:beaver
588:and a
584:Three
427:-like
409:leaves
357:. The
338:, and
295:, and
276:spurge
259:, the
143:Rosids
3701:WoI:
3668:67257
3642:RICO3
3613:PFI:
3565:NZPCN
3472:28393
3459:47618
3441:IRMNG
3417:IPA:
3410:56739
3397:31896
3304:EUNIS
3296:RIICO
3244:4T27V
3211:39395
3162:APA:
3050:RICIN
2988:28392
2970:IRMNG
2949:56740
2936:10479
2897:22451
2884:1RIIG
2858:8W362
2610:S2CID
2047:(PDF)
1896:Taxon
1858:S2CID
1737:e.g.
1518:. In
1478:Assam
1358:Haiti
1302:Unani
1271:Greek
1245:voles
1241:moles
1159:World
1147:1,107
1136:1,588
1125:6,000
1114:6,721
1103:7,000
1068:China
1047:India
961:ricin
948:latex
936:OPALS
805:frost
689:, or
650:Latin
556:Seeds
398:shrub
370:toxin
363:ricin
340:India
287:genus
137:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
3758:1992
3753:GRIN
3650:POWO
3616:2897
3583:7319
3570:2917
3547:2092
3534:3988
3529:NCBI
3482:1266
3467:ITIS
3428:IPNI
3420:6320
3392:GRIN
3384:1000
3379:GISD
3366:GBIF
3322:4705
3291:EPPO
3257:1866
3221:7153
3196:ATRF
3183:APNI
3165:1849
3155:1860
3058:POWO
3014:3987
3009:NCBI
2983:ITIS
2957:IPNI
2931:GRIN
2918:GBIF
2879:EPPO
2840:APNI
2687:ISBN
2665:2022
2602:PMID
2558:ISBN
2527:PMID
2519:ISSN
2488:2017
2475:ISBN
2454:2017
2441:ISBN
2367:PMID
2295:ISBN
2270:PMID
2199:PMID
2151:PMID
2114:ISBN
2087:and
2055:2018
2030:2018
1993:2020
1941:2020
1912:ISSN
1850:PMID
1780:ISBN
1752:2010
1719:ISBN
1689:PMID
1644:2009
1590:2016
1490:endi
1488:and
1486:muga
1455:fly
1433:and
1405:and
1348:and
1243:and
995:Uses
978:seed
918:and
654:tick
493:Leaf
359:seed
324:bean
320:seed
318:Its
3712:WFO
3704:101
3663:RHS
3516:NBN
3454:ISC
3343:FoC
3330:FNA
3278:EoL
3239:CoL
3097:WFO
2996:NBN
2905:FoC
2853:CoL
2728:at
2594:doi
2590:107
2550:doi
2511:doi
2357:PMC
2347:doi
2335:109
2143:doi
1904:doi
1842:doi
1815:doi
1803:".
1679:doi
1484:of
1476:in
1469:).
1356:In
1300:in
839:'s
616:,8a
612:,4a
604:,11
263:or
3790::
3768::
3755::
3740::
3714::
3691::
3678::
3665::
3652::
3639::
3626::
3593::
3580::
3567::
3544::
3531::
3518::
3505::
3492::
3469::
3456::
3443::
3430::
3407::
3394::
3381::
3368::
3345::
3332::
3319::
3306::
3293::
3280::
3267::
3254::
3241::
3198::
3185::
3140::
3125::
3099::
3086::
3073::
3060::
3047::
3034::
3011::
2998::
2985::
2972::
2959::
2946::
2933::
2920::
2907::
2894::
2881::
2868::
2855::
2842::
2817::
2802::
2633:.
2622:^
2608:.
2600:.
2588:.
2556:,
2525:.
2517:.
2505:.
2388:.
2365:.
2355:.
2345:.
2333:.
2329:.
2266:12
2264:.
2195:44
2193:.
2177:^
2149:.
2137:.
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