875:: "The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans). There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered."
328:
246:
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261:
211:
237:
355:
222:
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348:
318:
307:
288:
198:
27:
133:
554:, expressing a desire for good relations with Brunei. However, In 1573, the Governor-General De Sande demanded both permission to proselytize Christianity in the region, and an end to Brunei's proselytizing of Islam. De Sande regarded Brunei as a threat to Spanish presence and religious efforts in the region, stating that "the
590:, and "Indians" (from Peru and Mexico), led by Spanish officers who had previously fought with native Filipinos in military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The expedition began their journey in March, and the Bruneian campaign was one of several that was undertaken at the time, including action in
657:
While the
Spanish were unable to immediately subjugate Brunei, they did manage to prevent it from regaining a foothold in Luzon. Relations between the two nations later improved and trade resumed, as evidenced by a 1599 letter from Governor-General
527:
Despite
Bruneian influence, Spanish colonization continued in the archipelago. In 1571, Miguel López launched an expedition from his capital in Cebu to conquer and Christianize the city of
897:
669:. It gradually set aside its policies of territorial expansion and developed into a city-state, surviving to the modern day as the oldest continuously Islamic political entity.
3938:
570:
Governor-General
Francisco de Sande officially declared war against Brunei in 1578, and began preparations for an expedition to Borneo. De Sande assumed the title of
4080:
4102:
3068:
963:
4166:
485:
2077:
3088:
2003:
4006:
582:), and 300 Borneans. The racial composition of the Spanish force was shown to be diverse by later documents that stated the infantry was made up of
3553:
3048:
4011:
3098:
4281:
2703:
2061:
4095:
901:
4110:
4050:
543:(who historically fought against Brunei's allies of Sulu and Maynila) aligned themselves with the Spaniards against Brunei. In 1576,
3918:
3022:
1700:
1250:
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3002:
1181:
774:
2140:
4088:
3776:
1887:
1240:
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1130:
1110:
1081:
1061:
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The
Spanish settlements soon began to encroach on the aspirations that Brunei had in the Philippines. Between 1485 and 1521,
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2230:
91:
4269:
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3871:
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3234:
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280:
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1800:
760:
744:
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1544:
3342:
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2018:
1882:
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1390:
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1174:
513:
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2224:
2194:
1999:
1830:
1512:
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873:
Letter from
Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620 (From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)
859:
3199:
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4176:
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3442:
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2295:
2206:
1907:
1622:
1559:
1327:
1312:
1292:
488:, and that war is the beginning of relations between the Ottoman state and Brunei in 1560 to 1578.
481:
226:
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37:
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1400:
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84:
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3292:
3214:
1001:
Revista
Filipina, Segunda Etapa. Revista semestral de lengua y literatura hispanofilipina.
8:
4146:
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2023:
1867:
1840:
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1564:
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1215:
512:. The Islamic presence in the region was also strengthened by the arrival of traders and
311:
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1976:
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1202:
1146:
1126:
1106:
1077:
1057:
1037:
831:
740:
715:
690:
477:
249:
215:
2007:
827:
European sources for the history of the
Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century
778:
4161:
4136:
3618:
3613:
3578:
3558:
3317:
3194:
3093:
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2459:
2299:
1627:
1554:
1524:
1302:
1225:
968:
595:
375:
3996:
2028:
4061:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
3811:
3751:
3665:
3573:
3447:
3427:
3392:
3174:
3144:
3083:
2693:
2683:
2579:
2464:
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2313:
2073:
1981:
1852:
1667:
1606:
1579:
1245:
1140:
1120:
1100:
1091:
1071:
1051:
1031:
853:
825:
575:
322:
203:
3720:
531:, which became the new capital for the Spanish administration. Furthermore, the
4252:
4181:
4171:
3655:
3568:
3452:
3204:
3027:
3012:
2913:
2887:
2872:
2753:
2348:
2342:
2246:
2013:
1927:
1877:
1755:
1709:
1632:
1235:
626:
614:
606:
469:
465:
266:
240:
2160:
4318:
4286:
4186:
4141:
3219:
2069:
1986:
1471:
1255:
1053:
Malay
Muslims: the history and challenge of resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia
666:
618:
236:
4259:
3991:
3981:
3710:
3249:
3103:
2928:
2444:
2220:
1902:
1750:
1230:
835:
551:
3302:
937:
Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792
645:. These expeditionary forces spread to nearby Sultanates and taught local
4301:
4122:
4113:
2892:
2718:
2287:
2165:
574:
and assembled a fleet carrying 200 Spaniards, 200 Mexicans, 1,500 native
555:
2882:
4296:
3756:
2490:
1770:
737:
Thalassocracy: A History of the
Medieval Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam
646:
997:"Manila y la empresa imperial del Sultanato de Brunei en el siglo XVI"
2723:
2480:
2380:
2155:
2057:
1991:
638:
622:
587:
521:
431:
354:
26:
4291:
2897:
1775:
642:
591:
583:
559:
536:
532:
517:
162:
1159:
4055:
4026:
2536:
2521:
1678:
634:
630:
579:
497:
439:
359:
132:
2992:
2546:
2541:
2318:
1287:
1190:
528:
158:
1093:
Political and cultural history of the
Philippines, Volumes 1-2
504:(also called the Kingdom of Maynila) to oppose the indigenous
4033:
2307:
1971:
509:
435:
2376:
2291:
777:(in Malay). Government of Brunei Darussalam. Archived from
166:
2269:
662:
in which he asked for a return to a normal relationship.
848:
649:
new fighting tactics and techniques to forge cannons.
2024:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1099:
950:
491:
665:
As a result of the conflict, Brunei ceased to be an
898:"Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578"
805:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4316:
605:warriors, Bruneian forces were supported by the
2568:
678:
500:of Brunei had established the puppet state of
4096:
2213:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
1694:
1175:
562:, converting all the Moros of the islands".
1888:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
714:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 57.
703:
689:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 55.
4103:
4089:
1701:
1687:
1182:
1168:
16:Military conflict between Brunei and Spain
4007:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
1587:Melayu Islam Beraja (national philosophy)
1089:
1029:
799:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
4012:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1118:
1069:
709:
684:
393:an unknown number of indigenous warriors
3003:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
924:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
823:
484:. It is also considered as part of the
137:Bruneian forces fighting Spanish forces
4317:
3956:
1138:
1049:
994:
884:
811:
4084:
3955:
3851:
3850:
2974:
2852:
2567:
2426:
2394:
2331:
2268:
2183:
2106:
2046:
1960:
1949:
1721:
1720:
1682:
1163:
2284:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1776:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
734:
281:Captaincy General of the Philippines
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
3987:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2107:
1189:
964:"The era of Sultan Muhammad Hassan"
558:from Borneo preach the doctrine of
550:sent a request to meet with Sultan
13:
2954:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2427:
1708:
1102:The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2009
492:Spanish arrival in the Philippines
14:
4346:
2184:
2047:
1928:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
4112:
4039:Criollos in the colonial society
3967:Spanish missions in the Americas
3089:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
1261:South-east Asia regional history
368:
353:
346:
335:
326:
316:
305:
286:
274:
259:
244:
235:
220:
209:
196:
131:
25:
4066:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1950:
1251:British Military Administration
1105:, Oxford Business Group, 2009,
988:
956:
944:
930:
916:
890:
878:
36:needs additional citations for
4325:Wars involving the Philippines
2395:
2118:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1826:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1056:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
1033:History of the Filipino people
1030:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990),
972:. 1 March 2009. Archived from
866:
842:
817:
793:
767:
728:
472:, including the Sultanates of
1:
4202:Second Battle of San Salvador
4017:General Archive of the Indies
3278:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2949:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2934:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1883:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1836:War of the Spanish Succession
1801:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1142:Rough guide to Southeast Asia
1022:
995:Donoso, Isaac (Autumn 2014).
759:: CS1 maint: date and year (
609:who had been sent in several
468:and several Muslim states in
464:, was a conflict between the
4197:First Battle of San Salvador
4162:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas
2975:
2089:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2019:Union with Holy Roman Empire
1998:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1913:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
1441:State Customs and Traditions
1090:Melo Alip, Eufronio (1964),
1070:Saunders, Graham E. (2002),
710:Saunders, Graham E. (1994).
685:Saunders, Graham E. (1994).
660:Francisco de Tello de Guzmán
652:
462:Spanish Expedition to Borneo
7:
2853:
2569:Administrative subdivisions
1766:War of the League of Cognac
1050:McAmis, Robert Day (2002),
10:
4351:
3283:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3268:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3170:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2332:
2068:), Western United States (
1961:
1831:Portuguese Restoration War
951:Oxford Business Group 2009
860:Government Printing Office
4230:
4129:
4051:Slavery in Spanish Empire
3962:
3951:
3857:
3846:
3744:
3638:
3631:
3516:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3338:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3248:
3117:
3079:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3041:
2985:
2981:
2970:
2939:Barcelona Trading Company
2906:
2863:
2859:
2848:
2752:
2704:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
2674:
2616:
2578:
2574:
2563:
2514:
2473:
2437:
2433:
2422:
2401:
2338:
2279:
2211:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2190:
2113:
2064:, Central United States (
2053:
1967:
1956:
1945:
1796:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
1781:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1727:
1716:
1645:
1615:
1520:
1511:
1467:
1458:
1399:
1359:
1350:
1278:
1269:
1201:
445:Unknown; presumably heavy
421:
385:
374:Pengiran Seri Ratna
352:Pengiran Seri Lela
298:
189:
141:
130:
125:
3992:Quito painting tradition
3982:Cusco painting tradition
3343:García López de Cárdenas
3333:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3240:Felipe González de Ahedo
3160:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1737:Conquest of the Americas
1364:Administrative divisions
1119:Frankham, Steve (2008),
926:by Nicholas Tarling p.39
824:Nicholl, Robert (1975).
672:
391:1,000 men (royal guards)
4248:Philippine–American War
3777:Comuneros (New Granada)
3554:Balearic Islands (1558)
3273:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3200:Ruy López de Villalobos
3155:Miguel López de Legazpi
3069:García de Toledo Osorio
1933:Western Sahara conflict
1923:Independence of Morocco
1863:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1806:Piracy in the Caribbean
1791:French Wars of Religion
1139:Atiyah, Jeremy (2002),
850:United States. War Dept
149:16 April – 26 June 1578
4217:Cochinchina expedition
4022:Colonial Spanish Horse
3696:Colonia del Sacramento
2919:Spanish treasure fleet
2496:Royal Decree of Graces
775:"Pusat Sejarah Brunei"
735:Bala, Bilcher (2005).
601:In addition to native
565:
299:Commanders and leaders
179:Status quo ante bellum
4335:Wars involving Brunei
4238:Philippine Revolution
3180:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3140:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2455:Council of the Indies
1816:Spanish–Moro conflict
1786:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1746:Treaty of Tordesillas
939:by Jeremy Black p.16
617:and were composed of
422:Casualties and losses
4330:Wars involving Spain
4243:Spanish–American War
3977:Mesoamerican Codices
3701:Comuneros (Paraguay)
3539:Siege of Castelnuovo
3125:Christopher Columbus
2944:Consulate of the Sea
2924:Casa de Contratación
2515:Titles and positions
1908:Spanish–American War
1898:Liberal constitution
1741:Asia and the Pacific
1333:Environmental issues
1125:, Footprint Guides,
976:on 23 September 2015
486:Ottoman-Habsburg War
45:improve this article
4177:Cambodia expedition
4172:Cagayan and Dingras
3706:Cartagena de Indias
3328:Diego de Mazariegos
3298:Pere Fages i Beleta
3165:Sebastián de Ocampo
2646:Provincias Internas
2618:Captaincies General
2532:Municipal president
2501:School of Salamanca
2272:Spanish East Indies
2251:Misiones Orientales
2123:Spanish West Indies
2087:, Central America (
2034:Pyrénées-Orientales
1987:Union with Portugal
1878:Napoleonic invasion
1858:War of Jenkins' Ear
1241:Japanese occupation
1216:Bruneian-Tundun War
1073:A history of Brunei
712:A History of Brunei
687:A History of Brunei
312:Sultan Saiful Rijal
4192:Formosa expedition
4002:Academia Antártica
3957:Other civil topics
3323:Pánfilo de Narváez
3225:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3190:Andrés de Urdaneta
3150:Juan Ponce de León
3135:Ferdinand Magellan
3109:Bernardo de Gálvez
3008:Indian auxiliaries
2506:Trial of residence
2486:Laws of the Indies
2270:Asia and Oceania (
2131:Dominican Republic
1482:Telecommunications
1391:Capital punishment
904:on 14 October 2014
548:Francisco de Sande
516:from the areas of
460:, also called the
342:Francisco de Sande
292:Bruneian defectors
4312:
4311:
4282:New People's Army
4265:Japanese invasion
4167:Eighty Years' War
4157:Borneo expedition
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
3947:
3946:
3852:Spanish conquests
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3627:
3626:
3308:Pedro de Alvarado
3293:Gaspar de Portolà
3288:Pedro de Valdivia
3263:Francisco Pizarro
3215:Nicolás de Ovando
3210:Alonso de Ercilla
3185:Alonso de Salazar
3018:Ships of the line
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2390:
2389:
2347:Northern Africa (
2343:Equatorial Guinea
2327:
2326:
2264:
2263:
2179:
2178:
2102:
2101:
2093:Spanish Caribbean
2066:Spanish Louisiana
2042:
2041:
1977:Crown of Castille
1941:
1940:
1918:Spanish Civil War
1893:Adams–Onís Treaty
1873:Nootka Convention
1821:Thirty Years' War
1811:Eighty Years' War
1732:Catholic Monarchs
1722:Timeline–immersed
1676:
1675:
1641:
1640:
1507:
1506:
1472:Dollar (currency)
1454:
1453:
1374:Foreign relations
1346:
1345:
1152:978-1-85828-893-2
1132:978-1-906098-14-8
1112:978-1-907065-09-5
1083:978-0-7007-1698-2
1063:978-0-8028-4945-8
1043:978-971-8711-06-4
830:. Muzium Brunei.
615:Sultanate of Aceh
508:on the island of
454:
453:
250:Portuguese Empire
185:
184:
121:
120:
113:
95:
4342:
4287:Moro (1969−2019)
4253:Moro (1899−1913)
4117:
4116:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4082:
4081:
3953:
3952:
3919:Chibchan Nations
3848:
3847:
3817:Santiago de Cuba
3676:Guadalupe Island
3636:
3635:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3318:Diego de Almagro
3195:Antonio de Ulloa
3099:Ambrosio Spinola
3094:Pedro de Zubiaur
3064:Alfonso d'Avalos
3054:Antonio de Leyva
2998:Army of Flanders
2983:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2392:
2391:
2365:Peñón of Algiers
2329:
2328:
2266:
2265:
2181:
2180:
2104:
2103:
2086:
2044:
2043:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1868:Seven Years' War
1841:Queen Anne's War
1718:
1717:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1654:
1518:
1517:
1465:
1464:
1357:
1356:
1276:
1275:
1226:Brunei Civil War
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1135:
1122:Footprint Borneo
1115:
1096:
1086:
1066:
1046:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
969:The Brunei Times
960:
954:
948:
942:
934:
928:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
900:. Archived from
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
863:
846:
840:
839:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
781:on 15 April 2015
771:
765:
764:
758:
750:
732:
726:
725:
707:
701:
700:
682:
545:Governor-General
506:Kingdom of Tondo
450:
380:
373:
372:
371:
364:
357:
351:
350:
349:
340:
339:
338:
331:Pengiran Kestani
330:
321:
320:
319:
310:
309:
308:
291:
290:
289:
279:
278:
277:
265:
263:
262:
248:
239:
225:
224:
223:
214:
213:
212:
201:
200:
199:
143:
142:
135:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4270:Allied invasion
4226:
4125:
4119:Armed conflicts
4111:
4109:
4079:
4070:
4046:Old inquisition
3958:
3943:
3853:
3826:
3782:Trinidad (1797)
3752:La Noche Triste
3740:
3736:San Juan (1797)
3686:San Juan (1595)
3623:
3512:
3352:Notable battles
3347:
3313:Martín de Ursúa
3244:
3175:Alonso de Ojeda
3145:Juan de la Cosa
3130:Pinzón brothers
3113:
3084:John of Austria
3059:Martín de Goiti
3037:
2977:
2958:
2902:
2855:
2836:
2748:
2744:Terra Australis
2739:Río de la Plata
2684:Castilla de Oro
2670:
2612:
2608:Río de la Plata
2570:
2551:
2510:
2469:
2465:Santa Hermandad
2429:
2410:
2406:Terra Australis
2397:
2386:
2353:Spanish Morocco
2334:
2323:
2314:Northern Taiwan
2275:
2260:
2231:Río de la Plata
2186:
2175:
2109:
2108:Central America
2098:
2080:
2049:
2038:
1982:Crown of Aragon
1963:
1952:
1937:
1853:Bourbon Reforms
1723:
1712:
1707:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1611:
1602:Sex trafficking
1503:
1450:
1431:Law enforcement
1426:Fire and Rescue
1395:
1342:
1338:Protected areas
1265:
1246:Borneo campaign
1211:Bruneian Empire
1197:
1188:
1158:
1153:
1145:, Rough Guide,
1133:
1113:
1084:
1064:
1044:
1036:, R.P. Garcia,
1025:
1020:
1010:
1008:
993:
989:
979:
977:
962:
961:
957:
949:
945:
935:
931:
921:
917:
907:
905:
896:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
858:. Vol. 3.
847:
843:
822:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
784:
782:
773:
772:
768:
752:
751:
747:
739:. p. 160.
733:
729:
722:
708:
704:
697:
683:
679:
675:
655:
572:Capitán-General
568:
494:
448:
446:
411:1,500 Filipinos
396:
394:
392:
376:
369:
367:
366:
360:
347:
345:
344:
336:
334:
325:
323:Bendahara Sakam
317:
315:
314:
306:
304:
287:
285:
275:
273:
260:
258:
243:
234:
229:
221:
219:
218:
210:
208:
207:
204:Bruneian Empire
197:
195:
169:
136:
117:
106:
100:
97:
60:"Castilian War"
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Canary Islands
3858:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Túpac Amaru II
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Bogotá savanna
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Spanish Armada
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:White Mountain
3460:
3458:Cape Celidonia
3455:
3453:English Armada
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Juan Fernández
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Diego Columbus
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3033:Army of Africa
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Spanish Armada
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Manila galleon
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:Administration
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2349:Western Sahara
2345:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2247:Banda Oriental
2228:
2214:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2062:Coastal Alaska
2054:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1710:Spanish Empire
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:Climate change
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1293:Municipalities
1290:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1236:British Borneo
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1136:
1131:
1116:
1111:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1067:
1062:
1047:
1042:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1003:(in Spanish).
987:
955:
943:
929:
915:
889:
877:
865:
862:. p. 379.
855:Annual reports
841:
816:
804:
800:Agoncillo 1990
792:
766:
745:
727:
720:
702:
695:
676:
674:
671:
654:
651:
613:to the nearby
567:
564:
498:Sultan Bolkiah
493:
490:
470:Southeast Asia
466:Spanish Empire
452:
451:
449:(by dysentery)
443:
424:
423:
419:
418:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
398:
388:
387:
383:
382:
332:
301:
300:
296:
295:
294:
293:
283:
267:Spanish Empire
254:
241:Ottoman Empire
216:Sulu Sultanate
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
157:
155:
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
128:
127:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4347:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Manila (1762)
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Manila (1574)
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Tapada limeña
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3849:
3845:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Montes Claros
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Vienna (1529)
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Hernán Cortés
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3250:Conquistadors
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Juan de Ayala
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
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3110:
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3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Duke of Savoy
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
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3057:
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2899:
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2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Dollar (Peso)
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2833:
2832:Santo Domingo
2830:
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2712:
2710:
2709:New Andalusia
2707:
2705:
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2700:
2697:
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2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
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2673:
2667:
2664:
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2659:
2657:
2656:Santo Domingo
2654:
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2583:
2581:
2580:Viceroyalties
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2256:
2252:
2248:
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2240:
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2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:South America
2182:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
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2132:
2128:
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2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Spanish Texas
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:North America
2045:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Franche-Comté
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
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1975:
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1959:
1955:
1948:
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1281:
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1277:
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1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Brunei revolt
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Castilian War
1219:
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1123:
1117:
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1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
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1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:, Routledge,
1075:
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1065:
1059:
1055:
1054:
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1039:
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991:
975:
971:
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965:
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952:
947:
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933:
927:
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919:
903:
899:
893:
886:
881:
874:
869:
861:
857:
856:
851:
845:
837:
833:
829:
828:
820:
814:, p. 35.
813:
808:
801:
796:
780:
776:
770:
762:
756:
748:
746:9789832643746
742:
738:
731:
723:
721:967-65-3049-2
717:
713:
706:
698:
696:967-65-3049-2
692:
688:
681:
677:
670:
668:
667:empire at sea
663:
661:
650:
648:
644:
640:
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632:
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604:
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523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Kota Serudong
499:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Castilian War
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
425:
420:
414:300 Bruneians
413:
410:
407:
405:200 Spaniards
404:
403:
402:
399:
390:
389:
384:
381:
379:
365:
363:
356:
343:
333:
329:
324:
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297:
284:
282:
272:
271:
270:
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217:
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194:
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172:
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156:
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152:
148:
145:
144:
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126:Castilian War
124:
115:
112:
104:
101:February 2023
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4260:World War II
4156:
4130:Early modern
3972:Architecture
3867:The Americas
3731:Newfoundland
3721:Túpac Katari
3711:Cuerno Verde
3646:Tenochtitlan
3478:Valenciennes
3235:Luis Fajardo
3104:Blas de Lezo
3049:Duke of Alba
2929:Spanish Road
2767:Buenos Aires
2676:Governorates
2445:Ayuntamiento
2438:Organization
1903:Carlist Wars
1795:
1751:Italian Wars
1592:Prostitution
1535:Demographics
1379:Human rights
1231:White Rajahs
1220:
1141:
1121:
1101:
1092:
1072:
1052:
1032:
1009:. Retrieved
1004:
1000:
990:
978:. Retrieved
974:the original
967:
958:
946:
936:
932:
923:
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
892:
887:, p. 33
880:
868:
854:
844:
826:
819:
807:
802:, p. 22
795:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
769:
736:
730:
711:
705:
686:
680:
664:
656:
600:
569:
552:Saiful Rijal
526:
514:missionaries
495:
461:
457:
455:
447:17 men dead
427:
408:200 Mexicans
401:2,200 men:
400:
377:
361:
257:
256:
252:
231:Supported by
230:
202:
190:Belligerents
177:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4302:Vietnam War
4231:Late modern
4123:Philippines
3939:Philippines
3904:El Salvador
3524:Capo d'Orso
3408:St. Quentin
3383:Rome (1527)
3042:Strategists
2792:Guadalajara
2719:New Navarre
2714:New Castile
2699:La Luisiana
2651:Puerto Rico
2641:Philippines
2598:New Granada
2288:Philippines
2249:(Uruguay),
2245:(Bolivia),
2195:New Granada
2135:Puerto Rico
2081: [
1951:Territories
1771:Encomiendas
1011:29 December
980:21 November
953:, p. 9
885:McAmis 2002
812:McAmis 2002
611:expeditions
535:peoples of
482:Maguindanao
434:pieces; 27
227:Maguindanao
4319:Categories
4297:Korean War
4277:Hukbalahap
4121:involving
3609:Somosierra
3599:Manila Bay
3473:Nördlingen
3413:Gravelines
2893:Columnario
2865:Currencies
2782:Concepción
2754:Audiencias
2729:New Toledo
2694:La Florida
2527:Corregidor
2491:Papal bull
2396:Antarctica
2304:Micronesia
1761:Golden Age
1555:Healthcare
1436:Parliament
1401:Government
1023:References
908:17 October
647:mujahideen
71:newspapers
4147:Bangkusay
3914:Nicaragua
3892:Guatemala
3802:Pichincha
3787:Chacabuco
3726:Pensacola
3671:Mataquito
3651:Cajamarca
3632:New World
3604:Trafalgar
3508:Alhucemas
3388:Landriano
3373:Comuneros
3359:Old World
3303:Joan Orpí
3023:Royalists
2797:Guatemala
2724:New Spain
2661:Venezuela
2636:Guatemala
2593:New Spain
2588:Columbian
2481:Exequatur
2381:Cape Juby
2235:Argentina
2058:New Spain
1992:Gibraltar
1756:Habsburgs
1565:Languages
1550:Education
1545:Ethnicity
1492:Transport
1477:Companies
1298:Districts
1271:Geography
755:cite book
653:Aftermath
639:Gujaratis
623:Egyptians
588:mulattoes
576:Filipinos
522:Indonesia
432:artillery
358:or
4292:Cold War
3924:Colombia
3909:Honduras
3822:Asomante
3807:Ayacucho
3797:Carabobo
3772:Curalaba
3549:Ceresole
3443:Gembloux
3403:Mühlberg
3118:Mariners
2976:Military
2898:Doubloon
2883:Maravedí
2827:Santiago
2734:Paraguay
2460:Germania
2300:Caroline
2255:Malvinas
2239:Paraguay
2199:Colombia
2141:Trinidad
2008:Sardinia
1848:Bourbons
1668:Category
1597:Religion
1540:Bruneian
1497:Airports
1419:Military
1369:Politics
1352:Politics
1323:Wildlife
1308:Villages
1195:articles
852:(1903).
643:Malabars
627:Swahilis
607:Ottomans
592:Mindanao
584:mestizos
560:Mohammed
537:Madja-as
518:Malaysia
442:captured
428:Unknown
417:40 ships
397:50 ships
386:Strength
163:Mindanao
154:Location
4207:Sumuroy
4182:Magalat
4056:Asiento
4027:Mustang
3887:Yucatán
3882:Chiapas
3762:Tucapel
3594:Passaro
3544:Algiers
3534:Preveza
3503:Tetouan
3498:Vitoria
3488:Bitonto
3428:Antwerp
3423:Lepanto
3378:Bicocca
2854:Economy
2777:Charcas
2772:Caracas
2666:Yucatán
2537:Regidor
2522:Alcalde
2450:Cabildo
2357:Tripoli
2296:Mariana
2243:Charcas
2219:(Peru,
2203:Ecuador
2166:Bonaire
2161:Curazao
2146:Jamaica
2074:Florida
1652:Outline
1616:Symbols
1560:Housing
1530:Culture
1525:Cuisine
1513:Society
1487:Tourism
1460:Economy
1414:Defence
1409:Cabinet
1318:Islands
1203:History
1007:(1): 23
836:4777019
785:4 March
635:Sindhis
631:Somalis
580:Luzones
533:Visayan
440:galleys
395:62 guns
378:†
362:†
85:scholar
4222:Cavite
4187:Igorot
4142:Dagami
4137:Mactan
4034:Castas
3792:Boyacá
3767:Guiana
3757:Iguape
3681:Recife
3619:Mactan
3614:Annual
3579:Rocroi
3574:Leiden
3559:Djerba
3493:Bailén
3448:Ostend
3433:Azores
3028:Legión
2993:Tercio
2986:Armies
2888:Escudo
2817:Panamá
2812:Mexico
2807:Manila
2762:Bogotá
2547:Vecino
2542:Syndic
2373:Béjaïa
2333:Africa
2319:Tidore
2207:Panama
2171:Belize
2078:Mexico
2004:Sicily
2000:Naples
1962:Europe
1628:Emblem
1623:Anthem
1446:Sultan
1313:Rivers
1303:Mukims
1288:Borneo
1283:Border
1193:
1191:Brunei
1149:
1129:
1109:
1080:
1060:
1040:
834:
743:
718:
693:
641:, and
529:Manila
480:, and
474:Brunei
264:
174:Result
165:, and
159:Borneo
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
3929:Chile
3897:Petén
3872:Aztec
3691:Bahia
3666:Penco
3656:Cusco
3584:Downs
3564:Tunis
3483:Ceuta
3468:Breda
3418:Malta
3398:Tunis
3393:Pavia
2907:Trade
2822:Quito
2787:Cusco
2626:Chile
2361:Tunis
2308:Palau
2225:Chile
2156:Aruba
2151:Haiti
2085:]
2014:Milan
1972:Spain
1659:Index
1607:Sport
1580:Music
1570:Media
673:Notes
619:Turks
603:Malay
556:Moros
510:Luzon
436:ships
92:JSTOR
78:books
3934:Inca
3877:Maya
3812:Guam
3745:Lost
3517:Lost
3438:Mons
2878:Real
2802:Lima
2689:Cuba
2631:Cuba
2603:Perú
2379:and
2377:Ifni
2369:Oran
2292:Guam
2221:Acre
2217:Peru
2127:Cuba
2006:and
1633:Flag
1575:Film
1384:LGBT
1147:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1013:2015
982:2018
910:2009
832:OCLC
787:2010
761:link
741:ISBN
716:ISBN
691:ISBN
596:Sulu
594:and
541:Cebu
539:and
520:and
478:Sulu
456:The
438:and
430:170
167:Sulu
146:Date
64:news
3639:Won
3366:Won
2474:Law
2371:,
2091:),
2072:),
566:War
47:by
4321::
2375:,
2367:,
2363:,
2359:,
2355:,
2351:,
2306:,
2302:,
2298:,
2294:,
2290:,
2253:,
2241:,
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