317:
778:
725:
394:
769:
of mid-level officials and military men. Most of them got consumed by routine and advancing in age, ended up as colorless bureaucrats. Some recorded periods of more intense militancy interchanging with dormant decades spent on day-to-day routine tasks. Some for most of the time remained somewhat lukewarm participants; undecided whether to engage or to withdraw, they refused major jobs and for years performed second-row roles. Some became public faces of the regime and started to demonstrate dissent no earlier than on retirement. Few, following decades at minor positions, grew to more important roles, e.g. as mayors of provincial capitals or assuming high jobs in central administration. Finally, some having entered the regime identified with it totally and throughout the rest of their career remained militant
Francoists, engaged in eradicating perceived opposition or groupings deemed not sufficiently loyal to caudillo.
565:
495:
750:
529:
789:. In most cases they are merely listed among so-called âfamiliesâ which made up the official political amalgam, along the Falangists, the Alfonsists, the military, the technocrats and the Church. Within such perspective all these groupings are presented as constantly competing for power and trying to outmaneuver the others, while Franco mastered the practice of balancing them. The Carlist component of the regime is usually presented among the least influential ones; only in the period between the mid-1940s and the mid-1950s it enjoyed somewhat less marginal position. Though as part of the official amalgam the Traditionalists are deemed co-responsible for final Nationalist triumph in the Civil War, repressive policy of early Francoism or some liberalization of the regime later on, no scholar claims they can be credited for shaping the system.
380:
approval on part of their leaders. Some of them retained close links with
Carlist structures, some merely cultivated selected Carlist relations, and some preferred to discontinue their Carlist engagements. In their new party and state roles some actively promoted Traditionalism e.g. by means of propaganda or personal appointments, some strictly stuck to the official "unificated" line, and some turned into zealous new Falangists, advancing national-syndicalism and at times engineering anti-Traditionalist measures. In the late 1930s and early 1940s it was already clear that a significant section of Carlism was actively engaged in development of Francoism. Though internally heterogeneous, this group emerged as a visible component of the Spanish political scene. It was distinct from other currents forming the regime, like pre-war Falangists,
181:
288:
existing organizations into one party, supposed to unite all patriotic individuals, the
Carlists were left disoriented. On the one hand, they appreciated the need for political unity as means of winning the war; some of their earlier documents have actually advocated that all parties get dissolved and a common patriotic front be created, most likely themselves assuming the leading role. On the other hand, they feared that in a united amalgam controlled by the military they would either lose political identity or get maneuvered into a minority position. During a series of meetings between February and April 1937 the Carlist executive proved split in two. The faction led by
6351:
though perhaps personally rather than politically motivated; in 1937-1938 Urraca remained in very acute and virulent conflict with Pilar Primo de Rivera, who maintained some political influences for decades to come; Urraca was also systematically ridiculed in what became an iconic cartoon series, Doña Urraca. The only case of possible fatality related to
Carlist-Falangist clashes is this is JosĂ© MarĂa OlazĂĄbal Zaldumbide, who at the age of 31 passed away as FET jefe of the Las Palmas province. Some authors speculate that heart failure, the ultimate cause of his death, was triggered by a particularly violent altercation with the local Falangists
737:
marginal roles by political opponents; some were totally ousted and persecuted, up to the point of serving jail sentences. A large group scaled down their engagement in the system; having earlier been chief promoters of unification, they later preferred to remain at arms-length and pursued their own objectives. There were cases of grand returns, marked first by engagement, then by marginalization, and then by re-engagement, at times including assumption of top state jobs. Some individuals re-engaged to dismantle the system from within; some re-engaged to abandon the officialdom again and to work to other political ends.
87:
6497:, initially outspoken opponent of the unification, later engaged in official structures, but politically promoted the carloctavista cause. He was offered a post of civil governor but rejected it and opted for second-rate position within the provincial Navarrese and municipal Pamplona structures. Also JesĂșs FortĂșn Ardaiz refused the post of civil governor, offered to him in the 1950s by Arrese, but was longtime member of the Navarrese diputacion. Ardent Francoist, he turned vehemently anti-Carlist; however, at times he also confronted the Falangist civil governor, Bermejo,
741:
could have adhered to
Francoist orthodoxy or they could have advanced own political schemes. In few cases the U-turn performed was dramatic, as most zealous adversaries of the system turned into its most zealous advocates. There were individuals who resigned jobs in Carlism as a measure of disagreement with unification and were jailed or exiled, but some 20 years later they neared the regime; they not only landed prestigious jobs, but also emerged as most vociferous advocates of Francoism during its terminal years, speaking out against the commencing transiciĂłn.
548:
system shook off major vestiges of
Fascism and started to pose as âmonarquĂa tradicional catĂłlica, social y representativaâ. Some did not engage in political structures of Francoism, but they rose to top figures of public life, e.g. in science, or self-government. Others, having been rather few genuine âunificatedâ Francoists, emerged as recognizable political personalities, e.g. holding numerous posts of civil governor in the 1940s; some joined the intransigent Francoist hardline core and mounted a last-ditch attempt to save the falling system in the mid-1970s.
663:
520:
otherwise supported
Traditionalism-flavored periodicals, appointed moderate, non-belligerent Carlists to jobs which remained under their control, openly admitted in the press their Traditionalist background and mindset, or at times even visibly saturated official ceremonies with Carlist essence, though all this always within limits permitted by sense of loyalty to Franco and the regime. With sufficient degree of skill and craft, such tactics could have worked, either in the military, or at the level of provincial ayuntamiento or at presidency of the Cortes.
6304:, one of 2 âasesores polĂticosâ of the unificated FET militia and member of the FET Junta PolĂtica at the same time; outraged at Falangist domination in the state party, he resigned both posts in March 1939, shortly before the ultimate Nationalist triumph in the Civil War later. MarĂa Rosa Urraca Pastor, one of 3 Carlist leaders of 18 existing FET branches, resigned in 1938, following a conflict with the Falangist leader Pilar Primo de Rivera. In 1938 JosĂ© MarĂa Oriol resigned his place in Junta PolĂtica and protested to Franco personally
98:
675:
contradictory views. On one hand, numerous high-level overviews of history of Spain or the
Spanish Civil War tend to blanket statements which suggest that Carlism was absorbed in FET and ceased to exist as autonomous political current. Also some focused works suggest that the movement was fully integrated in the emergent Francoist system. On the other hand, there are historians who present Carlism as a systematic opposition to the regime and play down cases of collaboration as entirely marginal.
552:
organization, its initiatives or individuals, perhaps except strictly private contacts. Single individuals grew to hierarchs of the system and became public faces of
Francoism, but at this role they have not revealed any preference for Traditionalism. Some former militants who discontinued their party engagements went even further and have actively engaged in anti-Carlist measures; they engineered or executed initiatives aimed against either independent Traditionalism or against
9219:"antic tradicionalista vinculat a Alfons Sala ArgemĂ, el comte dâEgara, havia estat secretari de la Mancomunitat quan aquell lâhavia presidit, en temps de la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera. El 1934 havia propugnat la integraciĂł carlina en el Bloque Nacional impulsat per JosĂ© Calvo Sotelo, en contra de la postura de la secretaria general. Durant la guerra havia estat partidari de la unificaciĂł carlina amb els falangistes", Josep Gelonch Solle,
354:
Traditionalists tried to save their property from takeover by FET and to retain own political identity of the movement. Their attitude towards the unificated state party and the emerging
Francoist regime was highly ambiguous; falling short of explicit opposition, it amounted to marginal controlled participation. It seemed that the Carlist executive were prepared to put up with unification as a limited, temporary measure, acceptable for duration of the war.
594:, and aligned with the hardline Francoist idea of state and society; the group found cautious supporters among top-positioned Carlists. Another example of competition is dated at the early 1960s. A wave of militants from the independent Carlist Javierista branch landed posts in FET Consejo Nacional and in the Cortes; their objective was to promote Don Carlos Hugo as a prospective Franco-appointed king. At the time a group of influential
693:
607:
6424:
sentenced and exiled. In the mid-1950s he started to advocate co-operation with syndicalist Falangists and over time got jeered by the Javierista youth as a collaborationist. Once ousted from the Hugocarlista-dominated Carlist organization he joined Francoist structures are was considered a ministerial candidate in the late 1960s. In the early 1970s he was already firmly set within the so-called bunker, the hardline Francoist core
270:
815:
204:, during the following 100 years became known for rigid, die-hard, adamant stand â by supporters hailed as virtuous principled consistency and by opponents ridiculed as backwater fanaticism â rather than for political compromise and give-and-take alliances. The movement has always prided itself in totally independent, unaligned status. At different points in time it absorbed various political groupings, like the so-called
22:
701:
in, clear-cut Traditionalists occupied 4,2% of ministerial posts available during 36 years in question; with those vaguely associated the figure is 9,7%. According to one scholar the Carlists formed some 3,1% among members of the quasi-parliament, Cortes Españolas; the 4% threshold was exceeded during only 2 terms, in 1943-1949 and 1958â1961. One scholar claims that within the contingent of civil governors, during
457:
150:. They have never formed an organized structure, their dynastical allegiances remained heterogeneous and their specific political objectives might have differed. Within the Francoist power strata, the carlo-francoists remained a minority faction that controlled some 5% of key posts; they failed to shape the regime and at best served as counter-balance to other groupings competing for power.
370:
325:
6380:
early 1970s he was one of public faces of the regime. Somewhat similar was the case of Antonio Iturmendi Bañales, who held civil governor or ministerial sub-secretary roles until the early 1940s, when he protested over the Falangist domination. However, he did not fall out of grace entirely, and in the late 1940s he was back at state jobs, over time rising to the Cortes speaker
5770:âunos acceptaron plenamente el nuovo rĂ©gimen ... otros, puede que la mayorĂa, ... se retiraron a sus casas, .. y un tercer grupo, tambiĂ©n numeroso, pugnĂł per ver reconocida su aportaciĂłn a la victoria y por indicir â ya fuese por la vĂa de la oposiciĂłn o por la colaboracionista â en la construcciĂłn de la ânuevaâ España, Canal 2000, p. 342
851:
of the mid-20th century. Their defeat was marked by adoption of Ley de Libertad Religiosa in 1967; it contravened most fundamental Carlist principles and was followed by further transformation, leading towards buildup of consumer, democratic, secular society. Marginalization of post-Francoist Carlists was amply demonstrated during the
350:
one Alfonsist. Where possible, authorities staged public demonstrations of unity: joint parades, marches and rallies. The new state party soon started to seize assets of pre-unification parties, like newspapers, buildings or bank accounts. The Francoist administration made it clear that non-compliance was not a viable option.
6105:(4,6%-4,9%), 1958-1961 term (3,9%-4,4%) and 1955-1958 term (3,5%-3,9%); the lowest one was in during the 1971-1977 term (1,8%-2,0%). The number of total Cortes mandates available during specific terms was 549 (1943), 576 (1949), 619 (1949), 598 (1952), 744 (1955), 700 (1958), 738 (1961), 774 (1964), 742 (1967) and 894 (1971)
468:
to official posts; the process produced another wave of Carlists landing jobs within state, party and media structures. It lost momentum in the early 1960s, when Traditionalist executive realized that the path would not lead them to power and that Franco was determined to contain the movement in minority positions.
5670:
Carlo-francoists usually lambasted as traitors sold out to Franco were ministers of justice who worked to contain Javierista influence, Antonio Iturmendi Bañales and Antonio MarĂa Oriol. However, both openly admitted their Traditionalist credentials; Iturmendi has even published theoretical works on Traditionalism
5215:. Initially outraged about forced unification, he later concluded that the moment was very opportune to get rid of the Falangists and format FET as a new Carlist organization; he became an enthusiastic member and did his best to convince the other Carlists to follow suit, Peñalba SotorrĂo 2013, pp. 57-58, 133
5930:, p. 78. At least 8 of them did not live up till 1937, the fate of 4 (Cavero Esporcera, Cavero Irigoyen, Soler, Jaleon) has not been identified. Of the remaining ones, at least 9 engaged in buildup of the Francoist regime (Rodezno, Bilbao, Oriol, J. Roma, P. Roma, Telleria, de Cura, Comin and F. Contreras)
4654:"ningĂșn movimiento polĂtico de la España contemporĂĄnea ha mostrado, como el tradicionalismo carlista, una predisposiciĂłn tan franca y tan persistente a la violencia, hasta hacerla formar parte indisociable de su praxis polĂtica, de su identidad colectiva y de su acervo cultural", Eduardo GonzĂĄlez Calleja,
5460:
the cases e.g. of Heliodoro Rolando de Tella y Cantos (in 1943 fired from the post of military governor of the Lugo province), ElĂas Qyerejeta (in 1939 released from the post of provincial FET jefe in Gipuzkoa), JosĂ© Quint Zaforteza Amat (in 1937 dismissed as the civil governor of Baleares); they all
850:
did not control. Except the role of culture and religion, which until the mid-1950s resembled the Traditionalist model, other spheres of public life in Franco's Spain did not conform to Carlist prescriptions. In broad terms, the carlo-francoists failed to implement Traditionalist blueprint upon Spain
617:
Within carlo-francoism certain individuals emerged as most prestigious politicians or perhaps even as informal leaders, though there has never been one unchallenged champion of the cause. The only person who built his own clientage was conde Rodezno, minister of justice in 1938-1939 and member of the
6654:
detailed accounts differ; according to some sources it was the Minister of Economy who sought homogenisation of the country, according to others the Falangists aimed at undercutting the Carlist strength in Navarre and Alava by means of removing local legal establishments. Various individuals claimed
6379:
the most striking case of a grand return was this of JoaquĂn Bau Nolla. During the war he served as quasi-minister of economy, but was ousted following a conflict with Serrano SĂșñer and withdrew into total privacy. He returned to officialdom in the late 1950s, rising to top jobs in the 1960s; in the
5939:
out of 19 Carlist deputies to the Cortes of the Republican era who survived the war, there were 13 (68%) who at one point or another (though not necessarily systematically) remained active in Francoist structures: Arellano, Bau, Bilbao, de Carcer, Elizalde, Granell, Lis, Martinez de Morentin, Oriol,
5470:
Luis Ventallo, shocked with the anti-Catalanist course of Francoist administration, was gradually moved to inferior positions; Fernando VĂĄzquez Ramos lost struggle against the local FET jefe in the Baleares; AgustĂn Telleria Mendizabal was moved to minor positions in Gipzukoa, RamĂłn JosĂ© Maldonado y
768:
Last but not least, a large fraction of carlo-francoists maintained a fairly constant stand. Very often it boiled down to amalgamation into Francoist structures. With focus on ongoing administrative work, their political activities were reduced to hardly visible minimum; this was the case especially
679:
reviews reveal that many pre-war Traditionalist leaders or otherwise distinguished personalities at one point or another chose to enter Francoist structures. Among members of the 1932 Carlist executive who survived the war at least 43% actively supported the emerging Francoism. Some 68% of surviving
432:
and new polarization caused by the Civil War, Carlism was to melt down in a new political amalgam, possibly embodied in the emerging Francoist state. Some viewed the regime as a temporary framework, needed for duration of the war only and to be dismantled afterwards. Some believed that Carlism might
287:
as sort of a Carlist-military alliance; they were increasingly baffled by the rise of general Franco, who in apparent disregard of earlier agreements started to consolidate power and to marginalize all independent political groupings. When in early 1937 he started to make hints about amalgamation of
8305:
JosĂ© MarĂa MazĂłn Sainz (1901-1981) was head of Riojan Carlism in the mid-1930s; he was unexpectedly elevated to nationwide recognition when conde Rodezno suggested him, instead of Ulibarri, to Junta Politica of the unificated state party, at that time still prepared to be launched, Mercedes Peñalba
6389:
most Carlist members of the Cortes elected from the so-called tercio familiar were â at least at that time â vehement opponents of the regime, like JosĂ© Ăngel Zubaiur Alegre, Auxilio Goñi or Fidel Carazo HernĂĄndez. A very peculiar and perhaps unique case was this of ElĂas Querejeta Insausti, who in
5659:
save for biographical notes, average Spaniard could have never learnt they had been related to Carlism in the past. JoaquĂn Bau Nolla, a Carlist MP during the Republic years, following the period of withdrawal into privacy in the 1950s emerged as one of the hierarchs of the Francoist state, because
5450:
there were some exceptions, though. JosĂ© MarĂa SentĂs SimeĂłn openly advanced the Traditionalist cause as civil governor in Guadalajara and Palencia, as usual found himself in conflict with the Falangists, but survived within the regime structures. JoaquĂn Manglano y Cucalo openely supported Carlism
740:
There were examples of political transformation in the opposite direction, when opponents to Francoism later joined its official structures. Some individuals outwardly rejected high ministerial jobs in the 1940s but were aspiring to them in the 1960s; when eventually assuming prestigious posts they
585:
During almost 40 years of Carlist presence in Francoist structures there were periods of competitive sub-factions operating within the group. In most cases, divisions were developed along dynastical lines, though they also translated to different visions of the regime itself. An early example comes
467:
In the mid-1950s mainstream Carlism changed its stand versus Francoism; non-participation bordering opposition gave way to cautious engagement and rapprochement with the regime. The movement returned to the earlier controlled access strategy and its members, including top leaders, started to aspire
6433:
JoaquĂn Manglano y Cucalo throughout all of his post-war career remained on good if not excellent terms with the Franco and though he did not renounce his Traditionalist identity and at very few times demonstrated dissent (law on religious liberty), he has always remained firmly mounted within the
6360:
the most iconic is the case of Rodezno, the chief Carlist advocate of unification. Already in 1939 he started to withdraw from Falangist structures, though he took up roles in provincial diputaciĂłn and in the Cortes. Since 1946s he held no official job. Also his political lieutenant, Luis Arellano
6350:
following her resignation from jefatura of the FET sanitary branch withdrew into privacy and tried to operate a small publishing house. In the late 1940s she was twice charged with financial misdeeds; sentenced, she left prison thanks to amnesty. Her incarceration is likely to have been a revenge,
6337:
e.g. Luis Ventalló Vergés was appointed the first Nationalist civil governor of Lerida shortly following conquest of the province in April 1938. He immediately run into conflict with the military alcalde of Lerida and was ousted in August 1938, not to assume any political job in the future. He was
5608:
the Francoist grip on self-governmental structures was somewhat less firm and the regime did not entirely control membership in provincial diputaciones or in municipal ayuntamientos; only presidents of the diputations and mayors were subject to official governmental confirmation. The cases of high
810:
defined the state party using a Carlist notion of a âcomuniĂłnâ and declared Spain âmonarquĂa tradicional, catĂłlica, social y representativaâ, which vaguely resembled Traditionalist outline; however, practical effects were none. In the early 1960s, the Juan-Carlos-minded faction of carlo-francoists
710:
some 6,6% were Traditionalists; there is no similar statistics available for the remaining 30 years. In the very initial period Carlists made up some 22-24% of the party executive Consejo Nacional, but since the early 1940s their share of seats remained in the range of 5-10%; it climaxed to 13% in
700:
The weight of Carlism within the Francoist regime has already been subject to numerous quantitative estimates. One study claims that individuals clearly identified with Traditionalism formed 2,5% of all government ministers, another author opts for 4,5%. The duration of particular tenures factored
576:
group, either in functional or structural terms. Except that they were all coming from the same political background there was hardly any particular behavioral feature that would have rendered them a cohesive faction. They were not united by uniform motivations, common objectives, or similar modus
506:
many Carlists who joined the regime structures remained totally committed to the Traditionalist cause; they did their best to promote Carlism at the expense of Falangist syndicalism. These attempts have generated resistance, typically either on part of the military or the Falangists; castigated as
349:
and all other individuals willing to join. Program of the new party was modeled after original national-syndicalist principles of Falange, with little if any attention paid to traditional Carlist outlook. The 10-member FET executive, nominated by Franco, included five Falangists, four Carlists and
6714:
currently scholars doubt such interpretation; "Franco acted as if he was prepared to turn his back on the direct line of the Bourbon dynasty and seek an eventual successor elsewhere", Payne 2011, p. 328; âhe would produce a law which turned Spain into a kingdom but that would not necessarily mean
6399:
JesĂșs Elizalde first abandoned Francoist structures in 1939, re-engaged in the mid-1950s, and in the late 1950s turned towards Juanismo, finally withdrawing into privacy. JosĂ© MarĂa Valiente did not renew his Francoist engagements of the late 1930s and focused on Javierista Carlism, re-approached
5649:
personal examples are abundant, see e.g. the cases of Luciano Alba Candino, Florencio Aldaz Villanueva, Enrique Alonso Cuevillas, AgustĂn BĂĄrcena Reus, JosĂ© Chicharro LamamiĂ©, Lorenzo de Cura LopĂ©, Claudio Colomer MarquĂ©s, Antonio GarzĂłn MartĂn, Gonzalo Lacalle Leloup, NicolĂĄs Lasarte Arana, JosĂ©
805:
of 1947, co-drafted by Carlists in the ministry of justice, was by many viewed as designed with the Carloctavista claimant in mind. The draft of Leyes Fundamentales, promoted in the mid-1950s, was dubbed resemblant of Soviet-style regime and eventually blocked by a coalition of Carlists and other
732:
It is close to impossible to sketch a typical path of a Carlist engaged in Francoism. Personal careers differed widely, from time of access to level of enthusiasm to political success or failure. Moreover, numerous carlo-francoists did not maintain a consistent stand during almost 40 years of the
547:
There were individuals who authentically strove to achieve synergy between Traditionalism and what they understood to be a patriotic amalgam. They clung to their Carlism not as to an independent political standing, but approached it as a valid component of the fused ideology, especially after the
6531:
whether he was a Javierista, Bilbao replied: "I am a Carlist, I was and I will be. A king? I am faithful to the Dios â Patria - Rey ideario, and my king is the one who serves Fatherland and God. My king will be a Catholic prince, Spanish, over 30 years.. like specified in Ley de Sucesion", Rodon
6313:
José Quint Zaforteza was the Carlist pre-war leader in the Baleares and was nominated the civil governor of the province in 1937. He immediately clashed with the Falangists and was ousted following a few months. He continued political activity as president of the local diputación, but only until
5760:
clear-cut Carlists and loosely related individuals; in the term commencing in 1943 there were 27 Traditionalism-related procuradores (out of 549); during the following terms the numbers were: 1946: 16 (576); 1949: 18 (619); 1952: 22 (598); 1955: 29 (744); 1958: 30 (700); 1961: 27 (738); 1964: 25
5528:
saturating official feasts with Carlist flavor could have produced various results depending upon personal position and skill of the Carlist promoter of the gala. JosĂ© MarĂa Oriol as mayor of Bilbao and AgustĂn TellerĂa as FET jefe in Giuzkoa have never appeared in FET uniform, avoided Falangist
5508:
the case of Carlists who entered the Cortes elected from the so-called tercio familiair; perhaps the best known cases is this of JosĂ© Ăngel Zubaiur Alegre and Auxilio Goñi, others are these of Fidel Carazo HernĂĄndez and Antonio Arrue Zarauz, though some sources consider the latter an exponent of
5498:
apart from ministerial posts held by conde Rodezno, Esteban Bilbao and Antonio Iturmendi, the less known cases of deputy ministers, department heads, sub-secretaries or directors of ministry-dependent bodies are these of Mariano Puigdollers Oliver, Luis Arellano Dihinx, JosĂ© MarĂa Sentis SimeĂłn,
688:
to the Republican Cortes the figure was 44%. Among members of Consejo de Cultura, a board of Carlist pundits set up in the mid-1930s, some 38% of these surviving assumed various posts within Francoism. Some 67% of members of Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra, the Traditionalist wartime executive
551:
A large and most representative group of Carlists who joined the regime structures have abandoned their Traditionalist militancy almost entirely or indeed entirely. When holding official posts they demonstrated no particular sympathy for the movement and terminated any links relating them to the
9769:
married to a Carlist and involved in requete buildup in the early 1930s; no explicit political links to Carlism identified. Historiographic opinions differ, many authors consider him a "Carlist" or "Traditionalist", many other prefer more vague categorizations and few think him a broadly termed
6630:
most of the âfamiliesâ decomposed over time and in the mid-1960s they were either defunct or re-aligned along new lines: âthe original sectors of old-guard Falangists, Carlists, doctrinaire monarchists, semiauthoritarian traditionalist Catholics, and right-wing generals had mostly fallen by the
5706:
Antonio Iturmendi is at times quoted as the one who together with Manuel Fraga and Camilo Alonso Vega launched and executed the project, GarcĂa Riol 2015, p. 217. Since Iturmendi succeeded Bilbao at the post of Minister of Justice and then as a Cortes speaker he is at times viewed as a clone of
5338:
JosĂ© MarĂa Valiente was offered a post of vice-minister of justice in the early 1940s, but declined; in the 1960s he aspired to position of the minister. Juan SĂĄenz-DĂez opposed Francoist unification in the 1940s, but in the 1960s targeted jobs in the Madrid ayuntamiento and was also rumored to
4804:
generals Polavieja and Weyler were unwilling to rise against the government in the late 1890s and early 1900s; general Primo de Rivera did topple the government in 1923 and remained on close terms with some Traditionalists, but remained loyal to the Alfonsist king; general Sanjurjo collaborated
825:
The list of carlo-francoist failures starts with marginalization in the state structures. They occupied no more than 5-10% of top posts, were unsuccessful at shaping the regime, and at best were used by Franco as a counter-weight when he needed to keep other political groupings in check. During
581:
neither built any structural network and there has never been even a shadow of their organization. The closest thing were structures of the Ministry of Justice, where many former Carlists found employment; however, the ministry has never become anything even vaguely resembling their operational
519:
Another attitude adopted was clinging to Carlist outlook as long as it did not stand in the way of political career and did not generate major controversy. Individuals in question could have attended Traditionalism-flavored feasts (though not independent Carlist political rallies), sponsored or
379:
It soon turned out that the process of controlled Carlist participation in Francoist structures was not manageable. As the emerging new system was taking shape, more and more Traditionalist militants were accepting positions in various structures not seeking any formal authorization or informal
7215:
Barcena (1917-1994) volunteered to and fought in requete during the war; no obvious political links to post-war Carlism are identified, though it is known he engaged in Traditionalist initiatives against the law on religious liberties in the 1960s and held high post in the ex-combatant requete
6423:
the most dramatic u-turn recorded was this of José Luis Zamanillo. He formed a hardline core of opponents to the unification in 1937; once declared, he resigned all official jobs and volunteered to frontline combat units. He then signed various protest letters directed to Franco, was detained,
6013:
at one point also the Carlists themselves tried to gauge their influence in the officialdom. During a 1966 Congreso Nacional Carlista attendees were asked to fill a questionnaire about their access to various officials. The summary results were: Jefe Local del Movimiento 96 positive responses,
736:
A significant group of recognized personalities who landed top jobs in the late 1930s in few years were already no longer associated with the official policy. Some got increasingly disappointed with the emerging system and resigned, up to total withdrawal into privacy; some were sidetracked to
715:
indicate Traditionalist share of power in ranges between 30 and 50%, while in case of regions with noticeable though not dominant Carlist presence the figure drops to 2-3%. In the late 1940s the Carlists formed some 3,3% of all concejales in local ayuntamientos in Spain. Regardless of detailed
481:
by all means possible, including an alliance with the regime. Also Franco, the master of balancing game, started to lure disappointed Traditionalists into his camp. The result was a group of Carlists, including most recognized individuals, assuming prestigious posts in official structures. The
353:
Despite official pressure, the Carlist command continued to operate as leadership of independent political grouping. Though executive bodies like Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra ceased to meet, by means of semi-clandestine pre-war territorial structures or informal communication networks the
236:
and secularism; this approach started to change in the 1880s. While highly suspicious of other parties and unwilling to engage in political trade-offs, since the late 19th century Carlism was increasingly looking towards the military as to a potential partner on the path towards seizing power.
5622:
the best known case is this of Antonio Correa Veglison, a professional military active in Carlism during the Republican era. Already prior to outbreak of the Civil War he approached Falangism, but did not renounce totally his Traditionalist links. Between 1939 and 1945 he held 4 various civil
5591:(historian of literature, member of the Academia) and AgustĂn Asis y Garrote (academic, state official). Some individuals remained vehemently anti-Francoist, but considered their participation in official scientific structures compatible with their anti-regime stand; this was e.g. the case of
5407:
the cases e.g. of JosĂ© MarĂa Zubiaur Alegre in Navarre, Luis VentallĂł VergĂ©s in Catalonia, JoaquĂn Manglano in Valencia, Fernando VĂĄzquez Ramos in the Baleares, AgustĂn TellerĂa and then ElĂas Querejeta Insausti in Gipuzkoa, JosĂ© MarĂa SentĂs SimeĂłn in Guadalajara and Palencia, JesĂșs ComĂn in
5973:
there were 12 individuals holding various posts in Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra, and all survived the war. 8 out them engaged in Francoist structures: Gaiztarro, MartĂnez MorentĂn, Muñoz Aguilar, Oriol, Rada, Rodezno, Valiente and Zamanillo. Those who did not were Fal Conde, GĂłmez Sanz,
5669:
former Carlists especially bent on blocking all personal nominations suspected of being related to Carlism were Julio Muñoz Aguilar and JosĂ© MarĂa MazĂłn Sainz. Some sources note also AgustĂn de AsĂs y Garrote and Amadeo Marco Ilincheta, though the latter was somehow related to carloctavismo.
5365:
the best known case is this of JosĂ© Luis Zamanillo GonzĂĄlez-Camino, who opposed the ascent of progressist Hugocarlistas within the Carlist structures, lost the internal struggle, was expulsed from ComunĂon and approached Francoism. There were many similar cases, e.g. this of Francisco Guinea
9173:
a career officer, he became a Carlist sympathizer before the war and as such was possibly involved in the Sanjurjo coup. During his civil governor spells he was customarily accused of cultivating Carlism, the charge which cost him dismissal from the Las Palmas post, Martorell PĂ©rez 2009, p.
6409:
JosĂ© MarĂa Valiente was offered the post of vice-minister of Justice in the late 1930s, but declined; in the early 1960s he aspired to the job, recommended by the Javierista structures. Valiente failed in his ministerial bid but eventually landed a place in the Cortes as a personal Francoâs
5949:
out of 50 individuals identified as running on the Carlist ticket for the Cortes in the Republican era who survived the war, there were 22 who later engaged in Francoist structures: Arellano, Bau, Bilbao, Elizalde, Granell, Lis Quiven, Llanas, Manglano, MartĂnez de MorentĂn, Oreja, Pagoaga,
6104:
there were 6,934 mandates available in 10 terms of the Francoist Cortes. Depending upon definition of political allegiances of specific individuals, the number of mandates held by the Carlists is between 196 and 227. The highest proportion of Carlists was recorded during the 1943-1949 term
5529:
imagery during public ceremonies, exposed Traditionalist rather than syndicalist ex-combatants, orchestras or juvenile groups and generally placed Carlist symbols in prominent places; the first survived at his post until he resigned some time later voluntarily, the latter was promptly fired
711:
1958. Initially they held 29% of provincial FET jefaturas and commanded 18% of specialized FET branches; later this share dropped dramatically. Locally the percentage of Carlists holding posts of power could have differed widely; studies for traditional Carlist strongholds like Navarre or
674:
The weight of Francoism within Carlism remains unclear. None of the sources consulted estimates what proportion of Carlists actively engaged in buildup of Francoist structures and how large was the carlo-francoist faction within Carlism in general. General historiographic accounts present
6518:
when in office, Esteban Bilbao has never publicly allowed his Traditionalist spirit to seem incompatible with the official Francoist political line. However, when a retiree he allowed himself to criticize what looked like an imminent nomination of Juan Carlos as the future king of Spain,
6474:
these were the cases e.g. of Manuel Agreda Aguinaga, Miguel Urmeneta Ajarnaute, JosĂ© MarĂa Roger Amat, Mariano Puigdollers Oliver, JoaquĂn Ordoño y LĂłpez de Vallejo, Jose Millaruelo Clementez, JosĂ© Maldonado y FernĂĄndez del Torco, Eduardo Larrea SĂĄez de Navarrete, and JosĂ© MarĂa Llaneza
6059:, p. 22. In case individuals loosely related to Carlism are included, the figure is 5,0% - Rodezno, Bilbao, Iturmendi and Oriol combined served 28 years as ministers of justice; on average, there were 12 ministers in each government operational during 36 years between 1939 and 1975
4552:
5716:
carlo-franquistas who engaged in promoting the law on religious liberty were especially JosĂ© MarĂa Oriol, Antonio MarĂa Oriol and Antonio Iturmendi. Carlo-franquistas who oppsed it were JoaquĂn Manglano, Miguel Fagoaga GutiĂ©rrez-Solana and JosĂ© Luis Zamanillo, MĂłnica Moreno Seco,
5987:âla masa carlista ... volviĂł a los veneros de los que habĂa salido y se aletargĂł ante la ausencia de reclamosâ, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 10; âthe great majority of Carlists lost what interest they had had in the FETâs affairs and left it in drovesâ, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 295
9428:
loosely related to Carlism, generally not formally in its ranks, however at one point figured in their Delegacion de Prensa. By some scholars described as "mezclado en los entornos carlistas, aunque solo militio an Comunion en el periodo republicano", Iker Cantabrana Morras,
166:
pro-franquistasâ, âpseudotradicionalistas franquistasâ, âcarlo-falangistasâ, âcarlo-fascistasâ, "tradicionalistas del Movimiento", âtacitistasâ or "carloenchufistas", usually highly abusive and disparaging. There is no obvious corresponding but non-partisan term available.
6361:
Dihinx, scaled down his engagement in the state party. Both have earlier voiced to Franco their unease about Falangist predomination in the emerging state. Both â like many carlo-franquistas â turned into supporters of the Alfonsist claimant Don Juan and worked for his cause
515:
remained dominated by the Carlists, who controlled not only mid-level posts but also institutions dependent on the ministry. Some 30 years later a distinct group of committed Carlists competed for seats in the Cortes; their objective was to dismantle the system from within.
6327:
Fernando VĂĄzquez Ramos, AgustĂn Telleria Mendizabal, RamĂłn JosĂ© Maldonado y Cocat, Eustaquio Echave Sustaeta and ElĂas Querejeta Insausti held key positions of either civil governors or provincial FET jefes, but outmaneouvred into other positions of minor or nil political
811:
contributed to thwarting regalist ambitions of the Javierista hopeful Don Carlos Hugo; in 1969 they saw Don Juan Carlos declared the future Spanish king and in the early 1970s they assisted in ensuring his ascendance against the hardline Francoist âregentialistâ faction.
758:
9695:
Carlist militant since the 1910s, in the spring of 1936 he entered Junta Técnica Militar, a joint Carlist-military conspiracy board, where he co-headed Department of Propaganda y Prensa; however, at the same time he was also involved in Falange, Roberto Muñoz Bolaños,
5570:, joined FET and in 1943 was nominated president of the Barcelona diputation, later to be active within Carloctavismo. Roman OyarzĂșn OyarzĂșn, somewhat less known party propagandist, declared Carlism dead and though with some doubts, welcomed emergence of the new state
5375:
the political Carlist leader of the time, JosĂ© MarĂa Valiente, was twice admitted by Franco. The dictator made no references to his role in Carlist organization, technically illegal, but instead encouraged the Traditionalists to work for their cause and hope for the
5461:
ran into conflict with Falange and were charged of trying to build âCarlist fiefdomsâ. The ousting of JoaquĂn Bau from the first Francoist quasi-government was probably not related to his Carlism, but driven rather by a personal conflict with RamĂłn Serrano SĂșñer
448:
placed all their bets on the regime, either with the intention to outsmart the dictator or in genuine hope of a monarchist-Francoist merger; in some regions of Spain they formed a large fraction of Traditionalists and might have even outnumbered the mainstream
241:
in France, they started to hope for a general who would be prepared to carry out a conservative coup dâĂ©tat; in such case, they were ready to lend him their support. Throughout the next few decades these speculations focused on a few individuals, like
384:
or generic conservatives. It was also distinct from independent Carlism, which continued to operate on the verge of legality, beyond the official political framework and at times assuming recalcitrant, if not openly opposing stance versus the regime.
9601:
a career officer, involved in conspiracy talks with the Carlists in the spring of 1936; commanded a Carlist battalion during some period of the civil war; demonstrated some benevolence towards requetes, though no political links to Carlism have been
8721:
according to the 1941 confidential info by the civil governor, before the war Pero-Sanz had been active in Comunion Tradicionalista; contemporary scholar considers this engagement - if true - irrelevant, Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.),
796:
and Navarre, the list of carlo-francoist political accomplishments is mostly about thwarting radical Falangist designs. In 1940 they mounted a successful opposition to totalitarian draft of Ley de OrganizaciĂłn del Estado. In aftermath of the 1942
5565:
Juan MarĂa Roma Comamala, longtime Carlist propagandist and sort of iconic person for the cause, in the early 1940s considered Carlism politically expired and himself fully unificated within a new, patriotic front. Also another Carlist veteran,
5660:
of his various functions frequently featured in the media. Unlike in case of other very high officials of Carlist background, notably Bilbao and Iturmendi, not a single case of Bau referring to his Traditionalist credentials has been identified
9672:
originated from a Carlist Navarrese family; career officer who commanded a requete brigade during much of the civil war. No direct political links to Carlism identified. Some authors refer to him as "carlista", see e.g. Ricardo de la Cierva,
424:; they concluded that active engagement in Francoist structures would improve their personal lot, and that non-participation would harm their position. However, there were also numerous political mechanisms responsible for Carlist access.
5471:
Cocat was outmaneuvred from FET jefatura in Logroño and settled for academic career; Eustaquio Echave Sustaeta was lambasted as Tradicionalist cacique when serving as FET jefe in Alava and shortly moved to the far less important position
5192:
this was the case e.g. of Roman Oyarzun. Over time he started to consider himself sort of an appendix to an extinguished idea, as he declared the Carlist dynasty finished and Carlism "reduced into debris and ashesâ, Oyarzun 1965, p.
4687:, pp. 128-129. For the 20th century compare "el carlismo se habĂa erigido de nuevo como nĂșcleo cohesivo de otra alamgama conterrevolucionaria, aunque de dimensiones bastante mĂĄs modestas que las del siglo XIX", Jordi Canal i Morell,
6640:
compare studies dealing with Carlism during the Francoist era: Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, Martorell PĂ©rez 2009, RodĂłn Guinjoan Barcelona 2015, GarcĂa Riol 2015, Miralles Climent 2018, MacClancy 2000, also Josep Miralles Climent,
6140:
i.e. 55 out of 837, calculations by Pi-Sunyer quoted by MarĂn Corbera 2013, p. 278. When calculating the share of positions held by the Traditionalists, the author arrives at the same percentage (123 out of 1871), Stanley G. Payne,
6886:. Right-wing political conglomerates with carlo-francoist component, like Fuerza Nueva, Unión Nacional Española or Alianza Nacional 18 de Julio, fared badly in general elections. None of the carlist candidates made it to the Cortes
537:
6338:
replaced by another individual of Traditionalist leaning, Fernando VĂĄzquez Ramos; the latter also clashed with the Falangists, was moved to Las Palmas, again engaged in conflict with the party old-shirts, and was dismissed in 1940
5133:'s hydropower business was heavily subsidized during the post-war reconstruction period. Some authors suggest that the Baleztena family benefitted financially from their initial support for unification, Fernando Mikelarena Peña,
6252:
e.g. in Cantabria, the province with notable though not major Traditionalist presence, the Carlists held 3 out of 86 (2,1%) local party jefaturas; in case of members of the ayuntamientos, the figure was 4,84%, JuliĂĄn Sanz Hoya,
5587:(member of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Tribunal Supremo, RACMYP, ), Ramón José Maldonado y Cocat (academic pundit at various positions), Manuel Bofarull Romaña (in executive of scientific jurifical bodies),
590:, considered ready to adopt Traditionalist principles; this bid was associated with the concept of a somewhat liberalized regime. They competed for influence against the Carloctavistas, determined to support their own claimant,
5154:âlike most single parties the FET of the 1940s â its heyday â was riddled with political and economic corruption, welcome to the âarrivistesâ of the Falange but frowned on by the more sober Carlistsâ, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 298
5324:
nominations made reportedly on recommendation of the official Carlist executive; the cases in question were these of Echave Sustaeta, Astrain Baquedano, CodĂłn FernĂĄndez, LĂłpez Sanz and Zamanillo GonzĂĄlez-Camino, see e.g.
602:
as the future king of Spain. An example of conflict non-related to dynastic issues was the one centred on Law on Religious Liberty of the late 1960s; one faction promoted the draft and another one tried to block the law.
507:
attempts to build local âCarlist fiefdomsâ, they invariably led to counter-action and individuals in question being usually either ousted or marginalized; some resigned on their own. There were two exceptions, though. In
5088:
the Carlist family usually mentioned first when discussing economic oligarchies of Francoist Spain is the Oriols, business tycoons engaged in energy, transport and banking sectors, see e.g. Josep Carles Clemente Muñoz,
482:
process continued until the early 1970s; some of these late carlo-francoists soon withdrew into the back row, but some assumed key roles and in the mid-1970s they were among leaders of the so-called hardline Francoist
5171:, Madrid 2015, p. 231. For a sample of his endeavors as a Falangist propaganda jefe see e.g. a circular issued prior to a homage feast for José Antonio Primo de Rivera, José Andrés Gallego, Antón M. Pazos (eds.),
427:
In the late 1930s and early 1940s many individuals joined because of bewilderment or disorientation. Some believed that Carlist leadership willingly entered the unification path. Some concluded that with death of
6068:
apart from 28 years occupied by Carlists at the ministry of justice, one might add 4 years served by Garicano at interior, 7 years served by Lacalle at aviation, and 3 years served by Varela at army, combined 42
777:
316:
9529:
career officer, actively involved in the 1936 conspiracy in Gipuzkoa, during the war commanded a Carlist tercio and then 1. Brigada Navarra, a division-type Carlist unit. No political links to Carlism identified
6434:
regime. The same stand was adopted by the Oriol brothers, especially JosĂ© MarĂa and Antonio. Also the Oreja brothers, though not on equally high posts, remained firmly amalgamated within the Francoist structures
5385:
e.g. Valiente, ousted from Carlist structures and handed a post in FETâs Consejo Nacional, did not identify with Francoism; he soon opted for Juanismo and did not exploit his position in the Falangist structures
5518:
JosĂ© MarĂa Oriol at various posts in the Vascongadas mastered the skill of demonstrating Traditionalist identity up to the point permitted by the regime; similar was the case of TĂłmas Dolz de Espejo, conde de
705:
some 14,5% officials were related to Traditionalism; another scholar calculated that there has never been more than 3 Carlist governors during any specific period. Until the mid-1940s among vaguely specified
577:
operandi. Though many of them attempted to preserve or at times even to promote Traditionalist ingredients, there were also many who have abandoned even lukewarm or watered-down Traditionalist sentiments. The
4774:
all Carlist violent attempts to seize power, and especially these resulting in civil wars of 1833-1840 and 1872-1876, were thwarted by the army; the military in general remained loyal to the Madrid government
689:
created in August 1936, were later engaged in Francoist structures. Whether the above figures, representative for high command layer, are applicable to mid-level leadership or to rank-and-file, is not clear.
6541:
a fairly unique case of a Carlist - watered-down as he was - nominated to alcaldia of a provincial capital during late Francoism is this of Marcelo FernĂĄndez Nieto, who ascended to the mayor of Salamanca in
161:
has filtered out from Spanish historiography and public discourse into the English academic language. Alternative terms used are âcarlistas colaboracionistasâ, âcarlistas unificadosâ, âcarlismo franquistaâ,
8801:
head of DirecciĂłn General de Asuntos EcclesiĂĄsticos department within the Ministry of Justice, head of Consejo Superior de ProtecciĂłn de Menores and member of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas
5348:
a relatively unknwown case in the wave of Carlist promotions in the regime structures from the early 1960s is this of Javier MarĂa Santiago Pascual Ibañez, who in 1961 moved from a niche Carlist periodical
212:
in the 1860s, rather than joined alliances with others. In fact, periodically surfacing temptations to form broad coalitions were usually quashed and resulted in secessions, like in case of the so-called
7896:
Herreros de Tejada y Azcona was a Riojan family traditoinally related to Carlism. Three brothers, Jose Maria, Rafael and Manuel, volunteered to requete; Jose Maria was heading a battalion-type unit, see
5959:
out of 13 surviving members, there were 5 who engaged in Francoism: Rodezno, ComĂn, Bilbao, Lisbona Alonso and Echave Sustaeta. The survivors who did not engage were Larramendi, Senante, Solana, Tejera,
4395:, Barcelona 2015, p. 144 (âcolaboracionistasâ vs âanticolaboracionistasâ). As a linguistic copy the term is accepted also in some foreign languages, see âcollaborationistsâ in English, Martin Blinkhorn,
8336:
Eugenio MazĂłn Verdejo (1929-2003) was son to JosĂ© MarĂa MazĂłn Sainz, first Carlist member of FET Junta Politica. He was moderately engaged in Traditionalist current of Carlism during late Francoism and
7124:
asesor of AET in the early 1950s, scholar of natural law at various universities, allegedly expulsed from the Javierista branch of Carlism following his acceptance of the CN seat, José Carlos Clemente,
471:
Since the mid-1960s another mechanism of recruitment started to operate. At the time Carlism was increasingly subject to internal power strife between Traditionalists and the progressist faction of
5538:
see e.g. the cases of Manuel Agreda Aguinaga, Jaime Bofill-Gasset Amil, Enrique Alonso Cuevillas, JosĂ© Chicharro LamamiĂ©, JosĂ© Iruteagoyena Solchaga, Luis GarcĂa Redondo or JosĂ© MarĂa Sentis Simeon
5480:
JesĂșs Elizalde Sanz Robles, outraged at Falangist dominance in the unificated state party, resigned his position in the FET Junta PolĂtica shortly prior to the Nationalist triumph in the Civil War
6551:
until the mid-1950s Antonio MarĂa Oriol was politically inactive and focused on business; then he started to rise in the official structures until becoming president of Consejo de Estado in 1973
5583:(initially secretary of Real Academia Española), Cayetano Mergelina Luna (rector of the Valladolid university), MartĂn de Riquer Morera (catedrĂĄtico in various scientific and academic bodies);
4645:"enchufismo" usually stands for cronyism or favoritism; the term suggests that the individuals in question blended some Carlist sympathy with much stronger pursuit of personal gain, Ferrer 1948
6014:
Gobernador Civil 96, Alcalde de la Capital 88, Presidente de la DiputaciĂłn 67, Jefe Superior de la Policia 54, Gobernador Militar 45, Obispo 25, CapitĂĄn General 22, Daniel JesĂșs GarcĂa Riol,
634:, but none of them enjoyed comparable standing, even though Bilbao and Iturmendi grew also to speakers of the Cortes and members of Consejo del Reino and Consejo de Regencia, while Oriol and
8130:. In the mid-1930s active in Sociedad Tradicionalista of Barracaldo, in 1936 member of Junta de Guerra de Vizcaya, a provincial wartime Carlist executive, Antonio Francisco Canales Serrano,
5025:
for a variety of positions taken by the Carlist militant towards the unification see e.g. Peñalba SotorrĂo 2013, pp. 51-91, Martorell PĂ©rez 2009, pp. 28-175, Peñas Bernaldo 1996, pp. 294-300
189:
6274:
out of 46,288 consejales elected in 1948, there were 1,539 individuals related to Carlism, at least according to the confidential governmental statistics, Villanueva MartĂnez 1998, p. 518
5679:
Florencio Aldaz Villanueva, Mariano Puigdollers Oliver, Luis Arellano Dihinx, JosĂ© MarĂa Sentis SimeĂłn, Rafael DĂaz Aguado, Lorenzo MarĂa Alier Cassi or MarĂa de NaverĂĄn SĂĄenz de Tejada
9733:
career officer, he commanded a Navarrese Brigade during much of the Civil War. Known for monarchist, though not necessarily Carlist sympathies. No political links to Carlism identified
6283:âtodos los estudios prosopogrĂĄficos de amplio alcance han seĆalado como la presencia en los altos cargos de la polĂtica del estado del tradicionalismo fue muy pequeĆaâ, MartĂ Marin,
4584:
for usage among vehement Carlist foes see e.g. Clemente Bernad, VĂctor Moreno, JosĂ© RamĂłn Urtasun, Carlos MartĂnez, Fernando Mikelarena, Carolina MartĂnez, Ăngel Zoco, Txema Aranaz,
5268:, p. 184; similar theory was advanced by FermĂn PĂ©rez-Nievas Borderas, MarĂa Teresa de BorbĂłn-Parma or JoaquĂn Cubero SĂĄnchez. More balanced views e.g. in Robert VallverdĂș i MartĂ,
408:
as traitors pure and simple. In such case they were usually presented as people who betrayed Traditionalism for the sake of their own, personal interest, which either took shape of
366:
of large cities the ComuniĂłn leaders welcomed appointments of their men given the individuals in question kept working for the cause and do not abandon the Traditionalist outlook.
358:
authorized selected individuals to enter FET command structures but he expulsed from Carlism these who took positions without his consent. In case of major administrative jobs like
7858:
6631:
political wayside. The various institutions of the regime were still full of survivors from all these groups, but they were rarely any longer at the topâ, Payne 2011, p. 506
5707:
Bilbao. However, in the mid-1960s they represented opposing factions when it comes to the Alfonsist restoration; Iturmendi worked to make it happen, while Bilbao opposed it
7748:
revolved around Carlism; himself Jose was probably active as a Carlist militant in his youth. Referred as "otro carlista" in Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.),
5688:
the indisputable leader of the Juanista faction among the carlo-francoists was conde de Rodezno; others are e.g. JesĂșs Elizalde, JoaquĂn Manglano, or Luis Arellano Dihinx
5256:"carloctavismo fue inventado y auspiciado desde la sombra, en las reuniones de âLa Ballena Alegreâ que altos dirigentes falangistas celebraban", Josep Carles Clemente,
9574:
a navarro and a career officer; no links to pre-war Carlism identified. During the war commanded a requete company in a Carlist tercio. No later links to Carlism known
6465:
see the cases of JosĂ© Iruretagoyena Solchaga, Jaime Bofill-Gasset Amil, Luis Redondo GarcĂa, Julio Rico de Sanz, Enrique Alonso Cuevillas or Florencio Aldaz Villanueva
6087:
one scholar claims there were 79 procuradores he classified as Traditionalists among 2,551 individuals serving in the Francoist Cortes, Miguel Ăngel GimĂ©nez MartĂnez,
6078:
Garricano (interior), Varela (defence) and Lacalle Laraga (aviation) are usually not counted in as Carlist ministers, though they had some earlier relations to Carlism
5547:
see e.g. the case of Juan Araluce Villar, Fidel Azurza Aramburu, Lorenzo de Cura Lope, José Elizagarate Berrueta, Elias Querejeta Insausti or Miguel Urmeneta Ajarnaute
724:
334:
9347:
descendant to a militant Carlist family, he might have been briefly involved in Carlism in his youth and he certainly developed great admiration for Victor Pradera,
6871:
perhaps the last moment when Traditionalists spoke to massive crowd, possibly exceeding 100,000 people, was during a rally at Plaza de Oriente in November 1978, see
511:
the Traditionalists managed to mount successful opposition to falangisation of the province and achieved sort of a balance of power. Except the late 1940s, also the
6560:
the Traditionalists who are routinely listed as âvehement Francoistsâ bent on confronting independent Carlism are JosĂ© MarĂa MazĂłn Sainz, Amadeo Marco Ilincheta,
4900:
iconic part of the Carlist gear, a red beret, was officially declared part of the FET uniform in 1937. A governmental decree replaced it with a peaked cap in 1939
9913:
La rebeldĂa carlista. Memoria de una represiĂłn silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginaciĂłn y persecuciĂłn durante la primera mitad del rĂ©gimen franquista (1936-1955)
5875:
La rebeldĂa carlista. Memoria de una represiĂłn silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginaciĂłn y persecuciĂłn durante la primera mitad del rĂ©gimen franquista (1936-1955)
401:
337:
have designed the unification terms themselves; the Carlists were barely consulted, and they learnt about emergence of Falange Española Tradicionalista from the
6879:
5339:
become a minister. Miguel Fagoaga initially stayed clear of officialdom, but on official Carlist recommendation landed a Cortes seat and a secretary role in FET
12669:
433:
maintain its political identity within the Francoist structures, and some thought that it could even dominate the regime and sideline competitive factions.
7708:, During Francoism published a few books on Traditionalist political thought and on history of Carlism, but no personal links to post-war Carlism are known
5743:
the only cases identified as intended as insults and appear in a militantly progressist Hugocarlista review Esfuerzo Comun from the early 1970s, see. e.g.
749:
393:
258:. In most cases these schemes eventually failed, though in the early summer of 1936 the Carlists managed to close a vague and ambiguous deal with general
9547:
a Navarro, career officer, with no pre-war Carlist links identified. During the war commanded a Carlist tercio. No later political links to Carlism known
5791:, p. 71; âthe Falangists, Alfonsine and Carlist monarchists, and conservative Catholics â were amalgamated into a single political groupâ, Simon Barton,
453:. With unexpected death of the pretender in 1953, the current gradually dried out, though some of its representatives were active until the late 1960s.
8869:
7922:
Herreros de Tejada y Azcona was a Riojan family traditoinally related to Carlism. Three brothers, Jose Maria, Rafael and Manuel, volunteered to requete
4225:
9634:
8543:
8183:
8127:
7705:
6989:
9455:
active in Carlism during youth, moved to Falange in the mid-1930s. Supporter of Carloctavismo in the late 1940s/early 1950s, Xavier Tornafoch Yuste,
6285:
La democracia orgĂĄnica como forma de representaciĂłn polĂtica: un anĂĄlisis de las fĂłrmulas de cooptaciĂłn de procuradores en Cortes y de sus resultados
733:
Franco regime; many demonstrated a vacillating approach, marked by varying modes of engagement or even by erratic twists and turns of their careers.
157:
the term appears in scientific narrative, though it is mostly used as a derogatory designation intended to stigmatize and abuse; the related name of
7167:
active in pre-war Carlism, then requete, afterwards provincial Navarrese Carlist leader, recommended to Cortes by the Javierista branch of Carlism,
4285:. Some highly partisan groups like Ateneo Basilio Lacort systematically use the term as stigmatization, referred after Manuel FernĂĄndez de Sevilla,
12358:
11390:
7345:
5106:
831:
591:
441:
5395:
9368:
8594:
1955-1961 from sindical organisations pool, 1961-1964 from local administration pool, as representative of Alava, 1964-1967 from the FET CN pool
5623:
governor post, and especially during his Barcelona tenure strove to achieve sort of a Traditionalist-Falangist synthesis, Javier TĂ©bar Hurtado,
7234:
1936-1938, in fact president of ComisiĂłn de Industria, Comercio y Abastos within Junta TĂ©cnica del Estado, makeshift Francoist quasi-government
6841:(1943), Martorell PĂ©rez 2009, pp. 244, 371-2, Payne 1987, p. 328, Ballestero 2014, p. 80, Martorell PĂ©rez 2009, p. 244, Josep Carles Clemente,
6833:
see e.g. Carlist memoranda to Franco which outlined key points of divergence and denied the Francoist regime the Traditionalist qualification,
802:
6390:
the 1960s was member of the Cortes appointed as a syndicalist representative, but remained engaged in Javierista and then Hugocarlista Carlism
5975:
564:
10007:
6484:
JosĂ© MarĂa Sentis Simeon following a fairly active period of the 1940s assumed a passive stand in the 1950s, to resume militancy in the 1960s
4757:
Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 109-110, 139, 202 and passim; for detailed discussion of monarchist alliance of the mid-1930s see Julio Gil PecharromĂĄn,
5599:
following his zealously pro-Francoist phase of the early 1940s turned into a vehement anti-Francoist yet held high academic posts in Seville
494:
11030:
2373:
807:
429:
7478:
1943-1946 from OrganizaciĂłn Sindical pool, 1955-1961 from Asociaciones, Colegios y CĂĄmaras pool, as representative of Chambers of Commerce
4634:
4323:
12072:
11427:
6456:
e.g. the cases of Miguel Urmeneta Ajarnaute, NicolĂĄs Lasarte Arana, Marcelo FernĂĄndez Nieto, Felipe Antoja Vigo, Antonio Archanco Zubiri
11493:
5823:, p. 44; âel carlismo no presentĂł ya resistencia; quedo ingresado en la FET y de las JONS, donde se desnaturalizarĂaâ, Bernat Muniesa,
4560:
716:
figures, there seems to be a general agreement that the Carlists formed a minor fraction among holders of high jobs within the regime.
292:
advocated compliance and suggested the Traditionalists take part in buildup of an anticipated unified organization; the faction led by
11422:
5417:
for detailed insights into competition between Carlists and Falangists at the provincial level see e.g. Jordi Esteve RubiĂł Coromina,
2401:
333:
In April 1937 it turned out that there would be no negotiations about conditions of merger into the new monopolist party. Franco and
5961:
5588:
5055:
Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 167-175, Canal 2000, pp. 342-346, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 8-12, Peñas Bernaldo 1996, pp. 295-301
2716:
528:
11385:
9475:. Some works present him as nurturing a vision of genuine Carlism amalgamated in the new, national party, TĂ©bar Hurtado 2012, p. 39
6318:
held the posts of civil governor in 1938-1943, but afterwards he withdrew from the public eye and stayed so until his death in 1977
5650:
MarĂa Llaneza Zabaleta, RamĂłn JosĂ© Maldonado y Cocat, JoaquĂn Ordoño y LĂłpez, TomĂĄs Pero-Sanz, Juan Selva Mergelina and many others
5596:
3674:
712:
647:
5302:. Other notable Carloctavistas active in the 1960s were Claro AbĂĄnades LĂłpez, Jaime del Burgo Torres and Antonio Lizarza Irribaren
4593:
12632:
6587:
Reaccionarios y golpistas: la extrema derecha en España : del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia, 1967-1982
5803:, p. 241; âThe Falange and the Traditionalist Communion were amalgamated into a new organizationâ, John William Donald Trythall,
5556:
the most iconic are cases of Esteban Bilbao and Antonio Iturmendi, Traditionalist militants who became public faces of the regime
284:
225:
camp generated enormous internal resistance and were eventually abandoned, like in case of the so-called TYRE in the mid-1930s.
11878:
11218:
4120:
7137:, p. 31. In the early 1960s vicepresident of Javierista-controlled Movimiento Obrero Tradicionalista, Josep Miralles Climent,
6095:
27 (2015), p. 78. In this article there are 71 individuals listed (77 if those also loosely related to Carlism are counted in)
5852:
see Mikelarena Peña 2015, the work which presents Carlism as a murderous component of the emerging atrocious Francoist regime
9431:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: DĂputaciĂłn-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinĂĄmica polĂtica de la "leal" Alava (Primera parte: 1936-1938)
8917:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: DiputaciĂłn-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinĂĄmica polĂtica de la "leal" Ălava (Segunda parte: 1938-1943)
8433:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: DĂputaciĂłn-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinĂĄmica polĂtica de la "leal" Alava (Segunda parte: 1938-1943)
8064:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: DĂputaciĂłn-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinĂĄmica polĂtica de la "leal" Alava (Segunda parte: 1938-1943)
7570:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: DĂputaciĂłn-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinĂĄmica polĂtica de la "leal" Alava (Primera parte: 1936-1938)
6237:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: DĂputaciĂłn-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinĂĄmica polĂtica de la "leal" Alava (Segunda parte: 1938-1943)
6229:
Lo viejo y lo nuevo: DĂputaciĂłn-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinĂĄmica polĂtica de la "leal" Alava (Primera parte: 1936-1938)
130:. Though mainstream Carlism retained an independent stand, many Carlist militants on their own assumed various roles in the
12784:
12491:
11434:
10820:
2345:
11768:
8907:
in scholarly prosopographic work on civil governors during Francoism listed as "tradicionalista", MartĂ MarĂn i Corbera,
2490:
1354:
685:
540:
475:; the latter were gaining the upper hand. Some of those sidetracked or leaving willingly were determined to restrain the
9302:
unless his/her Carlist militancy is clear from a linked personal entry, relationship to Carlism is explained in footnote
6895:
unless his/her Carlist militancy is clear from a linked personal entry, relationship to Carlism is explained in footnote
5835:, p. 32; the unification decree âponĂa fin a la existencia independiente de la ComuniĂłn Tradicionalistaâ, Pedro RĂșjula,
5212:
3386:
11191:
10810:
8554:
as personal appointee of head of state, since 1961 double-hatting as representative of Asociaciones, Colegios y CĂĄmaras
6850:
6255:
La construcciĂłn de la dictadura franquista en Cantabria: Instituciones, personal polĂtico y apoyos sociales (1937-1951)
6153:, p. 236. One scholar calculated that Carlists formed 6% of civil governors, appointed in 1940-1945, JuliĂĄn Sanz Hoya,
3356:
8093:
7833:
7041:
5719:
El miedo a la libertad religiosa. Autoridades franquistas, catĂłlicos y protestantes ante la Ley de 28 de junio de 1967
1040:
444:
to the throne; it is not agreed whether he was an independent political agent or a figurehead, manipulated by Franco.
11323:
10565:
10000:
9959:
9920:
9899:
9874:
9853:
9810:
9713:
9698:"Por Dios, por la Patria y el Rey marchemos sobre Madrid": el intento de sublevaciĂłn carlista en la primavera de 1936
9472:
8731:
8315:
8139:
8012:
7757:
7621:
7432:
7146:
7134:
6876:
6821:
6809:
6746:
6702:
6690:
6618:
6606:
6594:
6582:
6262:
6224:
6150:
6056:
5927:
5906:
5894:
5882:
5870:
5832:
5820:
5800:
5788:
5277:
5265:
5233:
5180:
5142:
5098:
5077:
5043:
4927:
4853:
4733:
4696:
4684:
4572:
4528:
4498:
4477:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4404:
4384:
4368:
4355:
4261:
1750:
65:
11201:
11196:
11162:
8603:
a pre-war Navarrese Carlist, in the early 1940s served as sub-secretary in the Carlist-dominated ministry of justice
6301:
5592:
4563:; the term is usually intended as insult. A related term is âcarlo-falangismoâ, see e.g. Oriol MallĂł, Alfons MartĂ,
2172:
1833:
47:
10514:
5321:
4671:
for interpretation of the 19th-century Carlism of as an âamalgama contrarrevolucionariaâ see Jordi Canal i Morell,
4540:
4282:
4230:
827:
587:
338:
11186:
7808:
4716:
13 (1977), pp. 71-79. Numerous works discuss particular breakups, for the 1888 one see e.g. Jordi Canal i Morell,
1468:
12092:
7467:
5918:
the first united Carlist executive, formed in 1932, was composed of 35 individuals, see Antonio M. Moral Roncal,
5610:
5118:
4409:âDon Carlos Marxâ. Studium przypadku rewolucyjnej transgresji tradycjonalizmu w socjalizm w hiszpaĆskim karlizmie
3620:
2953:
2572:
1235:
853:
6188:
in 1958 there were 22 individuals related to Carlism sitting in Consejo Nacional, at that time a 150-member body
4091:
3267:
1667:
346:
12644:
8724:
Bilbao desde sus alcaldes: Diccionario biogrĂĄfico de los alcaldes de Bilbao y gestiĂłn municipal en la Dictadura
8631:
7750:
Bilbao desde sus alcaldes: Diccionario biogrĂĄfico de los alcaldes de Bilbao y gestiĂłn municipal en la Dictadura
6771:
5584:
5489:
some scholars claim even that, âtheir control of the party and the province was secureâ, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 295
5245:
4832:
4792:
3730:
3562:
3414:
3209:
2626:
835:
450:
355:
297:
262:, chief engineer of the military anti-Republican conspiracy; the agreement sealed their access to the military
180:
32:
12353:
11908:
9704:, Madrid 2014, pp. 143-169. He was also managing Oficina de Prensa Tradicionalista, Eduardo GonzĂĄlez Calleja,
8692:
5499:
Rafael DĂaz Aguado, Lorenzo MarĂa Alier Cassi, Florencio Aldaz Villanueva, or MarĂa de NaverĂĄn SĂĄenz de Tejada
5101:, pp. 234-235. The companies of TomĂĄs Dolz de Espejo landed hefty governmental contracts in construction, see
4673:
Espacio propio, espacio pĂșblico. La sociabilidad carlista en la España mediterrĂĄnea an la etapa de entresiglos
3038:
3010:
2922:
2518:
2461:
1498:
761:
631:
12694:
12516:
11291:
11257:
10161:
9373:
El sinsentido de una vida entregada a la ideologĂa. Un lĂder comunista olvidado por la Historia: JesĂșs MonzĂłn
3151:
2836:
1382:
11240:
7585:
1936; he served only few hours, having been promptly demoted by the military, Cantabrana Morras 2004, p. 152
6179:
in the 3rd Consejo Nacional, at that time composed of 100 members, there were 7 Carlists, Payne 2011, p. 238
5697:
the highest-positioned Carlist who demonstrated some sympathy for the Carloctavista cause was Esteban Bilbao
3975:
1889:
243:
12087:
12064:
9993:
9273:
8024:
6506:
6215:
it was the case mostly of 2 provinces, Navarre and Alava; for Navarre see e.g. Aurora Villanueva MartĂnez,
5807:, London 1970, p. 110, âresidual integration of Carlism into the single partyâ, Mercedes Peñalba SotorrĂo,
228:
Until the late 19th century the Traditionalists viewed the army as a backbone of godless state, ravaged by
11943:
11793:
9981:
usual TVE broadcast signoff during Francoism, with Carlist, Falangist and state anthems played in sequence
6794:
Franquismo y tradicionalismo. La legitimaciĂłn teĂłrica del franquismo en la teĂłria polĂtica tradicionalista
5579:
best known cases of Carlists assuming high posts in scientific structures of Francoist state are these of
5451:
when civil governor and later Valencia mayor, but remained in the Francoist top strate for decades to come
3592:
2804:
2746:
2138:
1440:
627:
12723:
12263:
12102:
11868:
10658:
10298:
10168:
10114:
3532:
984:
512:
147:
9771:
9457:
El carlisme vigatĂ entre la Segona RepĂșblica i el primer franquisme: victĂČria militar i derrota polĂtica
7392:
active in Javierista branch of Carlism in the 1950s and 1960s, recommended by CT to the Cortes in 1961,
6347:
3503:
2260:
1527:
342:
12474:
12077:
11978:
11333:
10830:
10355:
10079:
10039:
9706:
Contrarrevolucionarios. RadicalizaciĂłn violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda RepĂșblica, 1931-1936
7660:
active in Javierista branch of Carlism in the 1950s and 1960s, president of Circulos VĂĄzquez de Mella,
6444:
6315:
5899:
Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideológica del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha
5121:. JosĂ© MarĂa SentĂs SimeĂłn was granted licenses related to trade with Spanish Guinea, Rosa Pardo Sanz,
4470:
Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideológica del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha
3857:
3444:
3094:
839:
477:
146:
political faction of the Francoist regime issued from Carlism particularly held tight control over the
11173:
8015:, p. 198. As a 17-year-old he volunteered to requete and spent the rest of the war in Carlist troops,
3944:
2316:
1321:
638:
entered Consejo del Reino and Consejo de Estado. The only other individuals which stood out among the
12318:
11863:
11417:
11370:
11051:
10619:
10582:
10360:
8923:
22 (2005), p. 142. He is also identified as coming from the Carlist background by Manual Santa Cruz,
4708:
for discussion of Carlism as a movement permanently plagued by secessions see e.g. Martin Blinkhorn,
3887:
3474:
650:(early 1970s), the former as champion of Carloctavismo and the latter among key personalities of the
263:
10283:
5779:
Serrano forced âthe Carlists and the Falange to amalgamate into a new state partyâ, Martin Kitchen,
3298:
2775:
2657:
12639:
12328:
11338:
11167:
10524:
10375:
10370:
10271:
10094:
10044:
9383:. However, in other sources he is listed as a "monarquico". No explicit links to Carlism identified
5950:
Puigdollers, Rodezno, Quint, Rada, Ramirez Sinues, TellerĂa, Toledo, Urraca, Valiente and Zamanillo
5016:
not few Carlists demonstrated genuine enthusiasm about the unification, Canal i Morell 2006, p. 341
4718:
Las 'muertes' y las 'resurrecciones' del carlismo. Reflexiones sobre la escisiĂłn integrista de 1888
3800:
654:. However, personalist terms like âIturmendistasâ or âZamanillistasâ were used only exceptionally.
214:
12422:
6170:
in the first FET Consejo Nacional, appointed in October 1937, the Carlists took 12 out of 50 seats
6155:
Falange y el nombramiento de gobernadores civiles durante el segundo mandato de Arrese (1956-1957)
5270:
La metamorfosi del carlisme catalĂ : del "DĂ©u, PĂ tria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)
4737:
12589:
12228:
11778:
11637:
11503:
10847:
10842:
10560:
10506:
10311:
4294:
3326:
681:
289:
273:
43:
12193:
11121:
10942:
10589:
10484:
9463:, 2017, p. 11. Some scholars refer to his "temprana militancia carlista", Javier TĂ©bar Hurtado,
9009:
6400:
Francoist structures in the late 1960s and in the early 1970s switched towards the Juanista case
6197:
9 out of 31; for Republican-held provinces there were no FET jefes appointed, Payne 2000, p. 276
5130:
4656:
Aproximación a las subculturas violentas de las derechas antirrepublicanas españolas (1931-1936)
1638:
1126:
623:
373:
12689:
12288:
12082:
12018:
11998:
11823:
11748:
11702:
11461:
11266:
11079:
11006:
10994:
10932:
10732:
10673:
10422:
10392:
10329:
10321:
10206:
10104:
10089:
7333:
6494:
6411:
4944:
4220:
4005:
2650:
2432:
1411:
843:
599:
251:
163:
143:
86:
9941:âDios, Patra y TradiciĂłnâ o la falsa unitat de les forces franquistes a la provĂncia de Girona
9465:
Barcelona, anys blaus: el governador Correa Veglison: poder i polĂtica franquistes (1940-1945)
9320:
members of Consejo Nacional of FET; membership in Junta PolĂtica of FET specified in footnotes
6913:
members of Consejo Nacional of FET; membership in Junta PolĂtica of FET specified in footnotes
5419:âDios, Patra y TradiciĂłnâ o la falsa unitat de les forces franquistes a la provĂncia de Girona
4174:
416:
and material gain. Other scholars agree that numerous individuals have probably joined due to
221:
in the 1920s. Even mild and provisional attempts to co-ordinate political strategy within the
12654:
12536:
12338:
12033:
11672:
11471:
11360:
11097:
10987:
10925:
10601:
10365:
10256:
10214:
10074:
10069:
10049:
9241:
Zaldivar (1911-2002) was leader of AET in the mid-1930s; no later links to Carlism identified
7414:
formally general auditor, rank in the legal branch of the navy, equivalent to counter-admiral
6527:
102 (1969). However, the same year Bilbao used to give more ambiguous answers. When asked by
4601:
11788:
8639:
5609:
self-government officials of Carlist preferences are these of José Gabriel Sarasa Miquélez,
4825:
El Carlismo, la RepĂșblica y la Guerra Civil (1936-1937). De la conspiraciĂłn a la unificaciĂłn
846:
came about already after the death of Franco and his rise to power was the process that the
12742:
12612:
12393:
11206:
11109:
10999:
10769:
10691:
10449:
10064:
8630:
former requete, active in post-war Carlism and later in its hugocarlista branch, member of
6561:
5580:
4805:
closely with individual Carlists during the coup of 1932 but remained politically ambiguous
4598:
Observaciones de un viejo carlista sobre las pretensiones de un Principe al trono de Espana
2054:
1097:
409:
8642:. His son Juan Querejeta became an activist of the Hugocarlista terrorist organization GAC
7745:
7612:
active in the Javierista and then Hugocarlista branch of Carlism, Manuel Martorell PĂ©rez,
7444:
1946-1955 from local administration pool as representative of Alava, 1955-1961 FET CN pool
6447:(in central administration) or JoaquĂn Ordoño y LĂłpez de Vallejo (in local administration)
5299:
1556:
1289:
643:
635:
610:
460:
8:
12754:
12718:
12457:
12430:
12403:
11883:
11818:
11483:
11478:
11348:
11286:
10835:
10548:
10244:
10219:
10109:
10084:
10054:
9356:
7261:
cultural institutions pool, as representative of Reales Academias del Instituto de España
6044:
359:
229:
39:
10432:
8053:
during many years subgobernador primero of Banco de España; 1964-65 its acting president
5135:
Sin piedad. Limpieza politica en Navarra, 1936. Responsables, colaboradores y ejecutores
667:
139:
12789:
12733:
12706:
12684:
12674:
12627:
12541:
12531:
12521:
12303:
12188:
12097:
11983:
11963:
11642:
11571:
11353:
11279:
11274:
11011:
10964:
10825:
10577:
10553:
10191:
10059:
6410:
appointee. However, he took advantage of the position to advance the Juanista and then
4391:, Valencia 2009, pp. 11, 43 (âcarlismo colaboracionistaâ); RamĂłn MarĂa RodĂłn Guinjoan,
3831:
3123:
12398:
10959:
9952:
Franquistas contra franquistas. Luchas por el poder en la cĂșpula del rĂ©gimen de Franco
4438:
Franquistas contra franquistas: Luchas por el poder en la cĂșpula del rĂ©gimen de Franco
618:
Cortes later; since the late 1930s until the early 1950s he was leading a group named
12649:
12526:
12462:
12378:
12258:
12238:
12208:
12178:
12168:
12143:
12138:
11953:
11938:
11923:
11893:
11798:
11728:
11615:
11488:
11375:
11069:
10776:
10701:
10387:
10239:
10119:
9955:
9916:
9895:
9870:
9849:
9806:
9709:
9468:
8727:
8311:
8135:
8132:
Las otras derechas: derechas y poder local en el PaĂs Vasco y Cataluña en el siglo XX
8008:
8003:"de origen carlista", though later referred as a "technocrat", Antonio Rivera (ed.),
7753:
7617:
7428:
7142:
7130:
6846:
6817:
6805:
6767:
6742:
6698:
6686:
6614:
6602:
6590:
6578:
6258:
6220:
6146:
6116:
Los gubernadores civiles del franquismo, 1936-1963: seis personajes en busca de autor
6052:
5998:
Los gubernadores civiles del franquismo, 1936-1963: seis personajes en busca de autor
5923:
5902:
5890:
5887:
Carlismo y represiĂłn "franquista": tres estudios sobre la Guerra Civil y la posguerra
5878:
5866:
5837:
Conmemorar la muerte, recordar la historia. La Fiesta de los MĂĄrtires de la TradiciĂłn
5828:
5816:
5796:
5784:
5273:
5261:
5241:
5229:
5176:
5138:
5094:
5073:
5039:
4923:
4849:
4828:
4788:
4729:
4692:
4680:
4568:
4524:
4494:
4473:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4400:
4380:
4351:
4335:
4257:
662:
280:
201:
192:
135:
9906:
El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario
9846:
Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos. La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó
9835:
Los gobernadores civiles del franquismo 1936-1963: seis personajes en busca de autor
8909:
Los gobernadores civiles del franquismo 1936-1963: seis personajes en busca de autor
7614:
Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos: La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó
6783:
MartĂ Marin 2016, p. 107, Cuenca, Miranda 1987, p. 108, GimĂ©nez MartĂnez 2015, p. 79
6751:
Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos. La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó
6655:
the credit for eventual preservation of some Alavese and Navarrese fueros, see e.g.
6643:
El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario
6575:
La democracia española: realidades y desafĂos: anĂĄlisis del sistema polĂtico español
5567:
5398:, were not latecomers but individuals who sided with Francoism since its early phase
798:
598:
were already engaged in so-called âoperaciĂłn salmĂłnâ, a long campaign in support of
12779:
12584:
12579:
12440:
12323:
12293:
12268:
12203:
12198:
12173:
12133:
11973:
11898:
11853:
11773:
11733:
11657:
11409:
11045:
11016:
10954:
10949:
10917:
10912:
10900:
10895:
10719:
10614:
10156:
4426:
La Falange de Franco: fascismo y fascistización en el régimen franquista, 1937-1945
826:
almost 40 years they failed to get any of their preferred claimants crowned, be it
293:
247:
154:
127:
111:
12510:
12218:
11968:
10969:
10638:
10413:
9817:
La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovaciĂłn ideolĂłgica del carlismo (1965-1973)
8915:
29 (2013), p. 299. Others prefer to name him "integrist", Iker Cantabrana Morras,
6016:
La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovaciĂłn ideolĂłgica del carlismo (1965-1973)
5169:
La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovaciĂłn ideolĂłgica del carlismo (1965-1973)
4614:
La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovaciĂłn ideolĂłgica del carlismo (1965-1973)
4062:
255:
12759:
12435:
12383:
12283:
12273:
12163:
12128:
12028:
12013:
11948:
11903:
11743:
11662:
11632:
11537:
11498:
11365:
11131:
10519:
10470:
10138:
6883:
5002:
Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo
4736:. For treatment in classic works written from the Traditionalist perspective see
3179:
785:
There are very few studies which try to gauge the actual political impact of the
131:
12408:
12308:
11848:
10793:
10178:
10129:
9770:
monarchist, perhaps even with an Alfonsist leaning, see discussion on dedicated
9361:
Pedro Capilla: âSiempre ha habido intentos de regular la farmacia sin conocerlaâ
7324:
pre-war young Carlist militant, active also in the early 1940s, last manager of
6739:
El final de una ilusiĂłn. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967)
5394:
the case of Zamanillo. Other bĂșnker-related Carlists, like Antonio Ma. Oriol or
4596:; however, also the Javierista Carlists resolved to "carlofascismo" insult, see
4377:
El final de una ilusiĂłn. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967)
586:
from the late 1940s. One section worked for the cause of the Alfonsist claimant
12664:
12607:
12551:
12484:
12368:
12343:
12313:
12278:
12213:
12158:
12153:
12148:
11873:
11843:
11828:
11763:
11738:
11697:
11561:
10877:
10696:
10646:
10538:
10496:
10339:
7828:
active in Javierista and then initially in the Hugocarlista branch of Carlism,
4724:
38 (2000), pp. 115â136, for the 1919 one see e.g. Juan RamĂłn de AndrĂ©s MartĂn,
4436:, p. 328, also used systematically in his other works, like Joan Maria ThomĂ s,
11918:
9980:
9971:
8431:
pre-war vice-president of Carlist circulo in Vitoria, Iker Cantabrana Morras,
7770:
La uniĂłn imposible: Carlistas y Falangistas en Navarra durante la Guerra Civil
5427:
La uniĂłn imposible: Carlistas y Falangistas en Navarra durante la Guerra Civil
4543:; another spelling is âcarlofalangistasâ, see e.g. Fernando Mikelarena Peña,
12773:
12713:
12546:
12348:
12298:
12248:
12183:
12043:
12038:
12003:
11993:
11928:
11838:
11783:
11758:
11620:
11556:
10751:
10572:
8249:
5238:
Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco
4689:
Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia polĂtica del carlismo, 1876-1939
4029:
2226:
676:
437:
10334:
9611:
1943-1946 from FET CN pool, 1946-1952 as personal appointee of head of state
9592:
1961-1967 from FET CN pool, 1967-1977 as personal appointee of head of state
7878:
1943-1945 from FET CN pool, 1945-1949 as personal appointee of head of state
7423:
former head of Jaimista circulo in Logrono and Alava, Antonio Rivera (ed.),
7338:
Entrevista a Claudi Colomer, l'Ășltim director «carlista» d'El Correo CatalĂĄn
6753:, Madrid 2014, Miralles Climent 2015, pp. 230, 234, GarcĂa Riol 2015, p. 295
5809:
Red berets, blue shirts: nationalist militia forces in the Spanish Civil War
97:
12679:
12659:
12617:
12447:
12388:
12333:
12253:
12233:
12223:
12008:
11988:
11958:
11858:
11813:
11808:
11753:
11707:
11682:
11546:
11114:
11063:
10905:
10609:
10461:
10288:
10277:
10196:
10151:
10016:
9629:
active in Burgos Carlism in the early 1930s, but in 1935 moved to Falange,
9538:
1943-1967 FET CN pool, 1967-1971 as personal appointee of the head of state
6114:
calculation of Carles Viver Pi-Sunyer, referred after MartĂ MarĂn Corbera,
5625:
La Barcelona azul de posguerra: reflexiones sobre una indagaciĂłn biogrĂĄfica
10477:
8466:
1943-1946 from the FET CN pool, 1946-1946 from sindical organisations pool
8364:
former requete, later president of Hermanded de Ex-combatientes Requetes,
6314:
1939. Following 25 years of withdrawal into and privacy, he died in 1965.
5920:
La cuestiĂłn religiosa en la Segunda RepĂșblica Española: Iglesia y carlismo
5167:
who became the FET propaganda chief in Navarre, Daniel JesĂșs GarcĂa Riol,
4955:
Maximiliano GarcĂa Venero, Historia de la Unificacion, Madrid 1970, p. 109
12701:
12622:
12594:
12574:
12479:
12243:
12023:
11913:
11888:
11803:
11692:
11677:
11667:
11610:
11605:
11583:
11566:
11551:
11530:
11525:
11146:
11140:
11087:
10857:
10799:
10713:
10686:
10543:
10531:
10454:
10439:
10234:
10099:
8999:
local administration pool, as representative of Navarrese self-government
7760:, p. 238, also counted as Carlist in MarĂa del Mar Larraza-Micheltorena,
6370:
e.g. JoaquĂn Bau Nolla, JosĂ© MarĂa Valiente or JesĂșs Elizalde Sanz RoblĂ©s
4555:; the term is also used across the blog of Fernando Mikelarena Peña, see
573:
472:
417:
259:
233:
9892:
El Carlismo frente al estado español: rebeliĂłn, cultura y lucha polĂtica
7330:
Palabras para la sesion de homenaje al academico Claudio Colomer Marques
5425:, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 9788491687139 (Girona), Eduardo MartĂnez Lacabe,
4675:, Jean-Louis Guereña, Isidro Sånchez Sånchez, Rafael Villena Espinosa,
12123:
12118:
11833:
11687:
11652:
11593:
11510:
11211:
11092:
10626:
10186:
8520:
from the FET CN pool, since 1964 double-hatting as member of government
7902:
6737:, Madrid 2014, ISBN, 9788483569160, p. 105; Mercedes VĂĄzquez de Prada,
5435:
PolĂtica y poder local: el ayuntamiento vitoriano durante el franquismo
4250:
PolĂtica y poder local: el ayuntamiento vitoriano durante el franquismo
238:
222:
8355:
Rectores de Universidades pool, as rector of the Valladolid University
5595:, longtime member of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.
5164:
801:
the Carlist outrage contributed to de-emphasizing of Fascist threads.
12728:
12363:
11712:
11647:
11466:
11380:
11343:
11301:
11229:
10977:
10867:
10852:
10764:
10740:
10663:
10491:
10397:
10146:
8583:
La lealtad, el buen sentido, el Requete y la logistica de nuestra paz
7070:
clearly referred as Carlist in Larraza Micheltorena 2012, pp. 229-247
6843:
Los dĂas fugaces. El carlismo, de las guerras civiles a la transiciĂłn
5109:. Isidoro Delclaux built an own multi-business industry fortune, see
4964:
Martorell PĂ©rez 2008, pp. 28-50, and Peñalba SotorrĂo 2013, pp. 30-47
4215:
421:
381:
296:
suggested non-participation. Eventually the former prevailed and the
9380:
8703:
1943-1964 FET CN pool, 1964-1967 personal appointee of head of state
8269:
local administration pool, as representative of Navarrese diputacion
860:
692:
651:
606:
483:
50:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
12469:
12452:
11598:
11395:
11306:
11057:
10937:
10872:
10782:
10708:
10681:
10444:
10306:
10224:
4565:
En Tierra de Fariseos: Viaje a Las Fuentes Del Catalanismo CatĂłlico
269:
218:
9359:. Some sources refer to him explicitly as "carlista navarro", see
7762:
Alcaldes de Pamplona durante el franquismo: Un retrato de conjunto
7225:
from the syndicates pool, as representative of the Fishermen Union
6942:
Alcaldes de Pamplona durante el franquismo: Un retrato de conjunto
6796:, Santiago de Compostela 2013. Also Pedro Carlos GonzĂĄlez Cuevas,
4387:, p. 18 (âcarlistas colaboracionaistasâ); Manuel Martorell PĂ©rez,
814:
793:
12373:
11933:
11588:
11520:
11311:
11179:
11103:
10788:
10745:
10652:
10265:
10229:
8925:
Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español
4373:
Apuntes y documentos para la Historia del Tradicionalismo Español
4210:
572:
The Carlists who joined Francoist structures have never formed a
508:
123:
9702:
David contra Goliat: Guerra y asimetrĂa en la Edad ContemporĂĄnea
7568:
one of Traditionalist leaders in Alava, Iker Cantabrana Morras,
7191:
La formaciĂłn del poder local franquista en GuipĂșzcoa (1937-1945)
6695:
Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes
4795:, pp. 231-255, Oyarzun 1969, pp. 475-489, Ferrer 1958, pp. 67-92
4491:
El Carlismo en la España de Franco: Bases Documentales 1936-1977
369:
11578:
10380:
9985:
9700:, Daniel Macias Fernandez, Fernando Puell de la Villa (eds.),
8772:
El partit Ășnic: La Falange i el Movimiento a Girona (1935-1977)
7061:
local administration pool, as president of Gipuzkoan diputacion
4677:
Sociabilidad fin de siglo: espacios asociativos en torno a 1898
413:
9268:
active in Javierista and then Hugocarlista branch of Carlism,
8212:
1943-1946 from local administration pool, as mayor of Valencia
456:
11625:
9110:
head of FET delegacion de frentes & hospitales, 1937-1938
5640:
cases of Antonio MarĂa Oriol Urquijo or RamĂłn Forcadell Prats
363:
5163:
this was the case e.g. of JosĂ© Ăngel Zubiaur, a 19-year-old
5127:
Fascismo y Franquismo. Relazioni, immagini, rappresentazioni
300:
grudgingly provided his consent to enter unification talks.
11515:
11296:
10862:
9945:
La dictadura franquista. La institucionalitzaciĂł dâun rĂšgim
9860:
La continuidad ideolĂłgica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil
9839:
Historia y polĂtica: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales
9751:
career officer, served as inspector of Requete in 1931-1932
8913:
Historia y polĂtica: Ideas, procesos y movimientos sociales
6217:
El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937-1951
5423:
La dictadura franquista. La institucionalitzaciĂł dâun rĂšgim
4407:, p. 294, or âkolaboracjoniĆciâ in Polish, Jacek Bartyzel,
4389:
La continuidad ideolĂłgica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil
857:, when their electoral attempts ended up in utter failure.
5825:
Dictadura y transiciĂłn: La dictadura franquista, 1939-1975
5813:
Spain at war. Society, culture and mobilization, 1936-1944
5298:
the most iconic example of the Carloctavista militant was
5226:
Cruzadistas y carloctavistas: historia de una conspiraciĂłn
4883:
Peñas Bernaldo 1996, pp. 241-301, Manuel Martorell Pérez,
4759:
El alfonsismo radical en las elecciones de febrero de 1936
8062:
active pre-war Carlist militant, Iker Cantabrana Morras,
7803:
before the war a provincial Carlist jefe in Granada, see
7097:
all terms from personal appointees of Jefe de Estado pool
6443:
e.g. the cases of Luis Redondo GarcĂa (in the military),
5000:
Martorell PĂ©rez 2008, p. 41, Aurora Villanueva MartĂnez,
4375:, vol. 3, Madrid 1979, p. 19; Mercedes VĂĄzquez de Prada,
9976:
with original lyrics changed to fit the Francoist vision
7328:
before it ceased as Carlist newspaper in the mid-1950s,
436:
In the mid-1940s within Carlism emerged a current named
9943:, Antoni Segura, Andreu Mayayo, Teresa AbellĂł (eds.),
9867:
Retorno a la lealtad; el desafĂo carlista al franquismo
8864:
former requete, openly declared his Carlist militancy,
6599:
Entre la espada y la pared: De Franco a la ConstituciĂłn
5734:
the only case identified is RodĂłn Guinjoan 2015, p. 210
5421:, Antoni Segura, Andreu Mayayo, Teresa AbellĂł (eds.),
5320:
some semi-official Carlist publications boasted of FET
792:
Except preservation of semi-separate establishments in
781:
Carlist ex-combatants at official rally, late Francoism
9947:, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 9788491687139, pp. 110â123
9828:
Trocadero: Revista de historia moderna y contemporĂĄnea
9803:
El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962â1977
9221:
Falange i poder. Lleida durant la dictadura franquista
9008:
brother of the Carlist political leader in 1921-1932,
6093:
Trocadero: Revista de historia moderna y contemporĂĄnea
5280:, MacClancy 2000, Martorell PĂ©rez 2009, Blinkhorn 2008
5036:
El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962â1977
4710:
Los carlistas: cisma en el tradicionalismo (1876-1931)
12670:
Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States
8079:
local administration pool, as representative of Alava
4891:
69 (2008), p. 28-50, Peñalba SotorrĂo 2013, pp. 30-47
9934:
Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976)
9879:
Soledad Miranda GarcĂa, JosĂ© Manuel Cuenca Toribio,
8422:
Jefe de la Casa Civil del Jefe del Estado, 1938-1961
8104:
local administration pool, as mayor of San Sebastian
6235:
21 (2004), pp. 149â180, and Iker Cantabrana Morras,
6027:
Soledad Miranda GarcĂa, JosĂ© Manuel Cuenca Toribio,
4814:
Canal 2000, pp. 325-326, Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 228-250
4726:
El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambiciĂłn polĂtica
4393:
Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976)
7853:member of Juventud Jaimista, volunteer to requete,
7768:15 (2012), p. 237, and in Eduardo MartĂnez Lacabe,
6764:
JoaquĂn Bau Nolla y la restauraciĂłn de la MonarquĂa
6049:
La España de Franco, 1939-1975: polĂtica y sociedad
6802:Diccionario polĂtico y social del siglo XX español
5441:, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2009, ISBN 9788496845305 (Alava)
4226:Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era
3277:Lugo, CĂĄceres, Ălava, Zaragoza, Gipuzkoa, Baleares
568:Carlist symbols at official rally, early Francoism
345:, was declared amalgamated into FET together with
8151:local administration pool, as mayor of Barracaldo
7425:Dictadura y desarroluismo. El Franquismo en Ălava
6715:bringing back the Bourbonsâ, Preston 2011, p. 534
5439:Dictadura y desarrollismo. El franquismo en Ălava
4254:Dictadura y desarrollismo. El franquismo en Ălava
861:Appendix. 100 Carlists at top Francoist positions
12771:
9137:local administration pool, as mayor of La Coruna
8005:Dictadura y desarrolismo. El Franquismo en Alava
5433:1 (1994) (Navarre), Virginia LĂłpez de Maturana,
303:
9796:El carlismo de Franco. De Rodezno a Carlos VIII
9092:local administration pool, as mayor of Pamplona
8248:in the late 1940s and early 1950s supporter of
8088:militant Carlist before the war, then requete,
7985:local administration pool, as mayor of Pamplona
7079:local administration pool, as mayor of Pamplona
7052:local administration pool, as mayor of Badalona
9824:Las Cortes de Franco o el Parlamento imposible
8448:local administration pool, as mayor of Vitoria
8035:local administration pool, as mayor of Vitoria
6089:Las Cortes de Franco o el Parlamento imposible
4885:Navarra 1937-1939: el fiasco de la UnificaciĂłn
556:who cultivated their Traditionalist heritage.
10624:
10001:
9311:members of government in the rank of minister
7018:local administration pool, as mayor of Orense
6904:members of government in the rank of minister
6131:see graphs in MarĂn Corbera 2013, pp. 296-297
5258:Historia del Carlismo contemporĂĄneo 1935â1972
5066:Gallery of traitors. The âCarlistsâ of Franco
11535:
10587:
10529:
10482:
10468:
10459:
10430:
5885:, Manuel Martorell, Josep Miralles Climent,
5805:El Caudillo: A Political Biography of Franco
4744:, Madrid 1969, pp. 477-478, Melchor Ferrer,
657:
388:
12073:European Conservatives and Reformists Party
8774:, Barcelona 1999, ISBN 9788492016150, p. 37
5173:Archivo GomĂĄ: documentos de la Guerra Civil
4939:original text of the Unification Decree in
10008:
9994:
9801:Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta,
7036:before the war active in Catalan Carlism,
6573:see e.g. Mikel Barreda, Rosa Borge Bravo,
5613:, LuĂs ArgemĂ MartĂ or JesĂșs Ardaiz FortĂșn
5034:Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta,
4316:Sobre el carlista Jose Maria Sentis Simeon
622:. He was succeeded at ministerial post by
12567:
9675:La historia se confiesa: España 1930-1977
9371:, "tradicionalista", see José Basaburua,
8866:Hoja oficial de la provincia de Barcelona
6966:in his youth active in Cantabrian Carlism
6300:perhaps the most striking is the case of
5353:to one of the best known regime reviews,
5125:, Renato Moro, Giuliana de Febo (eds.),
808:Ley de Principios del Movimiento Nacional
803:Ley de SucesiĂłn en la Jefatura del Estado
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
8178:militant Carlist during pre-war period,
7774:Huarte de San Juan. GeografĂa e historia
6227:; for Alava see Iker Cantabrana Morras,
5940:Ramirez, de Rodezno, Valiente, Zamanillo
5431:Huarte de San Juan. GeografĂa e historia
3759:Individuals loosely related to Carlism:
813:
776:
723:
719:
691:
661:
605:
563:
559:
493:
455:
392:
368:
268:
126:which actively engaged in the regime of
7744:came from a very distinguished family,
6749:, pp. 299-300, Manuel Martorell PĂ©rez,
5091:Breve historia de las guerras carlistas
4533:Llamamiento por una Navarra democrĂĄtica
4314:see e.g. exchange of posts in a thread
2084:Herreros de Tejada y Azcona, JosĂ© MarĂa
821:at Carlist Montejurra rally, late 1960s
12772:
8493:as personal appointee of head of state
8484:as personal appointee of head of state
8278:as personal appointee of head of state
8203:as personal appointee of head of state
6585:, p. 12, JosĂ© Luis RodrĂguez JimĂ©nez,
4823:Juan Carlos Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós,
4746:Breve historia del legitimismo español
4545:Respuesta a JesĂșs MarĂa AragĂłn Samanes
680:Carlist deputies to the Cortes of the
489:
142:procuradores, or civil governors. The
9989:
8770:engineer and landowner, Josep Clara,
7195:BoletĂn Instituto GerĂłnimo de UztĂĄriz
6800:, Javier FernĂĄndez SebastiĂĄn (ed.),
5761:(774); 1967: 20 (742); 1971: 18 (894)
4397:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939
4305:see e.g. Gil PecharromĂĄn 2019, p. 212
4287:No somos nadaâŠ, pero nos imputan todo
4248:see e.g. Virginia LĂłpez de Maturana,
2374:Maldonado y Fernåndez del Torco, José
9927:Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul
8308:Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul
7700:active in Carlism during his youth,
7651:also member of Junta Politica of FET
7514:also member of Junta Politica of FET
7487:also member of Junta Politica of FET
7462:requete captain during the war, see
6597:, p. 80, Josemari Lorenzo Espinosa,
5236:, Francisco de las Heras y Borrero,
4846:Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul
3675:Zamanillo Gonzålez-Camino, José Luis
3210:Rolando de Tella y Cantos, Heliodoro
684:actively engaged in the regime; for
582:headquarters or political backbone.
15:
9686:personal appointee of head of state
9119:personal appointee of head of state
8792:personal appointee of head of state
8687:active in Carlism since the 1910s,
7356:personal appointee of head of state
7127:El carlismo en su prensa, 1931-1972
6509:, Sanz Hoya 2023, pp. 331, 333, 339
6206:3 out of 17, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 292
5213:AgustĂn CĂĄndido TellerĂa MendizĂĄbal
4413:Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia
2111:Herreros de Tejada y Azcona, Rafael
498:official feast; note Carlist emblem
13:
9929:, Estella 2013, ISBN 9788423533657
9788:
8017:Fallece don Gonzalo Lacalle Leloup
6611:El Movimiento Nacional (1937-1977)
5202:PĂ©rez-Nievas Borderas 1999, p. 145
3601:CĂĄceres, CĂĄdiz, Lerida, Las Palmas
3268:Saénz de Tejada Olózaga, Francisco
2689:Ordoño y LĂłpez de Vallejo, JoaquĂn
14:
12801:
9965:
9461:V Simposi d'historia del Carlisme
8927:, vols. 1-3, Sevilla 1979, p. 160
7523:Larraza Micheltorena 2012, p. 237
6814:Historia de la filosófia española
2234:Larrea SĂĄez de Navarrete, Eduardo
10015:
9776:
9763:
9754:
9745:
9736:
9727:
9718:
9689:
9680:
9666:
9657:
9648:
9639:
9623:
9614:
9605:
9595:
9586:
9577:
9568:
9559:
9550:
9541:
9532:
9523:
9514:
9505:
9496:
9487:
9478:
9449:
9440:
9422:
9413:
9404:
9395:
9386:
9341:
9332:
9323:
9314:
9305:
9296:
9287:
9278:
9262:
9253:
9244:
9235:
9226:
9213:
9204:
9195:
9186:
9177:
9167:
9158:
9149:
9140:
9131:
9122:
9113:
9104:
9095:
9086:
9077:
9068:
9059:
9050:
9041:
9032:
9023:
9014:
9002:
8993:
8984:
8975:
8966:
8957:
8948:
8939:
8930:
8901:
8892:
8883:
8874:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8831:
8822:
8813:
8804:
8795:
8786:
8777:
8764:
8755:
8746:
8737:
8715:
8706:
8697:
8681:
8672:
8663:
8654:
8645:
8624:
8615:
8606:
8597:
8588:
8575:
8566:
8557:
8548:
8532:
8523:
8514:
8505:
8496:
8487:
8478:
8469:
8460:
8451:
8442:
8425:
8416:
8407:
8398:
8389:
8380:
8371:
8358:
8349:
8340:
8330:
8321:
8299:
8290:
8281:
8272:
8263:
8254:
8242:
8233:
8224:
8215:
8206:
8197:
8188:
8172:
8163:
8154:
8145:
8116:
8107:
8098:
8082:
8073:
8056:
8047:
8038:
8029:
7997:
7988:
7979:
7970:
7961:
7952:
7943:
7934:
7925:
7916:
7907:
7890:
7881:
7872:
7863:
7847:
7838:
7822:
7813:
7797:
7788:
7779:
7738:
7729:
7720:
7711:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7667:
7654:
7645:
7636:
7627:
7606:
7597:
7588:
7579:
7562:
7553:
7544:
7535:
7526:
7517:
7508:
7499:
7490:
7481:
7472:
7456:
7447:
7438:
7417:
7408:
7399:
7386:
7377:
7368:
7359:
7350:
7318:
7309:
7300:
7291:
7282:
7273:
7264:
7255:
7246:
7237:
7228:
7219:
7209:
7200:
7183:
7174:
7161:
7152:
7118:
7109:
7106:also as member of Junta Politica
7100:
7091:
7082:
7073:
7064:
7055:
7046:
7030:
7021:
7012:
7003:
6994:
6978:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6934:
6925:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6889:
6865:
6856:
6827:
6786:
6777:
6756:
6727:
6718:
6708:
6675:
6666:
6648:
6634:
6624:
6609:, p. 73, Julio Gil PecharromĂĄn,
6567:
6554:
6545:
6535:
6512:
6487:
6478:
6468:
6459:
6450:
6437:
6427:
6417:
6403:
6393:
6383:
6373:
6364:
6354:
6341:
6331:
6321:
6307:
6294:
6277:
6268:
6246:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6134:
6125:
6108:
6098:
6081:
6072:
6062:
6038:
6021:
6007:
5990:
5981:
5967:
5897:, FermĂn PĂ©rez-Nievas Borderas,
5723:Anales de Historia ContemporĂĄnea
5593:Marcial Solana y GonzĂĄlez-Camino
4973:Peñas Bernaldo 1996, pp. 241-301
4874:Peñas Bernaldo 1996, pp. 241-275
4865:Peñas Bernaldo 1996, pp. 211-239
4586:La consagraciĂłn de la desmemoria
4531:, p. 234, TomĂĄs Urzainqui Mina,
4231:Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)
3867:Gerona, Navarre, Jaen, Barcelona
1862:Fagoaga Gutiérrez-Solana, Miguel
1779:Elizagarate Berrueta, Jose Maria
748:
527:
315:
179:
96:
85:
20:
12093:International Monarchist League
9881:La elite ministerial franquista
9822:Miguel Ăngel GimĂ©nez MartĂnez,
9338:only provincial capitals listed
8632:Euskalherriko Karlista Alderdia
6931:only provincial capitals listed
6029:La elite ministerial franquista
5953:
5943:
5933:
5912:
5855:
5846:
5773:
5764:
5754:
5737:
5728:
5710:
5700:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5634:
5616:
5602:
5573:
5559:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5522:
5512:
5502:
5492:
5483:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5444:
5411:
5401:
5388:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5342:
5332:
5314:
5305:
5292:
5283:
5250:
5218:
5205:
5196:
5186:
5157:
5148:
5082:
5070:Franco: AnatomĂa de un genocida
5058:
5049:
5028:
5019:
5010:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4933:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4838:
4817:
4808:
4798:
4777:
4768:
4751:
4702:
4665:
4648:
4639:
4619:
4606:
4578:
4521:Franco: AnatomĂa de un genocida
4513:
4504:
4326:. For historical use, see e.g.
4121:SĂĄnchez GonzĂĄlez, Juan Bautista
2717:Olazabal Zaldumbide, JosĂ© MarĂa
283:the Traditionalists viewed the
6812:, pp. 1170â1171, Heleno Saña,
6302:JesĂșs Elizalde Sainz de Robles
4483:
4468:FermĂn PĂ©rez-Nievas Borderas,
4462:
4418:
4361:
4340:
4308:
4299:
4267:
4242:
1181:AstraĂn Baquedano, F.co Javier
217:in the 1870s or the so-called
208:in the 1830s or the so-called
1:
9939:Jordi Esteve RubiĂł Coromina,
9885:Revista de Estudios PolĂticos
9677:, vol. 10, Madrid 1976, p. 65
9270:Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
8689:Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
7464:Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
6503:Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
6033:Revista de Estudios PolĂticos
5996:source: MartĂ MarĂn Corbera,
4763:Revista de Estudios PolĂticos
4633:service, May 2016, available
4450:José Antonio: Realidad y mito
4322:service, May 2016, available
4175:Varela Iglesias, José Enrique
3648:Zaldivar Arenzana, JosĂ© MarĂa
3299:Sarasa Miquélez, José Gabriel
2894:Ortigosa Irigoyen, Juan Angél
170:
12088:International Democrat Union
9932:RamĂłn MarĂa RodĂłn Guinjoan,
6940:Maria Larraza Micheltorena,
6792:see Ălvaro RodrĂguez NĂșñez,
6762:JoaquĂn Monserrat Cavaller,
6289:Revista Estudos do SĂ©culo XX
5611:Alejandro Encinas de la Rosa
5123:El Franquismo y las Colonias
5115:Auñamendi Eusko Entzikopedia
5068:, in Josep Carles Clemente,
4592:service 03.03.19, available
4539:service 03.02.10, available
4281:service 17.10.08, available
4236:
3888:GarcĂa-Valiño MarcĂ©n, Rafael
3533:Valiente Soriano, José Maria
3415:Toledo y Robles, Romualdo de
3387:TellerĂa MendizĂĄbal, AgustĂn
2491:MartĂnez de MorentĂn, Javier
2317:LĂłpez Sanz Latasa, Francisco
2173:Iruretagoyena Solchaga, José
1834:Elizalde Sainz Robles, JesĂșs
7:
12785:Politics of Francoist Spain
12103:Tradition, Family, Property
9925:Mercedes Peñalba SotorrĂo,
9887:57 (1987), pp. 107â148
9841:29 (2013), pp. 269â299
8651:sindical organisations pool
8377:sindical organisations pool
8346:sindical organisations pool
8296:sindical organisations pool
6657:Entrevista a Esteban Bilbao
6521:Entrevista a Esteban Bilbao
5111:Delclaux Arostegui, Isidoro
4943:182/1937, available online
4844:Mercedes Peñalba SotorrĂo,
4510:RodĂłn Guinjoan 2015, p. 570
4346:see e.g. Jeremy MacClancy,
4204:
3445:Ulibarri Eguilaz, Marcelino
3095:Puigdollers Oliver, Mariano
2684:Jefe of Franco's household
2346:Maldonado Cocat, Ramón José
1612:Delclaux Arostegui, Isidoro
1528:CodĂłn Fernandez, JosĂ© MarĂa
1469:Coca de la Piñera, Fernando
1236:Baleztena AscaratĂ©, JoaquĂn
956:Aldaz Villanueva, Florencio
279:During first months of the
46:the claims made and adding
10:
12806:
12475:Traditionalist Catholicism
9830:27 (2015), pp. 67â100
9815:Daniel JesĂșs GarcĂa Riol,
9794:Juan-Cruz AllĂ Aranguren,
8122:pre-war links to Carlism,
6984:pre-war Carlist militant,
6735:José Ma de Oriol y Urquijo
6564:and AgustĂn Asis y Garrote
6445:Mariano Puigdollers Oliver
5873:, Josep Miralles Climent,
5589:AgustĂn GonzĂĄlez de AmezĂșa
5211:this was the case e.g. of
5064:see e.g. a chapter titled
4612:Daniel JesĂșs GarcĂa Riol,
4557:ElBlogDeFernandoMikelarena
4275:AntĂlope con Salsa de Soja
4273:see e.g. discussion under
4092:RodrĂguez Tarduchy, Emilio
3731:Zubiaur Alegre, JosĂ© Ăngel
3475:Urmeneta Ajarnaute, Miguel
2954:Quint Zaforteza Amat, José
2627:MinguijĂłn AdriĂĄn, Salvador
2600:Millaruelo Clementez, José
2139:Iturmendi Bañales, Antonio
1751:Echave Sustaeta, Eustaquio
1383:Bofill-Gasset Amell, Jaime
1154:AsĂs y Garrote, AgustĂn de
1041:Araluce Villar, Juan MarĂa
341:. Their own organization,
237:Encouraged by the rise of
12751:
12560:
12500:
12421:
12111:
12063:
12056:
11721:
11454:
11447:
11408:
11322:
11265:
11256:
11155:
11130:
11078:
11038:
11029:
10888:
10809:
10731:
10672:
10637:
10620:Italian school of elitism
10600:
10505:
10421:
10412:
10348:
10320:
10297:
10255:
10205:
10177:
10137:
10128:
10032:
10023:
9353:Real Academia de Historia
9329:provincial leaders of FET
7702:Imperio. Diario de Zamora
7216:organization in the 1970s
7009:in requete during the war
6922:provincial leaders of FET
6693:, p. 468; Paul H. Lewis,
5863:El carlismo contra Franco
5811:, James Matthews (ed.),
5597:Francisco ElĂas de Tejada
5585:Salvador MinguijĂłn AdriĂĄn
5437:, Antonio Rivera (ed.),
4920:Franco en la guerra civil
4748:, Sevilla 1958, pp. 69-76
4369:Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta
4252:, Antonio Rivera (ed.),
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3504:Urraca Pastor, MarĂa Rosa
3357:Sentis Simeon, JosĂ© MarĂa
3039:Pradera Ortega, Juan José
3011:Pero-Sanz Zorrilla, TomĂĄs
2923:Querejeta Insausti, ElĂas
2805:Oriol Urquijo, Antonio Ma
1918:Galindo Herrero, Santiago
985:Alonso Cuevillas, Enrique
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
806:groups. The 1958-adopted
772:
686:Traditionalist candidates
658:Statistical approximation
389:Mechanisms of recruitment
285:anti-Republican coalition
134:, e.g. as members of the
12640:Catholic social teaching
9911:Josep Miralles Climent,
9904:Josep Miralles Climent,
9890:Josep Miralles Climent,
9865:Manuel Martorell PĂ©rez,
9858:Manuel Martorell PĂ©rez,
9844:Manuel Martorell PĂ©rez,
6862:Moreno Seco 2001, p. 358
6835:ManifestaciĂłn de ideales
6348:MarĂa Rosa Urraca Pastor
5631:28-29 (2012-2013), p. 39
5396:JesĂșs Evaristo Casariego
5175:, vol. 12, Madrid 2009,
4627:Jose Maria Sentis Simeon
4448:, or Joan Maria ThomĂ s,
4293:service 2017, available
4256:, Vitoria-Gasteiz 2009,
3976:Monasterio Ituarte, José
3858:Correa Veglison, Antonio
3832:Esparza Aguinaga, Eladio
2982:Paguaga Paguaga, Antonio
2573:Mergelina Luna, Cayetano
2402:Manglano CucalĂł, JoaquĂn
1890:FernĂĄndez Nieto, Marcelo
1723:Echave Sustaeta, Antonio
1668:Dóminguez Arévalo, Tómas
1508:Alava, Toledo, Santander
1499:Colomer Marqués, Claudio
1070:Archanco Zubiri, Antonio
1009:general, mlt. gov. Lugo
728:Carlist and Nazi emblems
696:share of civil governors
343:ComuniĂłn Tradicionalista
328:Franco in Carlist beret
12590:Conservative liberalism
12078:European People's Party
9833:MartĂ MarĂn i Corbera,
7752:, vol. 3, Bilbao 2008,
7189:Felix Luengo Teixidor,
7139:La AET, el MOT y la FOS
5781:Europe Between the Wars
5289:Canal 2000, pp. 351-353
4625:see e.g. discussion at
4519:Josep Carles Clemente,
4043:Zamora, Cdd Real, Cadiz
3593:VĂĄzquez Ramos, Fernando
3563:Valle Våzquez, José del
2867:Oriol Urquijo, Lucas Ma
2776:Oreja Elosegui, Ricardo
2747:Oreja Elosegui, Benigno
2519:MazĂłn Sainz, JosĂ© MarĂa
2462:MartĂnez Berasain, JosĂ©
2433:Marco Ilincheta, Amadeo
2202:Lacalle Leloup, Gonzalo
1441:Carazo HernĂĄndez, Fidel
1412:Burgo Torres, Jaime del
1355:Bofarull Romaña, Manuel
903:Ăgreda Aguinaga, Manuel
12083:Identity and Democracy
11536:
10625:
10588:
10530:
10483:
10469:
10460:
10431:
8327:also in Junta Politica
7857:26.07.1938, available
7855:El Pensamiento Navarro
7766:Memoria y CivilizaciĂłn
6948:15 (2012), pp. 236-237
6946:Memoria y civilizacion
6243:22 (2005), pp. 139â169
6004:29 (2013), pp. 296-297
5861:José Carlos Clemente,
4991:Blinkhorn 2008, p. 293
4982:Blinkhorn 2008, p. 272
4909:Blinkhorn 2008, p. 272
4765:42 (1984), pp. 101-136
4551:11.04.2014, available
4489:José Carlos Clemente,
4348:The Decline of Carlism
4334:167 (1970), available
4221:Traditionalism (Spain)
4148:Sanz de LerĂn, Eugenio
4143:mltry gvrnr Catalonia
3917:Ibisate GorrĂa, Pedro
3469:Anti-Masonry Tribunal
3238:Roger Amat, JosĂ© MarĂa
3152:Ramirez Sinués, Javier
2837:Oriol Urquijo, José Ma
2546:MazĂłn Verdejo, Eugenio
2289:Llaneza Zabaleta, José
2261:Lasarte Arana, NicolĂĄs
1807:Escudero Rueda, Manuel
1263:Barcena Reus, AgustĂn
1208:Azurza Aramburu, Fidel
822:
782:
729:
697:
671:
614:
569:
499:
464:
398:
376:
276:
200:Carlism, the movement
115:
12743:Small-c conservatives
12655:Counter-revolutionary
12645:Conservative feminism
12537:Counter-Enlightenment
12492:Traditionalist School
9379:37 (2008), available
9223:, Lerida 2010, p. 575
6839:ReclamaciĂłn del Poder
6532:Guinjoan 2015, p. 435
6316:Javier RamĂrez SinuĂ©s
5129:, Roma 2005, p. 239.
5103:Hoja Oficial de Lunes
4742:Historia del carlismo
4616:, Madrid 2015, p. 350
4600:, a 1948 pamphlet by
4169:mltry gvrnr Tenerife
3945:Lacalle Larraga, José
3704:Zubiaga Imaz, Gabriel
3621:Ventalló Vergés, Luis
3366:Guadalajara, Palencia
3327:Selva Mergelina, Juan
2977:pres. Baleares Dptcn
2948:pres. Gipuzkoa Dptcn
2055:Granell Pascual, Juan
2002:Goñi Donazar, Auxilio
1976:GarzĂłn MarĂn, Antonio
1639:Dolz de Espejo, TĂłmas
1584:Cura LĂłpe, Lorenzo de
1322:Bilbao Eguia, Esteban
1230:pres. Gipuzkoa Dptcn
1127:Arrue Zarauz, Antonio
1098:Arellano Dihinx, Luis
1065:pres. Gipuzkoa Dptcn
929:Albo Candina, Luciano
819:Franco sĂ, Juanito no
817:
780:
727:
720:Personal trajectories
695:
665:
609:
567:
560:Cohesion and conflict
497:
459:
402:Josep Carles Clemente
396:
372:
272:
12613:Anti-gender movement
12517:Bourbon Restauration
10770:National Catholicism
10485:RĂ©volution nationale
10450:Integral nationalism
9633:15.02.64, available
9367:18.05.09, available
9293:tercio familiar pool
9284:tercio familiar pool
9250:tercio familiar pool
9010:Juan Selva Mergelina
8868:13.03.61, available
8542:29.03.57, available
8386:member of, 1938-1959
8182:17.12.43, available
8126:03.11.42, available
8092:18.06.61, available
7844:tercio familiar pool
7832:20.05.76, available
7704:11.05.58, available
7682:tercio familiar pool
7633:tercio familiar pool
7288:tercio familiar pool
7115:tercio familiar pool
7040:09.03.74, available
6988:21.10.42, available
6875:21.11.78, available
6824:, p. 255 and onwards
6733:Alfonso Ballestero,
6724:Preston 2011, p. 662
6562:Juan Granell Pascual
6499:FortĂșn Ardaiz, JesĂșs
6018:, Madrid 2015, p. 65
5745:Strip Tease polĂtico
5581:Julio Urquijo Ibarra
5131:JoaquĂn Gomis Cornet
5105:15.05.44, available
4279:NickJournalArcadiano
4006:Pombo Angulo, Manuel
3801:Garicano Goñi, Tomås
3789:Consejo de Regencia
3293:in Tribunal Supremo
3180:Redondo GarcĂa, Luis
2658:Muñoz Aguilar, Julio
2456:pres. Navarre Dptcn
2106:director of prisons
1697:Echandi Indart, Juan
892:Consejo de Regencia
12755:Conservatism portal
12719:Right-wing politics
12458:Jewish conservatism
12431:Christian democracy
11678:Social institutions
11484:Collective identity
11479:Class collaboration
11287:Clerico-nationalism
10836:Muscular liberalism
10169:Neoauthoritarianism
9950:Joan Maria ThomĂ s,
9365:Correo Farmacéutico
9355:service, available
9349:Tomås Garicano Goñi
9272:service, available
8691:service, available
8638:service, available
7901:service, available
7807:service, available
7466:service, available
7344:service, available
6683:Franco. A biography
6120:Historia y PolĂtica
6045:Enrique Moradiellos
6002:Historia y PolĂtica
5978:and OlazĂĄbal Eulate
5629:GerĂłnimo de UztĂĄriz
5005:GerĂłnimo de UztĂĄriz
4559:service, available
4549:Noticias de Navarra
4424:Joan Maria ThomĂ s,
4063:Solchaga Zala, José
4036:Rico de Sanz, Julio
3811:Gipuzkoa, Barcelona
3124:Rada Peral, Ricardo
3068:LluĂs de Prat Roure
2831:FET Social Aid Dpt
2149:Tarragona, Zaragoza
2028:Goñi Iraeta, Adolfo
1014:Antoja Vigo, Felipe
648:José Luis Zamanillo
541:Jose Luis Zamanillo
513:Ministry of Justice
490:Modes of engagement
440:, centred around a
412:or translated into
148:Ministry of Justice
12675:LGBTQ conservatism
12628:Black conservatism
12542:German Romanticism
12532:Conservative Order
12522:Congress of Vienna
12098:Muslim Brotherhood
11944:CorrĂȘa de Oliveira
11643:Organized religion
11572:Complementarianism
10659:National Democracy
9954:, Barcelona 2016,
9467:, Barcelona 2011,
8810:co-head, 1937-1938
6986:Pensamiento Alaves
6882:2018-01-10 at the
6672:Payne 2011, p. 260
6613:, Barcelona 2013,
6505:online, available
6257:, Santander 2009,
6161:41 (2023), pp. 327
5962:Gonzalez de Amezua
5909:, esp. pp. 143-192
5827:, Barcelona 2005,
5793:A History of Spain
5311:Canal 2000, p. 357
5272:, Barcelona 2014,
5260:, Barcelona 1977,
5228:, Barcelona 2012,
4567:, Barcelona 2000,
4399:, Cambridge 2008,
4367:Manuel Santa Cruz
3786:Consejo de Estado
3783:Consejo del Reino
1802:pres. Alava Dptcn
1774:pres. Alava Dptcn
1607:pres. Alava dptcn
1557:Cora y Lira, JesĂșs
1290:Bau Nolla, JoaquĂn
889:Consejo de Estado
886:Consejo del Reino
842:; the crowning of
823:
783:
730:
698:
672:
646:(early 1950s) and
615:
570:
500:
465:
399:
377:
277:
122:) was a branch of
31:possibly contains
12767:
12766:
12650:Conservative wave
12603:
12602:
12527:Concert of Europe
12463:Religious Zionism
12417:
12416:
12052:
12051:
11489:Cultural heritage
11462:Ancestral worship
11443:
11442:
11404:
11403:
11252:
11251:
11070:Orthodox Peronism
11025:
11024:
10525:Historical School
10408:
10407:
9805:, Pamplona 1997,
9772:Varela's WP entry
9437:21 (2004), p. 169
8581:compare e.g. his
8439:22 (2005), p. 163
8070:22 (2005), p. 163
7576:21 (2004), p. 152
7326:El Correo CatalĂĄn
6529:El Correo Catalan
6291:16 (2016), p. 107
6143:The Franco Regime
6122:29 (2013), p. 278
6035:57 (1987), p. 108
5901:, Pamplona 1999,
5725:17 (2001), p. 358
5300:JesĂșs Cora y Lira
5038:, Pamplona 1997;
5007:19 (2003), p. 101
4889:PrĂncipe de Viana
4472:, Pamplona 1999,
4415:V/4 (2010), p. 68
4358:, pp. 76, 92, 292
4202:
4201:
3970:aviation general
3757:
3756:
1949:Garrån Moso, José
848:carlo-franquistas
787:carlo-franquistas
708:personal polĂtico
703:primer franquismo
644:Jesus Cora y Lira
640:carlo-franquistas
628:Antonio Iturmendi
596:carlo-franquistas
579:carlo-franquistas
554:carlo-franquistas
504:primer franquismo
397:FET training camp
264:coup of July 1936
202:born in the 1830s
136:FET y de las JONS
78:Branch of Carlism
76:
75:
68:
33:original research
12797:
12724:Authoritarianism
12585:Communitarianism
12580:Clerical fascism
12565:
12564:
12441:Theoconservatism
12061:
12060:
11864:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
11673:Social hierarchy
11658:Private property
11541:
11452:
11451:
11263:
11262:
11046:Federal Peronism
11036:
11035:
10720:Pochvennichestvo
10697:Black-hundredism
10630:
10615:Historical Right
10593:
10535:
10488:
10474:
10465:
10436:
10433:Action Française
10419:
10418:
10135:
10134:
10030:
10029:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9987:
9986:
9936:, Barcelona 2015
9908:, CastellĂłn 2015
9783:
9780:
9774:
9767:
9761:
9758:
9752:
9749:
9743:
9740:
9734:
9731:
9725:
9722:
9716:
9693:
9687:
9684:
9678:
9670:
9664:
9661:
9655:
9652:
9646:
9643:
9637:
9631:Diario de Burgos
9627:
9621:
9618:
9612:
9609:
9603:
9599:
9593:
9590:
9584:
9581:
9575:
9572:
9566:
9563:
9557:
9554:
9548:
9545:
9539:
9536:
9530:
9527:
9521:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9503:
9500:
9494:
9491:
9485:
9482:
9476:
9453:
9447:
9444:
9438:
9426:
9420:
9417:
9411:
9408:
9402:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9384:
9345:
9339:
9336:
9330:
9327:
9321:
9318:
9312:
9309:
9303:
9300:
9294:
9291:
9285:
9282:
9276:
9266:
9260:
9257:
9251:
9248:
9242:
9239:
9233:
9230:
9224:
9217:
9211:
9208:
9202:
9199:
9193:
9190:
9184:
9181:
9175:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9156:
9153:
9147:
9144:
9138:
9135:
9129:
9126:
9120:
9117:
9111:
9108:
9102:
9099:
9093:
9090:
9084:
9081:
9075:
9072:
9066:
9063:
9057:
9054:
9048:
9045:
9039:
9036:
9030:
9027:
9021:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8997:
8991:
8988:
8982:
8979:
8973:
8970:
8964:
8961:
8955:
8952:
8946:
8943:
8937:
8934:
8928:
8921:Sancho el Sabio
8905:
8899:
8896:
8890:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8872:
8862:
8856:
8853:
8847:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8829:
8826:
8820:
8817:
8811:
8808:
8802:
8799:
8793:
8790:
8784:
8781:
8775:
8768:
8762:
8759:
8753:
8750:
8744:
8741:
8735:
8719:
8713:
8710:
8704:
8701:
8695:
8685:
8679:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8661:
8658:
8652:
8649:
8643:
8628:
8622:
8619:
8613:
8610:
8604:
8601:
8595:
8592:
8586:
8579:
8573:
8570:
8564:
8561:
8555:
8552:
8546:
8540:Diario de Burgos
8536:
8530:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8512:
8509:
8503:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8476:
8473:
8467:
8464:
8458:
8455:
8449:
8446:
8440:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8414:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8396:
8393:
8387:
8384:
8378:
8375:
8369:
8362:
8356:
8353:
8347:
8344:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8325:
8319:
8310:, Estella 2013,
8303:
8297:
8294:
8288:
8285:
8279:
8276:
8270:
8267:
8261:
8258:
8252:
8246:
8240:
8237:
8231:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8186:
8180:Diario de Burgos
8176:
8170:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8152:
8149:
8143:
8124:Diario de Burgos
8120:
8114:
8111:
8105:
8102:
8096:
8086:
8080:
8077:
8071:
8060:
8054:
8051:
8045:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8027:
8023:blog, available
8007:, Vitoria 2009,
8001:
7995:
7992:
7986:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7968:
7965:
7959:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7932:
7929:
7923:
7920:
7914:
7911:
7905:
7894:
7888:
7885:
7879:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7861:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7836:
7826:
7820:
7817:
7811:
7801:
7795:
7792:
7786:
7783:
7777:
7776:1 (1994), p. 360
7742:
7736:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7683:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7665:
7658:
7652:
7649:
7643:
7640:
7634:
7631:
7625:
7610:
7604:
7601:
7595:
7592:
7586:
7583:
7577:
7566:
7560:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7515:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7497:
7494:
7488:
7485:
7479:
7476:
7470:
7460:
7454:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7436:
7427:, Vitoria 2009,
7421:
7415:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7384:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7357:
7354:
7348:
7322:
7316:
7313:
7307:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7280:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7262:
7259:
7253:
7250:
7244:
7241:
7235:
7232:
7226:
7223:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7198:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7172:
7165:
7159:
7156:
7150:
7122:
7116:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7080:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7044:
7034:
7028:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7010:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6992:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6958:
6955:
6949:
6938:
6932:
6929:
6923:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6887:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6854:
6831:
6825:
6790:
6784:
6781:
6775:
6760:
6754:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6664:
6652:
6646:
6645:, CastellĂłn 2015
6638:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6571:
6565:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6516:
6510:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6448:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6345:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6311:
6305:
6298:
6292:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6266:
6250:
6244:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6162:
6159:Studia Historica
6145:, Madison 2011,
6138:
6132:
6129:
6123:
6112:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6042:
6036:
6025:
6019:
6011:
6005:
5994:
5988:
5985:
5979:
5971:
5965:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5916:
5910:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5844:
5843:51 (2003), p. 84
5777:
5771:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5726:
5714:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5632:
5620:
5614:
5606:
5600:
5577:
5571:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5322:Consejo Nacional
5318:
5312:
5309:
5303:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5254:
5248:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5146:
5137:, Tafalla 2015,
5086:
5080:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5008:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4947:
4937:
4931:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4857:
4848:, Estella 2013,
4842:
4836:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4766:
4755:
4749:
4706:
4700:
4669:
4663:
4662:2 (2003), p. 113
4660:Pasado y memoria
4652:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4604:
4582:
4576:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4487:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4422:
4416:
4365:
4359:
4344:
4338:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4271:
4265:
4246:
3762:
3761:
2651:Tribunal Supremo
865:
864:
762:Antonio M. Oriol
752:
531:
406:carlo-francoists
347:Falange Española
319:
306:carlo-franquismo
183:
164:tradicionalistas
159:carlofranquistas
132:Francoist system
128:Francisco Franco
120:carlo-franquismo
100:
89:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
48:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
12805:
12804:
12800:
12799:
12798:
12796:
12795:
12794:
12770:
12769:
12768:
12763:
12760:Politics portal
12747:
12599:
12556:
12502:
12496:
12436:Christian right
12413:
12339:Prat de la Riba
12107:
12048:
11717:
11663:Public morality
11633:Ordered liberty
11538:Noblesse oblige
11499:Culture of life
11494:Cultural values
11439:
11400:
11325:
11318:
11248:
11151:
11126:
11074:
11021:
10884:
10812:
10805:
10758:Carlo-francoism
10727:
10668:
10633:
10596:
10583:State Socialism
10501:
10471:Nouvelle Droite
10404:
10344:
10316:
10293:
10251:
10201:
10173:
10124:
10025:
10019:
10014:
9972:Carlist anthem
9968:
9915:, Madrid 2018,
9894:, Madrid 2004,
9869:, Madrid 2010,
9862:, Valencia 2009
9848:, Madrid 2014,
9791:
9789:Further reading
9786:
9781:
9777:
9768:
9764:
9759:
9755:
9750:
9746:
9741:
9737:
9732:
9728:
9723:
9719:
9708:, Madrid 2001,
9694:
9690:
9685:
9681:
9671:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9649:
9644:
9640:
9628:
9624:
9619:
9615:
9610:
9606:
9600:
9596:
9591:
9587:
9582:
9578:
9573:
9569:
9564:
9560:
9555:
9551:
9546:
9542:
9537:
9533:
9528:
9524:
9519:
9515:
9510:
9506:
9501:
9497:
9492:
9488:
9483:
9479:
9454:
9450:
9445:
9441:
9435:Sancho el Sabio
9427:
9423:
9418:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9346:
9342:
9337:
9333:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9315:
9310:
9306:
9301:
9297:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9279:
9267:
9263:
9258:
9254:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9236:
9231:
9227:
9218:
9214:
9209:
9205:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9168:
9163:
9159:
9154:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9136:
9132:
9127:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9078:
9073:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9037:
9033:
9028:
9024:
9019:
9015:
9007:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8989:
8985:
8980:
8976:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8958:
8953:
8949:
8944:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8906:
8902:
8897:
8893:
8888:
8884:
8879:
8875:
8863:
8859:
8854:
8850:
8845:
8841:
8836:
8832:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8814:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8778:
8769:
8765:
8760:
8756:
8751:
8747:
8742:
8738:
8720:
8716:
8711:
8707:
8702:
8698:
8686:
8682:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8650:
8646:
8629:
8625:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8589:
8580:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8537:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8519:
8515:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8437:Sancho el Sabio
8430:
8426:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8408:
8403:
8399:
8394:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8376:
8372:
8363:
8359:
8354:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8304:
8300:
8295:
8291:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8264:
8259:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8238:
8234:
8229:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8177:
8173:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8134:, Madrid 2006,
8121:
8117:
8112:
8108:
8103:
8099:
8087:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8068:Sancho el Sabio
8061:
8057:
8052:
8048:
8043:
8039:
8034:
8030:
8002:
7998:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7980:
7975:
7971:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7944:
7939:
7935:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7839:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7814:
7802:
7798:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7743:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7659:
7655:
7650:
7646:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7616:, Madrid 2014,
7611:
7607:
7602:
7598:
7593:
7589:
7584:
7580:
7574:Sancho el Sabio
7567:
7563:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7531:
7527:
7522:
7518:
7513:
7509:
7504:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7323:
7319:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7201:
7197:4 (1990), p. 89
7188:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7153:
7141:, Madrid 2007,
7129:, Madrid 1999,
7123:
7119:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7087:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6956:
6952:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6884:Wayback Machine
6870:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6845:, Cuenca 2013,
6832:
6828:
6816:, Madrid 2007,
6804:, Madrid 2008,
6798:Tradicionalismo
6791:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6766:, Madrid 2001,
6761:
6757:
6741:, Madrid 2016,
6732:
6728:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6709:
6697:, London 2002,
6685:, London 2011,
6680:
6676:
6671:
6667:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6601:, Madrid 2017,
6589:, Madrid 1994,
6577:, Madrid 2006,
6572:
6568:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6536:
6517:
6513:
6495:Jaime del Burgo
6492:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6355:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6322:
6312:
6308:
6299:
6295:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6251:
6247:
6241:Sancho el Sabio
6233:Sancho el Sabio
6219:, Madrid 1998,
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6165:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6099:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6051:, Madrid 2000,
6043:
6039:
6026:
6022:
6012:
6008:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5972:
5968:
5964:and Argamasilla
5958:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5934:
5922:, Madrid 2009,
5917:
5913:
5889:, Madrid 2009,
5877:, Madrid 2018,
5865:, Madrid 2003,
5860:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5815:, London 2019,
5795:, London 2009,
5783:, London 2014,
5778:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5603:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5255:
5251:
5240:, Madrid 2004,
5223:
5219:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5093:, Madrid 2011,
5087:
5083:
5072:, Madrid 2014,
5063:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5011:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4938:
4934:
4922:, Madrid 2002,
4918:Javier Tusell,
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4843:
4839:
4827:, Madrid 1996,
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4787:, Madrid 2000,
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4756:
4752:
4728:, Madrid 2000,
4707:
4703:
4691:, Madrid 2006,
4679:, Cuenca 1999,
4670:
4666:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4624:
4620:
4611:
4607:
4583:
4579:
4523:, Madrid 2014,
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4493:, Madrid 1994,
4488:
4484:
4467:
4463:
4452:, Madrid 2017,
4440:, Madrid 2016,
4428:, Madrid 2001,
4423:
4419:
4379:, Madrid 2016,
4366:
4362:
4345:
4341:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4291:PartidoCarlista
4272:
4268:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4207:
3774:civil governor
2770:FET Health Dpt
2167:Cortes speaker
1349:Cortes speaker
877:civil governor
863:
844:Don Juan Carlos
840:Don Carlos Hugo
775:
766:
765:
764:
760:
755:
754:
753:
722:
660:
600:Don Juan Carlos
562:
545:
544:
543:
539:
534:
533:
532:
492:
478:carlo-huguistas
410:political power
391:
360:civil governors
339:official decree
331:
330:
329:
327:
322:
321:
320:
309:
298:regent-claimant
252:Primo de Rivera
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
185:
184:
173:
116:carlofranquismo
108:Carlo-francoism
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
92:
91:
90:
79:
72:
61:
55:
52:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
12803:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12745:
12740:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12736:
12726:
12716:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12699:
12698:
12697:
12692:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12665:Ethnopluralism
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12636:
12635:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12608:Anti-communism
12604:
12601:
12600:
12598:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12571:
12569:
12562:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12554:
12552:Ultra-royalism
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12506:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12494:
12489:
12488:
12487:
12485:Ultramontanism
12482:
12472:
12467:
12466:
12465:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12444:
12443:
12433:
12427:
12425:
12419:
12418:
12415:
12414:
12412:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12115:
12113:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12069:
12067:
12058:
12054:
12053:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11725:
11723:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11698:State religion
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11629:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11608:
11603:
11602:
11601:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11564:
11562:Fundamentalism
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11543:
11542:
11533:
11528:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11507:
11506:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11475:
11474:
11464:
11458:
11456:
11449:
11445:
11444:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11431:
11430:
11428:National Right
11425:
11414:
11412:
11406:
11405:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11398:
11393:
11391:Traditionalist
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11336:
11330:
11328:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11271:
11269:
11260:
11254:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11246:
11245:
11244:
11241:Perezjimenismo
11234:
11233:
11232:
11224:
11223:
11222:
11214:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11165:
11159:
11157:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11149:
11144:
11136:
11134:
11128:
11127:
11125:
11124:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11107:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11084:
11082:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11060:
11055:
11048:
11042:
11040:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10992:
10991:
10990:
10982:
10981:
10980:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10946:
10945:
10940:
10930:
10929:
10928:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10909:
10908:
10898:
10892:
10890:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10839:
10838:
10828:
10823:
10817:
10815:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10796:
10794:Neocatholicism
10791:
10786:
10779:
10774:
10773:
10772:
10762:
10761:
10760:
10755:
10743:
10737:
10735:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10711:
10706:
10705:
10704:
10699:
10689:
10684:
10678:
10676:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10649:
10647:Golden Liberty
10643:
10641:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10631:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10606:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10594:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10569:
10568:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10551:
10541:
10539:Ordoliberalism
10536:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10511:
10509:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10497:Ultra-royalism
10494:
10489:
10480:
10475:
10466:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10427:
10425:
10416:
10410:
10409:
10406:
10405:
10403:
10402:
10401:
10400:
10390:
10385:
10384:
10383:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10352:
10350:
10346:
10345:
10343:
10342:
10340:Neo-Ottomanism
10337:
10332:
10326:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10314:
10309:
10303:
10301:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10274:
10269:
10261:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10215:Fundamentalist
10211:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10183:
10181:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10171:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10149:
10143:
10141:
10132:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10115:Traditionalist
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10036:
10034:
10027:
10021:
10020:
10013:
10012:
10005:
9998:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9978:
9967:
9966:External links
9964:
9963:
9962:
9948:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9909:
9902:
9888:
9877:
9863:
9856:
9842:
9831:
9820:
9813:
9799:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9775:
9762:
9753:
9744:
9735:
9726:
9717:
9688:
9679:
9665:
9656:
9647:
9638:
9622:
9613:
9604:
9594:
9585:
9576:
9567:
9558:
9549:
9540:
9531:
9522:
9513:
9504:
9495:
9486:
9477:
9448:
9439:
9421:
9412:
9403:
9394:
9385:
9340:
9331:
9322:
9313:
9304:
9295:
9286:
9277:
9261:
9252:
9243:
9234:
9225:
9212:
9203:
9194:
9185:
9176:
9166:
9157:
9148:
9139:
9130:
9121:
9112:
9103:
9094:
9085:
9076:
9067:
9058:
9049:
9040:
9031:
9022:
9013:
9001:
8992:
8983:
8974:
8965:
8956:
8947:
8938:
8929:
8900:
8891:
8882:
8873:
8857:
8848:
8839:
8830:
8821:
8812:
8803:
8794:
8785:
8776:
8763:
8754:
8745:
8736:
8714:
8705:
8696:
8680:
8671:
8662:
8653:
8644:
8623:
8614:
8605:
8596:
8587:
8574:
8565:
8556:
8547:
8531:
8522:
8513:
8504:
8495:
8486:
8477:
8468:
8459:
8450:
8441:
8424:
8415:
8406:
8397:
8388:
8379:
8370:
8357:
8348:
8339:
8329:
8320:
8298:
8289:
8280:
8271:
8262:
8253:
8241:
8232:
8223:
8214:
8205:
8196:
8187:
8171:
8162:
8153:
8144:
8115:
8106:
8097:
8081:
8072:
8055:
8046:
8037:
8028:
8021:Tradicion Viva
7996:
7987:
7978:
7969:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7933:
7924:
7915:
7906:
7889:
7880:
7871:
7862:
7846:
7837:
7821:
7812:
7805:ReinoDeGranada
7796:
7787:
7778:
7737:
7728:
7719:
7710:
7693:
7684:
7675:
7666:
7653:
7644:
7635:
7626:
7605:
7596:
7587:
7578:
7561:
7552:
7543:
7534:
7525:
7516:
7507:
7498:
7489:
7480:
7471:
7455:
7446:
7437:
7416:
7407:
7398:
7385:
7376:
7367:
7358:
7349:
7317:
7308:
7299:
7290:
7281:
7272:
7263:
7254:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7218:
7208:
7199:
7182:
7173:
7160:
7151:
7117:
7108:
7099:
7090:
7081:
7072:
7063:
7054:
7045:
7029:
7020:
7011:
7002:
6993:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6950:
6933:
6924:
6915:
6906:
6897:
6888:
6864:
6855:
6851:978-8495414243
6826:
6785:
6776:
6774:, pp. 337, 352
6755:
6726:
6717:
6707:
6681:Paul Preston,
6674:
6665:
6661:Esfuerzo comĂșn
6647:
6633:
6623:
6566:
6553:
6544:
6534:
6525:Esfuerzo comĂșn
6511:
6486:
6477:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6436:
6426:
6416:
6402:
6392:
6382:
6372:
6363:
6353:
6340:
6330:
6320:
6306:
6293:
6276:
6267:
6265:, pp. 239, 295
6245:
6208:
6199:
6190:
6181:
6172:
6163:
6133:
6124:
6107:
6097:
6080:
6071:
6061:
6037:
6020:
6006:
5989:
5980:
5966:
5952:
5942:
5932:
5911:
5854:
5845:
5772:
5763:
5753:
5751:VI/1972, p. 21
5749:Esfuerzo ComĂșn
5736:
5727:
5709:
5699:
5690:
5681:
5672:
5662:
5652:
5642:
5633:
5615:
5601:
5572:
5558:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5501:
5491:
5482:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5443:
5410:
5400:
5387:
5378:
5368:
5358:
5341:
5331:
5313:
5304:
5291:
5282:
5249:
5224:CĂ©sar AlcalĂĄ,
5217:
5204:
5195:
5185:
5156:
5147:
5081:
5057:
5048:
5027:
5018:
5009:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4932:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4837:
4816:
4807:
4797:
4776:
4767:
4750:
4701:
4664:
4647:
4638:
4618:
4605:
4602:Melchor Ferrer
4577:
4537:TomasUrzainqui
4512:
4503:
4482:
4461:
4417:
4360:
4339:
4307:
4298:
4266:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3527:FET Hospitals
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3439:FET Education
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3233:mil.gov. Lugo
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
989:
987:
981:
980:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
957:
953:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
926:
925:
923:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
862:
859:
832:Don Carlos Pio
774:
771:
757:
756:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:
721:
718:
682:Republican era
677:Prosopographic
659:
656:
624:Esteban Bilbao
592:Don Carlos Pio
561:
558:
536:
535:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
491:
488:
446:Carloctavistas
430:Alfonso Carlos
390:
387:
374:Esteban Bilbao
324:
323:
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
308:
302:
193:Carlism at war
188:
187:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
172:
169:
144:Traditionalist
95:
94:
93:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12802:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12777:
12775:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12750:
12744:
12741:
12735:
12732:
12731:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12721:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12714:Right realism
12712:
12708:
12705:
12704:
12703:
12700:
12696:
12695:United States
12693:
12691:
12688:
12687:
12686:
12685:Radical right
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12634:
12633:United States
12631:
12630:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12605:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12572:
12570:
12566:
12563:
12559:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12547:Holy Alliance
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12512:
12511:Ancien régime
12508:
12507:
12505:
12499:
12493:
12490:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12477:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12464:
12461:
12460:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12420:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12319:Pérez Jiménez
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12116:
12114:
12110:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12068:
12066:
12065:Organisations
12062:
12059:
12055:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11769:Chateaubriand
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11726:
11724:
11722:Intellectuals
11720:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11613:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11557:Family values
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11547:Ethical order
11545:
11540:
11539:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11505:
11502:
11501:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11473:
11470:
11469:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11457:
11453:
11450:
11446:
11436:
11433:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11419:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11407:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11341:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11334:Compassionate
11332:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11321:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11258:North America
11255:
11243:
11242:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11220:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11175:
11171:
11170:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11154:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11142:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11129:
11123:
11120:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11105:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11083:
11081:
11077:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11065:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11031:Latin America
11028:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10996:
10993:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10976:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10934:
10931:
10927:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10848:One-nationism
10846:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10832:
10831:Compassionate
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10808:
10802:
10801:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10784:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10753:
10752:Carloctavismo
10749:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10730:
10722:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10675:
10671:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10642:
10640:
10636:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10599:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10573:Ritter School
10571:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10561:Revolutionary
10559:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10512:
10510:
10508:
10504:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10347:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10296:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10284:ShĆwa Statism
10282:
10280:
10279:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10267:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10254:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10176:
10170:
10167:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10140:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10080:Paternalistic
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10040:Authoritarian
10038:
10037:
10035:
10033:International
10031:
10028:
10022:
10018:
10011:
10006:
10004:
9999:
9997:
9992:
9991:
9988:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9970:
9969:
9961:
9960:9788499926346
9957:
9953:
9949:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9935:
9931:
9928:
9924:
9922:
9921:9788416558711
9918:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9903:
9901:
9900:9788475600864
9897:
9893:
9889:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9876:
9875:9788497391115
9872:
9868:
9864:
9861:
9857:
9855:
9854:9788477682653
9851:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9819:, Madrid 2015
9818:
9814:
9812:
9811:9788431315641
9808:
9804:
9800:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9779:
9773:
9766:
9757:
9748:
9739:
9730:
9721:
9715:
9714:9788420664552
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9660:
9651:
9642:
9636:
9632:
9626:
9617:
9608:
9598:
9589:
9580:
9571:
9562:
9553:
9544:
9535:
9526:
9517:
9508:
9499:
9490:
9481:
9474:
9473:9788496495463
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9452:
9443:
9436:
9432:
9425:
9416:
9407:
9398:
9389:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9344:
9335:
9326:
9317:
9308:
9299:
9290:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9256:
9247:
9238:
9229:
9222:
9216:
9207:
9198:
9189:
9180:
9170:
9161:
9152:
9143:
9134:
9125:
9116:
9107:
9098:
9089:
9080:
9071:
9062:
9053:
9044:
9035:
9026:
9017:
9011:
9005:
8996:
8987:
8978:
8969:
8960:
8951:
8942:
8933:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8895:
8886:
8877:
8871:
8867:
8861:
8852:
8843:
8834:
8825:
8816:
8807:
8798:
8789:
8780:
8773:
8767:
8758:
8749:
8740:
8733:
8732:9788488714145
8729:
8725:
8718:
8709:
8700:
8694:
8690:
8684:
8675:
8666:
8657:
8648:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8627:
8618:
8609:
8600:
8591:
8585:, Madrid 1973
8584:
8578:
8569:
8560:
8551:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8526:
8517:
8508:
8499:
8490:
8481:
8472:
8463:
8454:
8445:
8438:
8434:
8428:
8419:
8410:
8401:
8392:
8383:
8374:
8367:
8361:
8352:
8343:
8333:
8324:
8317:
8316:9788423533657
8313:
8309:
8302:
8293:
8284:
8275:
8266:
8257:
8251:
8250:Carloctavismo
8245:
8236:
8227:
8218:
8209:
8200:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8175:
8166:
8157:
8148:
8141:
8140:9788496467255
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8110:
8101:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8076:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8050:
8041:
8032:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8013:9788496845305
8010:
8006:
8000:
7991:
7982:
7973:
7964:
7955:
7946:
7937:
7928:
7919:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7893:
7884:
7875:
7866:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7841:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7816:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7791:
7782:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7758:9788488714145
7755:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7732:
7723:
7714:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7688:
7679:
7670:
7663:
7657:
7648:
7639:
7630:
7623:
7622:9788477682653
7619:
7615:
7609:
7600:
7591:
7582:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7556:
7547:
7538:
7529:
7520:
7511:
7502:
7493:
7484:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7450:
7441:
7434:
7433:9788496845305
7430:
7426:
7420:
7411:
7402:
7395:
7389:
7380:
7371:
7362:
7353:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7312:
7303:
7294:
7285:
7276:
7267:
7258:
7249:
7240:
7231:
7222:
7212:
7203:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7177:
7170:
7164:
7155:
7148:
7147:9788495735331
7144:
7140:
7136:
7135:9788424508159
7132:
7128:
7121:
7112:
7103:
7094:
7085:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7024:
7015:
7006:
6997:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6972:
6963:
6954:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6928:
6919:
6910:
6901:
6892:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6859:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6823:
6822:9788496710986
6819:
6815:
6811:
6810:9788420687698
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6780:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6752:
6748:
6747:9788416558407
6744:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6721:
6711:
6704:
6703:9780313013348
6700:
6696:
6692:
6691:9780006862109
6688:
6684:
6678:
6669:
6662:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6627:
6620:
6619:9788408121381
6616:
6612:
6608:
6607:9788416809530
6604:
6600:
6596:
6595:9788400074425
6592:
6588:
6584:
6583:9788497885102
6580:
6576:
6570:
6563:
6557:
6548:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6481:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6446:
6440:
6430:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6396:
6386:
6376:
6367:
6357:
6349:
6344:
6334:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6297:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6271:
6264:
6263:9788481024869
6260:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6225:9788487863714
6222:
6218:
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6151:9780299110741
6148:
6144:
6137:
6128:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6101:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6075:
6065:
6058:
6057:9788477387404
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5946:
5936:
5929:
5928:9788497429054
5925:
5921:
5915:
5908:
5907:9788460589327
5904:
5900:
5896:
5895:9788495735386
5892:
5888:
5884:
5883:9788416558711
5880:
5876:
5872:
5871:9788489644878
5868:
5864:
5858:
5849:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5833:9788447528899
5830:
5826:
5822:
5821:9781350030121
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5801:9781137013477
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:9781317867524
5786:
5782:
5776:
5767:
5757:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5731:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5676:
5666:
5656:
5646:
5637:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5447:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5382:
5372:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5308:
5301:
5295:
5286:
5279:
5278:9788498837261
5275:
5271:
5267:
5266:9788425307591
5263:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5234:9788493884253
5231:
5227:
5221:
5214:
5208:
5199:
5189:
5183:, pp. 293-294
5182:
5181:9788400088002
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5151:
5145:, pp. 292-293
5144:
5143:9788476819166
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5099:9788499671710
5096:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5078:9788494236501
5075:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5052:
5045:
5044:9788431315641
5041:
5037:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4961:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4930:, pp. 130-131
4929:
4928:9788472236486
4925:
4921:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4855:
4854:9788423533657
4851:
4847:
4841:
4835:, pp. 187-196
4834:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4811:
4801:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4783:Jordi Canal,
4780:
4771:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4738:Roman Oyarzun
4735:
4734:9788487863820
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4698:
4697:9788496467347
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:9788489958890
4682:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4573:9788423966363
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:9788494236501
4526:
4522:
4516:
4507:
4500:
4499:9788424506704
4496:
4492:
4486:
4479:
4478:9788460589327
4475:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4458:9788499927503
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:9788499926346
4443:
4439:
4435:
4434:9788401530524
4431:
4427:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:9780521207294
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4385:9788416558407
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4356:9780874173444
4353:
4350:, Reno 2000,
4349:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4263:
4262:9788496845305
4259:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4198:army general
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:La Vanguardia
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3912:army general
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3763:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:army general
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:army general
2196:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:Jaen, Seville
1477:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
990:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
902:
901:
866:
858:
856:
855:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
820:
816:
812:
809:
804:
800:
799:Begoña crisis
795:
790:
788:
779:
770:
763:
759:
751:
742:
738:
734:
726:
717:
714:
709:
704:
694:
690:
687:
683:
678:
669:
664:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Antonio Oriol
629:
625:
621:
613:(earlier pic)
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
580:
575:
566:
557:
555:
549:
542:
538:
530:
521:
517:
514:
510:
505:
496:
487:
485:
480:
479:
474:
469:
463:(earlier pic)
462:
458:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
438:Carloctavismo
434:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
386:
383:
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
318:
307:
304:Emergence of
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
275:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
194:
190:
182:
168:
165:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
99:
88:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
12680:Para-fascism
12660:Elite theory
12618:Anti-Masonry
12509:
12448:Confucianism
12224:John Paul II
11999:Solzhenitsyn
11708:Subsidiarity
11683:Social order
11423:Centre Right
11239:
11217:
11172:
11139:
11115:Patrianovism
11102:
11064:Nacionalismo
11062:
11050:
10798:
10781:
10757:
10750:
10718:
10651:
10610:Berlusconism
10549:Cameralistic
10462:Maurrassisme
10289:State Shinto
10278:Nippon Kaigi
10276:
10264:
10152:Confucianism
10017:Conservatism
9973:
9951:
9944:
9940:
9933:
9926:
9912:
9905:
9891:
9884:
9880:
9866:
9859:
9845:
9838:
9834:
9827:
9823:
9816:
9802:
9795:
9778:
9765:
9756:
9747:
9738:
9729:
9720:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9691:
9682:
9674:
9668:
9659:
9650:
9641:
9630:
9625:
9616:
9607:
9597:
9588:
9579:
9570:
9561:
9552:
9543:
9534:
9525:
9516:
9507:
9498:
9489:
9480:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9451:
9442:
9434:
9430:
9424:
9415:
9406:
9397:
9388:
9376:
9372:
9364:
9360:
9352:
9348:
9343:
9334:
9325:
9316:
9307:
9298:
9289:
9280:
9269:
9264:
9255:
9246:
9237:
9228:
9220:
9215:
9206:
9197:
9188:
9179:
9169:
9160:
9151:
9142:
9133:
9124:
9115:
9106:
9097:
9088:
9079:
9070:
9061:
9052:
9043:
9034:
9025:
9016:
9004:
8995:
8986:
8977:
8968:
8959:
8950:
8941:
8932:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8903:
8894:
8885:
8876:
8865:
8860:
8851:
8842:
8833:
8824:
8815:
8806:
8797:
8788:
8779:
8771:
8766:
8757:
8748:
8739:
8723:
8717:
8708:
8699:
8688:
8683:
8674:
8665:
8656:
8647:
8635:
8626:
8617:
8608:
8599:
8590:
8582:
8577:
8568:
8559:
8550:
8539:
8534:
8525:
8516:
8507:
8502:deputy mayor
8498:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8462:
8453:
8444:
8436:
8432:
8427:
8418:
8409:
8400:
8391:
8382:
8373:
8365:
8360:
8351:
8342:
8332:
8323:
8307:
8301:
8292:
8283:
8274:
8265:
8256:
8244:
8235:
8226:
8217:
8208:
8199:
8190:
8179:
8174:
8165:
8156:
8147:
8131:
8123:
8118:
8109:
8100:
8089:
8084:
8075:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8049:
8040:
8031:
8020:
8016:
8004:
7999:
7990:
7981:
7972:
7963:
7954:
7945:
7936:
7927:
7918:
7909:
7898:
7892:
7883:
7874:
7865:
7854:
7849:
7840:
7829:
7824:
7815:
7804:
7799:
7790:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7749:
7740:
7731:
7722:
7713:
7701:
7696:
7687:
7678:
7669:
7661:
7656:
7647:
7638:
7629:
7613:
7608:
7599:
7590:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7555:
7546:
7537:
7528:
7519:
7510:
7501:
7492:
7483:
7474:
7463:
7458:
7449:
7440:
7424:
7419:
7410:
7401:
7393:
7388:
7379:
7370:
7361:
7352:
7341:
7337:
7332:, available
7329:
7325:
7320:
7311:
7302:
7293:
7284:
7275:
7266:
7257:
7248:
7239:
7230:
7221:
7211:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7176:
7168:
7163:
7154:
7138:
7126:
7120:
7111:
7102:
7093:
7084:
7075:
7066:
7057:
7048:
7037:
7032:
7023:
7014:
7005:
6996:
6985:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6927:
6918:
6909:
6900:
6891:
6872:
6867:
6858:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6829:
6813:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6779:
6763:
6758:
6750:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6720:
6710:
6694:
6682:
6677:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6650:
6642:
6636:
6626:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6574:
6569:
6556:
6547:
6537:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6502:
6498:
6493:the case of
6489:
6480:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6439:
6429:
6419:
6412:Juancarlista
6405:
6395:
6385:
6375:
6366:
6356:
6343:
6333:
6323:
6309:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6279:
6270:
6254:
6248:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6216:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6175:
6166:
6158:
6154:
6142:
6136:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6074:
6064:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6015:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5983:
5969:
5955:
5945:
5935:
5919:
5914:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5857:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5824:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5775:
5766:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5645:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5604:
5575:
5561:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5524:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5485:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5403:
5390:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5354:
5351:Azada y Asta
5350:
5344:
5334:
5326:
5316:
5307:
5294:
5285:
5269:
5257:
5252:
5237:
5225:
5220:
5207:
5198:
5188:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5117:, available
5114:
5110:
5102:
5090:
5084:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5051:
5035:
5030:
5021:
5012:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4940:
4935:
4919:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4845:
4840:
4824:
4819:
4810:
4800:
4784:
4779:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4688:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4641:
4631:ForoDeDebate
4630:
4626:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4597:
4590:NuevaTribuna
4589:
4585:
4580:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4520:
4515:
4506:
4490:
4485:
4469:
4464:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4376:
4372:
4363:
4347:
4342:
4332:Tierra Vasca
4331:
4327:
4320:ForoDeDebate
4319:
4315:
4310:
4301:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4244:
3758:
3572:Cuenca, Lugo
3160:Soria, Alava
3146:FET Militia
2670:37â39, 43-46
2439:43â55, 67-77
2408:43â46, 52-67
1942:
1845:38â39, 52-58
1617:43â46, 55-61
1481:43â49, 55-58
1475:43â49, 55-58
852:
847:
824:
818:
791:
786:
784:
767:
739:
735:
731:
707:
702:
699:
673:
639:
619:
616:
595:
584:
578:
571:
553:
550:
546:
518:
503:
501:
476:
470:
466:
445:
442:new claimant
435:
426:
405:
400:
378:
352:
332:
305:
278:
227:
210:neocatĂłlicos
209:
205:
199:
158:
152:
119:
107:
106:
62:
53:
30:
12702:Reactionary
12623:Aristocracy
12595:Corporatism
12575:Agrarianism
12480:Integralism
12174:Diefenbaker
12112:Politicians
12034:Tocqueville
11749:Buckley Jr.
11703:Stewardship
11693:Sovereignty
11668:Rule of law
11616:Conventions
11606:Nationalism
11584:Imperialism
11567:Gender role
11552:Familialism
11531:Meritocracy
11526:Aristocracy
11472:Traditional
11435:New Zealand
11339:Libertarian
11147:Pinochetism
11141:Gremialismo
11098:Integralism
11088:Bolsonarism
11052:Maurrasismo
11012:Switzerland
10965:Netherlands
10858:Thatcherism
10800:Noucentisme
10714:Slavophilia
10687:Eurasianism
10578:Romanticism
10544:Prussianism
10532:Neue Rechte
10440:Bonapartism
10299:South Korea
10245:Revisionist
10197:Principlist
10100:Reactionary
10095:Progressive
10045:Corporatist
9798:, s.l. 2021
9724:FET CN pool
9484:FET CN pool
9401:FET CN pool
9259:FET CN pool
9083:FET CN pool
9074:FET CN pool
9038:FET CN pool
9020:FET CN pool
8936:FET CN pool
8880:FET CN pool
8837:FET CN pool
8752:FET CN pool
8634:, see e.g.
8612:FET CN pool
8395:FET CN pool
8260:FET CN pool
8221:FET CN pool
8169:FET CN pool
7949:FET CN pool
7931:FET CN pool
7673:FET CN pool
7642:FET CN pool
7541:FET CN pool
7405:FET CN pool
7297:FET CN pool
7279:FET CN pool
7270:FET CN pool
7180:FET CN pool
7158:FET CN pool
6975:FET CN pool
6837:(1939) and
6621:, pp. 29-30
5568:Luis ArgemĂ
4856:, pp. 21-43
4785:El carlismo
3252:Ciudad Real
3246:Ciudad Real
713:Vascongadas
636:JoaquĂn Bau
620:Rodeznistas
611:Cora y Lira
574:homogeneous
473:Carlos Hugo
461:JoaquĂn Bau
451:Javieristas
418:opportunism
260:Emilio Mola
206:apostĂłlicos
138:executive,
12774:Categories
12568:Ideologies
12503:background
12501:Historical
12289:Metternich
12264:Mannerheim
12139:Berlusconi
11869:La Mennais
11799:Dostoevsky
11774:Chesterton
11688:Solidarity
11653:Patriotism
11638:Organicism
11594:Monarchism
11511:Discipline
11455:Principles
11448:Philosophy
11236:Venezuela
11212:Fujimorism
11110:Monarchist
11093:Coronelism
11000:Monarchist
10988:Monarchist
10960:Luxembourg
10926:Monarchist
10821:Cameronism
10692:Monarchist
10627:Sanfedismo
10455:Legitimism
10356:Bangladesh
10335:ErdoÄanism
10330:Democratic
10192:Monarchist
10187:Khomeinism
9602:identified
8726:, vol. 3,
8636:Eka.Mforos
8366:Montejurra
8337:afterwards
8306:SotorrĂo,
7746:his father
7662:Montejurra
7394:Montejurra
7342:Hispanismo
7169:Montejurra
6772:8487863949
6663:102 (1969)
6328:importance
5355:El AlcĂĄzar
5327:Montejurra
5246:8497725565
4833:8487863523
4793:8420639478
2726:Las Palmas
1943:El AlcazĂĄr
854:transiciĂłn
836:Don Javier
404:lambasted
382:Alfonsists
356:Don Javier
239:Boulangism
230:liberalism
223:monarchist
215:pidalistas
171:Background
56:March 2024
40:improve it
12790:Francoism
12399:de Valera
12359:Salisbury
12304:Netanyahu
12259:Macdonald
12229:KaczyĆski
12209:de Gaulle
12169:Churchill
12149:Bolsonaro
12134:Andreotti
11974:Santayana
11939:Oakeshott
11899:Mansfield
11779:Coleridge
11729:Bainville
11713:Tradition
11648:Orthodoxy
11467:Authority
11418:Australia
11381:Reaganism
11371:Old Right
11354:Tea Party
11344:Fusionism
11230:Herrerism
11192:Guatemala
11039:Argentina
10978:Miguelist
10974:Portugal
10853:Powellism
10777:Integrism
10765:Francoism
10741:Alfonsism
10664:Sarmatism
10554:Socialist
10492:Sarkozysm
10478:Orléanism
10398:Chiangism
10388:Singapore
10361:Hong Kong
10312:New Right
10240:Religious
10147:Chiangism
10105:Religious
10090:Pragmatic
10026:by region
9974:Oriamendi
9782:1939-1942
9742:1940-1957
9663:1968-1969
9654:1965-1968
9645:1964-1965
9620:1942-1944
9583:1962-1969
9565:1951-1953
9556:1951-1953
9520:1940-1945
9446:1937-1938
9419:1966-1969
9410:1951-1956
9392:1969-1973
9210:1939-1940
9201:1938-1939
9192:1937-1938
9183:1936-1937
9164:1943-1946
9155:1948-1957
9146:1943-1948
9128:1937-1938
9101:1954-1967
9056:1940-1942
9047:1939-1940
9029:1941-1943
8990:1951-1952
8981:1943-1951
8972:1939-1943
8954:1937-1939
8898:1968-1972
8889:1968-1972
8855:1942-1943
8846:1941-1942
8828:1939-1943
8819:1937-1939
8783:1938-1939
8761:1937-1938
8743:1941-1942
8712:1937-1942
8669:1938-1939
8660:1941-1943
8572:1939-1941
8563:1937-1940
8529:president
8511:1965-1973
8457:1943-1946
8413:1937-1938
8404:1938-1939
8368:39 (1964)
8239:1939-1943
8230:1938-1939
8160:1963-1966
8113:1961-1964
8044:1951-1956
7994:1946-1949
7976:1965-1969
7940:1951-1965
7887:1940-1941
7869:1938-1939
7794:1941-1942
7785:1941-1942
7735:1960-1962
7726:1958-1960
7717:1958-1960
7691:1969-1971
7594:1937-1938
7559:1936-1938
7532:1941-1942
7505:1938-1939
7453:1944-1958
7383:1971-1973
7374:1963-1965
7365:1961-1963
7315:1943-1949
7306:1941-1943
7252:1943-1965
7243:1939-1943
7088:1943-1946
7027:1962-1963
7000:1942-1945
5509:Francoism
5329:11 (1961)
5046:, pp. 1-7
4328:Pajaritos
4237:Footnotes
4216:Francoism
3780:Prov/FET
3585:La Coruña
3336:Tarragona
2797:d. Madrid
2667:La Coruña
2416:CastellĂłn
2229:official
1911:Salamanca
1652:Salamanca
883:Prov/FET
666:share of
422:careerism
281:Civil War
244:Polavieja
219:mellistas
44:verifying
12734:European
12470:Islamism
12453:Hindutva
12423:Religion
12394:Vajpayee
12384:Trujillo
12379:Thatcher
12369:Stolypin
12324:Pinochet
12239:Khomeini
12234:Khamenei
12204:Fujimori
12189:Dollfuss
12179:Disraeli
12144:Bismarck
12129:Adenauer
12057:Politics
12044:Voegelin
12014:Spengler
11984:Schlegel
11949:Peterson
11909:Menéndez
11884:Leontiev
11854:Karamzin
11829:Hitchens
11599:Royalism
11504:Pro-Life
11396:Trumpism
11361:Movement
11280:Trumpism
11275:Populism
11226:Uruguay
11219:Odriismo
11168:Colombia
11122:Populism
11058:Menemism
10984:Romania
10943:Populist
10938:Metaxism
10922:Georgia
10783:Mellismo
10709:Putinism
10682:Duginism
10590:Völkisch
10520:Hegelian
10515:Agrarian
10445:Gaullism
10376:Pakistan
10371:Malaysia
10307:Ilminism
10225:Kahanism
10085:Populist
10075:National
10070:Moderate
10050:Cultural
8734:, p. 216
8538:1957-?,
8142:, p. 246
7664:6 (1961)
7624:, p. 250
7435:, p. 152
7396:6 (1961)
7171:6 (1961)
6880:Archived
6475:Zabaleta
5113:entry,
4714:Historia
4699:, p. 324
4501:, p. 423
4480:, p. 205
4264:, p. 162
4205:See also
4086:general
4000:general
3949:aviation
3805:interior
3768:gvrnmnt
3496:Pamplona
3399:Gipuzkoa
3053:Gipuzkoa
3003:Donostia
2962:Baleares
2937:Gipuzkoa
2673:Gipuzkoa
2425:Valencia
2282:Donostia
2194:Pamplona
1969:Pamplona
1930:Tenerife
1925:Tenerife
1716:Pamplona
1579:admiral
1219:Gipuzkoa
1090:Pamplona
979:general
922:Pamplona
871:gvrnmnt
828:Don Juan
588:Don Juan
256:Sanjurjo
195:, 1830s
12780:Carlism
12561:Related
12409:Zemmour
12374:Suharto
12354:Salazar
12284:Metaxas
12279:Menzies
12274:Maurras
12194:ErdoÄan
12184:Dmowski
12159:Canning
12154:GW Bush
12024:Strauss
11994:Scruton
11989:Schmitt
11979:Savigny
11964:Rivarol
11934:Novalis
11904:Maurras
11894:Maistre
11879:Le Play
11844:Johnson
11764:Carlyle
11759:Burnham
11734:Barruel
11621:Customs
11589:Loyalty
11521:Elitism
11410:Oceania
11297:Toryism
11207:Peruvia
11180:Uribism
11174:Rojismo
11104:Janismo
11017:Ukraine
10955:Iceland
10950:Hungary
10918:Finland
10913:Denmark
10901:Belgium
10896:Austria
10863:Toryism
10813:Kingdom
10789:Maurism
10746:Carlism
10702:Tsarism
10653:Kaczyzm
10507:Germany
10266:Minzoku
10230:Zionism
10065:Liberal
10024:Schools
8318:, p. 56
7899:Requete
7336:, also
7149:, p. 79
6853:, p. 33
6705:, p. 88
5976:Lamamie
5519:Florida
5165:requeté
4575:, p. 42
4211:Carlism
3777:CN/FET
3771:Cortes
2907:Navarre
2809:justice
2709:Vitoria
2475:Navarre
2358:Logroño
2222:Vitoria
2143:justice
2095:Logroño
2039:Navarre
1987:Granada
1672:justice
1326:justice
1294:economy
880:CN/FET
874:Cortes
509:Navarre
502:During
335:Serrano
290:Rodezno
274:Rodezno
234:masonry
155:Spanish
124:Carlism
118:, also
112:Spanish
38:Please
12690:Europe
12349:Reagan
12334:Powell
12294:Mobutu
12269:Marcos
12249:Le Pen
12219:Horthy
12214:Harper
12199:Franco
12164:Chiang
12039:Uvarov
12004:Sowell
11929:Nisbet
11924:Newman
11919:MĂŒller
11874:Le Bon
11849:JĂŒnger
11824:Haller
11814:Fardid
11794:DĂĄvila
11789:Cortés
11744:Bonald
11739:Belloc
11579:Honour
11386:Social
11326:States
11324:United
11292:Social
11267:Canada
11216:
11202:Panama
11197:Mexico
11163:Belize
11080:Brazil
11007:Sweden
10995:Serbia
10970:Norway
10933:Greece
10906:Rexism
10878:Social
10811:United
10674:Russia
10639:Poland
10423:France
10414:Europe
10393:Taiwan
10381:Ziaism
10322:Turkey
10220:Jewish
10207:Israel
10110:Social
10055:Fiscal
9958:
9919:
9898:
9873:
9852:
9809:
9760:1941-?
9712:
9471:
8730:
8314:
8138:
8011:
7756:
7620:
7431:
7145:
7133:
6849:
6820:
6808:
6770:
6745:
6701:
6689:
6617:
6605:
6593:
6581:
6261:
6223:
6149:
6055:
5926:
5905:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5831:
5819:
5799:
5787:
5408:Aragon
5376:better
5276:
5264:
5244:
5232:
5179:
5141:
5097:
5076:
5042:
4926:
4852:
4831:
4791:
4732:
4695:
4683:
4571:
4527:
4497:
4476:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4403:
4383:
4354:
4260:
3929:Orense
3924:Orense
3795:other
3792:mayor
3629:Lerida
3547:Burgos
3218:Burgos
3118:varia
3079:Gerona
3031:Bilbao
2932:Murcia
2860:Bilbao
2851:Biscay
2064:Biscay
1956:Biscay
1006:Orense
968:Orense
963:Orense
898:other
895:mayor
773:Impact
668:Cortes
652:bĂșnker
484:bunker
414:wealth
364:mayors
248:Weyler
140:Cortes
12389:Trump
12364:Smith
12344:Putin
12309:OrbĂĄn
12124:Adams
12029:Taine
12019:Stahl
12009:Spann
11969:Röpke
11959:Renan
11954:Ranke
11889:Lewis
11839:Iorga
11819:Gentz
11809:Evola
11804:Eliot
11784:Comte
11754:Burke
11626:Mores
11611:Norms
11376:Paleo
11349:Paleo
11156:Other
11132:Chile
10889:Other
10826:Civic
10733:Spain
10602:Italy
10566:Young
10366:India
10349:Other
10257:Japan
10139:China
10120:Ultra
10060:Green
9377:Abril
8621:37-38
6414:cause
6069:years
5366:Gauna
4103:49-64
4098:49-64
4069:46-53
3987:37-46
3982:43-52
3957:61-67
3952:61-77
3903:67-72
3894:43-71
3870:43-71
3864:43-71
3840:Alava
3814:64-77
3808:64-77
3765:name
3737:67-71
3709:71-77
3693:72-76
3686:61-77
3681:61-77
3653:67-71
3569:43-46
3544:37-43
3539:67-77
3514:37-39
3481:55-61
3456:39-51
3451:43-51
3426:37-39
3421:43-58
3369:64-67
3363:64-67
3339:43-46
3333:43-46
3305:67-71
3280:43-58
3274:43-58
3249:58-67
3243:58-67
3191:58-64
3186:58-64
3101:43-67
3050:43-61
3045:43-61
2992:43-64
2987:43-67
2929:43-46
2904:52-61
2899:52-61
2877:64-67
2872:55-67
2848:37-39
2843:55-77
2824:73-79
2821:73-78
2812:55-77
2782:52-65
2753:43-58
2729:43-46
2723:43-49
2694:43-46
2664:43-46
2605:58-61
2579:43-51
2551:71-76
2529:37-43
2497:43-46
2468:55-60
2413:52-67
2380:55-58
2328:61-67
2323:61-67
2297:Alava
2294:43-61
2267:61-64
2239:49-55
2225:high
2207:49-58
2179:46-49
2162:65-69
2157:65-69
2152:49-76
2146:49-76
2121:55-61
2116:55-61
2067:39-45
2061:43-49
2007:67-71
1941:mngr
1896:67-71
1872:58-67
1867:58-67
1840:52-58
1812:67-77
1791:Alava
1786:Alava
1763:Alava
1733:61-64
1728:61-64
1680:37-46
1675:43-46
1649:37-39
1594:55-61
1589:46-61
1539:61-67
1534:61-67
1505:55-61
1447:71-77
1423:58-64
1418:58-64
1394:71-77
1389:71-77
1361:52-55
1344:43-65
1339:43-65
1334:43-65
1329:43-65
1310:65-73
1307:65-73
1302:58-71
1297:58-73
1268:58-77
1246:37-39
1191:61-67
1186:61-67
1164:64-77
1159:64-77
1133:67-71
1109:37-39
1104:52-67
1075:43-46
1056:71-76
1047:67-76
1019:71-77
991:61-64
939:58-61
934:58-61
868:name
794:Ălava
670:seats
642:were
12707:Neo-
12329:Pitt
12314:Park
12299:Modi
12244:Kohl
11914:More
11859:Kirk
11834:Hume
11516:Duty
11312:Pink
11302:Blue
11187:Cuba
10868:High
10179:Iran
10130:Asia
9956:ISBN
9917:ISBN
9896:ISBN
9871:ISBN
9850:ISBN
9807:ISBN
9710:ISBN
9635:here
9511:1940
9502:1939
9493:1939
9469:ISBN
9381:here
9369:here
9357:here
9274:here
9232:1938
9065:1937
8963:1939
8945:1937
8870:here
8728:ISBN
8693:here
8678:1937
8640:here
8544:here
8475:1946
8312:ISBN
8287:1937
8194:1943
8184:here
8136:ISBN
8128:here
8094:here
8025:here
8009:ISBN
7967:1939
7958:1939
7913:1937
7903:here
7859:here
7834:here
7819:1937
7809:here
7754:ISBN
7706:here
7618:ISBN
7603:1938
7550:1937
7496:1938
7468:here
7429:ISBN
7346:here
7334:here
7206:1936
7143:ISBN
7131:ISBN
7042:here
6990:here
6957:1961
6877:here
6847:ISBN
6818:ISBN
6806:ISBN
6768:ISBN
6743:ISBN
6699:ISBN
6687:ISBN
6615:ISBN
6603:ISBN
6591:ISBN
6579:ISBN
6542:1969
6507:here
6259:ISBN
6221:ISBN
6147:ISBN
6053:ISBN
5924:ISBN
5903:ISBN
5891:ISBN
5879:ISBN
5867:ISBN
5841:Ayer
5829:ISBN
5817:ISBN
5797:ISBN
5785:ISBN
5274:ISBN
5262:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5230:ISBN
5177:ISBN
5139:ISBN
5119:here
5107:here
5095:ISBN
5074:ISBN
5040:ISBN
4945:here
4924:ISBN
4850:ISBN
4829:ISBN
4789:ISBN
4730:ISBN
4722:Ayer
4693:ISBN
4681:ISBN
4635:here
4594:here
4569:ISBN
4561:here
4553:here
4541:here
4525:ISBN
4495:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4442:ISBN
4430:ISBN
4401:ISBN
4381:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4336:here
4324:here
4295:here
4283:here
4258:ISBN
4179:army
4028:mgr
630:and
420:and
12729:New
12404:Zia
12254:Lee
12119:Abe
11366:Neo
11307:Red
10873:Red
10843:Neo
10272:Neo
10235:Neo
10162:New
10157:Neo
9883:,
9837:,
9826:,
9459:,
9433:,
9375:,
9363:,
9351:,
9174:218
8919:,
8911:,
8435:,
8090:ABC
8066:,
8019:,
7830:ABC
7772:,
7764:,
7572:,
7340:,
7193:,
7038:ABC
6944:,
6873:ABC
6659:,
6523:,
6501:,
6287:,
6239:,
6231:,
6157:,
6118:,
6091:,
6031:,
6000:,
5839:,
5747:,
5721:,
5627:,
5429:,
4941:BOE
4887:,
4761:,
4720:,
4712:,
4658:,
4629:,
4588:,
4547:,
4535:,
4411:,
4330:,
4318:,
4289:,
4277:,
2649:in
2227:BdE
838:or
362:or
294:Fal
254:or
153:In
42:by
12776::
6047:,
5193:90
4740:,
4371:,
834:,
830:,
626:,
486:.
266:.
250:,
246:,
232:,
114::
10009:e
10002:t
9995:v
162:â
110:(
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.