505:
1660:
391:
continuously provide 5 amps for 20 hours while maintaining a voltage of at least 10.5 volts. The relationship between the Ah capacity and the discharge rate is not linear; as the discharge rate is increased, the capacity decreases. A battery with a 100 Ah rating generally will not be able to maintain a voltage above 10.5 volts for 10 hours while being discharged at constant rate of 10 amps. Capacity also decreases with temperature.
38:
289:
charging. A modern battery may not require additional water over its useful life; some types eliminate the individual filler caps for each cell. A weakness of these batteries is that they are very intolerant of deep discharge, such as when the car battery is completely drained by leaving the lights on. This coats the lead plate electrodes with lead sulfate deposits and can reduce the battery's lifespan by a third or more.
93:
Typically, starting uses less than three percent of the battery capacity. For this reason, automotive batteries are designed to deliver maximum current for a short period of time. They are sometimes referred to as "SLI batteries" for this reason, for starting, lighting and ignition. SLI batteries are
512:
The primary wear-out mechanism is the shedding of active material from the battery plates, which accumulates at the bottom of the cells and which may eventually short-circuit the plates. This can be substantially reduced by enclosing one set of plates in plastic separator bags, made from a permeable
493:
and evaporation. By changing the alloying element to calcium, more recent designs have reduced the rate of water loss. Modern car batteries have reduced maintenance requirements, and may not provide caps for addition of water to the cells. Such batteries include extra electrolyte above the plates to
288:
In the past, auto batteries required regular inspection and maintenance to replace water that was decomposed during the operation of the battery. "Low-maintenance" (sometimes called "zero-maintenance") batteries use a different alloy for the plate elements, reducing the amount of water decomposed on
284:
The cells are connected by short heavy straps from the positive plates of one cell to the negative plates of the adjacent cell. A pair of heavy terminals, plated with lead to resist corrosion, are mounted at the top, sometimes the side, of the battery. Early auto batteries used hard rubber cases and
524:
of automotive batteries reduces the need for resources required for the manufacture of new batteries, diverts toxic lead from landfills, and prevents the risk of improper disposal. Once a leadâacid battery ceases to hold a charge, it is deemed a used lead-acid battery (ULAB), which is classified as
438:
In the United States there are codes on batteries that indicate when they were manufactured. When batteries are stored, they start losing their charge; this is due to non-current-producing chemical reactions of the electrodes with the battery acid. A battery made in
October 2015 will have a numeric
405:
engines take no more than a few seconds to start and CCA figures are less important than they used to be. It is important not to confuse CCA with CA/MCA or HCA numbers as the latter will always be higher due to warmer temperatures. For example, a 250 CCA battery will have more starting power than a
119:
said that 31% of vehicle battery explosion injuries occurred while charging the battery. The next-most common scenarios were while working on cable connections, while jump-starting, typically by failing to connect to the dead battery before the charging source and failing to connect to the vehicle
452:
Excess heat is a main cause of battery failures, as when the electrolyte evaporates due to high temperatures, decreasing the effective surface area of the plates exposed to the electrolyte, and leading to sulfation. Grid corrosion rates increase with temperature. Also low temperatures can lead to
390:
The ampere hour rating is generally defined as the product of (the current a battery can provide for 20 hours at a constant rate, at 80 degrees F (26.6 °C), while the voltage drops to a cut-off of 10.5 volts) times 20 hours. In theory, at 80 degrees F, a 100 Ah battery should be able to
114:
Gas explosions can occur at the negative electrode where hydrogen gas can build up due to blocked battery vents or a poorly ventilated setting, combined with an ignition source. Explosions during engine start-up are typically associated with corroded or dirty battery posts. A 1993 study by the US
295:
batteries, also known as absorbed glass mat (AGM) batteries are more tolerant of deep discharge but are more expensive. VRLA batteries do not permit addition of water to the cell. The cells each have an automatic pressure release valve, to protect the case from rupture on severe overcharge or
236:
standard was proposed. It was intended to allow more powerful electrically driven accessories, and lighter automobile wiring harnesses. The availability of higher-efficiency motors, new wiring techniques, and digital controls, and a focus on hybrid vehicle systems that use high-voltage
485:
Starting batteries have plates designed for increased surface area and thus high instant current capability, whereas marine (hybrid) and deep cycle types will have thicker plates and more room at the bottom of the plates for spent plate material to gather before shorting the cell.
416:
Hot cranking amperes (HCA) is the amount of current a battery can provide at 80 °F (27 °C). The rating is defined as the current a lead-acid battery at that temperature can deliver for 30 seconds and maintain at least 1.2 volts per cell (7.2 volts for a 12-volt
412:
Marine cranking amperes (MCA): like CA, the amount of current a battery can provide at 32 °F (0 °C), and often found on batteries for boats (hence "marine") and lawn garden tractors which are less likely to be operated in conditions where ice can
478:
Sulfation is when the electrodes become coated with a hard layer of lead sulfate, which weakens the battery. Sulfation can happen when battery is not fully charged and remains discharged. Sulfated batteries should be charged slowly to prevent damage.
120:
chassis rather than directly to the grounded battery post, and while checking fluid levels. Close to two-thirds of those injured suffered chemical burns, and nearly three-fourths suffered eye injuries, among other possible injuries.
276:
solution, which is the electrolyte. Initially, cells each had a filler cap, through which the electrolyte level could be viewed and which allowed water to be added to the cell. The filler cap had a small vent hole which allowed
97:
As well as starting the engine, an SLI battery supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicle's electrical requirements exceed the supply from the charging system. It is also a stabilizer, evening out potentially damaging
110:
type, using six series-connected cells to provide a nominal 12-volt system (in most passenger vehicles and light trucks), or twelve cells for a 24-volt system in heavy trucks or earth-moving equipment, for example.
537:. In the U.S. alone, about 100 million auto batteries a year are replaced, and 99 percent of them are turned in for recycling. However, the recycling may be done incorrectly in unregulated environments. As part of
315:
to the external circuit, and at the positive (lead oxide) terminal another chemical reaction absorbs electrons from the external circuit. This drives the electrons through the external circuit wire (an electrical
442:
In South Africa the code on a battery to indicate production date is part of the casing and cast into the bottom left of the cover. The code is year and week number (YYWW), e.g. 1336 is for week 36 in the year
199:
systems, with the vehicle's chassis directly connected to the positive battery terminal. Today, almost all road vehicles have a negative ground system. The negative battery terminal is connected to the car's
400:
Cold cranking amperes (CCA): the amount of current a battery can provide at 0 °F (â18 °C) for 30 seconds while maintaining a voltage of at least 7.2 volts. Modern cars with computer-controlled
513:
material. This allows the electrolyte and ions to pass through but keeps the sludge build up from bridging the plates. The sludge largely consists of lead sulfate, which is produced at both electrodes.
1227:
1119:
135:, but they usually have an automotive battery as well, so that they can use standard automotive accessories which are designed to run on 12 V. They are often referred to as
541:, ULABs are shipped from industrialized countries to developing countries for disassembly and recuperation of the contents. About 97 percent of the lead can be recovered.
508:
A positive (red) jumper cable connected to battery post. An optional hydrometer window is visible by the single jumper clamp. The black negative jumper clamp is not shown.
409:
Cranking amperes (CA): the amount of current a battery can provide at 32 °F (0 °C), again for 30 seconds at a voltage equal to, or greater than, 7.2 volts.
336:, the chemical reaction is reversed: the lead sulfate reforms into lead dioxide. With the plates restored to their original condition, the process may be repeated.
2082:
1299:
152:
Further, an electric vehicle does not have a starter motor, thus needs only a limited amount of power and energy from its auxiliary battery. As such,
1460:
1235:
217:
Cars used 6 V electrical systems and batteries until the mid-1950s. The changeover from 6 to 12 V happened when bigger engines with higher
264:
battery, with six cells. Each cell of a lead storage battery consists of alternate plates made of a lead alloy grid filled with sponge lead plates (
857:
76:
that actually propels the vehicle. Once the engine is running, power for the car's electrical systems is still supplied by the battery, with the
1196:
429:(BCI) group size specifies a battery's physical dimensions, such as length, width, and height. These groups are determined by the organization.
789:
116:
886:
534:
285:
wooden plate separators. Modern units use plastic cases and woven sheets to prevent the plates of a cell from touching and short-circuiting.
1270:
1523:
460:
via an external source of power. Once running, the engine can recharge the battery, if the alternator and charging system are undamaged.
482:
SLI batteries (starting, lighting, and ignition) are not designed for deep discharge, and their life is reduced when subjected to this.
188:
and a bell or bulb-horn was used instead of an electric horn. Car batteries became widely used around 1920 as cars became equipped with
221:
required more electrical power to start. Smaller cars, which required less power to start stayed with 6 V longer, for example the
1008:
2749:
2075:
1589:
1384:
1164:
804:
296:
internal failure. A VRLA battery cannot spill its electrolyte which makes it particularly useful in vehicles such as motorcycles.
457:
953:
172:
Early cars did not have batteries, as their electrical systems were limited. Electric power for the ignition was provided by a
2650:
307:. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a total of 12.6 volts at full charge. During discharge, at the negative (lead) terminal a
439:
code of 10-5 or an alphanumeric code of K-5. "A" is for
January, "B" is for February, and so on (the letter "I" is skipped).
30:
This article is about batteries that start engines and power accessories. For batteries that power electric vehicles, see
2068:
1256:
2589:
1860:
1747:
387:(Ah or A·h) is a unit related to the energy storage capacity of the battery. This rating is required by law in Europe.
1403:
564:
1115:
333:
1900:
2754:
1910:
1140:
489:
Car batteries using lead-antimony plates require regular topping-up with pure water to replace water lost due to
2267:
1838:
2506:
1307:
2744:
2564:
1920:
426:
211:
2148:
1582:
1364:
352:
1089:
1885:
1752:
1065:
759:
17:
2091:
1925:
1895:
1880:
1848:
865:
830:
142:
73:
654:"Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques"
653:
2700:
2614:
2579:
2559:
2511:
2419:
1940:
1687:
1206:
606:
249:
233:
1461:"Description and treatment of sulphated batteries using the mmf charger and the discharger/analyzer"
783:
715:
2695:
2536:
2245:
1955:
1853:
1330:
691:
472:
207:
132:
31:
890:
2470:
1960:
1905:
1890:
1843:
1823:
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1757:
1737:
1717:
1575:
376:
Batteries are grouped by physical size, type and placement of the terminals, and mounting style.
328:, the acid of the electrolyte reacts with the materials of the plates, changing their surface to
77:
237:
starter/generators have largely eliminated the push for switching the main automotive voltages.
102:. While the engine is running most of the power is provided by the alternator, which includes a
2292:
2049:
1950:
1442:
1278:
2409:
2250:
1915:
1811:
1732:
1399:
1328:
Ruetschi, Paul (March 10, 2004), "Aging mechanisms and service life of leadâacid batteries",
585:
468:
456:
If the battery is discharged to the point where it can't start the engine, the engine can be
107:
42:
1547:
1499:
928:
627:
149:
to step down the high voltage to the required float-charge voltage (typically around 14 V).
2404:
2176:
1793:
1777:
1762:
1598:
1339:
317:
196:
94:
not designed for deep discharging, and a full discharge can reduce the battery's lifespan.
58:
8:
2739:
2554:
2452:
2182:
1945:
1930:
1865:
1833:
1828:
1644:
1038:
729:
344:
1424:
1343:
1172:
145:
vehicles, EVs don't charge the auxiliary battery with an alternatorâinstead, they use a
2272:
1935:
1617:
982:
590:
580:
558:
546:
538:
340:
146:
1659:
533:. The 12-volt car battery is the most recycled product in the world, according to the
214:
batteries. BCI is the organization that sets the dimensional standards for batteries.
2277:
2217:
2168:
2009:
1697:
1483:
805:"Why is there a 12 volt lead-acid battery, and how is it charged in an electric car?"
764:
673:
521:
464:
308:
222:
218:
177:
103:
1727:
1271:"BCI Battery Service Manual 14th Edition - Download - Battery Council International"
961:
229:
in 1970. The sealed battery, which did not require refilling, was invented in 1971.
2569:
2526:
2485:
2434:
2399:
2320:
2307:
1875:
1870:
1682:
1622:
1369:
1351:
1347:
1201:
665:
601:
530:
351:
conventional hybrids feature one as well. Heavy vehicles may have two batteries in
329:
325:
245:
189:
173:
128:
69:
2680:
2391:
2240:
2197:
1742:
1669:
570:
526:
904:
195:
The first starting and charging systems were designed to be 6-volt and positive-
2546:
2516:
2371:
2138:
1978:
1632:
887:"Positive Vs. Negative Ground - Will charger work on positive ground vehicles?"
575:
402:
304:
669:
226:
2733:
2718:
2609:
2602:
2424:
2356:
2351:
2315:
2232:
2172:
2133:
2123:
2060:
1612:
677:
406:
250 CA (or MCA) one, and likewise a 250 CA will have more than a 250 HCA one.
300:
273:
99:
62:
210:
was the first to use a standardized battery in 1918 when they started using
2335:
2330:
2297:
2202:
2192:
2128:
2112:
1816:
1772:
1707:
1649:
1627:
595:
490:
292:
185:
504:
106:
to keep the output between 13.5 and 14.5 V. Modern SLI batteries are
2713:
2597:
2414:
2366:
2325:
2282:
2212:
2044:
2029:
1767:
1692:
384:
321:
241:
157:
153:
1567:
1475:
1009:""Whole new step-change in technology:" Cybertruck starts at $ US61,000"
339:
Some vehicles use other starter batteries. For weight savings, the 2010
2685:
2645:
2624:
2619:
2521:
2429:
2361:
2287:
2227:
2158:
1988:
1722:
1702:
542:
498:
2640:
2381:
2376:
2163:
2143:
2034:
2024:
2014:
1983:
1639:
359:
V system or may have series-parallel groups of batteries supplying 24
161:
2663:
2659:
2531:
2262:
2187:
2153:
1712:
1408:
1116:"2010 Porsche 911 GT3 RS: Track-Ready, Street-Legal And More Power"
1060:
1058:
348:
312:
278:
261:
181:
37:
785:
Injuries
Associated With Hazards Involving Motor Vehicle Batteries
2690:
2574:
2019:
1404:"Is revving the engine a good idea during a jump-start? Find out"
265:
201:
1055:
831:"Tesla's New 12V Li-Ion Auxiliary Battery Has CATL Cells Inside"
2501:
2480:
2257:
2207:
716:"Automotive Charging Systems â A Short Course on How They Work"
1524:"Who Knew? A Car Battery Is the World's Most Recycled Product"
2004:
269:
1228:"Winter Is Coming... Do You Know Your Battery's CCA Rating?"
2655:
1257:"Marine Battery vs. Car Battery: What Are the Differences?"
760:"How to Avoid Battery Explosions (Yes, They Really Happen)"
27:
Rechargeable battery for starting a car's combustion engine
68:
Its main purpose is to provide an electric current to the
2102:
2039:
549:
are affected by lead contamination from ULAB processing.
394:
281:
gas generated during charging to escape from the cell.
1191:
1189:
471:, which can be prevented by the proper application of
80:
charging the battery as demands increase or decrease.
1386:
The Most Common
Reasons for 12 Volt Car Battery Drain
1186:
1477:The Automotive Storage Battery Its Care and Repair
1398:
753:
751:
749:
651:
1141:"2017 Kia Niro: The Troublemaker - The Car Guide"
2731:
1165:"Automotive/SLI Batteries - Batteries by Fisher"
746:
2090:
790:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
652:Pradhan, S. K.; Chakraborty, B. (2022-07-01).
497:Some battery manufacturers include a built-in
117:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
72:, which in turn starts the chemically-powered
2076:
1583:
1443:"How to Clean Corroded Car Battery Terminals"
535:United States Environmental Protection Agency
252:, reducing 70% of the wiring in the vehicle.
88:
778:
776:
774:
501:to show the state of charge of the battery.
1416:
1037:Le, Thi Meagan (2001). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
757:
123:
2083:
2069:
1590:
1576:
494:allow for losses during the battery life.
1597:
771:
545:estimates that over 12 million people in
260:An automobile battery is an example of a
83:
2149:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1327:
503:
36:
983:"Whatever Happened to the 42-Volt Car?"
516:
467:can prevent a car from starting due to
160:auxiliary battery storing only 99
14:
2732:
1480:. The American Bureau of Engineering.
1006:
852:
850:
758:Vartabedian, Ralph (August 26, 1999),
447:
395:Cranking amperages (CCA, CA, MCA, HCA)
2064:
1571:
1473:
1422:
1032:
1030:
1197:"From Our Experts: Car Battery Tips"
1122:from the original on 21 October 2009
1113:
828:
347:as an option; from 2018 onward, all
299:Batteries are typically made of six
131:(EVs) are powered by a high-voltage
1497:
847:
625:
24:
1402:; Magliozzi, Ray (April 1, 2007),
1205:. December 2, 2015. Archived from
1066:"How to Get the Right Car Battery"
1036:
1027:
802:
371:
320:) to produce an electric current (
25:
2766:
565:Automobile auxiliary power outlet
379:
366:
1658:
1423:Meyer, Alex (17 December 2017).
1007:Akhtar, Riz (December 1, 2023).
567:("cigarette lighter receptacle")
176:, the engine was started with a
41:A typical 12 V, 40 Ah
2750:Deep cycle automotive batteries
2251:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1540:
1516:
1491:
1467:
1453:
1435:
1425:"Why do car batteries corrode?"
1392:
1377:
1357:
1321:
1292:
1263:
1249:
1220:
1157:
1133:
1107:
1082:
1000:
975:
946:
921:
897:
879:
268:) or coated with lead dioxide (
70:electric-powered starting motor
1352:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.052
1300:"bci-battery-technical-manual"
954:"6 Volt to 12 Volt Changeover"
822:
796:
722:
708:
684:
645:
619:
272:). Each cell is filled with a
13:
1:
612:
432:
427:Battery Council International
421:
212:Battery Council International
1365:"Car batteries Buying Guide"
858:"History of the car battery"
244:started deliveries of their
208:The Hudson Motor Car Company
7:
552:
143:internal combustion engined
10:
2771:
2092:Internal combustion engine
1039:"Voltage of a car battery"
730:"Q & A: Car Batteries"
167:
89:Gasoline and diesel engine
74:internal combustion engine
29:
2709:
2673:
2633:
2588:
2560:Diesel particulate filter
2545:
2512:Idle air control actuator
2494:
2461:
2453:Engine control unit (ECU)
2443:
2390:
2344:
2306:
2226:
2111:
2098:
1997:
1969:
1791:
1748:Metalâair electrochemical
1667:
1656:
1605:
829:Kane, Mark (2021-11-07).
692:"What is a lead battery?"
670:10.1016/j.est.2022.104427
658:Journal of Energy Storage
607:48-volt electrical system
255:
250:48-volt electrical system
225:in the mid-1960s and the
2625:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2537:Throttle position sensor
2246:Overhead camshaft layout
1331:Journal of Power Sources
1114:Wert, Ray (2009-08-19).
809:greentransportation.info
734:van.physics.illinois.edu
133:electric vehicle battery
124:Electric and hybrid cars
61:that is used to start a
32:Electric vehicle battery
2164:Core plug (freeze plug)
190:electric starter motors
2755:Rechargeable batteries
2050:Semipermeable membrane
1839:Lithiumâironâphosphate
509:
332:. When the battery is
84:Battery in modern cars
46:
1921:Rechargeable alkaline
1599:Electrochemical cells
905:"Why POSITIVE EARTH?"
507:
469:electrical resistance
234:42V electrical system
156:introduced in 2021 a
141:Unlike conventional,
40:
2745:Battery applications
2405:Compression ignition
1901:Nickelâmetal hydride
1504:chargingchargers.com
1474:Witte, O.A. (1922).
1145:amp.guideautoweb.com
1090:"Basic Battery Care"
1043:The Physics Factbook
632:chargingchargers.com
547:developing countries
517:Environmental impact
137:auxiliary batteries.
59:rechargeable battery
2555:Catalytic converter
1911:Polysulfideâbromide
1753:Nickel oxyhydroxide
1645:Thermogalvanic cell
1344:2004JPS...127...33R
1209:on December 6, 2015
1169:Batteries by Fisher
634:. Charging Chargers
448:Use and maintenance
345:lithium-ion battery
2681:Knocking / pinging
2273:Combustion chamber
1674:(non-rechargeable)
1618:Concentration cell
1548:"Projects Reports"
1500:"Battery Tutorial"
1275:batterycouncil.org
1259:. October 4, 2018.
958:fillingstation.com
929:"6-Volt Batteries"
696:batterycouncil.org
628:"Battery Tutorial"
598:(AGM and gel cell)
591:List of auto parts
581:Deep-cycle battery
559:Anderson Powerpole
539:global waste trade
510:
341:Porsche 911 GT3 RS
324:). As the battery
219:compression ratios
147:DC-to-DC converter
51:automotive battery
47:
2727:
2726:
2696:Stratified charge
2463:Electrical system
2445:Engine management
2278:Compression ratio
2218:Starter ring gear
2117:rotating assembly
2058:
2057:
1552:WorstPolluted.org
1528:Green Car Reports
1484:Project Gutenberg
1412:, Tappet Brothers
1094:Popular Mechanics
987:Popular Mechanics
765:Los Angeles Times
586:Leadâacid battery
522:Battery recycling
473:dielectric grease
465:battery terminals
463:Corrosion at the
453:battery failure.
309:chemical reaction
223:Volkswagen Beetle
129:Electric vehicles
104:voltage regulator
16:(Redirected from
2762:
2570:Exhaust manifold
2435:Spark plug wires
2321:Boost controller
2308:Forced induction
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2061:
1854:Lithiumâtitanate
1799:
1675:
1662:
1623:Electric battery
1592:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1498:Johnson, Larry.
1495:
1489:
1488:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1370:Consumer Reports
1361:
1355:
1354:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1306:. Archived from
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1277:. Archived from
1267:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1234:. Archived from
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1202:Consumer Reports
1193:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:. Archived from
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1118:. Jalopnik.com.
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1070:Consumer Reports
1062:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
960:. Archived from
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
901:
895:
894:
889:. Archived from
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
864:. Archived from
854:
845:
844:
842:
841:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
800:
794:
793:
780:
769:
768:
755:
744:
743:
741:
740:
726:
720:
719:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
688:
682:
681:
649:
643:
642:
640:
639:
626:Johnson, Larry.
623:
531:Basel Convention
362:
358:
21:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2705:
2701:Top dead centre
2669:
2629:
2584:
2541:
2490:
2464:
2457:
2446:
2439:
2386:
2340:
2302:
2258:Tappet / lifter
2241:Flathead layout
2231:
2222:
2116:
2107:
2094:
2089:
2059:
2054:
1993:
1972:
1965:
1886:Nickelâhydrogen
1844:Lithiumâpolymer
1800:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1601:
1596:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1482:(Full text via
1472:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1232:Bauer Built Inc
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
981:
980:
976:
967:
965:
952:
951:
947:
938:
936:
927:
926:
922:
913:
911:
903:
902:
898:
885:
884:
880:
871:
869:
856:
855:
848:
839:
837:
827:
823:
813:
811:
803:Herron, David.
801:
797:
782:
781:
772:
756:
747:
738:
736:
728:
727:
723:
714:
713:
709:
700:
698:
690:
689:
685:
650:
646:
637:
635:
624:
620:
615:
571:Battery charger
555:
527:hazardous waste
519:
450:
435:
424:
397:
382:
374:
372:Physical format
369:
360:
356:
305:series circuits
258:
232:In the 1990s a
170:
126:
91:
86:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2590:Cooling system
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2547:Exhaust system
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:Inlet manifold
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Fuel injection
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Connecting rod
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Atomic battery
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Vanadium redox
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Silverâcadmium
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Nickelâlithium
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Nickelâcadmium
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1849:Lithiumâsulfur
1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1798:(rechargeable)
1794:Secondary cell
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:EdisonâLalande
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1633:Trough battery
1630:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1539:
1515:
1490:
1466:
1452:
1434:
1415:
1400:Magliozzi, Tom
1391:
1376:
1356:
1338:(1â2): 33â44,
1320:
1291:
1262:
1248:
1219:
1185:
1156:
1132:
1106:
1081:
1054:
1026:
999:
974:
945:
920:
896:
893:on 2020-07-27.
878:
846:
821:
795:
770:
745:
721:
707:
683:
644:
617:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
593:
588:
583:
578:
576:Battery tester
573:
568:
562:
554:
551:
518:
515:
449:
446:
445:
444:
440:
434:
431:
423:
420:
419:
418:
414:
410:
407:
396:
393:
381:
380:Amp hours (Ah)
378:
373:
370:
368:
367:Specifications
365:
301:galvanic cells
257:
254:
169:
166:
125:
122:
100:voltage spikes
90:
87:
85:
82:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2767:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:Water cooling
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2580:Oxygen sensor
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:Intake system
2493:
2487:
2486:Starter motor
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Ignition coil
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Petrol engine
2355:
2353:
2352:Diesel engine
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Blowoff valve
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2233:Cylinder head
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Balance shaft
2122:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Sodiumâsulfur
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Potassium ion
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Lithium metal
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Aluminiumâair
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Galvanic cell
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:, August 2016
1372:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1310:on 2019-03-02
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1281:on 2020-08-07
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1238:on 2019-03-02
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1175:on 2016-02-06
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1010:
1003:
988:
984:
978:
964:on 2016-03-02
963:
959:
955:
949:
934:
930:
924:
910:
906:
900:
892:
888:
882:
868:on 2016-12-28
867:
863:
862:racshop.co.uk
859:
853:
851:
836:
835:insideevs.com
832:
825:
810:
806:
799:
791:
787:
786:
779:
777:
775:
767:
766:
761:
754:
752:
750:
735:
731:
725:
717:
711:
697:
693:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
633:
629:
622:
618:
608:
605:
603:
602:Peukert's law
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
514:
506:
502:
500:
495:
492:
487:
483:
480:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
454:
441:
437:
436:
430:
428:
415:
411:
408:
404:
403:fuel-injected
399:
398:
392:
388:
386:
377:
364:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
275:
274:sulfuric acid
271:
267:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
238:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
203:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
139:
138:
134:
130:
121:
118:
112:
109:
105:
101:
95:
81:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
63:motor vehicle
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2610:Electric fan
2475:
2410:Coil-on-plug
2336:Turbocharger
2331:Supercharger
2203:Main bearing
2193:Firing order
2183:Displacement
2129:Block heater
2113:Engine block
2101:Part of the
2100:
1956:Zincâbromine
1806:
1763:Silver oxide
1698:Chromic acid
1670:Primary cell
1650:Voltaic pile
1628:Flow battery
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1418:
1407:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1359:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1303:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1274:
1265:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1231:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1200:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1168:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1096:. 2006-03-29
1093:
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1017:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
989:. 2009-10-01
986:
977:
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
957:
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:hemmings.com
932:
923:
912:. Retrieved
908:
899:
891:the original
881:
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
861:
838:. Retrieved
834:
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:
798:
784:
763:
737:. Retrieved
733:
724:
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:
686:
661:
657:
647:
636:. Retrieved
631:
621:
596:VRLA battery
520:
511:
496:
491:electrolysis
488:
484:
481:
477:
462:
458:jump started
455:
451:
425:
389:
385:Ampere hours
383:
375:
338:
330:lead sulfate
298:
291:
287:
283:
259:
248:that uses a
239:
231:
216:
206:
194:
171:
151:
140:
136:
127:
113:
96:
92:
67:
54:
50:
48:
2634:Lubrication
2598:Air cooling
2415:Distributor
2367:Fuel filter
2345:Fuel system
2326:Intercooler
2293:Timing belt
2283:Head gasket
2213:Piston ring
2045:Salt bridge
2030:Electrolyte
1961:Zincâcerium
1946:Solid state
1931:Silverâzinc
1906:Nickelâzinc
1891:Nickelâiron
1866:Molten salt
1834:Dual carbon
1829:Lithium ion
1824:Lithiumâair
1783:Zincâcarbon
1758:Siliconâair
1738:Lithiumâair
1429:Gear4Wheels
1019:December 7,
1015:. Australia
935:. July 2006
909:MGAguru.com
792:, July 1997
322:electricity
227:Citroën 2CV
186:gas-powered
164:of energy.
158:lithium-ion
55:car battery
45:car battery
18:Car battery
2740:Auto parts
2734:Categories
2686:Power band
2646:Oil filter
2620:Thermostat
2565:EGT sensor
2527:MAF sensor
2522:MAP sensor
2507:Air filter
2471:Alternator
2430:Spark plug
2362:Carburetor
2288:Rocker arm
2228:Valvetrain
2159:Crankshaft
2103:Automobile
1998:Cell parts
1989:Solar cell
1971:Other cell
1936:Sodium ion
1807:Automotive
1557:2016-02-18
1533:2016-02-18
1509:2016-02-15
1314:2019-03-01
1285:2019-03-01
1242:2021-05-14
1213:2016-02-17
1179:2016-02-15
1150:2022-03-09
1126:2009-09-18
1100:2016-02-17
1075:2016-02-17
1048:2022-01-24
1013:The Driven
993:2016-02-18
968:2016-02-17
939:2016-02-17
914:2019-04-20
872:2016-02-17
840:2023-12-07
739:2016-02-18
701:2016-02-17
664:: 104427.
638:2016-02-15
613:References
561:connectors
543:Pure Earth
529:under the
499:hydrometer
433:Date codes
422:Group size
326:discharges
246:Cybertruck
182:headlights
78:alternator
2420:Glow plug
2382:Fuel tank
2377:Fuel pump
2144:Crankcase
2035:Half-cell
2025:Electrode
1984:Fuel cell
1861:Metalâair
1812:Leadâacid
1728:Leclanché
1640:Fuel cell
1304:yumpu.com
678:2352-152X
417:battery).
334:recharged
318:conductor
313:electrons
311:releases
108:lead-acid
43:lead-acid
2719:Category
2664:Dry sump
2660:Wet sump
2651:Oil pump
2615:Radiator
2532:Throttle
2392:Ignition
2263:Camshaft
2188:Flywheel
2169:Cylinder
2154:Crankpin
2015:Catalyst
1876:Nanowire
1871:Nanopore
1817:gelâVRLA
1778:Zincâair
1683:Alkaline
1409:Car Talk
1120:Archived
553:See also
355:for a 24
349:Kia Niro
279:hydrogen
262:wet cell
240:In 2023
2691:Redline
2575:Muffler
2476:Battery
2400:Magneto
2020:Cathode
1773:Zamboni
1743:Mercury
1708:Daniell
1447:wikiHow
1340:Bibcode
266:cathode
202:chassis
174:magneto
168:History
57:, is a
2714:Portal
2502:Airbox
2481:Dynamo
2208:Piston
2198:Stroke
2177:layout
2105:series
2010:Binder
1768:Weston
1693:Bunsen
814:24 May
676:
361:
357:
353:series
343:has a
256:Design
197:ground
2674:Other
2298:Valve
2268:Chest
2005:Anode
1723:Grove
1703:Clark
1606:Types
443:2013.
413:form.
303:in a
270:anode
242:Tesla
184:were
178:crank
154:Tesla
53:, or
2656:Sump
2173:bank
2134:Bore
2040:Ions
1021:2023
816:2020
674:ISSN
293:VRLA
2641:Oil
2230:and
2115:and
1713:Dry
1348:doi
1336:127
666:doi
363:V.
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