741:, while the third anchored off Kingstown. The ships flew no national colours, leading to local speculation as to their intent. Local planters who thought they might be merchant vessels expected to pick up the sugar harvest prevented a sentry at one of the island's coastal fortifications from firing a signal cannon, and one man sent out to one of the ships was taken prisoner. As the French began landing their troops, a small company under Captain Percin de la Roque was landed on the eastern shore to mobilise the Caribs. These irregular forces, which grew to number about 800, quickly overran British settlements near the borders between the British lands and those of the Caribs, while du Rumain led his main body of troops toward Kingstown.
103:
582:
88:
745:
Carib force became apparent, and a truce flag was sent to the French. Du Rumain demanded an unconditional surrender, which Morris rejected. During the negotiations, three ships were spotted flying
British flags. Du Rumain returned to his ship, and quickly determined that the strangers were supply ships; two he captured, but the third got away. After further negotiations terms were agreed that were similar to those granted by de Bouillé in the 1778
147:
140:
691:
797:. Although Saint Vincent had suffered significant damage (most of the buildings in Kingstown were destroyed), the defences above Kingstown were in good condition and defended by 1,000 French and Carib soldiers. Vaughan's troops were landed, but they found the going difficult due to the conditions, and were re-embarked after only one day.
562:, who assumed command of the British Leeward Islands station. Throughout the first half of 1779 both fleets received further reinforcements, after which the French fleet was slightly superior to that of the British. Furthermore, Byron departed St. Lucia on 6 June in order to provide escort services to British merchant ships gathering at
1378:"A Vindication of my Conduct" : the General Court Martial of Lieutenant Colonel George Etherington of the 60th or Royal American Regiment Held on the Island of St. Lucia in October 1781 and the Extraordinary Story Regarding the Surrender of the Island of St. Vincent in the British Caribbean during the American Revolution
808:
The Black Caribs actively harassed
British settlers during the French occupation, at times requiring intervention of the French military to minimize bloodshed. After the return to British control, an uneasy peace existed between the British and Caribs until the 1790s, when the Caribs again rose up in
624:
under the command of
Lieutenant Colonel George Etherington, most of whom were poorly trained recruits and about half of whom were unfit for duty. Etherington, rather than training and drilling his troops, or fully staffing the island's outposts, was employing significant numbers of them to clear land
800:
Lieutenant
Colonel Etherington was subjected to an enquiry at St. Lucia in 1781 over his conduct during the invasion, and exonerated. Governor Morris, a long-time resident of the island, demanded an inquiry into his behaviour, alleging it had been misrepresented in the press and other writings; he
744:
The alarm was eventually raised, and
Governor Morris thought it would be possible to make a stand against the French in the hills above Kingstown, in hopes that the Royal Navy would bring relief. Lieutenant Colonel Etherington was however opposed to this, especially when the size of the approaching
494:
and military commander
Lieutenant Colonel George Etherington disagreed on how to react and ended up surrendering without significant resistance. Both leaders were subjected to inquiries over the surrender. The period of French control began by capturing the island, which resulted in a solidified
608:
had assumed office in 1776 when the isle was granted a separate government, and reported then that it had virtually no defences. In addition to the difficult relations with the Caribs, the
British population was also sympathetic to the cause of colonial independence. The French
629:, but made under circumstances the Caribs viewed as illegal) was a major source of annoyance to the Caribs. Governor de Bouillé had established regular contact with the Caribs, and was supplying them with arms. In late August 1778 French officials met with Carib leader
601:. Neither side had been happy with the compromise agreement, and its terms were a continuing source of friction. The British had, uniquely among its Caribbean possessions, had to establish a chain of outposts to protect the planter population.
769:
on 5 July. Admiral Byron had been alerted to the capture of Saint
Vincent on 1 July, and was preparing a force to retake it when he learnt of the attack on Grenada. He immediately sailed there, arriving on the morning of 6 June. The fleets
698:
D'Estaing organized a force of 300 to 500 troops, including French regulars drawn from the regiments
Champagne, Viennois, and Martinique, and about 200 volunteer militia from Martinique. The invasion force was placed under the command of
617:, and the colonial assembly had consequently refused to appropriate funds for improving the island defences. Governor Morris had spent his own funds instead on improvements, contributing to financial difficulties he would run into later.
231:
774:, with d'Estaing prevailing over Byron's disorganized attack. Both Grenada and Saint Vincent remained in French hands until the end of the war, when they were returned to Britain under the terms of the 1783
224:
217:
1474:
Self-publication by Morris of documents pertaining to his tenure as governor, including affidavits gathered for inquiries after the capture, and the articles of capitulation.
662:
1682:
625:
on an estate on the north-west side of the island. Etherington's estate was on territory on the Carib side of the island, and its grant (for
Etherington's service in the
651:
657:
597:
population. The line dividing these territories ran from the island's north-west to its south-east, and had been agreed in a treaty signed in 1773 after the
1667:
730:. Du Rumain sailed from Martinique on 9 June, and reached the waters off Saint Vincent on the 16th. One of the privateers was driven ashore on the
794:
567:
761:
at the end of June, but was unable to make significant progress against the prevailing winds. He gave up the attempt, sailing instead for
793:
that wrought havoc throughout the West Indies, and sailed to Saint Vincent with ten ships of the line and 250 soldiers under General
589:
The political situation on Saint Vincent was somewhat tense. The island was divided roughly in half between land controlled by white
1677:
782:
996:
679:
1591:
1514:
1487:
1385:
1335:
1281:
1235:
345:
633:, and in early September Governor Morris was confronted by Caribs bearing new French muskets on a tour of the border areas.
1623:
520:
468:
125:
121:
1672:
1560:
380:
830:
532:
786:
310:
801:
was also vindicated. He never returned to the island, dying in England in 1789 after spending seven years in
705:
Charles Marie de Trolong du Rumain, who had recently distinguished himself by taking over British-controlled
445:
410:
512:
746:
621:
610:
330:
325:
320:
270:
1662:
495:
Black Carib control over northern parts of the island. The area remained under Carib control until the
464:
435:
430:
400:
340:
335:
315:
241:
32:
785:
made an attempt to recover Saint Vincent in December 1780. Arriving in the Caribbean after one of the
814:
420:
415:
405:
365:
350:
290:
516:
480:
425:
108:
790:
370:
184:
558:
The British fleet was further reinforced in January 1779 by ten ships of the line under Admiral
300:
1306:
802:
775:
701:
575:
472:
305:
55:
1613:
1442:
Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783: Being Chapter XXXI in The Royal Navy. A History
1404:
1254:
1533:
710:
706:
581:
395:
385:
375:
1360:
540:
440:
355:
280:
620:
The only British military presence on the island was a garrison of about 450 men from the
8:
626:
571:
548:
275:
265:
1459:
390:
209:
1601:
1324:
1224:
766:
531:
and a number of smaller vessels. At about the same time a British fleet under Admiral
360:
1587:
1566:
1556:
1539:
1520:
1510:
1493:
1483:
1465:
1446:
1440:
1427:
1410:
1391:
1381:
1364:
1341:
1331:
1310:
1300:
1287:
1277:
1260:
1241:
1231:
1000:
771:
536:
528:
295:
93:
810:
605:
566:
for a convoy to Europe, leaving d'Estaing free to act. D'Estaing and the governor,
496:
491:
260:
134:
1354:
585:
Depiction of the 1773 treaty negotiations between the British and the Black Caribs
146:
139:
1580:
826:
630:
604:
Saint Vincent's colonial government and defences were in some disarray. Governor
598:
129:
789:, Rodney acted on rumours that Saint Vincent's defences had been devastated by
694:
A 1776 map of Saint Vincent, depicting British and Black Carib areas of control
1553:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna People
1656:
1638:
1625:
1570:
1524:
1497:
1395:
1291:
1264:
463:
was a French invasion that took place between 16 and 18 June 1779 during the
1450:
1414:
1368:
1245:
1543:
1469:
1345:
1314:
805:
over debts incurred, in part, due to spending on Saint Vincent's defences.
709:
in March 1779. The force was embarked on a fleet consisting of the frigate
484:
1431:
613:
in 1778 had raised constitutional questions surrounding the imposition of
986:
Louis Susane, Infantry of the Ancient French Infantry (Multiple Volumes).
614:
594:
524:
476:
248:
178:
59:
570:, seized the opportunity to begin a series of operations against nearby
559:
552:
1302:
Naval Warfare, its Ruling Principles and Practice Historically Treated
757:
After du Rumain's success, d'Estaing sailed with his entire fleet for
738:
731:
727:
590:
563:
544:
1480:
An Empire Divided: the American Revolution and the British Caribbean
1326:
Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies
818:
690:
822:
758:
716:
166:
762:
551:. The British used St. Lucia to monitor the major French base at
161:
508:
527:
in early December 1778 in command of a fleet consisting of 12
171:
1577:
239:
1507:
Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Volume 1
1226:
A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present
593:(principally British) and that controlled by the local
1461:
Narrative of the Official Conduct of Valentine Morris
1375:
1256:
A Gazetter of the Most Remarkable Places in the World
1535:
An Historical Account of the Island of Saint Vincent
817:). The Caribs were then deported by the British to
1683:
History of British Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1274:
The French Army in the American War of Independence
1579:
1482:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1323:
1223:
483:-controlled part of the island, assisted by local
1477:
1654:
1555:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
825:, where their descendants are now known as the
737:Two of the ships anchored in Young's Bay, near
99:
997:"British War with France and Spain, 1778-1783"
833:gained its independence from Britain in 1979.
535:also arrived, augmenting the fleet of Admiral
1359:(in French). Paris: Dufour et Mulat. p.
1119:
225:
1426:. Boston: American Meteorological Society.
487:who held the northern part of the island.
232:
218:
1668:Battles of the American Revolutionary War
1504:
1271:
821:, an island off the coast of present-day
568:François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé
1531:
1330:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1076:
1074:
1072:
937:
935:
689:
580:
84:
1655:
1550:
1478:O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2000).
1457:
1421:
1376:Harburn, Todd; Durham, Rodger (2002).
1352:
1321:
1298:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
680:60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot
16:Part of the American Revolutionary War
1578:U. S. State Department (eds) (2010).
1438:
1402:
1356:Histoire Maritime de France, Volume 5
1252:
1221:
1069:
932:
574:. Their first target was the isle of
555:, where d'Estaing was headquartered.
213:
187:infantry (252 listed as fit for duty)
1424:Early American Hurricanes, 1492–1870
1230:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
1060:
1024:
842:
813:(part of radical French efforts to
13:
678:400 Men of unknown battalion from
519:in early 1778, French Admiral the
479:and quickly took over much of the
469:Charles-Marie de Trolong du Rumain
14:
1694:
1509:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
999:. 13 October 2007. Archived from
787:worst hurricane seasons on record
669:
467:. A French force commander named
831:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
641:
145:
138:
101:
86:
1678:Battles involving Great Britain
1409:(in French). Vannes: Cauderan.
1305:. London: W. H. Allen. p.
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1015:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
656:Captain Germiny's Company from
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
734:of the island, losing 82 men.
636:
1:
1439:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1898).
1406:Biographie bretonne, Volume 2
1380:. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books.
1276:. London: Osprey Publishing.
1215:
1161:See Harburn et al for details
502:
1586:. United States Government.
1551:Taylor, Christopher (2012).
1403:Levot, Prosper Jean (1857).
815:export the French Revolution
752:
513:American War of Independence
381:2nd Demerara & Essequibo
346:1st Demerara & Essequibo
175:300–500 regulars and militia
7:
950:O'Shaughnessy, pp. 187, 193
578:, just south of St. Lucia.
10:
1699:
1532:Shephard, Charles (1831).
1505:Rodriguez, Junius (2007).
1458:Morris, Valentine (1787).
685:
465:American Revolutionary War
33:American Revolutionary War
1445:. Boston: Little, Brown.
1422:Ludlum, David M. (1963).
1322:Craton, Michael (2009) .
674:British forces included:
663:RĂ©giment de la Martinique
256:
202:2 merchant ships captured
191:
154:
115:
78:
38:
30:
25:
1673:Battles involving France
1272:Chartrand, Rene (1992).
836:
650:Baritaut's Company from
646:French forces included:
471:landed on the island of
461:Capture of Saint Vincent
199:82 men lost by shipwreck
144:George Etherington
26:Capture of Saint Vincent
1299:Colomb, Philip (1895).
622:Royal American Regiment
507:Following the entry of
185:Royal American Regiment
1582:Treaties in Force 2010
1253:Bourn, Thomas (1815).
1222:Black, Jeremy (2006).
1207:Treaties in Force 2010
702:Lieutenant de vaisseau
695:
586:
547:, despite d'Estaing's
116:Commanders and leaders
1464:. London: J. Walter.
1353:Guérin, Léon (1851).
1048:Shephard, pp. 40, 163
783:George Brydges Rodney
693:
652:RĂ©giment de Champagne
584:
192:Casualties and losses
1538:. London: W. Nicol.
959:Craton, pp. 148, 190
791:an October hurricane
658:RĂ©giment de Viennois
539:. The British then
1635: /
1170:Morris, pp. 305–306
968:Shephard, pp. 38–39
941:Shephard, pp. 36–38
920:Craton, pp. 151–153
902:Colomb, pp. 388–389
803:King's Bench Prison
772:battled off Grenada
747:capture of Dominica
611:capture of Dominica
572:British possessions
1612:has generic name (
1259:. London: Mawman.
1080:Shepard, pp. 42–43
1003:on 13 October 2007
884:Mahan, pp. 429–432
866:Mahan, pp. 429–431
696:
587:
1663:Conflicts in 1779
1639:13.250°N 61.200°W
1593:978-0-16-085737-9
1516:978-0-313-33272-2
1489:978-0-8122-3558-6
1387:978-0-7884-2092-4
1337:978-0-8014-1252-3
1283:978-1-85532-167-0
1237:978-0-275-99039-8
1197:Rodriguez, p. 226
977:Taylor, pp. 87–88
549:attempt at relief
537:Samuel Barrington
529:ships of the line
490:British Governor
454:
453:
341:Dutch West Indies
244:Revolutionary War
208:
207:
126:Trolong du Rumain
74:
73:
1690:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1585:
1574:
1547:
1528:
1501:
1473:
1454:
1435:
1418:
1399:
1372:
1349:
1329:
1318:
1295:
1268:
1249:
1229:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
858:
855:
811:Second Carib War
627:Seven Years' War
606:Valentine Morris
497:Second Carib War
492:Valentine Morris
441:Turks and Caicos
436:17 February 1783
431:15 February 1783
316:12 December 1779
251:
234:
227:
220:
211:
210:
204:422 men captured
149:
142:
135:Valentine Morris
111:
107:
105:
104:
96:
92:
90:
89:
40:
39:
23:
22:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1653:
1652:
1644:13.250; -61.200
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1563:
1517:
1490:
1388:
1338:
1284:
1238:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:Shephard, p. 48
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:Shephard, p. 47
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:Shephard, p. 41
1029:
1025:
1021:Chartrand, p. 3
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
861:
856:
843:
839:
827:Garifuna people
776:Treaty of Paris
755:
688:
672:
644:
639:
631:Joseph Chatoyer
599:First Carib War
523:arrived in the
521:Comte d'Estaing
505:
457:
456:
455:
450:
421:6 December 1782
416:18 October 1782
366:15 January 1782
252:
247:
243:
240:
238:
203:
198:
176:
174:
169:
164:
150:
143:
128:
124:
102:
100:
87:
85:
62:
46:16–18 June 1779
17:
12:
11:
5:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1619:
1618:
1592:
1575:
1561:
1548:
1529:
1515:
1502:
1488:
1475:
1455:
1436:
1419:
1400:
1386:
1373:
1350:
1336:
1319:
1296:
1282:
1269:
1250:
1236:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1190:
1188:Craton, p. 190
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1098:Colomb, p. 391
1091:
1089:Colomb, p. 390
1082:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
931:
922:
913:
911:Colomb, p. 389
904:
895:
893:Colomb, p. 388
886:
877:
868:
859:
840:
838:
835:
754:
751:
687:
684:
683:
682:
671:
670:British Forces
668:
667:
666:
665:(2 Battalions)
660:
654:
643:
640:
638:
635:
533:William Hotham
504:
501:
452:
451:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
426:2 January 1783
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
371:Brimstone Hill
368:
363:
358:
353:
351:Sint Eustatius
348:
343:
338:
333:
331:2nd Martinique
328:
323:
321:1st Martinique
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
254:
253:
237:
236:
229:
222:
214:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
189:
188:
181:
157:
156:
152:
151:
132:
118:
117:
113:
112:
97:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:French victory
68:
64:
63:
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1695:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1615:
1610:|author=
1603:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:9781617033100
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1179:Bourn, p. 599
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1143:Taylor, p. 95
1140:
1134:Guérin, p. 89
1131:
1125:Ludlum, p. 66
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1066:Levot, p. 796
1063:
1057:Taylor, p. 88
1054:
1045:
1039:Guérin, p. 71
1036:
1027:
1018:
1002:
998:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
936:
929:Morris, p. xv
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
875:Mahan, p. 429
872:
863:
857:Levot, p. 795
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
841:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
806:
804:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
742:
740:
735:
733:
732:windward side
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
713:
708:
704:
703:
692:
681:
677:
676:
675:
664:
661:
659:
655:
653:
649:
648:
647:
642:French Forces
634:
632:
628:
623:
618:
616:
612:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
583:
579:
577:
576:Saint Vincent
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:American ally
514:
510:
500:
498:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Saint Vincent
470:
466:
462:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Fort San Juan
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
286:Saint Vincent
284:
282:
281:2nd St. Lucia
279:
277:
276:1st St. Lucia
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
250:
245:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:
212:
201:
197:none reported
196:
195:
190:
186:
182:
180:
173:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
148:
141:
136:
133:
131:
127:
123:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:Great Britain
98:
95:
83:
82:
77:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:Saint Vincent
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1620:
1581:
1552:
1534:
1506:
1479:
1460:
1441:
1423:
1405:
1377:
1355:
1325:
1301:
1273:
1255:
1225:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1107:Black, p. 59
1103:
1094:
1085:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
807:
799:
795:John Vaughan
780:
756:
743:
736:
723:
719:
711:
707:Saint Martin
700:
697:
673:
645:
619:
603:
588:
557:
543:French-held
506:
489:
485:Black Caribs
460:
458:
401:Mona Passage
311:San Fernando
285:
179:Black Caribs
79:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
1642: /
765:, which he
637:Composition
615:martial law
595:Black Carib
525:West Indies
477:West Indies
406:Black River
396:The Saintes
376:Frigate Bay
306:Cayo Cocina
296:2nd Grenada
291:1st Grenada
249:West Indies
60:West Indies
1657:Categories
1216:References
728:privateers
726:, and two
724:Balleastre
560:John Byron
553:Martinique
503:Background
446:3rd Nassau
411:2nd Nassau
386:Montserrat
356:Fort Royal
326:Guadeloupe
261:1st Nassau
177:800 local
1602:cite book
1571:759909828
1525:255787790
1498:185896684
1396:182527605
1292:635271744
1265:166063695
753:Aftermath
739:Calliaqua
717:corvettes
564:St. Kitts
545:St. Lucia
511:into the
499:of 1795.
301:RĂo Hondo
167:corvettes
122:D'Estaing
1451:46778589
1415:67890505
1369:16966590
1246:70483433
1209:, p. 237
823:Honduras
781:Admiral
767:captured
759:Barbados
591:planters
541:captured
271:Dominica
266:Barbados
242:American
155:Strength
130:Chatoyer
51:Location
1630:61°12′W
1627:13°15′N
1544:1119052
1470:5366175
1346:8765752
1315:2863262
763:Grenada
686:Capture
481:British
475:in the
162:frigate
1590:
1569:
1559:
1542:
1523:
1513:
1496:
1486:
1468:
1449:
1432:511649
1430:
1413:
1394:
1384:
1367:
1344:
1334:
1313:
1290:
1280:
1263:
1244:
1234:
1007:6 July
819:Roatán
715:, the
712:Lively
515:as an
509:France
391:Roatán
361:Tobago
172:sloops
137:
106:
94:France
91:
67:Result
837:Notes
1614:help
1588:ISBN
1567:OCLC
1557:ISBN
1540:OCLC
1521:OCLC
1511:ISBN
1494:OCLC
1484:ISBN
1466:OCLC
1447:OCLC
1428:OCLC
1411:OCLC
1392:OCLC
1382:ISBN
1365:OCLC
1342:OCLC
1332:ISBN
1311:OCLC
1288:OCLC
1278:ISBN
1261:OCLC
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1009:2020
809:the
722:and
459:The
183:464
43:Date
1307:386
829:.
720:Lys
1659::
1606::
1604:}}
1600:{{
1565:.
1519:.
1492:.
1390:.
1363:.
1361:89
1340:.
1309:.
1286:.
1240:.
1071:^
934:^
844:^
778:.
749:.
170:2
165:2
160:1
58:,
1616:)
1596:.
1573:.
1546:.
1527:.
1500:.
1472:.
1453:.
1434:.
1417:.
1398:.
1371:.
1348:.
1317:.
1294:.
1267:.
1248:.
1011:.
246::
233:e
226:t
219:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
