355:
Wolfdogs do not have one common description of their appearance because it varies from one breeding cycle to the next. It differs from cycle to cycle because the number of wolf genes inherited in the animal differs greatly and is recorded in a percentage form. The general layout for describing the percentage of wolfdogs is as follows: 1-49% is considered low content (LC), 50-74% is considered to be mid-content (MC), and 75% and higher is considered to be high content (HC). The percentage of the amount of wolf in a wolfdog decides what the animal will look like. For example, if a wolfdog is 25% husky and 75% wolf, it will appear more like a wolf than a husky because it contains more genes from the wolf. This means that the appearance of the wolfdog will most likely contain a narrower chest, longer legs, and sharper teeth because it inherited more traits from the wolf parent.
584:
595:'s conservation is threatened by dog hybridisation. Animals resulting from Ethiopian wolf-dog hybridisation tend to be more heavily built than pure wolves, and have shorter muzzles and different coat patterns. Management plans for hybridization with dogs involve sterilization of known hybrids. Incidences of Ethiopian wolf-dog hybridization have been recorded in Bale's Web Valley. At least four hybrids were identified and sterilized in the area. Although hybridization has not been detected elsewhere, scientists are concerned that it could pose a threat to the wolf population's genetic integrity, resulting in
313:
695:. As well as a superior sense of smell, important at low temperatures where substances are less volatile and therefore less pungent, Sulimov dogs are small-sized and can work in confined spaces. When tired, their normally curled tails droop, making it clear to the handler that the dog needs to be rested. The jackal hybrids were bred by Klim Sulimov, senior research assistant at the D.S. Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection in Russia. Male jackal pups had to be fostered on a
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wolves, a critically endangered subspecies of the gray wolf once nearly driven to extinction in the wild, confirmed the presence of coyote markers in some of the wolves. The study suggests that at some point in time, female coyotes managed to mate with some of the male wolves of the remnant wild
Mexican wolf populations. Analysis on the haplotype of some coyotes from Texas also detected the presence of male wolf introgression, such as Y chromosomes from the gray wolves in the southern coyotes. In one
766:
389:
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32:
532:) interbreeding. Wayne and Jenks (1991) and Roy et al. (1994b, 1996) supported this suggestion with genetic analysis. Phillips and Henry (1992) present logic supporting the contention that the red wolf is a subspecies of the gray wolf. However, recent genetic and morphological evidence suggests that the red wolf is a unique taxon. Wilson et al. (2000) report that gray wolves (
1742:
Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R.M.; Thalmann, O.; Silva, P.; Fan, Z.; Yurchenko, A.A.; Dobrynin, P.; Makunin, A.; Cahill, J.A.; Shapiro, B.; Ălvares, F.; Brito, J.C.; Geffen, E.; Leonard, J.A.; Helgen, K.M.; Johnson, W.E.; O'Brien, S.J.;
822:
In the United States, legislation differs greatly from state to state. In New York, the law does not allow an individual to house or own a dog hybrid of any kind, even if there is a low percentage of wolf genes in the hybrid. States such as
Indiana and Arkansas allow the ownership of hybrid animals,
651:
Several years ago, I saw confined in the
Zoological Gardens of London a female hybrid from an English dog and jackal, which even in this the first generation was so sterile that, as I was assured by her keeper, she did not fully exhibit her proper periods; but this case, from numerous instances have
633:
has never been observed, evidence of such occurrences was discovered through mtDNA analysis on jackals in
Bulgaria. Although there is no genetic evidence of gray wolf-jackal hybridization in the Caucasus Mountains, there have been cases where otherwise genetically pure golden jackals have displayed
496:
Hybridization between gray wolves and coyotes has long been recognized both in the wild and in captivity. In an evolutionary biology research conducted by a team of researchers in the
Uppsala University, analysis of control region haplotypes of the mitochondrial DNA and sex chromosomes from Mexican
412:
though recent DNA sequencing of a 'pure' wild dingo from South
Australia suggests that the dingo is 'intermediate' between wolves and domestic dogs. This would make dingos a subspecies of wolf and so interbreeding between dingos and domestic dogs is also not a hybridization in the same sense as an
699:
bitch in order to imprint the jackals on dogs. Female jackals accepted male
Huskies more readily. The half-breed jackal-dogs were difficult to train and were bred back to Huskies to produce quarter-breed hybrids (quadroons). These hybrids were small, agile, trainable and had an excellent sense of
354:
Wolves are different from domestic dogs in that wolves usually have slimmer chests, longer legs, and they also have stronger jaws than those of the domestic dog subspecies. The difference in appearance from the wolf to the domestic dog becomes even larger when a mix of the two animals is created.
823:
but they regulate it strictly with health records, immunization records, and registration of the animal, while other states, such as
Arizona, do not have any laws about owning a wolfdog hybrid. States may or may not create their own laws regarding the issue of wolfdog hybrids.
560:(B. T. Kelly, unpubl.). In 2002, morphometric analyses of skulls also indicate that the red wolf is likely not to be a gray wolfâcoyote hybrid (Nowak 2002). Therefore, while the red wolf's taxonomic status remains unclear, there is mounting evidence to support
370:. The breeding of wolfâdog crosses is controversial, with opponents purporting that it produces an animal unfit as a domestic pet. A number of wolfdog breeds are in development. The first generation crosses (one wolf parent, one dog parent) generally are
464:. The breeding cycles of domestic dogs and coyotes are not synchronized and this makes interbreeding uncommon. If interbreeding had been common, each successive generation of the coyote population would have acquired more and more dog-like traits.
280:
which diverged 7 to 10 million years ago, are less closely related to the wolf-like canids, have fewer chromosomes and cannot hybridize with them. (recently proven, partly incorrect, see pampas fox with dog below) For instance, the
536:) in southern Ontario appear genetically very similar to the red wolf and that these two canids may be subspecies of one another and not a subspecies of gray wolf. Wilson et al. (2000) propose that red wolves and
512:
carry coyote genes. This has caused a problem for canid taxonomy, as hybrids are not normally thought of as species, though the convention is to continue to refer to red wolves as a subspecies of the gray wolf,
1314:
Field, Matt A.; Yadav, Sonu; Dudchenko, Olga; Esvaran, Meera; Rosen, Benjamin D.; Skvortsova, Ksenia; Edwards, Richard J.; Keilwagen, Jens; Cochran, Blake J.; Manandhar, Bikash; Bustamante, Sonia (2022-04-22).
505:, examinations conducted by the UC Davis team and the Texas State University concluded based on the sex chromosomes that the male animal was in fact another coyote and wolf hybrid sired by a male Mexican wolf.
1125:
2071:
1469:
624:
Three golden jackal-dog hybrids from
Croatia. The discovery of these specimens confirmed that hybridization between the two canids occurs in the wild, and that the two have unlimited fertility with each
918:
1081:
Greyling, L.M.; Van Der Bank, H.F.; Grobler, P.J.; Kotze, A. (2004). "Genetic characterisation of a domestic dog Canis familiaris breed endemic to South
African rural areas".
1034:
217:), subject to a resolution of the dispute as to whether these constitute separate species in their own right or whether they are sub-species of the gray wolf. The members of
1732:. Master of Science Thesis. Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of Bioscience Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Oslo, Norway
1933:
524:
In recent history, the taxonomic status of the red wolf has been widely debated. Mech (1970) suggested that red wolves may be fertile hybrid offspring from gray wolf (
1235:. Vol. 5, no. 4 Winter 1994/1995. National Agricultural Library U. S. Department of Agriculture. Beltsville, MD : National Agricultural Library, AWIC.
347:). Therefore, crosses between these species are biologically unremarkable and not a hybridization in the same sense as an interbreeding between different species of
2063:
1479:
644:
1542:
260:
When the differences in number and arrangement of chromosomes is too great, hybridization becomes less and less likely. Other members of the wider dog family,
53:
2003:
Szynwelski, Bruna Elenara; Kretschmer, Rafael; Matzenbacher, Cristina Araujo; Ferrari, FlĂĄvia; Alievi, Marcelo Meller; de Freitas, Thales Renato (2023).
1704:
1612:
819:
Dog hybrids kept as pets are prohibited in certain jurisdictions, or are classed as wild animals and must be housed in the same way as purebred wolves.
1656:
2192:
840:
Wurster-Hill, D. H.; Centerwall, W. R. (1982). "The interrelationships of chromosome banding patterns in canids, mustelids, hyena, and felids".
1642:
776:
1984:
544:, with their minor differences acknowledged via subspecies designation. North American wolf biologists and geneticists also concluded that
679:
hybrids were bred as sniffer dogs because jackals have a superior sense of smell and Lapponian Herders are good cold climate dogs. Also,
1794:"First evidence of hybridization between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and domestic dog (Canis familiaris) as revealed by genetic markers"
894:
1960:
1203:
994:
712:
for functions including bomb-sniffing. Their breeding program dates back to 1975, but it was not applied to bomb detection until 2002.
257:
from its most likely mate, the side-striped jackal, indicating that male black-backed jackals had not bred with their sister species.
40:
1024:
2228:
1389:
460:(the offspring of a male coyote and a female domestic dog) are naturally occurring red or blond color variations of the coyote and
2184:
1502:
575:" has become a problem for taxonomists, as it is unclear what new taxon will be used to refer to this new population of animals.
1259:
2179:
1927:
1065:
930:
1170:
583:
668:, noting that glaring jackal traits could be exhibited in hybrids even after three generations of crossing them with dogs.
1118:"Large sequence divergence among mitochondrial DNA genotypes within populations of eastern African black-backed jackals"
705:
90:
The wolf-like canids are a group of large carnivores that are genetically closely related because they all possess 78
1650:
888:
806:
425:
362:
may breed domestic dogs to wolves. Gray wolves have been crossed with dogs that have a wolf-like appearance, such as
1851:"Unregulated hunting and genetic recovery from a severe population decline: The cautionary case of Bulgarian wolves"
1532:
1116:
Wayne, R.K.; Meyer, A.; Lehman, N.; van Valkenburgh, B.; Kat, P.W.; Fuller, T.K.; Girman, D.; O'Brien, S.J. (1990).
1565:
19:"Dog hybrid" and "Hybrid dog" redirect here. For all-domestic dog crossbreeds, mongrels, and "designer dogs", see
2159:
2126:
2095:
752:' or 'graxorra', this finding is the first documented case of hybridisation detected between these two species.
404:) breeds freely with other domestic dogs. This is now so widespread that in some areas, dingoes are now mostly
2164:
981:
Wayne, R.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). "Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog".
1693:
2750:
2722:
1849:
Moura, A. E.; Tsingarska, E.; DÄ
browski, M. J.; Czarnomska, S. D.; JÄdrzejewska, B. A.; Pilot, M. G. (2013).
1602:
420:
Some dingo hybrids are accepted back into the wild dingo population, where they breed with pure dingoes. The
1635:
1634:
Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Macdonald, David; Species Survival Commission Canid Specialist Group, eds. (1997).
249:), could theoretically interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring, but a study of the maternal
2221:
1633:
408:, crossed in recent times with dogs from other parts of the world. The dingo is closely related to the
2169:
732:
Crossings between canids of a different genus is extremely rare. In 2021, a female canid with unusual
2682:
2189:
657:
1694:"Field report : Association between an Arabian wolf and a domestic dog in central Saudi Arabia"
2717:
2687:
2214:
367:
317:
45:
1981:
2745:
2609:
2582:
1412:"Hybridization among Three Native North American Canis Species in a Region of Natural Sympatry"
606:
is known to hybridize with both domestic dogs and Ethiopian wolves, as well as Golden jackals.
596:
490:
409:
876:
2487:
2394:
2306:
1954:
615:
421:
289:
chromosomes and from 0 to 8 small B chromosomes, the raccoon dog has 42 chromosomes, and the
1745:"Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian golden jackals are distinct species"
2379:
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1805:
1756:
1607:
1423:
1328:
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1134:
1882:
Kopaliani, N.; Shakarashvili, M.; Gurielidze, Z.; Qurkhuli, T.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2014).
8:
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Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs - 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
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2004:
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breeds are known to have been created by crossing domesticated herding dogs, like the
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Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
1010:
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955:
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676:
461:
383:
286:
222:
194:
2096:"HybridLaw.com - State laws regarding Hybrid cats, wolves, dogs and other animals"
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1988:
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to domestic dogs to maintain a domestic temperament and consistent conformation.
363:
2174:
1956:
Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon by Robert Armitage Sterndale
1080:
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2389:
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1923:
1126:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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592:
572:
568:
162:
20:
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occurred of fertile hybrids from these two animals, was certainly exceptional.
2739:
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2482:
2463:
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1348:
874:
630:
498:
441:
273:
146:
1900:
1883:
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925:. Norwell, Massachusetts, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 75â118.
599:
or a reduction in fitness, though this does not appear to have taken place.
587:
Illustration of golden jackal-African wolf hybrids bred in captivity (1821).
2707:
2634:
2552:
2517:
2472:
2444:
2341:
2281:
2048:
1909:
1884:"Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)"
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1002:
603:
371:
265:
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861:
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2399:
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2135:
2134:. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Oxford, United Kingdom. Archived from
1691:
995:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z
692:
680:
661:
277:
2029:
1881:
1817:
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Can hybridization be detected between African wolf and sympatric canids?
1299:
1282:
2624:
2542:
2522:
2296:
2002:
1576:
1094:
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744:, Brazil. DNA analysis indicates that the canid was a hybrid between a
726:
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388:
359:
290:
91:
853:
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332:
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are the result of interbreeding between the species of the subfamily
2614:
2547:
2429:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2064:"Cientisas identificam primeiro cruzamento entre raposa e cachorro"
721:
701:
638:, to the point of being mistaken for wolves by trained biologists.
509:
269:
254:
202:
1848:
881:
Documenting Domestication:New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms
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2509:
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2434:
2416:
2404:
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1929:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. Volume 1
1056:
Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffmann, Michael J.; Dave Mech (2004).
737:
473:
307:
282:
261:
98:
indistinguishable from each other. The group includes the genera
78:
1317:"The Australian dingo is an early offshoot of modern breed dogs"
31:
2673:
2577:
2384:
2369:
2311:
2124:
2066:[Scientists identify first cross between fox and dog].
1741:
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749:
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were genetically more similar to each other than either was to
452:
429:
138:
1636:
The Ethiopian Wolf: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
501:
investigation on a corpse of what was initially labelled as a
16:
Result of interbreeding between the species of the genus Canis
2587:
2567:
2527:
2477:
2452:
1025:"Painted Wolves: The Colorful Carnivores of the African Wild"
980:
775:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
688:
397:
340:
238:
170:
130:
2201:
2492:
1474:
946:
Wayne, R. (1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family".
489:
gray wolf-coyote hybrids at the Wildlife Science Center in
1470:"UC-Davis team says chupacabra is likely coyote, wolf mix"
1313:
875:
Robert K. Wayne; Jennifer A. Leonard; Carles Vila (2006).
2301:
1246:
1244:
1242:
324:
115:
1283:"What is a dingo â origins, hybridisation and identity"
645:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
1239:
839:
660:
mentioned experimental golden jackal/dog hybrids from
2005:"Hybridization in CanidsâA Case Study of Pampas Fox (
1932:(1st ed.). London: John Murray. pp. 32â33.
358:
People wanting to improve domestic dogs or create an
253:
of the black-backed jackal could find no evidence of
883:. University of California Press. pp. 279â295.
1692:Chris Barichievy; Shayne Clugston; Robert Sheldon.
2128:Strategic Planning for Ethiopian Wolf Conservation
1563:
921:(1996-01-31). Avise, J.C.; Hamerick, J.L. (eds.).
877:"Chapter 19:Genetic Analysis of Dog Domestication"
700:smell. Twenty-five jackal-dog hybrids are used by
508:DNA analysis consistently shows that all existing
1566:"Chapter 4. Central and North America (Nearctic)"
923:Conservation genetics: case histories from nature
2737:
2090:
2088:
1222:
1220:
1643:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1196:"Kukekova Lab - Department of Animal Sciences"
666:Natural History of Mammals in India and Ceylon
2222:
2085:
1998:
1996:
1409:
773:The examples and perspective in this section
567:Classifying animals commonly referred to as "
2070:(in Brazilian Portuguese). GoiĂąnia, Brazil.
1503:"Red Wolves: to Conserve or not to Conserve"
1410:Hailer, Frank; Leonard, Jennifer A. (2008).
1382:"Dingoes aren't just feral dogs, says study"
1233:Animal Welfare Information Center newsletter
1217:
913:
911:
1735:
917:
413:interbreeding between different species of
2229:
2215:
1993:
1533:"Mammal Species of the World : Lupus"
833:
791:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
629:Although hybridization between wolves and
2125:IUCN; SSC Canid Specialist Group (2011).
2038:
2028:
1899:
1866:
1825:
1785:
1768:
1743:van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R.K. (2015).
1445:
1435:
1356:
1298:
1156:
1146:
945:
908:
807:Learn how and when to remove this message
85:
1600:
1017:
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939:
868:
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578:
477:
387:
311:
56:of all important aspects of the article.
1982:Jackal-Dog Created for Airport Security
1226:
2738:
1922:
1545:from the original on 27 September 2013
1280:
1176:from the original on 24 September 2015
517:, with no mention of the coyote taxon
201:). Newly proposed members include the
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
2210:
1947:
1791:
1673:
1500:
1049:
392:A dingo with an unusual color pattern
233:cannot breed with each other or with
2061:
1710:from the original on 24 January 2022
1680:IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group 2011
1615:from the original on 4 February 2013
759:
716:
25:
1262:from the original on 20 August 2013
331:) is a domesticated species of the
13:
2236:
1601:Grondahl, Paul (August 11, 2010).
1478:. February 1, 2008. Archived from
1037:from the original on 13 April 2021
706:Sheremetyevo International Airport
691:blood were combined to create the
14:
2762:
2153:
1980:Viegas, Jennifer. Animal Planet:
1792:Galov, Anna; et al. (2015).
1379:
609:
435:
426:Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
301:
764:
377:
30:
2074:from the original on 2023-09-18
2055:
1974:
1963:from the original on 2018-10-16
1936:from the original on 2011-02-28
1916:
1875:
1842:
1722:
1685:
1662:from the original on 2023-08-13
1627:
1594:
1557:
1525:
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1462:
1403:
1392:from the original on 2 May 2022
1373:
1307:
1274:
1206:from the original on 2011-07-19
1188:
897:from the original on 2023-02-10
296:
225:, however, it is believed that
94:, arranged in 39 pairs and are
44:may be too short to adequately
1970:– via www.gutenberg.org.
1109:
1074:
842:Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics
748:and a domestic dog. Dubbed a '
540:should be a separate species,
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
2062:Vera, Fabricio (2023-09-16).
1564:E.M. Gese; M. Bekoff (2008).
879:. In Melinda A. Zeder (ed.).
826:
736:characteristics was found in
725:A hybrid of domestic dog and
1437:10.1371/journal.pone.0003333
1060:. World Conservation Union.
960:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-X
467:
7:
1227:Willems, Robert A. (1994).
787:, discuss the issue on the
755:
442:Coyote § Hybridization
10:
2767:
2118:
1798:Royal Society Open Science
1256:www.adirondackwildlife.org
634:remarkably gray wolf-like
613:
471:
450:
446:
439:
381:
305:
18:
2723:Grizzlyâpolar bear hybrid
2718:Grizzlyâblack bear hybrid
2696:
2671:
2651:
2633:
2600:
2508:
2461:
2443:
2415:
2355:
2327:
2272:
2244:
2180:Moscow News: Sulimov Dogs
1868:10.1007/s10592-013-0547-y
1770:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060
1603:"The yowl of the suburbs"
1281:Cairns, Kylie M. (2021).
658:Robert Armitage Sterndale
564:as a unique canid taxon.
648:, Charles Darwin wrote:
368:Czechoslovakian Wolfdog
318:Czechoslovakian Wolfdog
2583:Congolese spotted lion
2175:BBC News: Sulimov Dogs
2011:Canis lupus familiaris
1341:10.1126/sciadv.abm5944
1148:10.1073/pnas.87.5.1772
729:
654:
626:
597:outbreeding depression
588:
493:
491:Forest Lake, Minnesota
410:New Guinea singing dog
393:
320:
114:. The members are the
86:Genetic considerations
2683:Polecatâferret hybrid
2007:Lycalopex gymnocercus
1901:10.1093/jhered/esu014
1855:Conservation Genetics
1728:Bahlk, S. H. (2015).
1229:"The Wolf-dog Hybrid"
724:
649:
623:
586:
579:African Canid hybrids
481:
422:Australian Cattle Dog
391:
315:
266:South American canids
119:(C. lupus familiaris)
2751:Intergeneric hybrids
2009:) and Domestic Dog (
1287:Australian Zoologist
1033:. 28 February 2019.
785:improve this section
573:northeastern coyotes
293:has 64 chromosomes.
2688:Polecatâmink hybrid
2185:Dogotes and Coydogs
2030:10.3390/ani13152505
1888:Journal of Heredity
1818:10.1098/rsos.150450
1810:2015RSOS....250450G
1761:2015CBio...25.2158K
1538:Bucknell University
1501:Wayne, Bob (2008).
1428:2008PLoSO...3.3333H
1333:2022SciA....8M5944F
1300:10.7882/AZ.2021.004
1200:cbsu.tc.cornell.edu
1139:1990PNAS...87.1772W
685:Norwegian Lundehund
247:black-backed jackal
243:side-striped jackal
187:side-striped jackal
183:Lupulella mesomelas
179:black-backed jackal
2488:Lord Morton's mare
2195:2005-10-28 at the
2160:Wolf Dog resources
1987:2010-11-22 at the
1582:on 21 October 2011
1095:10.1007/bf03192535
948:Trends in Genetics
730:
627:
589:
534:Canis lupus lycaon
494:
432:, with the dingo.
394:
339:), along with the
321:
2733:
2732:
2395:Jackalâdog hybrid
2307:Sheepâgoat hybrid
1755:(16): 2158â2165.
1083:Acta Theriologica
1067:978-2-8317-0786-0
932:978-0-412-05581-2
854:10.1159/000131806
817:
816:
809:
742:Rio Grande do Sul
717:Pampas fox hybrid
616:Jackalâdog hybrid
604:African gold wolf
515:Canis lupus rufus
402:Canis lupus dingo
345:Canis lupus dingo
251:mitochondrial DNA
71:
70:
2758:
2713:ABC Islands bear
2643:Macropod hybrids
2620:Hybrid orangutan
2380:Dingoâdog hybrid
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2098:. Archived from
2092:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2000:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1575:. Archived from
1570:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:. Archived from
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1327:(16): eabm5944.
1321:Science Advances
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1150:
1133:(5): 1772â1776.
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1021:
1015:
1014:
978:
972:
971:
943:
937:
936:
915:
906:
905:
903:
902:
872:
866:
865:
848:(1â2): 178â192.
837:
812:
805:
801:
798:
792:
768:
767:
760:
677:Lapponian Herder
675:, golden jackal/
499:cryptozoological
406:mixed-breed dogs
384:Dingo-dog hybrid
364:German Shepherds
329:Canis familiaris
237:. The Lupulella
221:can potentially
195:African wild dog
66:
63:
57:
34:
26:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2692:
2667:
2647:
2629:
2596:
2563:Panthera hybrid
2504:
2457:
2453:Elephant hybrid
2439:
2425:Clymene dolphin
2411:
2351:
2323:
2268:
2267:
2240:
2235:
2197:Wayback Machine
2156:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2056:
2001:
1994:
1989:Wayback Machine
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1924:Darwin, Charles
1921:
1917:
1880:
1876:
1847:
1843:
1790:
1786:
1749:Current Biology
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1312:
1308:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1018:
979:
975:
944:
940:
933:
916:
909:
900:
898:
891:
873:
869:
838:
834:
829:
813:
802:
796:
793:
782:
769:
765:
758:
719:
618:
612:
581:
569:eastern coyotes
550:C. lupus lycaon
538:C. lupus lycaon
487:
476:
470:
455:
449:
444:
438:
386:
380:
310:
304:
299:
274:bat-eared foxes
227:Cuon, Lupulella
88:
67:
61:
58:
51:
39:This article's
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Eastern coyote
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:American Breed
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:Mammal hybrids
2234:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:Hybrid Dingoes
2167:
2162:
2155:
2154:External links
2152:
2151:
2150:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2084:
2054:
1992:
1973:
1959:. 2006-10-16.
1946:
1915:
1874:
1861:(2): 405â417.
1841:
1804:(12): 150450.
1784:
1734:
1721:
1684:
1672:
1651:
1645:. p. 31.
1626:
1593:
1556:
1524:
1493:
1461:
1402:
1380:Ahmed, Issam.
1372:
1306:
1293:(3): 322â337.
1273:
1238:
1216:
1187:
1108:
1089:(3): 369â382.
1073:
1066:
1048:
1016:
973:
938:
931:
907:
889:
867:
831:
830:
828:
825:
815:
814:
779:of the subject
777:worldwide view
772:
770:
763:
757:
754:
718:
715:
714:
713:
697:Siberian Husky
669:
655:
631:golden jackals
614:Main article:
611:
610:Jackal hybrids
608:
593:Ethiopian wolf
580:
577:
528:) and coyote (
485:
472:Main article:
469:
466:
451:Main article:
448:
445:
437:
436:Coyote hybrids
434:
382:Main article:
379:
376:
306:Main article:
303:
302:Wolfdog hybrid
300:
298:
295:
163:Ethiopian wolf
135:C. lupus dingo
96:karyologically
87:
84:
69:
68:
48:the key points
38:
36:
29:
21:Dog crossbreed
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2763:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Canid hybrids
2744:
2743:
2741:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
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2623:
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2618:
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2613:
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2608:
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2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Serengeti cat
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
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2521:
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2326:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2141:on 2014-09-08
2137:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2102:on 2013-10-06
2101:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1894:(3): 345â53.
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:
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1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
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1746:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1658:
1654:
1652:2-8317-0407-3
1648:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1513:on 2013-08-14
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1482:on 2013-12-24
1481:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:(10): e3333.
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
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1257:
1253:
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1234:
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1223:
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1201:
1197:
1191:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:(3): 247â57.
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:(6): 218â24.
953:
949:
942:
934:
928:
924:
920:
914:
912:
896:
892:
890:9780520246386
886:
882:
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
832:
824:
820:
811:
808:
800:
790:
786:
780:
778:
771:
762:
761:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
723:
711:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
662:British India
659:
656:
653:
647:
646:
641:
640:
639:
637:
632:
622:
617:
607:
605:
600:
598:
594:
585:
576:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
511:
506:
504:
500:
492:
488:
482:Captive-bred
480:
475:
465:
463:
459:
454:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
385:
378:Dingo hybrids
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:The domestic
319:
314:
309:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Lycaon pictus
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:golden jackal
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
83:
81:
80:
75:
74:Canid hybrids
65:
55:
49:
47:
42:
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2708:Ursid hybrid
2697:
2672:
2663:Iron Age pig
2652:
2635:Macropodinae
2553:Savannah cat
2518:Felid hybrid
2473:Equid hybrid
2462:
2445:Elephantidae
2365:Canid hybrid
2364:
2282:Bovid hybrid
2143:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2127:
2106:16 September
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2076:. Retrieved
2068:Jornal Opção
2067:
2057:
2023:(15): 2505.
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1955:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1752:
1748:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1700:
1687:
1682:, p. 32
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1606:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1572:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1473:
1464:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1385:
1375:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1266:16 September
1264:. Retrieved
1255:
1252:"Cree012807"
1232:
1208:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1130:
1124:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1057:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1030:Live Science
1028:
1019:
986:
982:
976:
951:
947:
941:
922:
899:. Retrieved
880:
870:
845:
841:
835:
821:
818:
803:
794:
774:
738:Vacaria City
731:
665:
650:
643:
628:
601:
590:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
523:
518:
514:
507:
495:
457:
456:
419:
414:
401:
395:
366:to form the
357:
353:
348:
344:
336:
328:
322:
297:Wolf hybrids
278:raccoon dogs
259:
234:
230:
226:
218:
215:Canis lycaon
214:
211:eastern wolf
206:
198:
190:
182:
175:Cuon alpinus
174:
166:
158:
155:African wolf
150:
142:
134:
126:
118:
116:domestic dog
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
77:
73:
72:
59:
43:
41:lead section
2610:Denisova 11
2400:Sulimov dog
1608:Times Union
1180:21 December
919:Wayne, R.K.
693:Sulimov dog
681:Fox Terrier
526:Canis lupus
372:backcrossed
337:Canis lupus
287:metacentric
209:), and the
207:Canis rufus
167:C. simensis
159:C. lupaster
92:chromosomes
62:August 2023
2740:Categories
2625:Koolakamba
2543:Kellas cat
2523:Bengal cat
2297:Dwarf Lulu
2202:WolfSource
2145:2012-12-15
2078:2023-09-17
1967:2018-10-15
1940:2009-09-05
1701:Canids.org
1666:2023-09-16
1641:(Report).
1507:canids.org
1396:2022-05-02
1210:2013-12-22
901:2020-10-30
827:References
746:pampas fox
734:phenotypic
727:pampas fox
636:phenotypes
558:C. latrans
530:C. latrans
510:red wolves
503:chupacabra
462:feral dogs
440:See also:
360:exotic pet
291:fennec fox
270:true foxes
264:, such as
223:interbreed
143:C. latrans
2602:Hominidae
2329:Camelidae
2165:Wolf dogs
2013:) Hybrid"
1619:14 August
1586:14 August
1549:14 August
1517:14 August
1486:14 August
1349:2375-2548
983:BioEssays
797:July 2020
789:talk page
542:C. lycaon
468:Coywolves
333:gray wolf
255:genotypes
191:L. adusta
151:C. aureus
123:gray wolf
108:Lupulella
46:summarize
2615:Humanzee
2548:Pumapard
2430:Wholphin
2263:Mammalia
2257:Chordata
2251:Animalia
2249:Kingdom
2193:Archived
2072:Archived
2049:37570312
2040:10417603
1985:Archived
1961:Archived
1934:Archived
1926:(1868).
1910:24622972
1836:27019731
1779:26234211
1714:19 March
1705:Archived
1657:Archived
1613:Archived
1543:Archived
1541:. 2013.
1456:18841199
1416:PLOS ONE
1390:Archived
1386:phys.org
1367:35452284
1260:Archived
1204:Archived
1171:Archived
1103:12246085
1041:12 March
1035:Archived
1003:10333734
895:Archived
783:You may
756:Legality
702:Aeroflot
562:C. rufus
554:C. lupus
546:C. rufus
203:red wolf
127:C. lupus
2674:Mustela
2573:Liliger
2538:Chausie
2533:Caraval
2510:Felidae
2498:Zebroid
2435:Narluga
2417:Cetacea
2405:Wolfdog
2375:Coywolf
2357:Canidae
2347:Huarizo
2292:Beefalo
2274:Bovidae
2255:Phylum
2190:Coydogs
2119:Sources
2017:Animals
1827:4807452
1806:Bibcode
1757:Bibcode
1447:2556088
1424:Bibcode
1358:9032958
1329:Bibcode
1167:1968637
1135:Bibcode
1011:5547543
968:8337763
862:7151489
664:in his
519:latrans
474:Coywolf
458:Coydogs
447:Coydogs
415:Canidae
349:Canidae
308:Wolfdog
285:has 34
283:red fox
262:Canidae
79:Caninae
2578:Marozi
2385:Dogxim
2370:Coydog
2317:Ć»ubroĆ
2312:Yakalo
2261:Class
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750:Dogxim
710:Moscow
687:, and
673:Russia
625:other.
571:" or "
453:Coydog
430:Collie
231:Lycaon
193:) and
139:coyote
112:Lycaon
2699:Ursus
2588:Tigon
2568:Liger
2528:Blynx
2483:Kunga
2478:Hinny
2464:Equus
2342:Bukht
2139:(PDF)
2132:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1660:(PDF)
1639:(PDF)
1580:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1174:(PDF)
1158:53565
1121:(PDF)
1099:S2CID
1007:S2CID
689:Spitz
398:dingo
341:dingo
276:, or
241:(the
239:genus
235:Canis
219:Canis
171:dhole
131:dingo
100:Canis
2493:Mule
2337:Cama
2108:2013
2045:PMID
1906:PMID
1832:PMID
1775:PMID
1716:2022
1647:ISBN
1621:2013
1588:2013
1551:2013
1519:2013
1488:2013
1475:KENS
1452:PMID
1363:PMID
1345:ISSN
1268:2013
1182:2011
1163:PMID
1062:ISBN
1043:2021
999:PMID
964:PMID
927:ISBN
885:ISBN
858:PMID
602:The
591:The
548:and
424:and
396:The
245:and
229:and
110:and
104:Cuon
2654:Sus
2302:Dzo
2035:PMC
2025:doi
1896:doi
1892:105
1863:doi
1822:PMC
1814:doi
1765:doi
1442:PMC
1432:doi
1353:PMC
1337:doi
1295:doi
1153:PMC
1143:doi
1091:doi
991:doi
956:doi
850:doi
708:in
704:at
671:In
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