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is the primary method of producing modern aluminium and requires high purity alumina to produce aluminium. The Bayer process produces high purity alumina which is then used in the Hall–Heroult process as the main raw material. In 1900, aluminium was valued at the equivalent of 100 current US dollars,
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that he discovered previously. Both steps are widely used today but have been improved upon as technology has evolved. After discovery, Bayer worked as a startup consultant for alumina manufacturing around Europe. Bayer returned to
Austria in 1894 to start an alumina factory but was unable to secure
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Bayer worked in the textile industry in Saint
Petersburg, where aluminium hydroxide was used to help affix dye to the cotton. While working he made two important discoveries regarding processing steps that helped separate the Bayer process from that of Le Chatelier. In 1887, Bayer found that by using
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a pure seed of aluminium hydroxide, a crystalline precipitate formed that was more economical than that obtained by Le
Chatelier. He later patented his discovery in Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom in 1887. In 1892, Bayer discovered that by using an
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but over the next 50 years decreased in price to approximately 20 current US dollars. This decrease is attributed to the increase in the ease of manufacturing associated with aluminium after Bayer, Hall, and
Heroult’s discoveries.
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where he found it. To obtain the alumina from the bauxite ore, a process was developed that used acid to dissolve aluminium but resulted in a product that contained large amounts of
513:"Inflation in the UK: Aluminium the Metal that has Never been so Inexpensive – Inflation Adjusted Historical Aluminium Price since 1900 in Pounds Sterling and US Dollars"
136:, Russia, in 1885 where he flourished as an inventor. At age 45 he married the daughter of a Russian politician, Alma Von Witte, and settled in Rietzdorf (modern day
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dissolved within which were difficult to remove. Due to these impurities, the process was not employed for use, but was an approach that was explored.
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to develop a method to provide alumina to the textile industry that used it as a fixing agent in the dyeing of cotton. In 1887, he discovered that
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180:. Bubbling through the solution with carbon dioxide precipitated aluminium hydroxide, which when dried, allowed for the recovery of alumina.
144:). Together they had six children. He died in 1904 at the age of 57. His wife would survive him until 1962, when she died at the age of 94.
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Alumina and aluminium production underwent significant changes in processing due to discoveries made by Karl Bayer,
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84:, Bayer's solution caused the price of aluminium to drop about 80% in 1890 from what it had been in 1854.
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solution which is crystalline and can be filtered and washed more easily than that precipitated from an
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In the mid-19th-century, aluminium was so precious that a bar of the metal was exhibited alongside the
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United States Patent
Application 20050238571: Process and apparatus for the production of alumina.
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Habashi, Fathi (1995). "Bayer's
Process for Alumina Production: A Historical Perspective".
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Habashi, Fathi (September 2004). "Karl Josef Bayer and his time- Part 1".
222:. Hall and Heroult share credit for inventing aluminium electrolysis. The
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Habashi, Fathi (October 2004). "Karl Josef Bayer and his time - Part 2".
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Treatise on
Process Metallurgy Volume 3: Industrial Processes, Part A
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Habashi, Fathi (2005). "A short history of hydrometallurgy".
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42:, essential to this day to the economical production of
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193:, or a pressure leaching vessel, in combination with a
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Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda
Wilmoth, eds. (2003).
26:, 4 March 1847 – 4 October 1904) was a chemist from
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337:. European Aluminium Association. Archived from
184:Bayer's contribution to aluminium ore processing
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482:"Primary Production | The Aluminum Association"
335:Training in Aluminium Application Technologies
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197:leachant the process resulted in a very pure
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92:Carl Bayer was born on 4 March 1847 in the
206:enough capital to fully fund the project.
269:. United Kingdom: Elsevier. p. 841.
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328:"Resources and Production of Aluminium"
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201:solution that could be used for his
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112:, where he studied chemistry under
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152:Bauxite was discovered in 1821 by
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94:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
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461:"Process of Obtaining Alumina"
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80:in Paris 1855. Along with the
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563:Chemists from Austria-Hungary
298:. Vol. 1. Thomson-Gale.
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16:Austrian chemist (1847–1904)
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88:Personal life and education
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49:Bayer had been working in
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78:Exposition Universelle
344:on September 29, 2005
126:Technische Hochschule
106:Heidelberg University
57:precipitated from an
242:History of aluminium
82:Hall–Héroult process
517:Inflation in the UK
224:Hall–Heroult method
216:Charles Martin Hall
74:French Crown Jewels
55:aluminium hydroxide
492:on October 2, 2019
203:precipitation step
170:Louis Le Chatelier
486:www.aluminium.org
276:978-0-08-096988-6
237:Electrometallurgy
30:who invented the
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547:Categories
292:"Aluminum"
253:References
65:medium by
24:Karl Bayer
522:April 19,
496:April 16,
465:utpto.gov
191:autoclave
176:and then
158:Les Beaux
44:aluminium
422:: 61–64.
374:: 62–66.
348:March 1,
231:See also
178:leaching
166:titanium
142:Slovenia
59:alkaline
534:Sources
110:Germany
96:in the
76:at the
40:bauxite
36:alumina
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122:indium
102:Poland
22:(also
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