438:
608:
644:
572:
626:
255:
590:
560:
350:
82:
402:
215:) can be used as an exact synonym for pseudanthium and flower head; however, this use is generally but not always restricted to the family Asteraceae. At least one source defines it as a small flower head. In addition to its botanical use as a term meaning flower head it is also used to mean the top of the
160:
Pseudanthia may be grouped into types. The first type has units of individual flowers that are recognizable as single flowers even if fused. In the second type, the flowers do not appear as individual units and certain organs like stamens and carpels can not be associated with any individual flowers.
152:
In all cases, a pseudanthium is superficially indistinguishable from a flower, but closer inspection of its anatomy will reveal that it is composed of multiple flowers. Thus, the pseudanthium represents an evolutionary convergence of the inflorescence to a reduced reproductive unit that may function
169:
The term pseudanthium was originally applied to flowers with stamens in two whorls with the outer whorl opposite the petals (obdiplostemonate) or polyandric flowers; by the early 1900s the term was repurposed by the advocates of the 'pseudanthium theory' which assumed flower evolution originated
520:
In some families, it is not yet clear whether the "flower" represents a pseudanthium because the anatomical work has not been done (or is still ambiguous due to considerable evolutionary reduction). Possible pseudanthia of this type may occur in the following families:
73:
are grouped together to form a single flower-like structure. Pseudanthia take various forms. The real flowers (the florets) are generally small and often greatly reduced, but the pseudanthium itself can sometimes be quite large (as in the heads of some varieties of
607:
643:
589:
625:
559:
393:, composed of a single carpal flower with few to many single stamen staminate flowers contained within a cup-shaped structure or bracts; the bracts are often rimmed with
125:
and the corolla has one large lobe (the so-called "petals" of a daisy are individual ray flowers, for example). Either ray or disk flowers may be absent in some plants:
57:
that resembles a flower. The word is sometimes used for other structures that are neither a true flower nor a true inflorescence. Examples of pseudanthia include
1248:"Floral ontogeny and gene protein localization rules out euanthial interpretation of reproductive units in Lepironia (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae, Chrysitricheae)"
185:
113:), whose flowers are differentiated into ray flowers and disk flowers, unique to this family. The disk flowers in the center of the pseudanthium are
1505:
ClaĂen-Bockhoff, R.; Arndt, M. (2018). "Flower-like heads from flower-like meristems: pseudanthium development in
Davidia involucrata (Nyssaceae)".
766:
1602:
Petra
Hoffmann, Hashendra S. Kathriarachchi, and Kenneth J. Wurdack. 2006. "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae (Malpighiales)."
340:â Where individual male and female flowers are grouped together and wrapped in bracts forming a pseudanthium appearing as a bisexual flower.
242:, as a specific term for a flower head of a plant in the family Asteraceae. However, on-line botanical glossaries do not define it, and
571:
1393:"The unique pseudanthium of Actinodium (Myrtaceae) - morphological reinvestigation and possible regulation by CYCLOIDEA -like genes"
458:â the pseudanthia is a head-like structure with fertile flowers in the center and showy ray-like structures along the outside.
325:. Commonly the capitulum has ray flowers specialized to attract pollinators arranged surrounding disc flowers responsible for
1375:
1348:
1321:
1159:
1132:
1021:
995:
948:
923:
897:
690:
321:, which are collections of different types of flowers, is a pseudanthium. The individual flowers of a capitulum are called
137:
lacks disk flowers. The individual flowers of a pseudanthium in the family
Asteraceae (or Compositae) are commonly called
69:, which are special types of inflorescences in which anything from a small cluster to hundreds or sometimes thousands of
376:
sp the pseudanthium is greatly condensed with staminate flowers surrounding a central terminal pistillate female flower.
17:
93:. Because the collection has the overall appearance of a single flower, the collection of flowers in the head of this
717:
1201:"Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperaceae subfamily Mapanioideae inferred from pollen and plastid DNA sequence data"
619:; every "petal" is actually a separate five-petaled flower complete with its own stamens and making its own fruit.
1391:
ClaĂen-Bockhoff, Regine; Ruonala, Raili; Bull-Hereñu, Kester; Marchant, Neville; Albert, Victor A. (2013-03-01).
839:"Flower-like terminal structures in racemose inflorescences: a tool in morphogenetic and evolutionary research"
260:
1199:
Simpson, David A.; Furness, Carol A.; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Muasya, A. Muthama; Chase, Mark W. (July 2003).
1625:
770:
565:
Diagram of a flower head. Note bracts surrounding the flowers, which would be absent on a capitulum.
437:
1039:"Floral development and evolution of capitulum structure in Anacyclus (Anthemideae, Asteraceae)"
397:
and less commonly petal-like structures. The central cyathia maybe composed of all male flowers.
42:
1550:"Monocot Pseudanthia Revisited: Floral Structure of the Mycoheterotrophic Family Triuridaceae"
1365:
1311:
1149:
1122:
1011:
707:
985:
913:
817:
680:
513:
615:
133:
85:
What appear to be "petals" of an individual flower, are actually each individual complete
8:
964:
838:
633:
326:
200:
is an equivalent term for flower head and pseudanthium when used in the botanical sense.
1585:
1577:
1530:
1487:
1479:
1427:
1392:
1288:
1275:
1247:
1079:
1066:
1038:
738:
254:
1569:
1522:
1471:
1432:
1414:
1371:
1344:
1317:
1293:
1267:
1228:
1220:
1155:
1128:
1084:
1058:
1017:
991:
944:
919:
893:
868:
860:
745:
713:
686:
651:
597:
94:
1589:
1491:
1367:
Wild Crop
Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Plantation and Ornamental Crops
1630:
1561:
1534:
1514:
1463:
1422:
1404:
1283:
1259:
1212:
1074:
1050:
1037:
Bello, M. AngĂ©lica; Ălvarez, Ines; Torices, RubĂ©n; Fuertes-Aguilar, Javier (2013).
850:
337:
146:
127:
118:
106:
1338:
887:
579:
476:
349:
300:
545:
487:
426:
415:
243:
81:
1581:
1549:
1518:
1483:
1451:
1175:
792:
1619:
1573:
1475:
1418:
1271:
1224:
1062:
864:
525:
465:
410:
401:
384:
332:
114:
54:
1200:
987:
Progress in Botany: Structural Botany
Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany
1526:
1452:"Ontogeny and Diversity in Staminate Flowers of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae)"
1436:
1297:
1232:
1088:
872:
540:
90:
1409:
1216:
1390:
1263:
1054:
855:
535:
508:
379:
246:
does not link to any significant usage of the term in a botanical sense.
154:
122:
1279:
1070:
682:
Floral
Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution
183:
The collection of independent organs into a complex structure is called
498:
492:
461:
454:
363:
306:
110:
86:
31:
837:
Sokoloff, Dmitry; Rudall, Paula J.; Remizowa, Margarita (2006-10-01).
530:
503:
471:
449:
420:
372:
355:
343:
272:
157:
like a single flower, at least in plants that are animal pollinated.
75:
915:
Developmental
Genetics of the Flower: Advances in Botanical Research
1565:
1467:
431:
389:
284:
277:
216:
1036:
1013:
The
Molecular Genetics of Floral Transition and Flower Development
655:) with petaloid ray florets and tubular disc florets in the middle
482:
295:
749:
394:
238:) is a very rarely used term. It was defined in the 1966 book,
70:
1340:
1198:
289:
142:
1504:
105:
Pseudanthia are characteristic of the daisy and sunflower
941:
678:
170:
from a polyaxial instead of a monoaxial configuration.
89:, and at the center is a dense pack of individual tiny
1370:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 125.
1304:
836:
329:, perianth symmetry can be variable within the family.
990:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 83.
889:
Second International Rubiaceae Conference Proceedings
366:â In subfamily Mapanioideae, pseudanthia are termed
1120:
892:. National Botanic Garden of Belgium. p. 330.
631:Discoid (having only disk flowers) flower heads of
595:
Flowers open in succession in head of a sunflower (
121:is fused into a tube. Flowers on the periphery are
812:
810:
737:
268:Pseudanthia occur in 40 plant families including:
1450:Rozefelds, Andrew C.; Drinnan, Andrew N. (1998).
1363:
1617:
1449:
1336:
1147:
761:
759:
30:"Flower head" redirects here. For the band, see
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1016:. Elsevier Science. 16 June 2014. p. 299.
885:
807:
918:. Elsevier. 29 September 2006. pp. 35â.
756:
740:The genera of flowering plants (Angiospermae)
240:The genera of flowering plants (Angiospermae)
1316:. OUP Oxford. 14 January 2016. p. 176.
1245:
1095:
879:
731:
729:
679:Louis P. Ronse De Craene (4 February 2010).
674:
672:
670:
1330:
1176:"Cyperaceae - Evolution and classification"
709:The Arctic Guide: Wildlife of the Far North
699:
1141:
983:
785:
735:
685:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
464:in subgenus Lophozonia - a threeâflowered
27:Type of inflorescence, clusters of flowers
1426:
1408:
1287:
1078:
977:
854:
726:
667:
1357:
601:), with ray florets forming the 'petals'
436:
400:
348:
253:
80:
1554:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1456:International Journal of Plant Sciences
705:
14:
1618:
1547:
1364:Chittaranjan Kole (1 September 2011).
938:
1246:Prychid, C. J.; Bruhl, J. J. (2013).
1121:Rolf H. J. Schlegel (22 July 2020).
649:Flower head of creeping groundsel (
46:
24:
178:
141:. The pseudanthium has a whorl of
25:
1642:
249:
1313:Plant Ecology in the Middle East
642:
624:
606:
588:
570:
558:
173:
1596:
1541:
1498:
1443:
1384:
1239:
1192:
1168:
1030:
1004:
957:
932:
769:Missouri Plants. Archived from
613:Close up of the ray corolla of
577:Flower head of a common daisy (
984:Karl Esser (6 December 2012).
906:
843:Journal of Experimental Botany
830:
712:, Princeton University Press,
261:Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum
145:below the flowers, forming an
13:
1:
1343:. Feline Press. p. 145.
660:
1124:Dictionary of Plant Breeding
203:
45:for 'false flower';
7:
1154:. UNSW Press. p. 407.
744:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
222:
10:
1647:
1205:American Journal of Botany
1127:. CRC Press. p. 459.
818:"calflora Botanical Terms"
551:
405:Euphorbia caput-medusae 01
353:compressed pseudanthia of
164:
29:
1548:Rudall, Paula J. (2003).
1519:10.1007/s10265-018-1029-6
1337:James L. Castner (2004).
1148:Gwen Jean Harden (1990).
736:Hutchinson, John (1964).
387:â pseudanthia are called
298:â pseudanthia are called
287:â pseudanthia are called
1151:Flora of New South Wales
886:Elmar Robbrecht (1996).
706:Chester, Sharon (2016),
1180:Encyclopedia Britannica
965:"Australian bryophytes"
442:Actinodium cunninghamii
192:
939:Harris, James (2001).
793:"Taraxacum Officinale"
445:
406:
359:
265:
131:lacks ray flowers and
102:
1410:10.1186/2041-9139-4-8
1217:10.3732/ajb.90.7.1071
767:"Senecio vulgaris L."
440:
404:
352:
257:
84:
637:(rubber rabbitbrush)
616:Hieracium lachenalii
356:Lepironia articulata
134:Taraxacum officinale
634:Ericameria nauseosa
327:sexual reproduction
1264:10.1093/aob/mct111
1055:10.1093/aob/mcs301
856:10.1093/jxb/erl126
446:
407:
360:
266:
103:
18:Capitulum (flower)
1560:(S5): S307âS320.
1377:978-3-642-21201-7
1350:978-0-9625150-0-2
1323:978-0-19-107873-6
1161:978-0-86840-188-1
1134:978-1-00-006698-2
1023:978-0-12-417181-7
997:978-3-642-78020-2
950:978-0-9640221-6-4
925:978-0-08-046463-3
899:978-90-72619-29-7
849:(13): 3517â3530.
692:978-1-139-48455-8
652:Senecio angulatus
598:Helianthus annuus
468:without branches.
63:composite flowers
16:(Redirected from
1638:
1626:Plant morphology
1610:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1252:Annals of Botany
1243:
1237:
1236:
1211:(7): 1071â1086.
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1049:(8): 1597â1612.
1043:Annals of Botany
1034:
1028:
1027:
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
975:
974:
972:
971:
961:
955:
954:
936:
930:
929:
910:
904:
903:
883:
877:
876:
858:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
814:
805:
804:
802:
800:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
763:
754:
753:
743:
733:
724:
723:
703:
697:
696:
676:
646:
628:
610:
592:
574:
562:
338:Centrolepidaceae
128:Senecio vulgaris
48:
21:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1597:
1546:
1542:
1503:
1499:
1448:
1444:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1244:
1240:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1119:
1096:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1010:
1009:
1005:
998:
982:
978:
969:
967:
963:
962:
958:
951:
943:. Spring Lake.
937:
933:
926:
912:
911:
907:
900:
884:
880:
835:
831:
822:
820:
816:
815:
808:
798:
796:
791:
790:
786:
776:
774:
773:on 27 June 2012
765:
764:
757:
734:
727:
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704:
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693:
677:
668:
663:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
580:Bellis perennis
575:
566:
563:
554:
252:
225:
206:
195:
186:synorganization
181:
179:Synorganization
176:
167:
101:or a composite.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1612:
1611:
1595:
1582:10.1086/376879
1566:10.1086/376879
1540:
1513:(3): 443â458.
1497:
1484:10.1086/314090
1468:10.1086/314090
1462:(6): 906â922.
1442:
1383:
1376:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1322:
1303:
1258:(1): 161â177.
1238:
1191:
1167:
1160:
1140:
1133:
1094:
1029:
1022:
1003:
996:
976:
956:
949:
931:
924:
905:
898:
878:
829:
806:
795:. Florida Data
784:
755:
725:
718:
698:
691:
665:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
648:
641:
639:
630:
623:
621:
612:
605:
603:
594:
587:
585:
576:
569:
567:
564:
557:
553:
550:
549:
548:
546:Phyllanthaceae
543:
538:
533:
528:
518:
517:
506:
501:
496:
488:Pontederiaceae
485:
480:
469:
459:
435:
434:
429:
427:Marcgraviaceae
424:
416:Hamamelidaceae
413:
399:
398:
382:
377:
347:
346:
341:
335:
330:
304:
293:
282:
264:) pseudanthium
251:
250:Plant families
248:
244:Google Scholar
224:
221:
205:
202:
194:
191:
180:
177:
175:
172:
166:
163:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1643:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1608:
1605:
1604:Kew Bulletin.
1599:
1591:
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1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
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1501:
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1457:
1453:
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1438:
1434:
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1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
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1387:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1299:
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1181:
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1136:
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1125:
1117:
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1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1007:
999:
993:
989:
988:
980:
966:
960:
952:
946:
942:
935:
927:
921:
917:
916:
909:
901:
895:
891:
890:
882:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
819:
813:
811:
794:
788:
772:
768:
762:
760:
751:
747:
742:
741:
732:
730:
721:
719:9781400865963
715:
711:
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702:
694:
688:
684:
683:
675:
673:
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653:
645:
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586:
582:
581:
573:
568:
561:
556:
555:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Hydatellaceae
524:
523:
522:
516:
515:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:
473:
470:
467:
463:
462:Nothofagaceae
460:
457:
456:
451:
448:
447:
443:
439:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:
417:
414:
412:
411:Eriocaulaceae
409:
408:
403:
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:Euphorbiaceae
383:
381:
378:
375:
374:
369:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
351:
345:
342:
339:
336:
334:
333:Campanulaceae
331:
328:
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308:
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302:
297:
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174:Related terms
171:
162:
158:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:
130:
129:
124:
120:
116:
115:actinomorphic
112:
108:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:inflorescence
52:
44:
43:Ancient Greek
40:
33:
19:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1366:
1359:
1339:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1208:
1204:
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1620:Categories
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