780:
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49:
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345:
301:). Bromwich believes that the two stories influenced each other, and that "The widespread parallels to this inundation theme would suggest that the two stories are in fact one in origin, and were localized separately in Cardiganshire and in the Conway estuary, around two traditional figures of the sixth century. She also notes that J.O Halliwell in his 1859 text
386:
In the sea, about seven miles west of
Aberystwyth in Cardiganshire, is a collection of loose stones, termed Caer Wyddno, "the fort or palace of Gwyddno;" and adjoining it are vestiges of one of the more southern causeways or embankments of Catrev Gwaelod. The depth of water over the whole extent of
480:
provides evidence for two offshore islands within
Cardigan Bay. These were suggested as "likely to be the remnants of a low-lying landscape underlain by soft glacial deposits laid down during the last ice age which has since been dissected by rivers and truncated by the sea".
309:
Antone Minard wrote that "The Welsh legends of Cantre'r
Gwaelod and Llys Helig (Helig's Court) contain the same details of audible bells beneath the waves and ruins which are visible at the equinoctial tides, which are the anchors of credulity in the story".
387:
the bay of
Cardigan is not great; and on the recess of the tide, stones bearing Latin inscriptions, and Roman coins of various emperors, have been found below high-water mark: in different places in the water, also, are observed prostrate trees."
416:, these ridges stretch several miles into the sea at right angles to the coast, and are located between each of the four river mouths in the north of Cardigan Bay. Modern geologists surmise that these formations of clay, gravel and rocks are
200:
Cantre'r
Gwaelod was an area of land which, according to legend, was located in an area west of present-day Wales which is now under the waters of Cardigan Bay. Accounts variously suggest the tract of land extended from
771:'s book A Study in Drowning features themes from this legend, the chiming of the bells under the water, the Welsh folklore and the there is even a place called the lowland hundred featured in the book.
710:, discusses the legend and takes Ptolemy's map as evidence of the existence of an area of lost land in Cardigan Bay. Ashton also includes a conjectural map of Cantre'r Gwaelod within the bay.
281:
raises questions over the location, stating: "There is no certainty, however, that in twelfth century tradition Maes
Gwyddneu did represent the submerged land in Cardigan Bay." She also links
823:, a bronze "Time and Tide Bell", was mounted beneath the jetty in Aberdyfi Harbour in July 2011 as a homage to the folk song. The bell is rung by the action of water at high tide.
235:
The popular version known today is thought to have been formed from the 17th century onwards. Cantre'r
Gwaelod is described as a low-lying land fortified against the sea by a
352:
There is no reliable physical evidence of the substantial community that according to legend lies under the sea, although there are several reports of remains being sighted.
336:. This legend has similarities to Cantre'r Gwaelod but there is no direct connection with Seithennin. The location is placed west of Dyfed, or between Anglesey and Ireland.
326:, one of the men at Arthur's court is named as Teithi Hen ap Gwynnan, whose land was inundated, and only he escaped. He is also mentioned in Cronica de Wallia, part of the
232:
for 'the Plain of
Gwyddno'). In this version, the land was lost to floods when a well-maiden named Mererid neglected her duties and allowed the well to overflow.
267:, is described in one version as a notorious drunkard and carouser, and it was through his negligence that the sea swept through the open floodgates, ruining the land.
2540:
516:
1530:
Submerged forest, Borth Sands, Wattle walkway exposed by storms of
January 2014 - from the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
572:, and of Sarn Badrig nearby, could have suggested that some great tragedy had overcome a community there long ago and so the myth may have grown from that.
407:
marked the coastline of
Cardigan Bay in the same location as it appears in modern times, suggesting that the flood occurred before the second century AD.
644:
The legend has inspired many poems and songs throughout the ages. The earliest mention of Cantre'r Gwaelod is thought to be in the thirteenth-century
462:
in 2019, have eroded the sea-bed offshore and revealed more stumps. The forest is estimated to have been submerged between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago.
450:
which is associated with the lost land of Cantre'r Gwaelod. The vista of dead oak, pine, birch, willow and hazel tree stumps preserved by the acid
528:
851:, first broadcast in 2009, featured a children's re-enactment of the legend of Cantre'r Gwaelod through a mixture of animation and live action.
1011:
847:
803:"), popularised in the 18th century, relates to the part of the legend about the bells being heard ringing beneath the waves in the town of
2472:
540:
1167:
1556:
872:, and examined the remains of the submerged forest and Sarn Badrig which are revealed at low tide, assisted by local historians and
1306:
1283:
The Evolution of a Coast-Line, Barrow to Aberystwyth and the Isle of Man, with Notes on Lost Towns, Submarine Discoveries, &C
708:
The Evolution of a Coast-Line, Barrow to Aberystwyth and the Isle of Man, with Notes on Lost Towns, Submarine Discoveries, &C
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1666:
504:
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1065:
Haunted spaces, sacred places : a field guide to stone circles, crop circles, ancient tombs, and supernatural landscapes
920:
779:
811:
was installed in September 1936 in the tower St Peter's Church, Aberdyfi, specifically designed to allow the playing of
263:, seat of the ruler Gwyddno Garanhir. Two princes of the realm held charge over the dyke. One of these princes, called
1426:
1370:
631:('Land of Youth'), often conceived of a mystical land reached via a sea voyage; however, it lacks an inundation myth.
469:
branches and upright posts, human footprints preserved in hardened peat, and burnt stones thought to be from hearths.
1328:
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There are several versions of the myth. The earliest known form of the legend is usually said to appear in the
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The story of Cantre'r Gwaelod was the theme of the song entitled "Y Bobl" that competed in the final of
698:
1988:
1625:
695:
recounting the legend, adopting Thomas Love Peacock's version as the basis for his poetic rendition.
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The myth, like so many others, may be a folk memory of gradually rising sea levels at the end of the
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1542:
714:
645:
392:
379:
218:
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Antone Minard (2000). "Pre-Packaged Breton Folk Narrative". In Amy Hale and Philip Payton (ed.).
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The "causeways" described by Lewis can be seen today at beaches around Cardigan Bay. Known as
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1687:
1680:
1497:
An exploration of the 'walled realm' version of the myth, and the semi-legendary King Gwyddno
382:
described a feature of stone walls and causeways beneath the shallow waters of Cardigan Bay:
289:, not Wales. She further discusses a similar tale, that of the submergence of the kingdom of
213:. Legends of the land suggest that it may have extended 20 miles west of the present coast.
1618:
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Rachel Bromwich (1950). "Cantre'r Gwaelod and Ker-Is". In Cyril Fox, Bruce Dickins (ed.).
48:
8:
2008:
1968:
1953:
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459:
297:. As with Cantre'r Gwaelod, there are tales of remains being seen of the sunken kingdom (
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1752:
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Sterckx, Claude (2008). "Les deux boeufs du déluge et la submersion de la ville d'Is".
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found in nearly every ancient culture and it has been likened to the story of
560:
Comparable Celtic myths describe a submerged kingdom near Brittany or Cornwall
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reported seeing sunken human habitations about four miles (6 km) off the
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The church bells of Cantre'r Gwaelod are said to ring out in times of danger.
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915:(2 ed.). Cardiff: National Museum Wales/Amgueddfa Genedlaethol Cymru.
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807:. This song inspired cultural projects in the town involving bells; a new
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Neil Prior, "Map may show evidence of Wales' Atlantis off Ceredigion",
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2021, which was written by Daniel Williams and performed by Lily Beau.
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1504:"Semantics of the Sea — Stories and Science along the Celtic Seaboard"
1456:
Director: Elen Rhys, Producer; Dylan Adams, Writer (15 October 2009).
1099:"Semantics of the Sea — Stories and Science along the Celtic Seaboard"
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442:. The programme also showed the remains of the submerged forest at
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Evidence of human habitation includes a timber walkway made of
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gives Helig the title "Lord of Cantre'r Gwaelod". In the book
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said to have occupied a tract of fertile land lying between
2113:
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local history page looking at possible documentary evidence
753:(2002) retells the legend for children, and Welsh musician
692:
455:
257:
965:
963:
839:
765:, which was adapted from the legend of Cantre'r Gwaelod.
717:. Cantre'r Gwaelod is central to the setting of the 1977
568:. The physical remains of the preserved sunken forest at
429:
1345:"Cerys Matthews writes children's book of Welsh legends"
1013:
A Welsh Classical Dictionary - National Library of Wales
854:
Cantre'r Gwaelod featured in the BBC documentary series
1401:"New bell rings as the tide rises in Aberdyfi, Gwynedd"
960:
600:
595:
which refer to a lost land beneath the waves. Both the
911:
Gwyndaf, Robin (1989). "34. Cantre'r Gwaelod, Dyfed".
702:
Ptolemy's map of Great Britain and Ireland (1467 copy)
251:
gates that were opened at low tide to drain the land.
192:" and has featured in folklore, literature, and song.
313:
273:
1223:"New research: The ‘lost’ islands of Cardigan Bay",
580:
The legend of Cantre'r Gwaelod is comparable to the
1257:
348:
Cardigan Bay, supposed location of Cantre'r Gwaelod
1062:
658:) which relates the tale of Mererid and the well.
1281:Ashton, William. "31. The Lost Cantref Gwaelod".
2517:
522:Preserved tree stump on Borth sands near Ynyslas
476:published research suggesting that the medieval
1085:Haunted Spaces, Sacred Places Cantre'r Gwaelod.
969:
472:In 2022, geographer Simon Haslett and linguist
1237:
1235:
1069:. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books. p.
936:
934:
932:
611:refer to a kingdom submerged somewhere in the
57:thought to be associated with Cantre'r Gwaelod
2541:Mythological kingdoms, empires, and countries
1550:
1501:
1096:
984:
575:
510:Submerged forest remains, details, March 2008
1162:
1160:
1158:
713:Cantre'r Gwaelod is also featured in modern
458:; storms in 2010 and 2014, and particularly
2473:Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain
1564:
1232:
942:"Cantre'r Gwaelod – The Lost Land of Wales"
929:
794:
783:The bells of St Peter's, Aberdyfi can play
649:
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113:
104:
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22:
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1037:Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest
989:. University of Exeter Press. p. 60.
974:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
731:. The kingdom also plays a major role in
1515:
1487:Cantre'r Gwaelod - The Lost Land of Wales
1393:
1258:Thomas Love Peacock, Thomas Love (1829).
1196:
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1128:
1110:
1419:
1363:
1337:
1319:Morris, Siân Lewis & Jackie (2002).
1142:
1140:
1124:
1122:
1060:
1016:. Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales
778:
697:
555:
395:, The Topographical Dictionary of Wales.
343:
1051:
1034:
1009:
972:The Early Cultures of North-West Europe
910:
623:respectively. A weaker parallel is the
53:Part of an ancient submerged forest at
2518:
1502:Kavanagh, Erin; Bates, Martin (2019).
1318:
1274:
1199:"How a storm revealed a Welsh kingdom"
1131:"How a storm revealed a Welsh kingdom"
1097:Kavanagh, Erin; Bates, Martin (2019).
913:Welsh folk tales/Chwedlau gwerin Cymru
904:
749:. Siân Lewis and Jackie Morris's book
706:Geologist William Ashton's 1920 book,
634:
551:
454:conditions in the soil is revealed at
400:Lewis takes the view that maps by the
222:, in which the land is referred to as
16:Legendary sunken kingdom west of Wales
1538:
1312:
1137:
1119:
376:The Topographical Dictionary of Wales
498:Submerged forest remains, March 2008
339:
188:. It has been described as a "Welsh
656:The Drowning of the Land of Gwyddno
355:In 1770, Welsh antiquarian scholar
13:
1667:Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain
1280:
1197:Griffiths, Chris (19 March 2020).
1129:Griffiths, Chris (19 March 2020).
946:Legacies - UK History Local to You
864:visited the sands of Aberdyfi and
534:Sarn Gynfelyn revealed by low tide
314:Relationship to myth of Teithi Hen
303:An Ancient Survey of Pen Maen Mawr
274:Relationship to myth of Llys Helig
14:
2557:
1492:Experts look for 'watery kingdom'
1480:
1151:. Series 1. Episode 4. 2005. BBC.
591:Several similar legends exist in
1431:Marcus Vergette official website
987:New Directions In Celtic Studies
774:
539:
527:
515:
503:
491:
307:New Directions In Celtic Studies
247:'s causeway"), with a series of
47:
1285:. London: Edward Stanford Ltd.
1251:
1216:
1190:
1010:Bartrum, Peter Clement (1993).
763:The Ghost Bells of the Lowlands
254:Cantre'r Gwaelod's capital was
168:'), is a legendary ancient
1464:. BBC. BBC Two Wales, Cbeebies
1260:"1. The Prosperity of Gwaelod"
1172:Mid Wales Coast - Ynyslas Walk
1090:
1028:
1003:
978:
330:, and the lost land is called
1:
2536:Locations in Celtic mythology
897:
833:
639:
195:
1307:map illustration on page 257
745:, parts of which are set in
677:National Eisteddfod of Wales
7:
1266:. Thomas Hookham. pp.
1147:"Cardigan Bay to the Dee".
879:
428:. In a 2006 episode of the
10:
2562:
1734:The Dream of Macsen Wledig
1248:. Retrieved 21 August 2022
1229:. Retrieved 21 August 2022
576:Analogies in other legends
363:coast, between the rivers
2444:
2357:
2222:
1766:
1704:
1635:
1591:
1584:
1573:
1375:St Peter's Church website
1264:The Misfortunes of Elphin
761:(2011) features a story,
757:'s first children's book
668:The Misfortunes of Elphin
655:
484:
97:
85:
75:
70:
62:
46:
36:
21:
1061:Haughton, Brian (2008).
646:Black Book of Carmarthen
546:The end of Sarn Gynfelyn
420:formed by the action of
219:Black Book of Carmarthen
687:('Dewi Teifi') won the
432:television documentary
424:at the end of the last
374:In the 1846 edition of
71:In-universe information
2257:Cavall (Cafall, Cabal)
813:The Bells of Aberdovey
801:The Bells of Aberdovey
795:
787:
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650:
561:
412:
398:
349:
332:
256:
224:
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114:
105:
90:
23:
1688:The Dream of Rhonabwy
1681:Peredur son of Efrawg
1593:Four Branches of the
1174:. BBC. Archived from
1168:"5. Submerged Forest"
1039:(115–1): 12-49ers 5.
782:
715:children's literature
701:
661:The story inspired a
559:
384:
347:
1695:Geraint son of Erbin
1605:Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed
1508:Internet Archaeology
1427:"Time and Tide Bell"
1225:Jesus College Oxford
1103:Internet Archaeology
724:A String in the Harp
2498: /
2463:Cauldron of rebirth
1969:Goreu fab Custennin
1954:Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr
1323:. Llandysul: Pont.
874:dendrochronologists
759:Tales from the Deep
735:, the last book of
673:Thomas Love Peacock
635:Cultural references
615:, off the coast of
552:Origins of the myth
209:or as far south as
166:The Lowland Hundred
30:The Lowland Hundred
1879:Cymidei Cymeinfoll
1774:Afaon fab Taliesin
1753:Lludd and Llefelys
1741:Englynion y Beddau
1619:Manawydan fab Llŷr
1612:Branwen ferch Llŷr
1458:"Cantre'r Gwaelod"
838:An episode of the
788:
738:The Dark Is Rising
733:Silver on the Tree
704:
651:Boddi Maes Gwyddno
562:
357:William Owen Pughe
350:
2481:
2480:
1924:Elffin ap Gwyddno
1762:
1761:
1646:Culhwch and Olwen
1626:Math fab Mathonwy
1321:Cities in the sea
1292:978-1-176-60264-9
1080:978-1-60163-000-1
922:978-0-7200-0326-0
751:Cities in the Sea
648:in a poem called
340:Physical evidence
320:Culhwch and Olwen
156:Cantref y Gwaelod
135:
134:
125:Elffin ap Gwyddno
32:
2553:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2385:Cantre'r Gwaelod
1994:Gwyddno Garanhir
1674:Geraint and Enid
1589:
1588:
1566:Celtic mythology
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1519:
1517:10.11141/ia.53.8
1474:
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1471:
1469:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:. Archived from
1423:
1417:
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1397:
1391:
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1388:
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1381:on 26 April 2012
1377:. Archived from
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1246:, 21 August 2022
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819:by the sculptor
817:art installation
798:
796:Clychau Aberdyfi
785:Clychau Aberdyfi
657:
653:
593:Celtic mythology
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
422:melting glaciers
415:
396:
335:
328:Annales Cambriae
291:Helig ap Glanawg
283:Gwyddno Garanhir
262:
227:
159:
150:
144:, also known as
142:
140:Cantre'r Gwaelod
128:
119:
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107:Gwyddno Garanhir
93:
51:
28:
26:
24:Cantre'r Gwaelod
19:
18:
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2546:Welsh mythology
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2500:
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2324:Llamhigyn y Dŵr
2232:Adar Llwch Gwin
2224:
2218:
1904:Dywel fab Erbin
1839:Caradog ap Bran
1758:
1700:
1653:Preiddeu Annwfn
1631:
1585:Texts and tales
1580:
1577:Welsh mythology
1569:
1563:
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1477:
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1437:on 7 April 2014
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1240:
1233:
1227:, 4 August 2022
1221:
1217:
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1191:
1181:
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1178:on 17 June 2012
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1138:
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2502:52.5°N 4.5°W
2483:
2459:(Caledfwlch)
2384:
2344:Twrch Trwyth
2252:Brenin Llwyd
2179:Saint Cyllin
2004:Gwyn ap Nudd
1874:Cyledr Wyllt
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1466:. Retrieved
1461:
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1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1430:
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1409:. Retrieved
1404:
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1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1374:
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1353:. Retrieved
1351:. 4 May 2011
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1203:BBC | Travel
1202:
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1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
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1012:
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950:. Retrieved
945:
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860:. Presenter
855:
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743:Susan Cooper
736:
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689:Bardic Chair
666:
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474:David Willis
471:
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460:Storm Hannah
433:
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402:cartographer
399:
393:Samuel Lewis
385:
380:Samuel Lewis
375:
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324:Welsh Triads
317:
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225:Maes Gwyddno
217:
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182:Cardigan Bay
165:
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2531:Flood myths
2505: /
2420:Caer Dathyl
2349:Tylwyth Teg
2223:Animals and
2184:Saint Eigen
2094:Mallt-y-Nos
1747:Giant tales
1462:Telly Tales
1020:12 February
862:Neil Oliver
848:Telly Tales
828:Cân i Gymru
685:Dewi Morgan
671:(1829), by
627:otherworld
582:deluge myth
241:Sarn Badrig
91:Caer Wyddno
2520:Categories
2507:52.5; -4.5
2468:Llech Ronw
2262:Ceffyl Dŵr
2214:Ysbaddaden
2204:Tegid Foel
2154:Penpingion
1974:Gronw Pebr
1949:Gilfaethwy
1859:Creiddylad
1844:Caswallawn
1814:Blodeuwedd
1767:Characters
1720:Cad Goddeu
1371:"About us"
898:References
891:Lake-burst
886:Llys Helig
845:programme
834:Television
729:Nancy Bond
679:, held in
654:(English:
640:Literature
629:Tír na nÓg
613:Celtic Sea
438:, visited
361:Ceredigion
299:Llys Helig
196:The legend
98:Characters
2457:Excalibur
2408:Aberffraw
2380:Caer Sidi
2358:Locations
2287:Cyhyraeth
2282:Cŵn Annwn
2277:Coraniaid
2225:creatures
2194:Seithenyn
2149:Penarddun
2109:Matholwch
2099:Manawydan
2014:Gwalchmei
1939:Euroswydd
1869:Cyhyraeth
1804:Beli Mawr
1789:Arianrhod
1637:Arthurian
1468:4 January
1441:3 January
1411:3 January
1385:3 January
1355:4 January
1182:4 January
952:4 January
893:(Ireland)
792:folk song
691:with his
605:Arthurian
478:Gough Map
452:anaerobic
287:Old North
285:with the
265:Seithenyn
164:for '
116:Seithenyn
86:Locations
2374:Celliwig
2370:Cornwall
2319:Gwyllion
2292:Dreigiau
2199:Taliesin
2174:Rhiannon
2054:Llefelys
2034:Hychddwn
1964:Gofannon
1914:Efnysien
1849:Ceridwen
1809:Bleiddwn
1799:Afallach
1779:Amaethon
1713:Taliesin
1595:Mabinogi
1405:BBC News
1349:BBC News
1301:7161480M
1244:BBC News
1208:22 March
880:See also
843:CBeebies
805:Aberdyfi
769:Ava Reid
747:Aberdyfi
681:Pwllheli
665:-novel,
621:Cornwall
617:Brittany
609:Lyonesse
607:tale of
603:and the
586:Atlantis
467:coppiced
456:low tide
418:moraines
390:—
207:Cardigan
190:Atlantis
42:location
2490:52°30′N
2435:Ludgate
2426:Ireland
2416:Ardudwy
2404:Gwynedd
2394:Arberth
2329:Morgens
2314:Gwyllgi
2209:Teyrnon
2189:Sanddef
2164:Pryderi
2159:Peredur
2134:Myrddin
2129:Morfran
2124:Morfydd
2024:Hefeydd
2009:Gwythyr
1999:Gwydion
1944:Geraint
1929:Eliwlod
1894:Drudwas
1864:Culhwch
1829:Branwen
868:, near
866:Ynyslas
566:ice age
446:, near
444:Ynyslas
426:ice age
405:Ptolemy
365:Ystwyth
293:in the
55:Ynyslas
2493:4°30′W
2431:London
2398:Gwales
2272:Coblyn
2139:Nisien
2119:Modron
2039:Hyddwn
2019:Hafgan
1989:Gwrhyr
1959:Goewin
1934:Eufydd
1819:Bedwyr
1794:Arthur
1660:Pa gur
1568:series
1510:(53).
1327:
1299:
1289:
1105:(53).
1077:
993:
919:
815:. An
625:Gaelic
601:Ker-Ys
485:Images
413:sarnau
260:Wyddno
249:sluice
66:Legend
2445:Items
2412:Arfon
2390:Dyfed
2365:Annwn
2302:White
2267:Cewri
2247:Afanc
2169:Pwyll
2144:Olwen
2079:Mabon
2074:Llwyd
2069:Lludd
2049:Idris
1984:Gwern
1979:Gwawl
1884:Cynon
1854:Cigfa
1784:Arawn
1705:Other
1149:Coast
948:. BBC
870:Borth
857:Coast
721:Book
570:Borth
448:Borth
435:Coast
369:Teifi
230:Welsh
186:Wales
162:Welsh
63:Genre
2339:Pwca
2114:Menw
2104:Math
2064:Llŷr
2059:Lleu
1919:Elen
1470:2012
1443:2012
1413:2012
1387:2012
1357:2012
1325:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1210:2020
1184:2012
1075:ISBN
1022:2024
991:ISBN
954:2012
917:ISBN
790:The
693:Awdl
367:and
258:Caer
237:dyke
176:and
76:Type
2297:Red
1889:Dôn
1834:Cai
1512:doi
1268:240
1107:doi
1071:100
1041:doi
840:BBC
741:by
727:by
619:or
599:of
430:BBC
205:to
152:or
2522::
2418:,
2414:,
2410:,
2396:,
1506:.
1460:.
1429:.
1403:.
1373:.
1347:.
1297:OL
1295:.
1262:.
1234:^
1201:.
1170:.
1157:^
1139:^
1121:^
1101:.
1083:.
1073:.
1053:^
962:^
944:.
931:^
876:.
799:("
683:,
588:.
378:,
371:.
243:("
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