155:
2065:
31:
1918:
85:
286:
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Peloria or a peloric flower is the aberration in which a plant that normally produces zygomorphic flowers produces actinomorphic flowers instead. This aberration can be developmental, or it can have a genetic basis: the CYCLOIDEA gene controls floral symmetry. Peloric
205:
flowers. Sub-networks of plants with zygomorphic flowers share greater connectance, greater asymmetry and lower coextinction robustness for both the plants and the visitor species. Plant taxa with zygomorphic flowers can have a greater risk of
2259:
198:). Some authors prefer the term monosymmetry or bilateral symmetry. The asymmetry allows pollen to be deposited in specific locations on pollinating insects and this specificity can result in evolution of new species.
106:("star shaped", "radial"), meaning they can be divided into three or more identical sectors which are related to each other by rotation about the center of the flower. Typically, each sector might contain one
110:
or one petal and one sepal and so on. It may or may not be possible to divide the flower into symmetrical halves by the same number of longitudinal planes passing through the axis:
1748:
201:
Globally and within individual networks, zygomorphic flowers are a minority. Plants with zygomorphic flowers have smaller number of visitor species compared to those with
1753:
397:
323:
1886:
655:
Neal P. R.; Dafni A.; Giurfa M. (1998). "Floral symmetry and its role in plant-pollinator systems: terminology, distribution, and hypotheses".
1954:
1804:
311:("gloxinia") have been bred to have peloric flowers as they are larger and showier than the normally zygomorphic flowers of this species.
182:, shape) flowers can be divided by only a single plane into two mirror-image halves, much like a yoke or a person's face. Examples are
1620:
154:
242:
Actinomorphic flowers are a basal angiosperm character; zygomorphic flowers are a derived character that has evolved many times.
472:
2240:
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1810:
603:
482:
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1947:
705:
263:, are actually clusters of tiny (not necessarily actinomorphic) flowers arranged into a roughly radially symmetric
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A few plant species have flowers lacking any symmetry, and therefore having a "handedness". Examples:
2309:
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793:
398:"Asymmetry allows divergent use of pollinators, but often represents a one-way evolutionary street"
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1728:
1652:
294:(common foxglove) displaying an aberrant peloric terminal flower and normal zygomorphic flowers
1457:
1893:
383:
114:
is an example of a flower without such mirror planes. Actinomorphic flowers are also called
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How Long Is the Coast of
Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
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2017:
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321:(snapdragon) while researching the inheritance of floral characteristics for his
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plants have been produced by knocking out this gene. Many modern cultivars of
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Some familiar and seemingly actinomorphic so-called flowers, such as those of
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Floral diagrams: an aid to understanding flower morphology and evolution
2181:
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1997:
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or regular flowers. Other examples of actinomorphic flowers are the
2012:
1977:
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1410:
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63:, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts.
60:
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2099:
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1992:
1026:
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45:
626:
Endress, P. K. (February 2001). "Evolution of floral symmetry".
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829:
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424:"Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species"
107:
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70:
at all, typically because their parts are spirally arranged.
548:"The Inheritance of Peloria and Flower-Colour in Foxgloves (
2049:
1987:
1982:
1554:
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1201:
1041:
1016:
1011:
995:
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119:
1474:
1036:
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The
Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
324:
The
Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
163:. Ground orchid with typical zygomorphic floral anatomy
333:, showed that his results were largely in line with
421:
2301:
546:Keeble, Frederick; Pellew, C; Jones, WN (1910).
625:
48:(radially symmetric) flower on the same plant
1948:
699:
174:shaped", "bilateral" – from the Greek ζυγόν,
1805:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1955:
1941:
706:
692:
477:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
598:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
470:
447:
395:
1749:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
474:Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences
284:
153:
83:
66:Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of
29:
501:Losos, J.B.; Mason, K.A.; Singer, S.R.
186:and the flowers of most members of the
14:
2302:
1962:
611:
591:
530:
515:
505:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
496:
494:
422:Yoder JB, Gomez G, Carlson CJ (2020).
379:
1936:
687:
621:. Vol. II. London: John Murray.
2241:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
491:
396:Zimmerman, Erin (26 October 2020).
24:
592:Craene, Louis P. Ronse De (2010),
568:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1910.tb05554.x
25:
2321:
1754:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
2063:
1917:
1916:
669:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.345
269:head, capitulum, or pseudanthium
73:
585:
539:
524:
509:
464:
415:
237:
149:
55:describes whether, and how, a
13:
1:
640:10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00140-0
367:
1795:History of plant systematics
1382:Thorns, spines, and prickles
217:
98:in actinomorphic arrangement
7:
340:
44:or mirror-symmetric), and
10:
2326:
1611:Alternation of generations
713:
278:
274:
77:
2271:
2221:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
2164:
2072:
2061:
1970:
1912:
1860:
1824:
1761:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1724:Biological classification
1714:
1587:
1503:
1399:
1349:
1074:
1004:
947:
909:
883:
819:
739:
721:
471:Weberling, Focko (1992).
1621:Evolutionary development
327:. Later research, using
1272:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
267:of the form known as a
257:), and most species of
1887:by author abbreviation
1811:Plant taxonomy systems
1729:Botanical nomenclature
628:Curr. Opin. Plant Biol
440:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0307
295:
164:
99:
49:
2055:Widmanstätten pattern
1894:Botanical expeditions
288:
225:Valeriana officinalis
157:
87:
78:Further information:
33:
1626:Evolutionary history
1616:Double fertilization
1468:Cellular respiration
317:explored peloria in
116:radially symmetrical
59:, in particular its
2289:Mathematics and art
2279:Pattern recognition
2249:Aristid Lindenmayer
845:Non-vascular plants
357:Symmetry in biology
178:, yoke, and μορφή,
2227:On Growth and Form
2127:Logarithmic spiral
1964:Patterns in nature
1350:Surface structures
1145:Flower development
657:Annu Rev Ecol Syst
550:Digitalis purpurea
347:Patterns in nature
330:Digitalis purpurea
308:Sinningia speciosa
296:
291:Digitalis purpurea
212:pollinator decline
165:
100:
50:
2297:
2296:
2254:Benoît Mandelbrot
2154:Self-organization
2090:Natural selection
2080:Pattern formation
1930:
1929:
1569:Herbaceous plants
1395:
1394:
102:Most flowers are
16:(Redirected from
2317:
2310:Plant morphology
2105:Sexual selection
2067:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1899:Individual trees
1574:Secondary growth
1545:Succulent plants
1533:Prostrate shrubs
1416:Apical dominance
1401:Plant physiology
1362:Epicuticular wax
907:
906:
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891:Plant morphology
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192:Scrophulariaceae
160:Satyrium carneum
27:Shape of flowers
21:
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1961:
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1877:Botanical terms
1870:
1856:
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1766:Citrus taxonomy
1744:Author citation
1710:
1604:
1583:
1505:
1499:
1495:Turgor pressure
1403:
1391:
1345:
1160:Floral symmetry
1078:
1070:
1000:
989:Vascular bundle
984:Vascular tissue
943:
903:
894:
893:
879:
850:Vascular plants
815:
811:Plant pathology
735:
717:
712:
613:Darwin, Charles
606:
588:
583:
556:New Phytologist
544:
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434:(9): 20200307.
428:Biology Letters
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53:Floral symmetry
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2213:
2211:Joseph Plateau
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2149:Plateau's laws
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2144:Fluid dynamics
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1867:Related topics
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1734:Botanical name
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1716:Plant taxonomy
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1709:
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1707:
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1701:
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1692:Megasporangium
1689:
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1680:Microsporangia
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1453:Plant hormones
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1155:Floral formula
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1150:Floral diagram
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1125:
1120:
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1093:
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1079:(incl. Flower)
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865:Spermatophytes
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835:Archaeplastida
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789:Phytogeography
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784:Phytochemistry
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743:
741:Subdisciplines
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562:(1–2): 68–77.
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523:
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362:Whorl (botany)
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315:Charles Darwin
279:Main article:
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2045:Vortex street
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2023:Quasicrystals
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1852:Phytochemical
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1490:Transpiration
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1277:Inflorescence
1275:
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962:Ground tissue
960:
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885:Plant anatomy
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806:Plant ecology
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801:Plant anatomy
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749:Archaeobotany
747:
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709:
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605:9780521493468
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484:0-521-25134-6
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265:inflorescence
262:
261:
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227:
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215:
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209:
204:
203:actinomorphic
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
162:
161:
156:
147:
145:
144:Ranunculaceae
141:
140:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:actinomorphic
97:
93:
91:
86:
81:
74:Actinomorphic
71:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
38:
37:Streptocarpus
32:
19:
18:Actinomorphic
2258:
2239:
2225:
2191:
2117:Chaos theory
2040:Tessellation
2027:
1847:Horticulture
1837:Floriculture
1739:Correct name
1589:Reproduction
1579:Woody plants
1504:Plant growth
1463:Gas Exchange
1448:Phytomelanin
1326:Plant embryo
1159:
1076:Reproductive
924:Phragmoplast
660:
656:
634:(1): 86–91.
631:
627:
617:
594:
586:Bibliography
559:
555:
549:
541:
526:
511:
502:
473:
466:
431:
427:
417:
405:. Retrieved
401:
391:
375:
328:
322:
318:
313:
306:
300:
297:
289:
258:
244:
241:
231:Canna indica
229:
224:
221:
200:
196:Gesneriaceae
179:
175:
167:
166:
158:
137:
123:
103:
101:
88:
65:
52:
51:
35:
2235:Alan Turing
2193:Liber Abaci
2112:Mathematics
2018:in crystals
2008:Soap bubble
2003:Phyllotaxis
1663:Pollen tube
1658:Pollinators
1648:Pollination
1643:Germination
1458:Respiration
1441:Chlorophyll
1287:Pedicellate
1221:Gametophyte
1140:Aestivation
1091:Antheridium
1086:Archegonium
934:Plasmodesma
911:Plant cells
774:Paleobotany
769:Ethnobotany
754:Astrobotany
663:: 345–373.
531:Darwin 1868
518:, pp.
516:Darwin 1868
380:Craene 2010
352:Phyllotaxis
319:Antirrhinum
302:Antirrhinum
238:Differences
168:Zygomorphic
150:Zygomorphic
42:zygomorphic
2182:Empedocles
2177:Pythagoras
2095:Camouflage
2033:in biology
2028:in flowers
1998:Parastichy
1685:Microspore
1675:Sporangium
1653:Artificial
1341:Sporophyte
1336:Sporophyll
1331:Receptacle
1226:Gynandrium
1096:Androecium
1005:Vegetative
875:Angiosperm
870:Gymnosperm
764:Dendrology
533:, p.
407:30 October
402:Botany ONE
384:p. 25
368:References
255:Asteraceae
251:dandelions
208:extinction
139:Ranunculus
132:) and the
2284:Emergence
2187:Fibonacci
1882:Botanists
1800:Herbarium
1697:Megaspore
1595:Evolution
1538:Subshrubs
1506:and habit
1431:Nutrition
1426:Cellulose
1421:Bulk flow
1404:Materials
1367:Epidermis
1231:Gynoecium
1212:Endosperm
1207:Dispersal
1123:Staminode
1059:Sessility
1047:Cataphyll
967:Mesophyll
919:Cell wall
860:Lycophyte
840:Bryophyte
794:Geobotany
779:Phycology
335:Mendelian
218:Asymmetry
134:buttercup
130:Liliaceae
2304:Category
2013:Symmetry
1971:Patterns
1922:Category
1842:Forestry
1832:Agronomy
1825:Practice
1776:Cultivar
1771:Cultigen
1631:timeline
1523:Rosettes
1411:Aleurone
1387:Trichome
1304:Perianth
1116:Filament
974:Meristem
897:glossary
759:Bryology
648:11163173
615:(1868).
458:32871089
341:See also
337:theory.
281:Pelorism
188:Lamiales
112:oleander
80:Merosity
68:symmetry
61:perianth
40:flower (
2272:Related
2139:Crystal
2134:Physics
2122:Fractal
2100:Mimicry
2085:Biology
1993:Meander
1600:Ecology
1357:Cuticle
1187:Capsule
1177:Anatomy
1128:Tapetum
1052:Petiole
1027:Rhizome
1022:Rhizoid
949:Tissues
939:Vacuole
929:Plastid
731:Outline
726:History
576:2427515
503:Biology
449:7532724
275:Peloria
247:daisies
210:due to
190:(e.g.,
184:orchids
92:stricta
90:Wurmbea
46:peloric
34:Normal
2165:People
2073:Causes
1904:Plants
1807:(IAPT)
1560:Lianas
1528:Shrubs
1480:Starch
1372:Nectar
1292:Raceme
1258:Stigma
1246:Locule
1236:Carpel
1197:Pyrena
1135:Flower
1111:Anther
1106:Stamen
1101:Pollen
823:groups
715:Botany
677:221712
675:
646:
602:
574:
481:
456:
446:
260:Protea
180:morphe
125:Lilium
96:tepals
94:, its
57:flower
2172:Plato
1978:Crack
1864:Lists
1781:Group
1704:Spore
1638:Flora
1555:Vines
1550:Trees
1513:Habit
1485:Sugar
1377:Stoma
1319:Sepal
1314:Petal
1309:Tepal
1297:Umbel
1282:Bract
1263:Style
1251:Ovule
1241:Ovary
1182:Berry
1172:Fruit
1165:Whorl
1032:Shoot
830:Algae
821:Plant
673:JSTOR
572:JSTOR
520:33–34
176:zygon
108:tepal
2050:Wave
1988:Foam
1983:Dune
1786:Grex
1668:Self
1202:Seed
1064:Stem
1042:Leaf
1017:Root
1012:Bulb
996:Wood
957:Cork
855:Fern
644:PMID
600:ISBN
479:ISBN
454:PMID
409:2020
249:and
228:and
194:and
172:yoke
120:lily
1475:Sap
1192:Nut
1037:Bud
665:doi
636:doi
564:doi
444:PMC
436:doi
146:).
2306::
671:.
661:29
659:.
642:.
630:.
570:.
558:.
554:.
552:)"
535:46
493:^
452:.
442:.
432:16
430:.
426:.
400:.
382:,
271:.
234:.
214:.
170:("
142:,
128:,
1956:e
1949:t
1942:v
899:)
895:(
707:e
700:t
693:v
679:.
667::
650:.
638::
632:4
578:.
566::
560:9
487:.
460:.
438::
411:.
386:.
253:(
136:(
122:(
20:)
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