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sterile organisms, viruses and viroids. 'Modern biotechnology' is defined in the
Protocol to mean the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques, or fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family, that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection. 'Living modified organism (LMO) Products' are defined as processed material that are of living modified organism origin, containing detectable novel combinations of replicable genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology. Common LMOs include agricultural crops that have been genetically modified for greater productivity or for resistance to pests or diseases. Examples of modified crops include tomatoes, cassava, corn, cotton and soybeans. 'Living modified organism intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing (LMO-FFP)' are agricultural commodities from GM crops. Overall the term 'living modified organisms' is equivalent to
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notification by the Party of import, the decision procedure, and opportunity for review of decisions. The purpose of this procedure is to ensure that importing countries have both the opportunity and the capacity to assess risks that may be associated with the LMO before agreeing to its import. The Party of import must indicate the reasons on which its decisions are based (unless consent is unconditional). A Party of import may, at any time, in light of new scientific information, review and change a decision. A Party of export or a notifier may also request the Party of import to review its decisions.
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839:(BCH), in order to facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical, environmental and legal information on, and experience with, living modified organisms; and to assist Parties to implement the Protocol (Article 20 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000). It was established in a phased manner, and the first meeting of the Parties approved the transition from the pilot phase to the fully operational phase, and adopted modalities for its operations (Decision BS-I/3, SCBD 2004).
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585:, the objective of the Protocol is to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of 'living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology' that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements (Article 1 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000).
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Conference of the
Parties at its first extraordinary meeting, which was convened for the express purpose of adopting a protocol on biosafety to the CBD. After a few delays, the Cartagena Protocol was eventually adopted on 29 January 2000 The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.
614:, Principle 15 states that "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent
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identification by setting out what information must be provided in documentation that should accompany transboundary shipments of LMOs. It also leaves room for possible future development of standards for handling, packaging, transport and identification of LMOs by the meeting of the
Parties to the Protocol.
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To facilitate its implementation, the
Protocol establishes a Biosafety Clearing-House for Parties to exchange information, and contains a number of important provisions, including capacity-building, a financial mechanism, compliance procedures, and requirements for public awareness and participation.
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The
Protocol promotes biosafety by establishing rules and procedures for the safe transfer, handling, and use of LMOs, with specific focus on transboundary movements of LMOs. It features a set of procedures including one for LMOs that are to be intentionally introduced into the environment called the
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specifying, among other things, identity of LMOs and contact point for further information. These procedures and requirements are designed to provide importing
Parties with the necessary information needed for making informed decisions about whether or not to accept LMO imports and for handling them
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The
Protocol addresses the obligations of Parties in relation to the transboundary movements of LMOs to and from non-Parties to the Protocol. The transboundary movements between Parties and non-Parties must be carried out in a manner that is consistent with the objective of the Protocol. Parties are
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Each Party is required to take measures ensuring that LMOs subject to intentional transboundary movement are accompanied by documentation identifying the LMOs and providing contact details of persons responsible for such movement. The details of these requirements vary according to the intended use
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The governing body of the
Protocol is called the Conference of the Parties to the Convention serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Protocol (also the COP-MOP). The main function of this body is to review the implementation of the Protocol and make decisions necessary to promote its effective
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The "Advance
Informed Agreement" (AIA) procedure applies to the first intentional transboundary movement of LMOs for intentional introduction into the environment of the Party of import. It includes four components: notification by the Party of export or the exporter, acknowledgment of receipt of
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Article 10.6 and 11.8, which states "Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge regarding the extent of the potential adverse effects of an LMO on biodiversity, taking into account risks to human health, shall not prevent a Party of import from
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LMOs intended for direct use as food or feed, or processing (LMOs-FFP) represent a large category of agricultural commodities. The
Protocol, instead of using the AIA procedure, establishes a more simplified procedure for the transboundary movement of LMOs-FFP. Under this procedure, A Party must
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The protocol defines a 'living modified organism' as any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology, and 'living organism' means any biological entity capable of transferring or replicating genetic material, including
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The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000, after a CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafety had met six times between July 1996 and February 1999. The Working Group submitted a draft text of the Protocol, for consideration by
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The required number of 50 instruments of ratification/accession/approval/acceptance by countries was reached in May 2003. In accordance with the provisions of its Article 37, the Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003. As of July 2020, the Protocol had 173 parties, which includes 170
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The Protocol applies to the transboundary movement, transit, handling and use of all living modified organisms that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health (Article 4 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000).
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The Protocol provides for practical requirements that are deemed to contribute to the safe movement of LMOs. Parties are required to take measures for the safe handling, packaging and transportation of LMOs that are subject to transboundary movement. The Protocol specifies requirements on
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While the Protocol's AIA procedure does not apply to certain categories of LMOs, Parties have the right to regulate the importation on the basis of domestic legislation. There are also allowances in the Protocol to declare certain LMOs exempt from application of the AIA procedure.
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The Party of import makes its decisions in accordance with scientifically sound risk assessments. The Protocol sets out principles and methodologies on how to conduct a risk assessment. In case of insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge, the Party of import
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The first meeting of the Parties adopted decisions outlining identification requirements for different categories of LMOs (Decision BS-I/6, SCBD 2004). However, the second meeting of the Parties failed to reach agreement on the detailed requirements to identify
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operation. Decisions under the Protocol can only be taken by Parties to the Protocol. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to the Protocol may only participate as observers in the proceedings of meetings of the COP-MOP.
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Global Biosafety – From concepts to action: Decisions adopted by the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on
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Annex III on risk assessment, which notes that "Lack of scientific knowledge or scientific consensus should not necessarily be interpreted as indicating a particular level of risk, an absence of risk, or an acceptable
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in making their decisions on import. Parties may also take into account, consistent with their international obligations, socio-economic considerations in reaching decisions on import of LMOs.
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One of the outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (also known as the Earth Summit) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, was the adoption of the
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of the LMOs, and, in the case of LMOs for food, feed or for processing, they should be further addressed by the governing body of the Protocol. (Article 18 of the Protocol, SCBD 2000).
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Parties must also adopt measures for managing any risks identified by the risk assessment, and they must take necessary steps in the event of accidental release of LMOs.
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that its decisions on the first import of LMOs-FFP will be taken in accordance with risk assessment as set out in the Protocol and time frame for decision-making.
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Decisions by the Party of import on whether or not to accept the import of LMOs-FFP are taken under its domestic regulatory framework that is consistent with the
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taking a decision, as appropriate, with regard to the import of the LMO in question, in order to avoid or minimize such potential adverse effects."; and
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802:. A developing country Party or a Party with an economy in transition may, in the absence of a domestic regulatory framework, declare through the
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Article 1, indicating that the objective of the Protocol is "in accordance with the precautionary approach contained in Principle 15 of the
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The preamble, reaffirming "the precautionary approach contained in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on environment and Development";
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that the product is safe and requires exporters to label shipments containing genetically altered commodities such as corn or cotton.
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Emphasize that the Protocol is not interpreted as implying a change in the rights and obligations under any existing agreements; and
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under conditions of safety. Furthermore, the shipment of LMOs subject to transboundary movement must be accompanied by appropriate
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and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits. It will for example let countries ban imports of
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required to encourage non-Parties to adhere to the Protocol and to contribute information to the Biosafety Clearing-House.
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598:– the Protocol did not make any distinction between these terms and did not use the term 'genetically modified organism.'
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687:(TRIPs), contain provisions that are relevant to the Protocol. This Protocol states in its preamble that parties:
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Understand that the above recital is not intended to subordinate the Protocol to other international agreements.
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Elements of the precautionary approach are reflected in a number of the provisions of the Protocol, such as:
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Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material
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The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on the
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity: text and annexes
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610:, which contains 27 principles to underpin sustainable development. Commonly known as the
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However, the Protocol's AIA procedure does not apply to certain categories of LMOs:
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Map showing the state of the ratification of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
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Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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Recognize that trade and environment agreements should be mutually supportive;
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LMOs that are intended to be used directly as food or feed or for processing
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996:"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity"
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and will need to reconsider this issue at its third meeting in March 2006.
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
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513:(CBD) effective since 2003. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect
24:
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2149:
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Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
129:
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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
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1251:
1223:
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LMOs intended for direct use as food or feed or for processing
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Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2004)
1081:
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000)
1044:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the Cartagena Protocol"
1005:. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2000
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381:
1970:
825:
LMOs intended for direct use as food, feed or for processing
751:
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2198:
2186:
2102:
553:
3999:
Treaties of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia
1050:. United Nations Environment Programme. 29 February 2012
178:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
1121:
1234:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
3574:
Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia
1024:
1022:
1020:
861:, another supplementary protocol adopted by the CBD
588:
4034:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
810:Handling, transport, packaging and identification
786:LMOs intended for food or feed, or for processing
3524:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3275:
1017:
39:, potentially preventing the article from being
630:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
608:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
583:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1986:
1165:
756:
482:
4029:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
721:
666:
4164:Treaties entered into by the European Union
1807:Detection of genetically modified organisms
830:
738:
132:, Canada (originally scheduled for 1999 at
3469:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
1993:
1979:
1172:
1158:
653:
489:
475:
59:reliable, independent, third-party sources
752:Procedures for moving LMOs across borders
601:
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:2003 international agreement on biosafety
3459:Treaties of the Central African Republic
681:Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
53:by replacing them with more appropriate
3134:Pollutant release and transfer register
1179:
1122:Biosafety Clearing-House Central Portal
706:
438:Genetically modified food controversies
169:Secretary-General of the United Nations
36:too closely associated with the subject
3749:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3276:
884:
3484:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1974:
1153:
988:
946:"The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety"
4119:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3224:
2465:Electromagnetic radiation and health
944:Unit, Biosafety (13 November 2019).
943:
18:
3309:Treaties entered into force in 2003
3240:
3232:
2323:Radium and radon in the environment
1070:"WHO 20 Questions on biotechnology"
581:, contained in Principle 15 of the
13:
4189:Convention on Biological Diversity
3894:Treaties of the State of Palestine
3544:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3414:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1837:Genetic use restriction technology
1048:Convention on Biological Diversity
975:Convention on Biological Diversity
950:The Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH)
919:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
517:from the potential risks posed by
511:Convention on Biological Diversity
14:
4205:
4019:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3974:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
1104:
791:inform other Parties through the
726:handled, packaged and transported
671:A number of agreements under the
536:if they feel there is not enough
505:is an international agreement on
3794:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
3258:
3248:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3211:
3210:
921:. United Nations. Archived from
772:LMOs destined for contained use;
701:
589:Living modified organisms (LMOs)
205:
34:may rely excessively on sources
23:
4089:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
3994:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
3339:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2037:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1855:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
320:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
92:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
4184:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
4179:Treaties extended to Hong Kong
4124:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3514:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1062:
1036:
963:
937:
911:
872:
799:
644:
534:genetically modified organisms
519:genetically modified organisms
220:Genetically modified organisms
1:
3604:Treaties of Georgia (country)
2525:Electrical resistance heating
2000:
1617:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
865:
824:
775:
717:
596:genetically modified organism
563:
3904:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
2177:Persistent organic pollutant
1085:. Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
572:
546:United Nations member states
7:
4074:Treaties of North Macedonia
3919:Treaties of the Philippines
3849:Treaties of the Netherlands
3187:Least polluted cities by PM
1111:Biosafety Protocol Homepage
1100:. Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
842:
835:The Protocol established a
10:
4210:
3304:Treaties concluded in 2000
3129:Pollution haven hypothesis
3052:Brain health and pollution
2290:Ecological light pollution
2120:Internal combustion engine
757:Advance Informed Agreement
724:must ensure that LMOs are
714:advance informed agreement
405:Genetically modified crops
3639:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
3208:
3162:
3111:
3060:
3027:
2932:Nonpoint source pollution
2860:
2852:War and environmental law
2799:
2761:
2743:
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2478:
2415:
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2224:
2211:Volatile organic compound
2017:
2008:
1940:
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1675:Genetically modified food
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1260:
1242:
1209:
1200:
1187:
800:objective of the Protocol
729:
725:
683:(TBT Agreement), and the
667:Relationship with the WTO
616:environmental degradation
174:
164:
156:
148:
140:
125:
117:
109:
101:
96:
4104:Treaties of Turkmenistan
4004:Treaties of South Africa
3964:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
3779:Treaties of the Maldives
3434:Treaties of Burkina Faso
2391:Marine mammals and sonar
2302:Radio spectrum pollution
849:Biosafety Clearing-House
837:Biosafety Clearing-House
831:Biosafety Clearing-House
804:Biosafety Clearing-House
793:Biosafety Clearing-House
713:
679:(SPS Agreement) and the
673:World Trade Organization
4054:Treaties of Switzerland
4024:Treaties of Saint Lucia
3939:Treaties of South Korea
3854:Treaties of New Zealand
3559:Treaties of El Salvador
3519:Treaties of North Korea
3494:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3479:Treaties of the Comoros
3364:Treaties of the Bahamas
3319:Treaties of Afghanistan
3314:2003 in the environment
3299:United Nations treaties
3237:WikiProject Environment
3195:Most polluted countries
3139:Polluter pays principle
2870:Agricultural wastewater
854:Substantial equivalence
722:Parties to the Protocol
716:procedure, and one for
654:Parties and non-parties
612:precautionary principle
577:In accordance with the
530:precautionary principle
509:as a supplement to the
443:GMO conspiracy theories
315:Substantial equivalence
4064:Treaties of Tajikistan
3979:Treaties of Seychelles
3829:Treaties of Mozambique
3819:Treaties of Montenegro
3799:Treaties of Mauritania
3764:Treaties of Madagascar
3759:Treaties of Luxembourg
3719:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3704:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3599:Treaties of the Gambia
3489:Treaties of Costa Rica
3454:Treaties of Cape Verde
3374:Treaties of Bangladesh
3359:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3294:Environmental treaties
3255:Environment portal
2488:Agricultural pollution
602:Precautionary approach
579:precautionary approach
521:resulting from modern
295:History and regulation
4139:Treaties of Venezuela
4014:Treaties of Sri Lanka
3859:Treaties of Nicaragua
3804:Treaties of Mauritius
3754:Treaties of Lithuania
3664:Treaties of Indonesia
3629:Treaties of Guatemala
3344:Treaties of Argentina
2910:Industrial wastewater
2776:Clutter (advertising)
2684:Municipal solid waste
2530:Soil guideline values
2374:Sustainable transport
2267:Information pollution
2067:Open burning of waste
1288:Roundup ready soybean
4159:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4129:Treaties of Tanzania
4069:Treaties of Thailand
4044:Treaties of Eswatini
4039:Treaties of Suriname
3989:Treaties of Slovenia
3984:Treaties of Slovakia
3929:Treaties of Portugal
3909:Treaties of Paraguay
3884:Treaties of Pakistan
3814:Treaties of Mongolia
3774:Treaties of Malaysia
3714:Treaties of Kiribati
3649:Treaties of Honduras
3539:Treaties of Dominica
3534:Treaties of Djibouti
3474:Treaties of Colombia
3449:Treaties of Cameroon
3444:Treaties of Cambodia
3429:Treaties of Bulgaria
3419:Treaties of Botswana
3379:Treaties of Barbados
3182:Most polluted cities
2875:Biological pollution
2786:Overhead power lines
1827:Reverse transfection
1602:Genetic transduction
1127:Text of the Protocol
971:"About the Protocol"
707:Overview of features
515:biological diversity
458:StarLink corn recall
4144:Treaties of Vietnam
4134:Treaties of Uruguay
4114:Treaties of Ukraine
4094:Treaties of Tunisia
3969:Treaties of Senegal
3949:Treaties of Romania
3944:Treaties of Moldova
3869:Treaties of Nigeria
3839:Treaties of Namibia
3834:Treaties of Myanmar
3824:Treaties of Morocco
3744:Treaties of Liberia
3739:Treaties of Lesotho
3734:Treaties of Lebanon
3689:Treaties of Jamaica
3679:Treaties of Ireland
3654:Treaties of Hungary
3624:Treaties of Grenada
3609:Treaties of Germany
3584:Treaties of Finland
3569:Treaties of Estonia
3564:Treaties of Eritrea
3549:Treaties of Ecuador
3529:Treaties of Denmark
3499:Treaties of Croatia
3439:Treaties of Burundi
3409:Treaties of Bolivia
3389:Treaties of Belgium
3384:Treaties of Belarus
3369:Treaties of Bahrain
3354:Treaties of Austria
3349:Treaties of Armenia
3329:Treaties of Algeria
3324:Treaties of Albania
3245:WikiProject Ecology
2942:Ocean acidification
2847:Unexploded ordnance
2718:Post-consumer waste
2578:Foam food container
2556:Biodegradable waste
2130:Global distillation
1817:Genetics in fiction
1749:Genetic enhancement
1551:Hepatitis B vaccine
1181:Genetic engineering
675:(WTO), such as the
538:scientific evidence
198:Genetic engineering
134:Cartagena, Colombia
93:
4194:Treaties of Kuwait
4154:Treaties of Zambia
4109:Treaties of Uganda
4099:Treaties of Turkey
4049:Treaties of Sweden
3954:Treaties of Rwanda
3924:Treaties of Poland
3899:Treaties of Panama
3874:Treaties of Norway
3809:Treaties of Mexico
3769:Treaties of Malawi
3729:Treaties of Latvia
3699:Treaties of Jordan
3644:Treaties of Guyana
3634:Treaties of Guinea
3619:Treaties of Greece
3589:Treaties of France
3509:Treaties of Cyprus
3424:Treaties of Brazil
3404:Treaties of Bhutan
3394:Treaties of Belize
3334:Treaties of Angola
3265:Ecology portal
3149:Waste minimisation
3124:Industrial ecology
3119:Cleaner production
2937:Nutrient pollution
2814:Herbicidal warfare
2608:Construction waste
2244:Introduced species
2115:Indoor air quality
2042:Chlorofluorocarbon
1927:Stem cell research
1546:Ice-minus bacteria
739:may use precaution
733:in a safe manner.
550:State of Palestine
91:
4149:Treaties of Yemen
4084:Treaties of Tonga
4059:Treaties of Syria
4009:Treaties of Spain
3959:Treaties of Samoa
3934:Treaties of Qatar
3889:Treaties of Palau
3864:Treaties of Niger
3844:Treaties of Nauru
3789:Treaties of Malta
3709:Treaties of Kenya
3694:Treaties of Japan
3684:Treaties of Italy
3659:Treaties of India
3614:Treaties of Ghana
3594:Treaties of Gabon
3554:Treaties of Egypt
3399:Treaties of Benin
3271:
3270:
3144:Pollution control
2824:Nuclear holocaust
2733:Thermal treatment
2701:Plastic pollution
2618:Mercury poisoning
2571:Battery recycling
2470:Radioactive waste
2239:Genetic pollution
2234:Biological hazard
2032:Air quality index
1968:
1967:
1932:Synthetic biology
1822:Human enhancement
1812:Genetic pollution
1788:
1787:
1656:
1655:
1564:
1563:
1527:
1526:
1421:
1420:
499:
498:
463:He Jiankui affair
343:Molecular cloning
182:
181:
144:11 September 2003
87:
86:
79:
4201:
4169:Treaties of Niue
4079:Treaties of Togo
3914:Treaties of Peru
3879:Treaties of Oman
3784:Treaties of Mali
3724:Treaties of Laos
3674:Treaties of Iraq
3669:Treaties of Iran
3579:Treaties of Fiji
3504:Treaties of Cuba
3464:Treaties of Chad
3263:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3088:Legacy pollution
2947:Oil exploitation
2809:Chemical warfare
2723:Waste management
2630:Industrial waste
2598:Biomedical waste
2566:Electronic waste
2551:Advertising mail
2535:Phytoremediation
2510:Land degradation
2295:Overillumination
2249:Invasive species
1995:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1705:Dow AgroSciences
1665:
1664:
1575:
1574:
1432:
1431:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
915:
909:
907:
905:
903:
894:. Archived from
888:
882:
878:First signed by
876:
769:LMOs in transit;
491:
484:
477:
209:
184:
183:
130:Montreal, Quebec
94:
90:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
27:
19:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3204:
3190:
3158:
3107:
3056:
3023:
2962:Pharmaceuticals
2952:Oil exploration
2856:
2828:Nuclear fallout
2795:
2757:
2739:
2713:Packaging waste
2667:Deep sea mining
2593:Hazardous waste
2539:
2520:Open defecation
2474:
2440:Nuclear fallout
2435:Nuclear fission
2411:
2337:
2306:
2277:Electromagnetic
2271:
2255:
2220:
2140:Ozone depletion
2013:
2004:
1999:
1969:
1964:
1936:
1905:
1859:
1841:
1794:
1784:
1758:
1754:Genetic testing
1736:
1726:
1652:
1638:Recombinant DNA
1626:
1597:Electroporation
1560:
1556:Oncolytic virus
1535:
1523:
1480:
1466:Herman the Bull
1417:
1351:
1333:
1315:
1297:
1274:
1256:
1238:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1107:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1008:
1006:
998:
994:
993:
989:
979:
977:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
942:
938:
928:
926:
925:on 5 March 2014
917:
916:
912:
901:
899:
898:on 5 March 2014
890:
889:
885:
877:
873:
868:
859:Nagoya Protocol
845:
833:
812:
788:
759:
754:
709:
704:
669:
656:
647:
604:
591:
575:
566:
495:
453:Séralini affair
348:Recombinant DNA
113:29 January 2000
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4174:2000 in Canada
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
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4096:
4091:
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4081:
4076:
4071:
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4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
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3871:
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3801:
3796:
3791:
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3776:
3771:
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3746:
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3736:
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3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
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3681:
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3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
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3636:
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3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3269:
3268:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3177:Law by country
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Surface runoff
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Eutrophication
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Scorched earth
2839:
2836:nuclear winter
2832:nuclear famine
2821:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:Uranium mining
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Surface mining
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Lead poisoning
2610:
2605:
2603:Chemical waste
2600:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Bioremediation
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Bioremediation
2427:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:Transportation
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Global dimming
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:Diesel exhaust
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1910:Similar fields
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
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1851:
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1843:
1842:
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1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1780:Gene targeting
1777:
1775:Gene knockdown
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:DuPont Pioneer
1707:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1669:
1668:In agriculture
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Microinjection
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:Knockout mouse
1440:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1105:External links
1103:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1035:
1016:
987:
962:
936:
910:
883:
870:
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811:
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637:
633:
626:
603:
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590:
587:
574:
571:
565:
562:
558:European Union
497:
496:
494:
493:
486:
479:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:Pusztai affair
445:
440:
432:
431:
427:
426:
425:
424:
419:
414:
413:
412:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
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377:Genome editing
374:
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372:
367:
362:
360:Transformation
352:
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327:
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4:
3:
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4115:
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4107:
4105:
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4097:
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1118:at depositary
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730:documentation
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702:Main features
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523:biotechnology
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430:Controversies
429:
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422:Designer baby
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355:Gene delivery
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105:Environmental
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67:December 2015
60:
56:
52:
46:
42:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3289:Biodiversity
3098:Point source
3040:Heavy metals
3014:Urban runoff
2994:Sulfur water
2972:Septic tanks
2818:Agent Orange
2672:Mining waste
2498:Manure waste
2328:Volcanic ash
2204:Black carbon
2160:Oil refining
2145:Particulates
2074:Construction
1854:
1744:Gene therapy
1643:Transgenesis
1622:Transfection
1587:Agrobacteria
1471:Knockout rat
1293:Vistive Gold
1189:Genetically
1140:
1096:
1082:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
990:
980:17 September
978:. Retrieved
974:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
939:
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
913:
900:. Retrieved
896:the original
886:
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605:
592:
576:
567:
542:
527:
502:
500:
417:Gene therapy
397:Applications
370:Transduction
365:Transfection
319:
196:
88:
73:
64:
49:Please help
33:
3284:Health risk
3068:Area source
2977:Pit latrine
2900:Groundwater
2657:Gold mining
2652:Coal mining
2623:Toxic waste
2588:Green waste
2561:Brown waste
2544:Solid waste
2091:Exhaust gas
1763:In research
1737:diagnostics
1607:Lipofection
1368:Arabidopsis
1270:Golden rice
1054:10 December
645:Application
149:Signatories
121:16 May 2000
3278:Categories
3220:by country
3216:Categories
3154:Zero waste
3035:Pollutants
2989:Stagnation
2927:Monitoring
2895:Freshwater
2771:Air travel
2583:Food waste
2503:Pesticides
2493:Herbicides
2397:Industrial
2226:Biological
2086:Demolition
2079:Renovation
2062:Joss paper
2047:Combustion
1847:Regulation
1691:Companies
1648:Cisgenesis
1592:Biolistics
1398:Sugar beet
1311:Flavr Savr
1211:Maize/corn
1030:"Glossary"
955:2 December
866:References
564:Background
556:, and the
338:Techniques
310:Regulation
270:Maize/corn
165:Depositary
51:improve it
41:verifiable
3112:Responses
3083:Garbology
3009:Turbidity
2957:Oil spill
2890:Firewater
2791:Vandalism
2753:Satellite
2450:Poisoning
2445:Plutonium
2425:Actinides
2417:Radiation
2165:Wood dust
2027:Acid rain
2002:Pollution
1960:Bioethics
1864:Geography
1802:Transgene
1570:Processes
1461:Enviropig
1454:Oncomouse
1393:SmartStax
1329:Bt cotton
1193:organisms
1098:Biosafety
573:Objective
507:biosafety
175:Languages
141:Effective
55:citations
3200:Treaties
3172:Diseases
2984:Shipping
2880:Diseases
2728:Landfill
2403:Abstract
2400:Military
2333:Wildfire
2182:Smelting
2150:Asbestos
1950:Genetics
1917:Eugenics
1795:articles
1720:Syngenta
1715:Monsanto
1687:Pharming
1533:Bacteria
1229:StarLink
1191:modified
843:See also
229:Bacteria
189:a series
187:Part of
126:Location
3229:Commons
3004:Thermal
2905:Hypoxia
2689:Garbage
2460:Uranium
2311:Natural
2260:Digital
2192:Aerosol
2170:Welding
2057:Biomass
2052:Biofuel
2011:History
1945:Biology
1922:Cloning
1901:Oceania
1793:Related
1538:viruses
1502:GloFish
1492:Insects
1436:Mammals
1427:Animals
1413:Mustard
1403:Tobacco
1373:Brinjal
1280:Soybean
1252:Amflora
1224:MON 863
1219:MON 810
1143:in the
1139:on the
1009:15 July
1003:cbd.int
929:24 July
902:4 March
330:Process
303:History
280:Soybean
256:Insects
246:Mammals
241:Animals
234:Viruses
157:Parties
110:Drafted
45:neutral
3093:Midden
3073:Debris
3028:Topics
2967:Sewage
2920:debris
2915:Marine
2763:Visual
2647:Mining
2642:Litter
2135:Mining
1876:Africa
1871:Europe
1733:humans
1507:Salmon
1476:Rabbit
1383:Papaya
1378:Canola
1321:Cotton
1303:Tomato
1244:Potato
1089:
892:"UNTC"
640:risk."
548:, the
387:CRISPR
285:Potato
265:Plants
214:
118:Signed
3164:Lists
3103:Waste
3045:Paint
2862:Water
2745:Space
2386:Sonar
2381:Urban
2359:Water
2343:Noise
2318:Ozone
2285:Light
2216:Waste
2108:Smoke
1700:Bayer
1631:Types
1519:Frogs
1514:Birds
1444:Mouse
1408:Trees
1363:Apple
1356:Other
1339:Wheat
1202:Crops
999:(PDF)
880:Kenya
382:TALEN
3078:Dust
3061:Misc
2480:Soil
2369:Rail
2355:Land
2199:Soot
2187:Smog
2103:Haze
1881:Asia
1695:BASF
1661:Uses
1536:and
1497:Fish
1388:Rose
1262:Rice
1087:ISBN
1056:2017
1011:2020
982:2020
957:2019
931:2020
904:2014
554:Niue
501:The
410:food
275:Rice
251:Fish
102:Type
43:and
3189:2.5
2801:War
2364:Air
2019:Air
1735:and
1731:In
1347:HB4
618:."
160:173
152:103
57:to
3280::
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2834:-
2830:-
1890:US
1046:.
1019:^
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973:.
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552:,
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191:on
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1987:t
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47:.
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