907:
843:
33:
55:
644:, meaning that it can be completed in one host. The adults lay eggs in the lungs. The eggs are coughed up and swallowed by the host; and are then passed in the feces. In about 5–7 weeks, the larvae develop into the infective stage within the egg envelope in the soil. The infective larvae remain viable for up to 1 year. When a suitable host eats these mature eggs, the larvae hatch in the intestines and migrate to the lungs. They mature into adults about 40 days post-infection.
287:
Males generally range from 15–25 mm long, with a maximum width of 62 μm, while females are 18–32 mm long with a maximum width of 105 μm. Some sources report that they are larger when they occur in the
668:
Reported infestation rates in dogs and cats which are kept as pets in Europe and North
America are generally less than 10%. In wildlife, rates as high as 74% and 88% have been reported for wild foxes.
1028:
Davidson RK, Gjerde B, Vikøren T, Lillehaug A, Handeland K (March 2006). "Prevalence of
Trichinella larvae and extra-intestinal nematodes in Norwegian red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)".
196:, and various other carnivorous mammals. A few cases of human infestation have also been reported. Though it is sometimes called a "lungworm", this term usually refers to
954:
In: S.R. Palmer, Lord
Soulsby and D.I.H. Simpson (eds) "Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice and Public Health Control." Oxford University Press: Oxford, England.
774:
For animals kept in outdoor pens, proper drainage and allowing sunlight to hit the floor of the pen have been suggested to minimize the spread of infestation.
204:
is referred to as "pulmonary capillariasis" (occasionally spelled "capillariosis), "bronchial capillariasis", or (rarely) "thominxosis". This parasite has a
212:
usually causes only minor clinical symptoms, such as irritation of the respiratory tract and coughing. However, secondary bacterial infections of the
656:
eggs and infecting mammalian hosts when eaten by the mammals. However, the involvement of the earthworms is not necessary for the completion of the
303:
has been found on every continent, and occurs in dogs, cats, and a wide range of wild mammals. The following species have been reported as hosts:
1322:
280:. The changes to the end of the species name in each genus, whether it ends with "-a", "-us" or "-um", are necessary to adhere to the rules of
1335:
701:. These developments are usually characterized by a whistling sound when the animal breathes, frequent sneezing, or a deep, wheezing cough.
681:
infestation in dogs and cats are without serious clinical symptoms. Heavy infestations may result in inflammation of the respiratory tract (
166:
1309:
1064:
1391:
1411:
1396:
1169:
980:
959:
1340:
727:
in wildlife are simply parasite field surveys, and do not mention specific symptoms. However, the involvement of
993:
Saeed I, Maddox-Hyttel C, Monrad J, Kapel CM (June 2006). "Helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in
Denmark".
1288:
1283:
1270:
1406:
1401:
54:
923:
1350:
906:
842:
1327:
1238:
1192:
1188:"Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated"
716:(shortness of breath), blood in the saliva, and elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood (
649:
641:
205:
149:
126:
1363:
1275:
1296:
615:
437:
8:
694:
317:
794:
Lalošević, V.; Lalošević, D.; Čapo, I.; Simin, V.; Galfi, A. & Traversa, D. (2013).
32:
1216:
1187:
1103:
1095:
890:
857:
826:
804:
795:
245:
49:
1358:
1221:
1165:
1143:
1087:
1045:
1010:
976:
955:
895:
831:
417:
213:
265:
1386:
1211:
1201:
1133:
1099:
1079:
1037:
1002:
885:
877:
821:
813:
698:
447:
881:
747:
eggs in the nasal or tracheal lavage, or the feces of infested animals. Standard
1041:
1006:
537:
457:
397:
307:
1120:
Lalosević D, Lalosević V, Klem I, Stanojev-Jovanović D, Pozio E (January 2008).
973:
Handbook Series in
Parasitic Zoonoses, Section C. Parasitic Zoonoses, Volume II.
866:) in dogs in north-western Italy, with scanning electron microscopy of the eggs"
1083:
931:
817:
731:
infestation and pneumonia, in addition to other parasites, in the death of an
1380:
1261:
1138:
1121:
748:
467:
427:
116:
1225:
1206:
1147:
1049:
1014:
899:
835:
793:
756:
717:
527:
517:
384:) in Asia, Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America, and South America
347:
244:
This species was originally described in 1839, from specimens found in the
229:
221:
1091:
856:
Magi, M.; Guardone, L.; Prati, M. C.; Torracca, B.; Macchioni, F. (2012).
768:
764:
587:
557:
289:
1119:
1314:
752:
709:
690:
686:
367:
327:
225:
185:
1062:
645:
487:
217:
66:
1232:
1255:
682:
497:
477:
197:
182:
106:
86:
208:, meaning that the life cycle can be completed in a single host.
732:
713:
621:
597:
577:
567:
547:
96:
1301:
387:
357:
337:
76:
1027:
759:, are recommended for treatment of dogs. Humans infested with
992:
705:
607:
507:
281:
1162:
Helminths, Arthropods and
Protozoa of Domesticated Animals.
249:
971:
Banzon, T. (1982) "Capillariasis". In: M.G. Schultz (ed)
855:
407:
377:
193:
189:
514:) only a few cases reported in Europe, Iran and Morocco
738:
220:, may develop in heavy infestations. Treatment with
1122:"Pulmonary capillariasis miming bronchial carcinoma"
743:Infestation is easily diagnosed by the presence of
1063:Nettles V.F.; Prestwood A.; Davidson W.R. (1975).
1378:
1186:Traversa, D.; Di, Cesare A.; Conboy, G. (2010).
1185:
414:) in Asia, Europe, North America, South America
1164:7th Edition. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia.
1113:
1021:
986:
276:) in 1911, and is sometimes referred to as
239:
918:
916:
31:
1215:
1205:
1137:
889:
825:
295:
913:
1379:
789:
787:
704:In humans, symptoms include coughing,
1237:
1236:
1351:5b1cea6a-fecb-4037-8d8e-689248e4f326
763:have been successfully treated with
697:of the respiratory tract, including
672:
562:Prionailurus bengalensis euptailurus
784:
739:Diagnosis, treatment and prevention
13:
1179:
424:) in Europe (Republic of Buryatia)
256:. It was transferred to the genus
188:found in the respiratory tract of
14:
1423:
1065:"Severe parasitism in an opossum"
796:"High infection rate of zoonotic
905:
841:
232:, is usually sufficient to cure
53:
1154:
800:infection in foxes from Serbia"
1392:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
1056:
965:
944:
928:, The Merck Veterinary Manual"
849:
200:of nematodes. Infestation by
1:
777:
663:
632:
604:) in Europe and North America
1072:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1042:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.015
1007:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.015
7:
1412:Nematodes described in 1839
975:CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
882:10.1051/parasite/2012194433
504:sp.) in Europe, New Zealand
10:
1428:
1084:10.7589/0090-3558-11.3.419
268:in 1845, and to the genus
1245:
532:Prionailurus iriomotensis
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
44:in the trachea of a fox
39:
30:
23:
1397:Veterinary helminthology
1139:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.14
818:10.1051/parasite/2012003
592:Nyctereutes procyonoides
482:Urocyon cinereoargenteus
240:Taxonomy and description
1193:Parasites & Vectors
952:"Capillaria aerophila."
372:Ursus arctos caucasicus
1207:10.1186/1756-3305-3-62
412:Canis lupus familiaris
296:Hosts and distribution
1160:Soulsby, E.J. (1982)
1126:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
594:) in Europe and Japan
1276:Capillaria_aerophila
1247:Capillaria aerophila
926:Capillaria aerophila
695:bacterial infections
679:Capillaria aerophila
638:Capillaria aerophila
572:Didelphis virginiana
438:European pine marten
301:Capillaria aerophila
274:Capillaria aerophila
254:Trichosoma aerophila
178:Capillaria aerophila
159:Capillaria aerophila
41:Capillaria aerophila
25:Capillaria aerophila
16:Species of roundworm
950:Cross, J.H. (1998)
798:Eucoleus aerophilus
735:has been reported.
462:Puma concolor coryi
422:Herpestes ichneumon
318:American black bear
262:Eucoleus aerophilus
650:intermediate hosts
584:) in North America
574:) in North America
554:) in North America
484:) in North America
464:) in North America
404:) in South America
394:) in North America
364:) in North America
350:(or stone marten;
344:) in North America
324:) in North America
314:) in North America
278:Thominx aerophilum
1407:Parasites of cats
1402:Parasites of dogs
1374:
1373:
1359:Open Tree of Life
1239:Taxon identifiers
1109:on July 21, 2011.
864:Capillaria boehmi
858:"First report of
673:Clinical symptoms
642:direct life cycle
418:Egyptian mongoose
214:respiratory tract
206:direct life cycle
174:
173:
141:C. aerophila
1419:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1173:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1102:. Archived from
1069:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1025:
1019:
1018:
990:
984:
969:
963:
948:
942:
941:
939:
938:
920:
911:
910:
909:
903:
893:
853:
847:
846:
845:
839:
829:
791:
723:Most reports of
699:bronchopneumonia
693:), or secondary
652:, by eating the
626:Felis silvestris
612:Martes zibellina
452:Mustela putorius
448:European polecat
322:Ursus americanus
312:Martes americana
161:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1241:
1182:
1180:Further reading
1177:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1036:(3–4): 307–16.
1026:
1022:
1001:(1–3): 168–79.
991:
987:
970:
966:
949:
945:
936:
934:
932:Merck & Co.
922:
921:
914:
904:
860:Eucoleus boehmi
854:
850:
840:
792:
785:
780:
741:
675:
666:
635:
552:Vulpes macrotis
542:Martes melampus
538:Japanese marten
474:) in Azerbaijan
458:Florida panther
402:Cerdocyon thous
398:Crab-eating fox
308:American marten
298:
242:
170:
163:
157:
144:
52:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:. pp. 340-341.
1153:
1112:
1078:(3): 419–420.
1055:
1030:Vet. Parasitol
1020:
995:Vet. Parasitol
985:
964:
962:. pp. 767-769.
943:
912:
876:(4): 433–435.
848:
782:
781:
779:
776:
740:
737:
677:Most cases of
674:
671:
665:
662:
634:
631:
630:
629:
619:
605:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
485:
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
395:
385:
375:
365:
355:
345:
335:
332:Alopex lagopus
325:
315:
297:
294:
241:
238:
236:infestations.
172:
171:
164:
153:
152:
146:
145:
138:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1424:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1170:0-7020-0820-6
1167:
1163:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
982:
981:0-8493-2917-5
978:
974:
968:
961:
960:0-19-262380-X
957:
953:
947:
933:
929:
927:
919:
917:
908:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
852:
844:
837:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
799:
790:
788:
783:
775:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:anthelmintics
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
670:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
627:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
606:
603:
602:Vulpes vulpes
599:
596:
593:
589:
586:
583:
582:Procyon lotor
579:
576:
573:
569:
566:
563:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
522:Lynx pardinus
519:
516:
513:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
493:
489:
486:
483:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:Golden jackal
466:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
442:Martes martes
439:
436:
433:
429:
428:Eurasian lynx
426:
423:
419:
416:
413:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
392:Canis latrans
389:
386:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
349:
346:
343:
342:Taxidea taxus
339:
336:
333:
329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
305:
304:
302:
293:
291:
290:nasal sinuses
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:anthelmintics
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:other species
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
179:
168:
162:
160:
154:
151:
150:Binomial name
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:Capillariidae
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1246:
1197:
1191:
1161:
1156:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1104:the original
1075:
1071:
1058:
1033:
1029:
1023:
998:
994:
988:
983:, pp. 63-65.
972:
967:
951:
946:
925:
873:
869:
863:
859:
851:
809:
803:
797:
773:
761:C. aerophila
760:
757:fenbendazole
745:C. aerophila
744:
742:
729:C. aerophila
728:
725:C. aerophila
724:
722:
718:eosinophilia
703:
678:
676:
667:
660:life cycle.
658:C. aerophila
657:
654:C. aerophila
653:
637:
636:
625:
611:
601:
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
528:Iriomote cat
521:
518:Iberian lynx
512:Homo sapiens
511:
501:
491:
481:
472:Canis aureus
471:
461:
451:
441:
431:
421:
411:
401:
391:
381:
371:
361:
352:Martes foina
351:
348:Beech marten
341:
334:) in Iceland
331:
321:
311:
300:
299:
286:
277:
273:
269:
261:
257:
253:
252:, and named
243:
234:C. aerophila
233:
230:fenbendazole
216:, including
210:C. aerophila
209:
202:C. aerophila
201:
177:
176:
175:
158:
156:
140:
139:
127:
40:
24:
18:
1132:(1): 14–6.
769:mebendazole
765:albendazole
648:may act as
628:) in Europe
588:Raccoon dog
558:Leopard cat
524:) in Europe
494:) in Europe
492:Canis lupus
454:) in Europe
444:) in Europe
434:) in Europe
382:Felis catus
374:) in Russia
354:) in Europe
1381:Categories
937:2008-11-26
935:Retrieved
778:References
753:ivermectin
751:, such as
710:bronchitis
691:bronchitis
687:tracheitis
664:Prevalence
646:Earthworms
633:Life cycle
564:) in Japan
544:) in Japan
534:) in Japan
368:Brown bear
362:Lynx rufus
328:Arctic fox
270:Capillaria
226:levamisole
224:, such as
128:Capillaria
502:Erinaceus
488:Gray wolf
432:Lynx lynx
284:grammar.
218:pneumonia
135:Species:
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1328:11300970
1256:Wikidata
1226:20653938
1148:18187778
1050:16378689
1015:16580775
900:23193529
870:Parasite
836:23340229
812:(3): 3.
805:Parasite
683:rhinitis
616:Buryatia
498:Hedgehog
478:Gray fox
266:Dujardin
258:Eucoleus
186:parasite
183:nematode
113:Family:
107:Enoplida
87:Nematoda
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1387:Enoplia
1341:1172388
1315:5798256
1302:5004479
1262:Q120311
1217:2923136
1100:5550092
1092:1152183
891:3671462
827:3718516
733:opossum
714:dyspnea
622:Wildcat
598:Red fox
578:Raccoon
568:Opossum
548:Kit fox
246:trachea
169:, 1839)
167:Creplin
123:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Enoplea
93:Class:
1364:409022
1348:NZOR:
1289:649917
1224:
1214:
1200:: 62.
1168:
1146:
1098:
1090:
1048:
1013:
979:
958:
898:
888:
862:(syn.
834:
824:
640:has a
618:(Asia)
388:Coyote
358:Bobcat
338:Badger
1323:IRMNG
1107:(PDF)
1096:S2CID
1068:(PDF)
706:fever
614:) in
608:Sable
508:Human
282:Latin
264:) by
248:of a
190:foxes
181:is a
1336:NCBI
1310:GBIF
1284:BOLD
1222:PMID
1166:ISBN
1144:PMID
1088:PMID
1046:PMID
1011:PMID
977:ISBN
956:ISBN
896:PMID
832:PMID
767:and
272:(as
260:(as
250:wolf
194:dogs
1297:EoL
1271:AFD
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