Carbon emission trading

1381: 1336: 1799:. Phase 1, which was similar to Japan's voluntary scheme, ran until 2015. Emitters had to cut their emissions by 6% or 8% depending on the type of organization; from 2011, those who exceed their limits were required to buy matching allowances, or invest in renewable-energy certificates, or offset credits issued by smaller businesses or branch offices. Polluters that failed to comply were liable up to 500,000 yen in fines plus credits for 1.3 times excess emissions. In its fourth year, emissions were reduced by 23% compared to base-year emissions. In phase 2 (FY2015–FY2019), the target was expected to increase to 15–17%. The aim was to cut Tokyo's carbon emissions by 25% from 2000 levels by 2020. 1862:

fishery sector (who are not participants) received a one-off free allocation of units on a historic basis. Owners of pre-1990 forests received a fixed free allocation of units. Free allocation to emissions-intensive industry, is provided on an output-intensity basis. For this sector, there is no set limit on the number of units that may be allocated. The number of units allocated to eligible emitters is based on the average emissions per unit of output within a defined 'activity'. Bertram and Terry (2010, p 16) state that as the NZ ETS does not 'cap' emissions, the NZ ETS is not a cap and trade scheme as understood in the economics literature.

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included in the trading system: chemicals, petrochemicals, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, paper, power and aviation, but many of the companies involved lacked consistent data. Therefore, by the end of 2017, the allocation of emission quotas have started but it has been limited to only the power sector and will gradually expand, although the operation of the market is yet to begin. In this system, Companies that are involved will be asked to meet target level of reduction and the level will contract gradually.

1824: 1260:, such as a firm being given fewer permits in the future for aiming to cut emissions drastically. Another method of grandfathering is to base allocations on current production of economic goods rather than historical emissions. Under this method of allocation, the government will set a benchmark level of emissions for each good deemed to be sufficiently trade exposed and allocate firms units based on their production of this good. However, allocating permits in proportion to output implicitly subsidises production. 1687: 40: 7953: 7941: 2020: 7977: 7965: 1312:. Auctioning permits can therefore be more efficient and equitable than allocating permits. Garnaut stated that full auctioning will provide greater transparency and accountability and lower implementation and transaction costs as governments retain control over the permit revenue. Auctions of units are more flexible in distributing costs, provide more incentives for innovation, lessen the political arguments over the allocation of 1024: 1292:, whose 230 member airlines comprise 93% of all international traffic, argue that emissions levels should be based on industry averages rather than using individual companies' previous emissions levels to set their future permit allowances, stating that "would penalise airlines that took early action to modernise their fleets, while a benchmarking approach, if designed properly, would reward more efficient operations". 338: 1248:

unexpected, then there will likely be a one-time loss due to the change in regulations and not simply due to paying the real cost of carbon. However, if there is advanced notice of this change, or if the carbon price is introduced gradually, this one-time regulatory cost will be minimized. There has now been enough advance notice of carbon pricing that this effect should be negligible on average.

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loss of competitiveness. They may therefore make strategic production decisions that involve carbon leakage. To mitigate carbon leakage and its effects on the environment, policymakers need to harmonize international climate policies and provide incentives to prevent companies from relocating production to regions with more lenient environmental regulations.

1760:($ 118) in February 2023. A 2024 study further demonstrated that the EU ETS has incidentally contributed to reduce atmospheric levels of air pollutants in the EU including sulfur dioxide, fine particulate matter, and nitrogen oxide. This reduction has translated in local health co-benefits, alongside the system's primary goal of mitigating climate change. 1653:

for the design of a national system in the near future. Their successes or failures will, therefore, have far-reaching implications for carbon market development in China in terms of trust in a national carbon trading market. Some of the pilot regions can start trading as early as 2013/2014. National trading is expected to start in 2017, latest in 2020.

1581:. One requirement for Greens' support was a carbon price, which Gillard proceeded with in forming a minority government. A fixed carbon-price would proceed to a floating-price ETS within a few years under the plan. The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a "carbon tax", and when the government proposed the 1675: 1730:. The third trading period lasted from January 2013 to December 2020. Compared to 2005, when the EU ETS was first implemented, the proposed caps for 2020 represent a 21% reduction of greenhouse gases. This target was achieved six years early as emissions in the ETS fell to 1.812 billion (10) tonnes in 2014. 1945:(H.R. 2454), a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade bill, was passed on 26 June 2009, in the House of Representatives by a vote of 219–212. The bill originated in the House Energy and Commerce Committee and was introduced by Representatives Henry A. Waxman and Edward J. Markey. The political advocacy organizations 1889:

e, it now forms the second largest carbon market in the world following the EU ETS. This amounts to roughly two-thirds of the country's emissions. The Korean emissions trading scheme is part of the Republic of Korea's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% compared to the business-as-usual

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The Garnaut Climate Change Review noted that grandfathered permits are not free of cost. As the permits are scarce, they have value, and the benefit of that value is acquired in full by the emitter. The cost is imposed elsewhere in the economy, typically on consumers who cannot pass on the costs: The

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Döbbeling-Hildebrandt, Niklas; Miersch, Klaas; Khanna, Tarun M.; Bachelet, Marion; Bruns, Stephan B.; Callaghan, Max; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Flachsland, Christian; Forster, Piers M.; Kalkuhl, Matthias; Koch, Nicolas; Lamb, William F.; Ohlendorf, Nils; Steckel, Jan Christoph; Minx, Jan C. (May 16, 2024).

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Generally, emitters will profit from permits allocated to them for free. But if they must pay, their profits will be reduced. If the carbon price equals the true social cost of carbon, then long-run profit reduction will reflect the consequences of paying this new cost. If having to pay this cost is

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variant of emissions trading, a cap on access to a resource is defined and then allocated among users in the form of permits. Compliance is established by comparing actual emissions with permits surrendered. The setting of the cap affects the environmental integrity of carbon trading, and can result

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allowances will be traded independently. A major difference to the ETS is that ETS2 will cover the CO2 emissions upstream - whereby accredited fuel suppliers who places the fuel on the EU market will be obliged to cover that fuel with ETS2 emission allowances. The ETS2 covers around 40% of the EU's

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In November 2011, China approved pilot tests of carbon trading in seven provinces and cities—Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, as well as Guangdong Province and Hubei Province, with different prices in each region. The pilot is intended to test the waters and provide valuable lessons

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questioned an ETS, advocating a "simple tax" as the best way to reduce emissions. Shortly before the carbon vote, Abbott defeated Turnbull in a leadership challenge (1 December 2009), and from there on the Liberals opposed the ETS. This left the Rudd Labor government unable to secure passage of the

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The complexity of cap and trade schemes around the world has resulted in the uncertainties around such schemes in Australia, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, New Zealand, and the US. As a result, some organizations have had little incentive to innovate and comply, resulting in an ongoing battle

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wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$ 15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas emissions credits. Under the proposed cap-and-trade program, all GHG emissions credits would have been auctioned off, generating an estimated $ 78.7 billion in

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The effort to start a national trading system has faced some problems that took longer than expected to solve, mainly in the complicated process of initial data collection to determine the base level of pollution emission. According to the initial design, there will be eight sectors that are first

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Regulatory agencies run the risk of issuing too many emission credits, which can result in a very low price on emission permits. This reduces the incentive that permit-liable firms have to cut back their emissions. On the other hand, issuing too few permits can result in an excessively high permit

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At the same time, allocating permits can be used as a measure to protect domestic firms who are internationally exposed to competition. This happens when domestic firms compete against other firms that are not subject to the same regulation. This argument in favor of allocation of permits has been

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of not selling the permit at full value. As a result, profit-maximising firms receiving free permits will raise prices to customers because of the new, non-zero cost of emissions. This gives permit-liable polluters an incentive to reduce their emissions. However, if a firm sells the same amount of

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by allowing private trading of permits, coordinating with national emissions targets provided under the Kyoto Protocol. Under such programmes, a national or international authority allocates permits to individual companies based on established criteria, with a view to meeting targets at the lowest

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An auction is preferred to grandfathering (giving companies permits based on historical output or emissions), because it allows reduced tax distortions, provides more flexibility in distribution of costs, provides greater incentives for innovation, and reduces the need for politically contentious

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emission units. There is a domestic emission unit; the 'New Zealand Unit' (NZU), which was initially issued by free allocation to emitters until auctions of units commenced in 2020. The NZU is equivalent to 1 tonne of carbon dioxide. Free allocation of units varies between sectors. The commercial

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emissions even though the prices for carbon were set at low prices. A review of 13 policy evaluations quantifies this emission reduction effect at 7%. A 2023 study on the effects of the EU ETS identified a reduction in carbon emissions in the order of -10% between 2005 and 2012 with no impacts on

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to reduce emissions by requiring electricity generators and large consumers to purchase NSW Greenhouse Abatement Certificates (NGACs). This has prompted the rollout of free energy-efficient compact fluorescent lightbulbs and other energy-efficiency measures, funded by the credits. This scheme has

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Some groups have claimed that non-existent emission reductions can be recorded under the Kyoto Protocol due to the surplus of allowances that some countries possess. For example, Russia had a surplus of allowances due to its economic collapse following the end of the Soviet Union. Other countries

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The current state of carbon emissions trading shows that roughly 22% of global greenhouse emissions are covered by 64 carbon taxes and emission trading systems as of 2021. Energy intensive industries that are covered by such instruments may view the regulatory disparity between jurisdictions as a

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of their actions. Regulation of emissions applied only to one economic sector or region drastically reduces the efficiency of efforts to reduce global emissions. There is, however, no scientific consensus over how to share the costs and benefits of reducing future climate change, or the costs and

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released "Trading Carbon: How it works and why it is controversial" which compiles many of the arguments against carbon trading. According to Carbon Trade Watch, carbon trading has had a "disastrous track record". The effectiveness of the EU ETS was criticized, and it was argued that the CDM had

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Carbon offset and credit programs are coming under increased scrutiny because their claimed emissions reductions may be inflated compared to the actual reductions achieved. To be credible, the reduction in emissions must meet three criteria: they must last indefinitely, be additional to emission

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Emissions trading sets a quantitative total limit on the emissions produced by all participating emitters, which correspondingly determines the prices of emissions. Under emission trading, a polluter having more emissions than their quota has to purchase the right to emit more from emitters with

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Two regional mandatory schemes exist however, in Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture. The city of Tokyo consumes as much energy as "entire countries in Northern Europe, and its production matches the GNP of the world's 16th largest country". A cap-and-trade carbon trading scheme launched in April 2010

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Grandfathering may also slow down technological development towards less polluting technologies. The Garnaut Report noted that any method for free permit allocation will have the disadvantages of high complexity, high transaction costs, value-based judgements, and the use of arbitrary emissions

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Emissions trading has been criticized for a variety of reasons. For one, it has been argued that climate change requires more radical solutions than pollution trading schemes, and that systemic changes must be made to reduce fossil fuel usage. At the same time, carbon credits have been seen as

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Tradable emissions permits can be issued to firms within an ETS by two main ways: by free allocation of permits to existing emitters or by auction. In the first case, the government receives no carbon revenue. In the second it receives the full value of the permits, on average. In either case,

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by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere. When an entity invests in a carbon offsetting program, it receives carbon credit or offset credit, which account for the net climate benefits that one entity brings to another. After certification by a government or

1136:. Article 6.2 enabled countries to directly trade carbon credits and units of renewable power with each other. Article 6.4 established a new international carbon market allowing countries or companies to use carbon credits generated in other countries to help meet their climate targets. 2259:. Climate Change 2005: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: GRID-Arendal website. Archived from 2978:. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from 2936:. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from 276:

was the first major agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. 38 developed countries committed themselves to targets and timetables. The resulting inflexible limitations on GHG growth could entail substantial costs if countries have to solely rely on their own domestic measures.

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applied only to developed countries might lead to a positive leakage to developing countries. However, a negative leakage might also occur due to technological developments driven by domestic regulation of GHGs, helping to reduce emissions even in less regulated regions.

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to another region or sector with less regulation. Generally, leakages reduce the effectiveness of domestic emission abatement efforts. Notwithstanding, leakages may also be negative in nature, increasing the effectiveness of domestic abatement efforts. For example, a

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state that, empirically, businesses tend to oppose auctioning of emissions permits, while economists almost uniformly recommend auctioning permits. Auctioning permits provides the government with revenues, which can be used to fund low-carbon investment and cuts in

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The Bill changes the allocation provisions of the existing CCRA from allocating a fixed pool of emissions to an uncapped approach to allocation. There is no longer an explicit limit on the number of New Zealand units (NZUs) that can be allocated to the industrial

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Trading is set to begin in 2014 after a three-year rollout period. It is a mandatory energy efficiency trading scheme covering eight sectors responsible for 54 per cent of India's industrial energy consumption. India has pledged a 20 to 25 per cent reduction in

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The scheme has been divided into four "trading periods". The first ETS trading period lasted three years, from January 2005 to December 2007. The second trading period ran from January 2008 until December 2012, coinciding with the first commitment period of the

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In the short term, the Government is unlikely to sell emission units because the Kyoto units allocated to New Zealand will be needed to support New Zealand's international obligations, as well as allocation to eligible sectors under the emissions trading

2230:. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. p. 6. Archived from 1446:

published an article about cap-and-trade systems, which argued that "Carbon markets create a muddle" and "...leave much room for unverifiable manipulation". Emissions trading schemes have also been criticised for the potential of creating a new

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Another economically efficient solution to carbon leakage is border adjustment, where tariffs are set on imported goods from less regulated countries. A problem with border adjustments is that they might be used as a disguise for trade

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In China, some companies started artificial production of greenhouse gases with sole purpose of recycling and gaining carbon credits. Similar practices happened in India. Earned credit were then sold to companies in US and Europe.

4620: 1645:, which started operating in 2021. The initial design of the system targets a scope of 3.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions that come from 1700 installations. It has made a voluntary pledge under the UNFCCC to lower CO 1604:

government elected in September 2013 promised to reverse the climate legislation of the previous government. In July 2014, the carbon tax was repealed - as well as the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) that was to start in 2015.

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defeated Rudd in a leadership challenge, becoming Federal Prime Minister in June 2010. She promised that she would not introduce a carbon tax, but would look to legislate a price on carbon when taking the government to the

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in November 2011. The Liberal Party vowed to repeal the bill if elected. The bill thus resulted in passage of the Clean Energy Act, which possessed a great deal of flexibility in its design and uncertainty over its future.

3370:, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1208:

The Paris Agreement provided a legal base for the creation of a global carbon market, which has a potentially significant role in stopping climate change. In the beginning of 2024, the idea made some progress, as in the

1787:) had planned to introduce one, but the plan lost momentum after Hatoyama resigned as prime minister, due partly from industrial opposition, and was eventually shelved. Japan has a voluntary scheme. Furthermore, the 1713:

in the EU. Cap and trade schemes limit emissions of specified pollutants over an area and allow companies to trade emissions rights within that area. The ETS covers around 45% of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions.

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As of 2017, there is no national emissions trading scheme in the United States. Concerned at the lack of federal action, several states on the east and west coasts have created sub-national cap-and-trade programs.

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have argued that the market will choose the easiest means to save a given quantity of carbon in the short term, which may be different from the means to reduce climate change. In September 2010, campaigning group

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from 2005 levels by 2020. Under the scheme, annual efficiency targets will be allocated to firms. Tradable energy-saving permits will be issued depending on the amount of energy saved during a target year.

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price. An argument has been made for a hybrid instrument having a price floor and a price ceiling. However, a price-ceiling safety value removes the certainty of a particular quantity limit of emissions.

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Halsnæs, K.; et al. (2007). "2.4 Cost and benefit concepts, including private and social cost perspectives and relationships to other decision-making frameworks". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

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However, there often are important trade-offs in terms of efficiency because OBA implicitly subsidizes production, unlike conventional lump-sum allocation mechanisms like grandfathering.

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could have bought these allowances from Russia, but this would not have reduced emissions. In practice, as of 2010, Kyoto Parties had not yet chosen not to buy these surplus allowances.

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Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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opposition promised to implement an emissions trading scheme (ETS). Labor won the election, and the new government proceeded to implement an ETS. The new Rudd government introduced the

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additional revenue in FY 2012, steadily increasing to $ 83 billion by FY 2019. The proposal was never made law. Failing to get congressional approval for such a scheme, President

1273:. However, since the cap reduces output and often causes the company to incur costs to increase efficiency, windfall profits will be less than the full value of its free permits. 4681: 4272: 1069:

A variety of greenhouse gas reduction projects can qualify for offsets and credits depending on the scheme. Some include forestry projects that avoid logging and plant saplings,

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The fourth phase started in January 2021 and will continue until December 2030. The emission reductions to be achieved over this period are unclear as of November 2021, as the

1843: 1316:, and reduce tax distortions. Recycling of revenue from permit auctions could also offset a significant proportion of the economy-wide social costs of a cap and trade scheme. 3668: 7677: 4916: 2628:

Haya, Barbara K.; Evans, Samuel; Brown, Letty; Bukoski, Jacob; Butsic, Van; Cabiyo, Bodie; Jacobson, Rory; Kerr, Amber; Potts, Matthew; Sanchez, Daniel L. (March 21, 2023).

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South Korea's national emissions trading scheme officially launched on January 1, 2015, covering 525 entities from 23 sectors. With a three-year cap of 1.8687 billion tCO

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The New Zealand ETS does not fit this model because there is no cap and therefore no certainty as to the volume of emissions with which the national economy must operate

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Evans, Stuart; Mehling, Michael A.; Ritz, Robert A.; Sammon, Paul (March 16, 2021). "Border carbon adjustments and industrial competitiveness in a European Green Deal".

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leading to low prices of allowances with almost no effect on fossil fuel combustion. Emission trade allowances currently cover a wide price range from €7 per tonne of CO

4442: 5441: 4738: 6376: 1524:(UNSW) because of its lack of effectiveness in reducing emissions, its lack of transparency and its lack of verification of the additionality of emission reductions. 7853: 4038: 2830: 5077: 2746: 1718: 7521: 6978: 6311: 5898: 4704: 3220: 6360: 4596: 4345: 6282: 5495: 4980: 5041: 1139:

reductions that were going to happen anyway, and must be measured and monitored to assure the that the amount of reduction promised has in fact been attained.

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independent certification body, credits can be traded between entities. One carbon credit represents a reduction, avoidance or removal of one metric tonne of

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The allocation of free carbon credits to industrial processes is extremely generous and removes the carbon price signal where New Zealand needs one the most

3035:. Minutes of Evidence, Tuesday 21 April 2009. UK Parliament House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee. The fourth report of the 2009-10 session 2409: 4841: 4218: 2931: 2678: 1717:

As from 2027 road transport and buildings and industrial installation that fell out of EU ETS will be covered by a new EU ETS2. The "old" ETS and the new

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Neuhoff, K. (February 22, 2009). "Memorandum submitted by Karsten Neuhoff, Assistant Director, Electric Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge".

2139: 2112: 6405: 6126: 3294: 7125: 4242:"Constraining or Enabling Green Capability Development? How Policy Uncertainty Affects Organizational Responses to Flexible Environmental Regulations" 3115:

Newbery, D. (February 26, 2009). "Memorandum submitted by David Newbery, Research Director, Electric Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge".

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by creating a market with limited allowances for emissions. Carbon emissions trading is a common method that countries use to attempt to meet their

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Fisher, B.S.; et al. (1996). "An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change.". In J.P. Bruce; et al. (eds.).

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Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Some stakeholders have criticised the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme for its generous free allocations of emission units and the lack of a

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In 2023 the global value of carbon markets was $ 948.75 billion. It is expected to reach 2.68 trillion dollars by 2028 and 22 trillion by 2050.

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Ray Barrell, Alan Barrett, Noel Casserly, Frank Convery, Jean Goggin, Ide Kearney, Simon Kirby, Pete Lunn, Martin O'Brien and Lisa Ryan. 2009.

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enabling large companies to pollute the environment at the expense of local communities. Carbon trading has also been criticised as a form of

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Grimeaud, D, 'An overview of the policy and legal aspects of the international climate change regime' (2001) 9(2) Environmental Liability 39.

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to focus on defeating the legislation. Although cap and trade also gained a significant foothold in the Senate via the efforts of Republican

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Allowance prices for carbon emission trade in all major emission trading schemes in Euro per ton of CO2 emitted (from 2008 until August 2024)

3950: 3017: 2544: 1397:, in which rich countries maintain their levels of consumption while getting credit for carbon savings in inefficient industrial projects. 6867: 3193: 2376: 1375: 4492: 1380: 6751: 6249:"The Challenges of Climate Change Policy: Explaining the Failure of Cap and Trade in the United States With a Multiple-Streams Framework" 4780: 1244:

permits will be equally scarce and just as valuable to market participants, such that the price at sale will be the same in either case.

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Free emission permits, given to sectors vulnerable to international competition, are one way of addressing carbon leakage by acting as a

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Stewart, R, "Economic incentives for environmental protection: opportunities and obstacles", in Revesz, R; Sands, P; Stewart, R (eds.),

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criticized carbon emissions trading for the free permits to major polluters giving them unjust advantages, cheating in connection with

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Carbon emission trading without border adjustments for exports leads to reduced global competitiveness for carbon-intensive products.

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baselines. Garnaut also noted that the complexity of free allocation and the large amounts of money involved encourage non-productive

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because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.

7581: 7370: 6533: 5635: 4908: 4406: 4191: 3121:. Written evidence. UK Parliament House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee. The fourth report of the 2009-10 session 3103:. Written evidence. UK Parliament House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee. The fourth report of the 2009-10 session 2169: 1699: 1667: 1289: 1217: 285: 220: 158: 5466: 4112: 3973: 7230: 7193: 7047: 7032: 6946: 6595: 6539: 5791: 4508: 3539: 1942: 1847: 1638: 281: 150: 2780: 2254: 1476:

Corporate and governmental carbon emission trading schemes have been modified in ways that have been attributed to permitting

244:"Economy-wide pricing of carbon is the centre piece of any policy designed to reduce emissions at the lowest possible costs". 7889: 7027: 5989: 5660: 4947: 4432: 3793: 3571: 3074: 2914: 2521: 2297: 1229: 1197: 974: 3246: 7911: 6862: 6857: 4730: 4050: 3870: 3465: 1832: 1816: 1285:

used in the EU ETS, where industries that have been judged to be internationally exposed have been given permits for free.

4556:"The NSW Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme: An analysis of the NGAC Registry for the 2003, 2004 and 2005 Compliance Periods" 4349: 7392: 7170: 6988: 6915: 6905: 6888: 6795: 6602: 5712: 5085: 5063: 1936: 1857:

The NZ ETS was until 2015 highly linked to international carbon markets as it allowed unlimited importing of most of the

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output as before that cap, with no change in production technology, the full value of permits received for free becomes

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Other greenhouse gases can also be traded but are quoted as standard multiples of carbon dioxide with respect to their

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as necessary for meeting climate goals. A strong carbon market guides investors and industry in their transition from

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considered the free allocation of permits unjustified in any circumstances, arguing that governments could deal with

5134: 4588: 1997:, which does not feature emissions trading. The plan was subsequently challenged by the administration of President 7981: 7619: 7599: 7546: 7498: 6555: 5033: 3116: 3098: 3030: 1570: 1528: 967: 321: 5549: 4532: 3642: 2514:"State and Provincial Efforts to Put a Price on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, with Implications for Energy Efficiency" 2357:

Setting the cap properly matters more to environmental protection than the decision to allow, or not allow, trades

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Goldemberg, J.; et al. (1996). "Introduction: scope of the assessment.". In J.P. Bruce; et al. (eds.).

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A domestic carbon emissions trading scheme is constrained in its regulatory jurisdiction. GHG emissions may thus

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proposes in its "Fit for 55" package to increase the EU ETS reduction target for 2030 to −61% compared to 2005.

7806: 7090: 6842: 4164: 2937: 1674: 724: 6097: 5316:"The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance" 4833: 4086: 3016:

Carbon Market Watch. (2017). Carbon Leakage: A short history of an industry lobbying buzzword. Retrieved from

2116: 7916: 7451: 6983: 6218:"As the World Burns: How the Senate and the White House missed their best chance to deal with climate change" 5686: 1796: 1521: 1512: 1494: 1170: 749: 672: 448: 253: 3772: 3143:"Climate Policy and Industrial Competitiveness: Ten Insights from Europe on the EU Emissions Trading System" 2855:

Probst, Benedict; Toetzke, Malte; Anadon, Laura Diaz; Kontoleon, Andreas; Hoffmann, Volker (July 27, 2023).

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of their actions, which include the present and future welfare of people, the natural environment, and the

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Allocating permits based on past emissions is called "grandfathering". Grandfathering permits can lead to

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A 2019 study by the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy finds that efforts to put a price on

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https://carbonmarketwatch.org/2017/02/28/carbon-leakage-a-short-history-of-an-industry-lobbying-buzzword/

2679:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows" 2043: 1907: 1900: 1132:

includes three mechanisms for "voluntary cooperation" between countries towards climate goals, including

692: 677: 558: 196: 2831:"Goldman School of Public Policy | Goldman School of Public Policy | University of California, Berkeley" 2596: 1737:

necessitates tightening of the current EU ETS reduction target for 2030 of -43% concerning to 2005. The

1220:

include the possibility of connecting it with other trading systems. This has already happened with the

8003: 7969: 7733: 7536: 7493: 7266: 7188: 7042: 4834:"Carbon tax scrapped: PM Tony Abbott sees key election promise fulfilled after Senate votes for repeal" 2857:

Systematic review of the actual emissions reductions of carbon offset projects across all major sectors

1626: 1601: 1577:

result in 70 years, the Gillard Labor government required the support of crossbenchers - including the

1550: 1098: 1042: 1016: 994:

Economists generally agree that to regulate emissions efficiently, all polluters need to face the full

662: 657: 642: 295:

are growing in North America. In 2021, shipowners said they were against being included in the EU ETS.

4562: 2979: 2253:

Toth, F.L.; et al. (2005). "10.1.2.2 The Problem Is Long Term.". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

7838: 7513: 7488: 7461: 7423: 7340: 7158: 7005: 6963: 6713: 6482: 6477: 6472: 3785: 3779: 3563: 3557: 1003: 794: 687: 425: 87: 7353: 6217: 5365:"The European Union Emissions Trading System might yield large co-benefits from pollution reduction" 3749: 3364:

Gupta, S.; et al. (2007), "Section 13.2.1.3 Tradable permits", in B. Metz; et al. (eds.),

3150: 2289: 2283: 1839:

that features price floors, forestry offsetting, free allocation and auctioning of emissions units.

1783:

Japan as a country does not have a compulsory emissions trading scheme. The government in 2010 (the

7848: 7843: 7833: 7774: 7614: 7120: 7085: 6973: 6900: 6741: 6570: 6506: 6467: 5259:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of ex-post evaluations on the effectiveness of carbon pricing" 3701: 3497: 2781:"Are carbon offsets all they're cracked up to be? We tracked one from Kenya to England to find out" 2545:"The world's largest carbon market is set for a historic revamp. Europe's shipowners are concerned" 2231: 1950: 1836: 1744: 1710: 1385: 1059: 1050: 865: 764: 697: 543: 533: 508: 463: 292: 165: 5003: 2453: 8008: 7957: 7879: 7789: 7531: 7503: 6837: 6815: 6422: 6184: 3942: 2048: 1177:

or claims for compensation more transparently with the revenue from full auctioning of permits.

938: 789: 744: 729: 714: 709: 652: 575: 392: 362: 329: 204: 4113:"Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession of the atmosphere" 2369: 7556: 7376: 7318: 7235: 7220: 7105: 6746: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 4489: 3320:"Global Carbon Credit Market 2023: Sector to Reach $ 2.68 Trillion by 2028 at a CAGR of 18.23%" 2316:(2003). "The Tradable-Permits Approach to Protecting the Commons: Lessons for Climate Change". 1582: 1542: 1502: 1306: 1094: 875: 779: 774: 769: 719: 580: 563: 304: 5585: 4766: 2630:"Comprehensive review of carbon quantification by improved forest management offset protocols" 7945: 7591: 7468: 7276: 6731: 6654: 4386: 1535: 933: 880: 809: 548: 402: 237: 189: 6402:– Chapters 14 and 15 have extensive discussions on emission trading schemes and carbon taxes 6046:

We now have on the table a pathetic ETS which won't actually do anything to reduce emissions

4642: 4063: 3892: 7784: 7662: 7323: 6893: 6820: 5327: 5202: 4509:

Enacting Environments: An Ethnography of the Digitalisation and Naturalisation of Emissions

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Proposals for alternative schemes to avoid the problems of cap-and-trade schemes include

860: 804: 759: 528: 523: 5957:

Questions and answers about amendments to the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

5823:

Questions and answers about amendments to the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

5767:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government (www.climatechange.govt.nz). June 18, 2010 5397: 5331: 5291: 5206: 3435:"Output-based allocation of emissions permits for mitigating tax and trade interactions" 3401: 2645: 2192: 7629: 7561: 7478: 7328: 7293: 7250: 7245: 7240: 6810: 5573: 5233: 5186: 4754: 4264: 3700:

Hepburn, Cameron J; Neuhoff, Karsten; Grubb, Michael; Matthes, Felix; Tse, Max (2006).

3640: 3457: 2856: 1962: 1803: 1771: 1756:

profits or employment for regulated firms. The price of EU allowances exceeded 100€/tCO

1320: 1257: 1086: 995: 900: 885: 784: 754: 734: 261:

Carbon emission trading began in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, when 160 countries agreed the

195:

An emissions trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) works by establishing

7863: 7526: 7271: 7037: 6825: 6788: 6575: 6529: 6160: 5985: 5433: 5384: 5345: 5296: 5278: 5258: 5238: 5220: 4327: 4268: 4135: 3789: 3567: 3070: 2972:

Barker, T.; et al. (2007). "Executive Summary". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

2910: 2754: 2720: 2686: 2659: 2293: 2165: 1593: 1578: 1102: 855: 844: 667: 595: 387: 382: 67: 5159:

Twidale, Susanna; Abnett, Kate; Chestney, Nina; Chestney, Nina (February 21, 2023).

3530: 3461: 7906: 7473: 7456: 7397: 7288: 7052: 6771: 6644: 6580: 6152: 6033: 6008: 5425: 5392: 5376: 5335: 5286: 5270: 5228: 5210: 4810:"Abbott Government's first actions: trash climate change education, carbon pricing" 4319: 4256: 4127: 3981: 3915: 3907: 3825: 3716: 3608: 3449: 2868: 2860: 2649: 2325: 2260: 1994: 1788: 1784: 1621:

operate an emissions trading scheme. Quebec links its program with the US state of

1554: 1477: 1384:

Chicago Climate Justice activists protesting cap and trade legislation in front of

1361: 1351: 1265: 1082: 1070: 1027: 849: 647: 585: 453: 420: 119: 4939: 4490:"Carbon trading used as money-laundering front: experts" www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn 4323: 3562:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. p. 2864: 2513: 2288:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. p. 2115:. Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change. Archived from 1281:

behaviour and lobbying of governments — activities that dissipate economic value.

1120:

Carbon offset and credit programs provide a mechanism for countries to meet their

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been criticised by the Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets (CEEM) of the

1508: 1442: 1125: 816: 615: 570: 458: 95: 6185:"Covert Operations: The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama" 6026: 5971: 3947:

Building a low-carbon economy – The UK's contribution to tackling climate change

3859: 3434: 3172: 1823: 7811: 7667: 7609: 7604: 7446: 7335: 7067: 7062: 7057: 6910: 6847: 6585: 6565: 6524: 6445: 6189: 5953:"How will free allocation of emission units to the industrial sector work now?" 5783: 5364: 5340: 5315: 5274: 2873: 2402:"Key points: Update Paper 6: Carbon pricing and reducing Australia's emissions" 1966: 1911: 1858: 1727: 1410:

routinely favoured "environmentally ineffective and socially unjust projects".

1313: 1174: 1149: 1133: 1078: 1055: 1046: 953: 948: 943: 918: 870: 826: 704: 682: 625: 590: 488: 478: 367: 273: 224: 181: 177: 142: 138: 115: 103: 79: 71: 5731: 5653: 5154: 5152: 4131: 3029:

Carbon Trust (March 2009). "Memorandum submitted by The Carbon Trust (ET19)".

2008:

In the United States, most polling shows large support for emissions trading.

1196:. Some types of border adjustment may also not prevent emissions leakage. The 30:"Carbon market" redirects here. For the market in Cebu City, Philippines, see 7997: 7884: 7816: 7541: 7363: 7348: 7283: 7178: 5876:

Summary of the proposed changes to the NZ ETS - Emissions Trading Bulletin 11

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Dechezleprêtre, Antoine; Nachtigall, Daniel; Venmans, Frank (March 1, 2023).

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expressed a support for a global carbon market, saying it is better than the

1193: 635: 630: 620: 600: 513: 493: 473: 372: 352: 185: 141:

below the critical thresholds of 1.5 °C or "well below" 2 °C, with

134: 31: 6058: 5913: 5890: 5810: 5380: 5215: 4260: 1795:

covers the top 1,400 emitters in Tokyo, and is enforced and overseen by the

1585:

in February 2011, the opposition denounced it as a broken election promise.

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Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (June 19, 2008).

1802:

One year after Tokyo launched its cap-and-trade scheme, the neighbouring

1641:

is the largest in the world. It is an intensity-based trading system for

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Carbon emissions trading increased rapidly in 2021 with the start of the

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Uncertainty Markets and Carbon Markets. Variations on Polanyian Themes

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IBD editorial board claims that cap-and-trade is unpopular in America

3811:"Regulating by prices, quantities or both: an update and an overview" 3594:"Regulating by prices, quantities or both: an update and an overview" 1649:

per unit of GDP by 40–45% in 2020 when comparing to the 2005 levels.

1074: 821: 610: 223:(EU-ETS) complement the country-to-country trading stipulated in the 5844: 4160: 118:. Instead, carbon emissions trading may accelerate investments into 6309:

Majority of Poll Respondents Say U.S. Should Limit Greenhouse Gases

4528: 4215:"Industrialised countries will collectively meet 2010 Kyoto target" 4082: 3295:"Global carbon markets value hit record $ 949 bln last year - LSEG" 1923: 1106: 468: 6283:"President's Budget Draws Clean Energy Funds from Climate Measure" 6059:"Policy briefing: Get ready for the UK's emissions trading scheme" 5161:"EU carbon hits 100 euros taking cost of polluting to record high" 4464: 1451:

market through the commodification of environmental risks through

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Poll Position: New Zogby Poll Shows 71% Support for Waxman-Markey

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Basaglia, Piero; Grunau, Jonas; Drupp, Moritz A. (July 9, 2024).

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The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate change

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The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate change

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The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate change

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launched a highly similar scheme. The two schemes are connected.

1166: 1035: 3949:. Committee on Climate Change. December 2008. pp. 140–149. 3367:

Chapter 13: Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements

2590: 2588: 1425:, which was considered by the Irish Parliament in 2008, and the 1376:

Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol § Criticism of Carbon Trade

337: 7764: 6089: 6076: 6051: 5851:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government. January 14, 2010 5313: 1919: 1614: 1038:, Denmark, constitute one common type of carbon offset project. 4940:"China's Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences" 3272:"China Objects to EU's Border Carbon Tax, Backs Global Market" 2772: 1850:

and then amended in November 2009 and in November 2012 by the

1844:

Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008

133:

However, such schemes are usually not harmonized with defined

7678:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

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IPCC (2007). "Glossary A-D". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

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and came into operation on 1 January 2021 following the UK's

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The Carbon Challenge: New Zealand's Emissions Trading Scheme

4944:

The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report

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Garnaut, Ross (2008). "Releasing permits into the market".

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Emissions trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021)

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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

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Participating in the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS)

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Regeneration: ending the climate crisis in one generation

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mechanism that enables entities to compensate for offset

6147: 6125:. Energycommerce.house.gov. June 1, 2009. Archived from 6123:"The American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454)" 6082:

Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy,

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Questions and answers about the emissions trading scheme

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Environment Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development

2370:"Tax Treaty Issues Related to Emissions Permits/Credits" 2071:. Berlin: International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) 1323:

of grandfathering can be alleviated through auctioning.

110:

fewer emissions. This can reduce the competitiveness of

6357:

Poll: Americans Support Strong Climate, Energy Policies

5187:"The European Union Emissions Trading System reduced CO 288:

have had the effect of increasing costs of coal power.

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https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35620

1910:(UK ETS) is the carbon emission trading scheme of the 1418:

of stakeholder contestation for the past two decades.

1264:

cost of a grandfathered permit may be regarded as the

7695:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

5629:"Emissions Trading Worldwide ICAP Status Report 2015" 5600:"Urban Environment and Climate Change – Publications" 5004:"China moves towards launch of carbon trading scheme" 3221:"Paris agreement carbon crediting mechanism advances" 2627: 2140:"China's national carbon market exceeds expectations" 216:

in both positive and negative environmental effects.

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The Stern Review on the economics of climate change

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International Institute for Sustainable Development

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Many projects that give credits for 282:Chinese national carbon trading scheme 151:China's national carbon trading scheme 7890:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 7715: 7420: 7156: 6711: 6623: 6504: 6456: 6418: 6289:from the original on January 14, 2015 6215: 6179: 5978:Bertram, Geoff; Terry, Simon (2010). 5606:from the original on January 24, 2019 5115:from the original on November 1, 2021 5107:European Commission (July 14, 2021). 4881: 4879: 4877: 4791:from the original on February 6, 2015 4729:AAP with Reuters (November 8, 2011). 4672:Hudson, Phillip (February 26, 2011). 4589:"Abbott defends carbon tax interview" 4529:"The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme" 4032: 4030: 3778:. In J.P. Bruce; et al. 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Archived from 4874: 4870:from the original on June 3, 2019. 4844:from the original on July 15, 2022 4741:from the original on June 21, 2021 4471:from the original on July 29, 2023 4039:"A licence to carry on polluting?" 4027: 4016:from the original on July 16, 2021 3976:. In B. Metz; et al. (eds.). 3931:from the original on May 10, 2020. 3771:Fisher, B.S.; et al. (1996). 3748:. January 25, 2007. Archived from 3274:. BNN Bloomberg. February 26, 2024 3245:Vaughan, Scott; Di Leva, Charles. 3183: 2713:"The Great Cash-for-Carbon Hustle" 2555:from the original on July 16, 2021 2494:from the original on July 16, 2021 2464:from the original on July 16, 2021 2446: 2382:from the original on March 4, 2016 2184: 2172:from the original on March 2, 2023 1969:, Independent and former Democrat 1694:in the EU Emissions Trading System 1682:in the EU Emissions Trading System 896:Renewable energy commercialization 305:Emissions trading § Economics 25: 8020: 7749:Satellite temperature measurement 7354:forestry for carbon sequestration 6640:History of climate change science 6393: 6263:from the original on May 25, 2016 5477:from the original on May 17, 2022 5412:Watanabe, Rie (January 1, 2012). 5002:Feng, Emily (December 19, 2017). 4653:from the original on July 1, 2011 4641:Leslie, Tim (February 24, 2011). 4587:Thompson, Jeremy (June 7, 2011). 3953:from the original on May 25, 2010 3066:The Garnaut Climate Change Review 2711:Blake, Heidi (October 16, 2023). 2034:Business action on climate change 1982:2010 United States federal budget 1920:departure from the European Union 1893: 1660: 1643:carbon dioxide emissions by China 1547:Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 1499:Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 1364:or carbon tax under consideration 1251: 1143: 1101:projects, and the elimination of 7975: 7963: 7952: 7951: 7939: 7600:Climate Change Performance Index 6979:Destruction of cultural heritage 6369: 6349: 6325: 6301: 6275: 6240: 6216:Lizza, Ryan (October 11, 2010). 6209: 6141: 6115: 6096:Ng, Gabriel (January 23, 2021). 5837: 5796:Emissions trading bulletin No 11 5592: 5548:Business Green (April 8, 2010). 5508: 5405: 5356: 5127: 5070: 5056: 5026: 4995: 4684:from the original on May 1, 2011 4346:"Carbon markets create a muddle" 4278:from the original on May 6, 2020 4089:from the original on May 1, 2010 3900:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 3818:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 3601:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 3510:from the original on May 9, 2021 3219:Jardine, Chloe (March 4, 2024). 2887:Cite error: The named reference 2318:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2018: 1930: 1899:This section is an excerpt from 1815:This section is an excerpt from 1666:This section is an excerpt from 1169:for the sector in question. The 1130:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 1015:This section is an excerpt from 336: 238:Emissions trading § History 27:Approach to limit climate change 7739:Instrumental temperature record 7690:Sustainable Development Goal 13 5496:China's Carbon Emission Trading 4931: 4901: 4856: 4826: 4803: 4773: 4722: 4696: 4665: 4634: 4611: 4580: 4547: 4521: 4518:. University of Augsburg, 2013. 4501: 4483: 4457: 4425: 4398: 4364: 4338: 4290: 4233: 4206: 4179: 4153: 4120:Journal of Historical Geography 4075: 3996: 3965: 3851: 3764: 3734: 3661: 3634: 3549: 3532:The Economics of Climate Change 3522: 3426: 3394: 3381: 3357: 3334: 3312: 3286: 3264: 3238: 3212: 3134: 3090: 3022: 3010: 2994: 2965: 2952: 2923: 2848: 2823: 2779:Masie, Desné (August 3, 2023). 2621: 2576: 2567: 2543:Meredith, Sam (July 12, 2021). 2536: 2506: 2476: 2433: 2424: 2362: 1955:brothers David and Charles Koch 1874:Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand 1006:to any future climate change. 114:, which are the main driver of 7807:Climate variability and change 7157: 6843:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 5922:"Industrial allocation update" 5414:"14. Northeast Asia: A. Japan" 5082:www.environmentalistonline.com 3069:. Cambridge University Press. 2806:"Climate Explainer: Article 6" 2246: 2217: 2105: 2083: 2061: 1880: 1809: 1204:Potential global carbon market 137:that are required to maintain 98:, with schemes operational in 13: 1: 7917:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 7452:Climate emergency declaration 5191:emissions despite low prices" 5064:"EU Emissions Trading System" 4324:10.1080/14693062.2020.1856637 4249:British Journal of Management 3194:"International carbon market" 2889:Carbon offsets and credits :1 2406:Garnaut Climate Change Review 2054: 1797:Tokyo Metropolitan Government 1522:University of New South Wales 1515:unilaterally established the 1495:Garnaut Climate Change Review 1369: 1295: 1171:Garnaut Climate Change Review 673:Socially responsible business 449:Bright green environmentalism 254:Garnaut Climate Change Review 203:. The atmosphere is a global 7900:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 7126:Middle East and North Africa 6457: 6155:; Schlosberg, David (2011). 4407:"The Story of Cap and Trade" 3869:. Resources For the Future. 3000:World Bank. (2021, May 25). 1846:in September 2008 under the 1488: 1105:in various settings such as 924:Environmental pricing reform 7: 6624: 6410:International Energy Agency 4815:September 23, 2021, at the 3891:Stavins, Robert N. (2008). 3433:Fischer, C; Fox, A (2007). 2909:. New York: Penguin Books. 2865:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3149652/v1 2138:Yuan, Lin (July 22, 2021). 2044:Low carbon power generation 2011: 1908:UK Emissions Trading Scheme 1901:UK Emissions Trading Scheme 1113:have received criticism as 678:Social return on investment 10: 8025: 7734:Global surface temperature 7625:Popular culture depictions 7537:Ecosystem-based adaptation 7267:Carbon capture and storage 7189:Carbon offsets and credits 6505: 6285:. Renewable Energy World. 5761:"New Zealand Units (NZUs)" 5341:10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102758 5275:10.1038/s41467-024-48512-w 4392:December 21, 2009, at the 4381:February 16, 2010, at the 2905:Hawken, Paul, ed. (2021). 2256:Decision-making Frameworks 1989:instead acted through the 1934: 1898: 1814: 1722:greenhouse gas emissions. 1665: 1627:Western Climate Initiative 1613:The Canadian provinces of 1602:Liberal/National coalition 1573:. In the first Australian 1551:Liberal Party of Australia 1492: 1463:The Story of Cap and Trade 1373: 1184: 1099:carbon capture and storage 1017:Carbon offsets and credits 1014: 1010:Carbon offsets and credits 663:Pollution haven hypothesis 658:Natural resource economics 643:High-performance buildings 302: 299:Economic aspects and tools 235: 231: 176:The economic problem with 171: 29: 7946:Climate change portal 7933: 7872: 7839:Extreme event attribution 7757: 7726: 7722: 7711: 7655: 7590: 7512: 7462:School Strike for Climate 7434: 7430: 7416: 7385: 7341:Climate-smart agriculture 7302: 7259: 7169: 7165: 7152: 7076: 6934: 6881: 6724: 6720: 6707: 6630: 6619: 6548: 6517: 6513: 6500: 6483:Climate change adaptation 6478:Climate change mitigation 6473:Effects of climate change 6463: 6452: 6406:Emissions Trading and CDM 6314:January 31, 2021, at the 6247:Turin, Dustin R. (2012). 5897:MfE (September 1, 2009). 5501:October 30, 2017, at the 4514:January 17, 2023, at the 4132:10.1016/j.jhg.2008.08.008 3867:Discussion Paper Dp-98-34 1608: 1435: 1060:carbon dioxide-equivalent 426:Climate change mitigation 161:(as of September 2021). 7849:Global warming potential 7656:International agreements 7303:Preserving and enhancing 6742:Arctic methane emissions 6664:Years in climate change 6571:Greenhouse gas emissions 6468:Causes of climate change 5951:MfE (January 14, 2010). 5817:MfE (January 14, 2010). 4495:August 28, 2010, at the 4213:PBL (October 16, 2009). 2655:10.3389/ffgc.2023.958879 1993:to attempt to adopt the 1951:Americans for Prosperity 1837:emissions trading scheme 1778: 1764: 1745:emissions trading scheme 1711:greenhouse gas emissions 1632: 1388:building in Chicago Loop 1386:Chicago Climate Exchange 1354:implemented or scheduled 1051:greenhouse gas emissions 1030:projects, such as these 866:Environmental technology 509:Ecological modernization 464:Corporate sustainability 293:greenhouse gas emissions 267:UN Conference of Parties 180:is that the emitters of 166:global warming potential 106:, and other countries. 18:Carbon emissions trading 7880:Climate change scenario 7532:Disaster risk reduction 7184:Carbon emission trading 6994:U.S. insurance industry 6969:Civilizational collapse 6816:sea surface temperature 6344:The Wall Street Journal 5381:10.1073/pnas.2319908121 5216:10.1073/pnas.1918128117 4623:March 18, 2015, at the 4261:10.1111/1467-8551.12188 4111:Liverman, D.M. (2008). 3322:. Yahoo. April 19, 2023 2049:Personal carbon trading 1827:New Zealand Unit Prices 939:Green industrial policy 653:Marginal abatement cost 576:Fiscal environmentalism 393:Personal carbon trading 363:Carbon fee and dividend 358:Carbon emission trading 330:Environmental economics 228:overall economic cost. 184:(GHGs) do not face the 56:emission trading scheme 48:Carbon emission trading 7873:Research and modelling 7557:Nature-based solutions 7377:Nature-based solutions 7319:Carbon dioxide removal 7236:Fossil fuel divestment 7221:Climate risk insurance 7131:Small island countries 6747:Arctic sea ice decline 6338:July 31, 2020, at the 5920:MfE (September 2009). 5870:MfE (September 2009). 5790:MfE (September 2009). 5663:(September 10, 2008). 4405:Annie Leonard (2009). 3980:. IPCC. Archived from 3721:10.3763/cpol.2006.0608 2962:, 1996, pp. 27–28 2330:10.1093/oxrep/19.3.400 1828: 1743:EU countries view the 1695: 1683: 1503:Clean Energy Bill 2011 1389: 1366: 1095:carbon dioxide removal 1039: 876:Fossil fuel divestment 246: 153:to €63 per tonne of CO 44: 7834:Earth's energy budget 7717:Background and theory 7605:Climate crisis (term) 7277:Fossil fuel phase-out 7171:Economics and finance 7136:by individual country 7078:By country and region 7053:Security and conflict 7048:Psychological impacts 6732:Abrupt climate change 6655:Charles David Keeling 6488:By country and region 5715:(November 25, 2009). 5522:. February 11, 2010. 5263:Nature Communications 5040:. December 19, 2017. 4897:on September 8, 2018. 4785:Sydney Morning Herald 4735:Sydney Morning Herald 4568:on September 29, 2009 4467:. November 24, 2010. 3839:on September 23, 2008 3345:. Wall Street Journal 2859:(Report). In Review. 2166:"Carbon Price Viewer" 1826: 1689: 1677: 1531:, both the incumbent 1529:2007 federal election 1453:financial derivatives 1383: 1338: 1239:Allocation of permits 1185:Further information: 1026: 934:Free public transport 881:Fossil fuel phase-out 403:Social cost of carbon 252:, lead author of the 242: 190:social cost of carbon 42: 7663:Glasgow Climate Pact 7324:Carbon sequestration 6894:Mass mortality event 6382:May 3, 2019, at the 6153:Norgaard, Richard B. 5088:on November 14, 2017 4864:"China National ETS" 4821:Indymedia Australia 4083:"Carbon Trade Watch" 3912:10.1093/oxrep/grn017 3830:10.1093/oxrep/grj014 3809:Hepburn, C. (2006). 3752:on February 12, 2009 3613:10.1093/oxrep/grj014 3592:Hepburn, C. (2006). 2092:"Trends in global CO 1461:'s 2009 documentary 1111:carbon sequestration 929:Environmental tariff 554:full-cost accounting 519:Efficient energy use 504:Ecological footprint 499:Ecological economics 88:limit climate change 86:, its purpose is to 70:scheme designed for 7802:Climate sensitivity 7577:The Adaptation Fund 7033:Infectious diseases 6935:Social and economic 6320:The Washington Post 6183:(August 30, 2010). 6129:on February 5, 2016 5691:legislation.govt.nz 5430:10.1093/yiel/yvt038 5332:2023JEEM..11802758D 5207:2020PNAS..117.8804B 4787:. October 2, 2011. 4438:Scientific American 4413:on November 3, 2010 4298:Budget Perspectives 4141:on December 4, 2009 4053:on January 30, 2009 3622:on January 14, 2009 3454:10.3368/le.83.4.575 3198:European Commission 3153:on February 6, 2010 3149:: 5. Archived from 2874:20.500.11850/620307 2646:2023FrFGC...6.8879H 2520:. January 2, 2019. 2263:on December 7, 2013 1735:European Green Deal 1538:government and the 1484:Examples by country 1327:Permit supply level 1258:perverse incentives 861:Carbon-neutral fuel 524:Energy conservation 7373:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 7345:Forest management 7329:Direct air capture 7294:Sustainable energy 7251:Net zero emissions 7246:Low-carbon economy 7241:Green Climate Fund 7028:Indigenous peoples 6926:Plant biodiversity 6714:Effects and issues 6363:2012-01-28 at the 6063:www.endsreport.com 5584:has generic name ( 4915:. September 2014. 4765:has generic name ( 4300:, Tim Callan (ed.) 4194:on August 25, 2017 4069:2011-05-01 at the 3391:, 1996, p. 38 3147:Climate Strategies 2408:. March 17, 2011. 2343:David M. Driesen. 2191:IMF (March 2008). 1963:Tea Party movement 1890:scenario by 2020. 1829: 1804:Saitama Prefecture 1772:emission intensity 1696: 1684: 1390: 1367: 1321:perverse incentive 1087:hydroelectric dams 1040: 901:Sustainable energy 886:Low-carbon economy 725:consumer behaviour 82:(GHGs). A form of 45: 8004:Emissions trading 7991: 7990: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7864:Radiative forcing 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7527:Adaptive capacity 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7272:Energy transition 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 6863:Tropical cyclones 6789:Urban heat island 6703: 6702: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6576:Carbon accounting 6530:Greenhouse effect 6496: 6495: 5991:978-1-877242-46-5 5471:www.whitecase.com 5201:(16): 8804–8812. 4979:. July 11, 2011. 4631:, 20 August 2010. 3984:on August 5, 2009 3906:(2 24): 298–321. 3795:978-0-521-56854-8 3645:. UK Parliament. 3573:978-0-521-56854-8 3173:"cbam regulation" 3076:978-0-521-74444-7 2982:on March 31, 2010 2933:Annex I: Glossary 2916:978-0-14-313697-2 2835:gspp.berkeley.edu 2490:. June 24, 2021. 2460:. July 16, 2021. 2349:Environmental Law 2299:978-0-521-56854-8 1961:, encouraged the 1583:Clean Energy Bill 1216:The rules of the 1181:Border Adjustment 1103:methane emissions 1091:energy efficiency 1073:projects such as 1043:Carbon offsetting 992: 991: 856:Carbon neutrality 845:2000-watt society 839:Energy transition 750:development goals 668:Social accounting 388:Environmental tax 383:Emissions trading 68:emissions trading 16:(Redirected from 8016: 7979: 7978: 7967: 7966: 7955: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7907:Paleoclimatology 7724: 7723: 7713: 7712: 7474:Ecological grief 7457:Climate movement 7432: 7431: 7418: 7417: 7398:Plant-based diet 7289:Renewable energy 7167: 7166: 7154: 7153: 6989:Economic impacts 6916:Invasive species 6772:Coastal flooding 6722: 6721: 6709: 6708: 6645:Svante Arrhenius 6621: 6620: 6591:from agriculture 6581:Carbon footprint 6566:Greenhouse gases 6515: 6514: 6502: 6501: 6454: 6453: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6387: 6373: 6367: 6353: 6347: 6329: 6323: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6093: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6016: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5641:on March 8, 2021 5640: 5634:. 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July 7, 2014. 4830: 4824: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4638: 4632: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4519: 4505: 4499: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4402: 4396: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4246: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4221:on April 9, 2010 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4161:"Trading Carbon" 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4140: 4134:. Archived from 4117: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4049:. Archived from 4034: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4012:, May 25, 2021, 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3923: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3864: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3832:. Archived from 3815: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3784:. IPCC. p. 3777: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3681:on March 3, 2007 3680: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3615:. Archived from 3598: 3589: 3578: 3577: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3470: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3200:. European Union 3190: 3181: 3180: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3060: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2657: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2345:"Capping Carbon" 2340: 2334: 2333: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2119:on March 2, 2022 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2065: 2028: 2023: 2022: 1995:Clean Power Plan 1789:Kyoto Prefecture 1785:Hatoyama cabinet 1555:Malcolm Turnbull 1513:state government 1478:money laundering 1402:the Corner House 1362:emission trading 1359: 1352:emission trading 1349: 1343: 1271:windfall profits 1266:opportunity cost 1083:biogas digesters 1071:renewable energy 1028:Renewable energy 984: 977: 970: 850:Alternative fuel 740:design standards 648:Impact investing 454:Circular economy 421:Carbon footprint 340: 317: 316: 257: 182:greenhouse gases 120:renewable energy 80:greenhouse gases 21: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8013: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7940: 7938: 7921: 7868: 7859:Orbital forcing 7753: 7718: 7699: 7673:Paris Agreement 7651: 7647:Warming stripes 7586: 7552:Managed retreat 7547:Loss and damage 7508: 7442:Business action 7426: 7404: 7381: 7304: 7298: 7255: 7216:Climate finance 7161: 7140: 7072: 6930: 6906:Extinction risk 6882:Flora and fauna 6877: 6838:Permafrost thaw 6833:Ozone depletion 6762:Extreme weather 6716: 6699: 6626: 6607: 6544: 6509: 6492: 6459: 6448: 6443: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6384:Wayback Machine 6374: 6370: 6365:Wayback Machine 6354: 6350: 6340:Wayback Machine 6330: 6326: 6322:. 25 June 2009. 6316:Wayback Machine 6306: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6149:Dryzek, John S. 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6014: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5949: 5945: 5931: 5929: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5815: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5788: 5784: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5581: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5503:Wayback Machine 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5410: 5406: 5361: 5357: 5312: 5308: 5254: 5250: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5157: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5137:. March 7, 2023 5133: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5008:Financial Times 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4885: 4884: 4875: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817:Wayback Machine 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4762: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4639: 4635: 4625:Wayback Machine 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4516:Wayback Machine 4506: 4502: 4497:Wayback Machine 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4403: 4399: 4394:Wayback Machine 4383:Wayback Machine 4370:Larry Lohmann: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4071:Wayback Machine 4056: 4054: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3574: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3184: 3179:. May 10, 2023. 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3139: 3135: 3124: 3122: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3061: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2675: 2671: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2458:Financial Times 2452: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2341: 2337: 2314:Tietenberg, Tom 2311: 2307: 2300: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2024: 2017: 2014: 1973:, and Democrat 1959:Koch Industries 1939: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1904: 1896: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1820: 1812: 1781: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1693: 1681: 1671: 1663: 1648: 1635: 1611: 1575:hung-parliament 1509:New South Wales 1505: 1493:Main articles: 1491: 1486: 1480:to take place. 1443:Financial Times 1438: 1400:Groups such as 1378: 1372: 1365: 1357: 1355: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1329: 1298: 1254: 1241: 1206: 1189: 1183: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1126:Paris Agreement 1065: 1020: 1012: 988: 959: 958: 914: 906: 905: 840: 832: 831: 817:Thermoeconomics 571:Ethical banking 459:Climate finance 444: 436: 435: 416: 408: 407: 348: 315: 301: 259: 248: 240: 234: 197:property rights 174: 156: 148: 96:Paris Agreement 77: 66:) is a type of 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8022: 8012: 8011: 8009:Carbon finance 8006: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7814: 7812:Cloud feedback 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7670: 7668:Kyoto Protocol 7665: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7622: 7620:Media coverage 7617: 7612: 7610:Climate spiral 7607: 7602: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7499:Public opinion 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7454: 7449: 7447:Climate action 7444: 7438: 7436: 7428: 7427: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7359:REDD and REDD+ 7356: 7351: 7343: 7338: 7336:Carbon farming 7333: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7316: 7310: 7308: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7163: 7162: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7068:Water security 7065: 7063:Water scarcity 7060: 7058:Urban flooding 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6911:Forest dieback 6908: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6848:Sea level rise 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6821:stratification 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6718: 6717: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6586:Carbon leakage 6583: 6578: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6527: 6525:Climate system 6521: 6519: 6511: 6510: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6449: 6446:Climate change 6442: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6403: 6395: 6394:External links 6392: 6389: 6388: 6368: 6348: 6346:. 11 Aug. 2009 6324: 6300: 6274: 6239: 6222:The New Yorker 6208: 6190:The New Yorker 6172: 6165: 6140: 6114: 6088: 6075: 6050: 6025: 6000: 5990: 5970: 5943: 5912: 5889: 5862: 5836: 5809: 5782: 5752: 5730: 5713:Hon Nick Smith 5704: 5678: 5652: 5617: 5591: 5537: 5507: 5488: 5455: 5404: 5355: 5306: 5248: 5188: 5177: 5148: 5126: 5099: 5069: 5055: 5025: 4994: 4961: 4930: 4900: 4873: 4855: 4825: 4802: 4772: 4721: 4695: 4664: 4633: 4629:The Australian 4610: 4579: 4546: 4520: 4500: 4482: 4456: 4424: 4397: 4363: 4352:on May 7, 2015 4337: 4318:(3): 307–317. 4312:Climate Policy 4302: 4289: 4255:(4): 649–665. 4232: 4205: 4178: 4152: 4126:(2): 279–296. 4100: 4074: 4026: 3995: 3964: 3934: 3883: 3850: 3824:(2): 226–247. 3801: 3794: 3763: 3733: 3715:(1): 137–160. 3709:Climate Policy 3692: 3660: 3633: 3607:(2): 236–239. 3579: 3572: 3548: 3521: 3485: 3448:(4): 575–599. 3442:Land Economics 3425: 3393: 3380: 3356: 3333: 3311: 3285: 3263: 3237: 3211: 3182: 3164: 3133: 3089: 3075: 3046: 3021: 3009: 2993: 2964: 2951: 2940:on May 3, 2010 2922: 2915: 2897: 2880: 2847: 2822: 2797: 2771: 2737: 2717:The New Yorker 2703: 2669: 2620: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2535: 2505: 2488:CompressorTECH 2475: 2445: 2432: 2423: 2393: 2361: 2335: 2324:(3): 400–419. 2305: 2298: 2274: 2245: 2234:on May 2, 2010 2227:Framing issues 2216: 2183: 2157: 2130: 2104: 2093: 2082: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2013: 2010: 1967:Lindsey Graham 1932: 1929: 1912:United Kingdom 1905: 1897: 1895: 1894:United Kingdom 1892: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1859:Kyoto Protocol 1821: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1780: 1777: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1728:Kyoto Protocol 1691: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1662: 1661:European Union 1659: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1610: 1607: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1467:carbon offsets 1437: 1434: 1371: 1368: 1356: 1346: 1340: 1328: 1325: 1314:economic rents 1297: 1294: 1253: 1252:Grandfathering 1250: 1240: 1237: 1205: 1202: 1182: 1179: 1175:market failure 1145: 1144:Carbon leakage 1142: 1134:carbon markets 1079:biomass energy 1063: 1056:carbon dioxide 1047:carbon trading 1021: 1013: 1011: 1008: 990: 989: 987: 986: 979: 972: 964: 961: 960: 957: 956: 954:Rail subsidies 951: 949:Green politics 946: 944:Green New Deal 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 919:Carbon leakage 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 871:Feed-in tariff 868: 863: 858: 853: 847: 841: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 829: 827:Value of Earth 824: 819: 814: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 702: 701: 700: 695: 690: 683:Sustainability 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 578: 573: 568: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 489:Eco-innovation 486: 481: 479:Eco-capitalism 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 428: 423: 417: 415:Climate change 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 368:Carbon finance 365: 360: 355: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 333: 332: 326: 325: 300: 297: 274:Kyoto Protocol 241: 233: 230: 225:Kyoto Protocol 186:external costs 178:climate change 173: 170: 154: 146: 139:global warming 135:carbon budgets 116:climate change 104:European Union 84:carbon pricing 75: 72:carbon dioxide 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8021: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7984: 7983: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7885:Climate model 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7817:Cloud forcing 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7714: 7710: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7592:Communication 7589: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572:Vulnerability 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7542:Flood control 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 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Retrieved 2063: 2007: 2003: 1999:Donald Trump 1987:Barack Obama 1979: 1953:, funded by 1947:FreedomWorks 1940: 1884: 1868:signal (the 1866:carbon price 1856: 1841: 1830: 1801: 1793: 1782: 1768: 1749:fossil fuels 1732: 1724: 1716: 1704: 1697: 1655: 1651: 1636: 1625:through the 1612: 1599: 1587: 1564: 1553:(now led by 1549:, which the 1526: 1507:In 2003 the 1506: 1475: 1471: 1462: 1457: 1441: 1439: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1399: 1391: 1330: 1318: 1301: 1299: 1287: 1283: 1279:rent-seeking 1275: 1262: 1255: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1215: 1211:Bonn meeting 1207: 1190: 1164: 1160: 1147: 1119: 1115:greenwashing 1068: 1041: 1002:benefits of 999:social costs 993: 891:Net metering 765:food systems 693:organization 484:Eco commerce 398:Pigovian tax 357: 347:Carbon price 309:Carbon price 290: 279: 271: 260: 250:Ross Garnaut 247: 243: 218: 212: 194: 175: 163: 132: 112:fossil fuels 108: 78:) and other 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46: 36: 7797:Carbon sink 7775:atmospheric 7640:video games 7314:Blue carbon 6942:Agriculture 6921:Marine life 6868:Water cycle 6826:temperature 6561:Fossil fuel 6181:Mayer, Jane 6107:February 2, 6068:February 2, 6040:October 12, 6015:October 15, 5697:January 25, 5269:(1): 4147. 5119:November 1, 4714:October 12, 4572:November 3, 4539:January 16, 4417:October 31, 3921:10419/53231 3387:Goldemberg 3113:<ref> 2958:Goldemberg 2613:January 29, 2355:(1): 1–55. 2267:January 10, 1926:commitment. 1881:South Korea 1810:New Zealand 1690:Price of CO 1678:Price of CO 1619:Nova Scotia 1594:Upper House 1590:Lower House 1559:Tony Abbott 1449:speculative 1395:colonialism 790:procurement 745:development 730:consumption 715:agriculture 710:advertising 705:Sustainable 596:development 209:externality 205:public good 128:solar power 7998:Categories 7829:Cryosphere 7790:permafrost 7562:Resilience 7514:Adaptation 7489:Litigation 7479:Governance 7424:adaptation 7206:Carbon tax 7159:Mitigation 7096:Antarctica 6984:Disability 5771:August 13, 5424:(1): 454. 5326:: 102758. 4709:Herald Sun 4678:Herald Sun 4010:World Bank 3843:August 30, 3626:August 30, 3475:August 10, 2944:August 25, 2810:World Bank 2528:January 8, 2055:References 2039:Carbon tax 1975:John Kerry 1935:See also: 1623:California 1374:See also: 1370:Criticisms 1296:Auctioning 1187:Eco-tariff 1155:carbon tax 1097:projects, 1075:wind farms 780:management 775:livelihood 770:industries 720:capitalism 688:accounting 586:accounting 544:enterprise 534:accounting 431:Food miles 378:Carbon tax 303:See also: 236:See also: 201:atmosphere 143:oversupply 124:wind power 122:, such as 94:under the 7844:Feedbacks 7615:Education 7116:Caribbean 7111:Australia 7038:Migration 7001:Fisheries 6947:Livestock 6873:Wildfires 6779:Heat wave 6267:August 6, 6232:August 6, 6201:March 20, 5932:August 8, 5645:August 6, 5574:cite news 5530:April 25, 5438:0965-1721 5389:0027-8424 5350:0095-0696 5283:2041-1723 5225:0027-8424 5170:March 19, 5141:March 15, 5092:April 19, 5048:August 6, 5018:August 6, 4923:August 6, 4795:August 6, 4755:cite news 4745:August 6, 4657:August 6, 4387:full text 4332:1469-3062 4282:August 6, 4269:157986703 4225:April 26, 4198:August 4, 4145:August 8, 4093:April 28, 3988:April 26, 3957:April 26, 3653:April 28, 3418:April 26, 3157:April 14, 3125:April 30, 3082:April 28, 3039:April 30, 2893:help page 2815:March 29, 2759:0261-3077 2725:0028-792X 2691:0261-3077 2664:2624-893X 2238:April 26, 2209:April 26, 2176:August 8, 2168:. 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