The Maritimes - Knowledge

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province's number of MPs was proposed to change from 4 to 3, accounting for its declining proportion of the national population at that time. When PEI entered Confederation in 1873, it was accorded 6 MPs and 4 Senators; however this was reduced to 4 MPs by the early 20th century. Senators being appointed for life at this time, these coveted seats rarely went unfilled for a long period of time anywhere in Canada. As a result, PEI's challenge was accepted by the federal government, and its level of federal representation was secured. In the aftermath of the 1989 budget, which saw a filibuster by Liberal Senators in attempt to kill legislation creating the

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rose considerably over the two decades, but there was little improvement in the wealth levels in rural areas, which comprised the great majority of the population. Likewise Gwyn reports that gentlemen, merchants, bankers, colliery owners, shipowners, shipbuilders, and master mariners flourished. However the great majority of families were headed by farmers, fishermen, craftsmen and labourer. Most of them—and many widows as well—lived in poverty. Out migration became an increasingly necessary option. Thus the era was indeed a golden age but only for a small but powerful and highly visible elite.

2156:, advocated by scholars such as S.A. Saunders, looks at the resource endowments of the Maritimes and argues that it was the decline of the traditional industries of shipbuilding and fishing that led to Maritime poverty, since these processes were rooted in geography, and thus all but inevitable. Kris Inwood has revived the staples approach and looks at a number of geographic weaknesses relative to Central Canada. He repeats Acheson's argument that the region lacks major urban centres, but adds that the Maritimes were also lacking the great rivers that led to the cheap and abundant 178: 3999: 2582: 2265: 2044: 5559: 1591: 1877: 1327: 1726:, and subsequent creation of a widespread industrial base to take advantage of the region's large underground coal deposits. After Confederation, however, this industrial base withered with technological change, and trading links to Europe and the U.S. were reduced in favour of those with Ontario and Quebec. In recent years, however, the Maritime regional economy has begun increased contributions from manufacturing again and the steady transition to a service economy. 1714: 4011: 1188: 2528:

proportion of the national population. The comparatively large population growth of western and central Canada during the immigration boom of the 20th century has reduced the Maritimes' proportion of the national population to less than 10%, resulting in an over-representation in Parliament, with some federal ridings having fewer than 35,000 people, compared to central and western Canada where ridings typically contain 100,000–120,000 people.

1804: 2347: 2204: 50: 1907:'s most extensive manufacturing sectors as well as a large international shipping industry. The question of why the Maritimes fell from being a centre of Canadian manufacturing to being an economic hinterland is thus a central one to the study of the region's pecuniary difficulties. The period in which the decline occurred had a great many potential culprits. In 1867 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick merged with the Canadas in 1990: 1600: 2322: 1242:, to be held in early September 1864 in Charlottetown – chosen in part because of Prince Edward Island's reluctance to give up its jurisdictional sovereignty in favour of uniting with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into a single colony. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia felt that if the union conference were held in Charlottetown, they might be able to convince Island politicians to support the proposal. 418: 1200: 2540:, this model was developed to ensure that no area of the country is able to exert undue influence in the Senate. The Maritimes, with its much smaller proportion of the national population (compared to the time of Confederation) also have an over-representation in the Senate, particularly compared to the population growth of Ontario and the western provinces. This has led to 2568: 1041:, largely by privateering against American shipping, but several coastal communities were also the targets of American raiders. Charlottetown, the capital of the new colony of St. John's Island, was ransacked in 1775 with the provincial secretary kidnapped and the Great Seal stolen. The largest military action in the Maritimes during the revolutionary war was the 1839:

phenomenon for some parts of the region. Another problem is seen in the lower average wages and family incomes within the region. Property values are depressed, resulting in a smaller tax base for these three provinces, particularly when compared with the national average which benefits from central and western Canadian economic growth.

1159:. However, the majority of the conflict's impact was felt in the shipping industry. Maritime shipping boomed during the war due to large-scale Northern imports of war supplies which were often carried by Maritime ships as Union ships were vulnerable to Confederate naval raiders. Diplomatic tensions between Britain and the 2104:. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, just the opposite was the case with little to no population concentration in major industrial centres as the predominantly rural resource-dependent Maritime economy continued on the same path as it had since European settlement on the region's shores. 2076:, these being the goals of the Macdonald and Laurier governments. In the Maritimes the situation was very different. Today New Brunswick has several mid-sized centres in Saint John, Moncton, and Fredericton but no significant population centre. Nova Scotia has a growing metropolitan area surrounding 1965:

places the date closer to 1885. T.W. Acheson takes a similar view and provides considerable evidence that the early 1880s were in fact a booming period in Nova Scotia and this growth was only undermined towards the end of that decade. David Alexander argues that any earlier declines were simply part

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was also discovered in the 1980s during exploration work, and this is being commercially recovered, beginning in the late 1990s. Initial optimism in Nova Scotia about the potential of off-shore resources appears to have diminished with the lack of new discoveries, although exploration work continues

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of the 1920s, which advocated greater local control over the region's finances. T.W. Acheson is one of the main proponents of this theory. He notes the growth that was occurring during the early years of the National Policy in Nova Scotia demonstrates how the effects of railway fares and the tariff

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in 1783, Loyalist settlers in what would become New Brunswick persuaded British administrators to split the Colony of Nova Scotia to create the new colony of New Brunswick in 1784. At the same time, another part of the Colony of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, was split off to become the Colony of

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by 25 Members of the House of Commons (Nova Scotia – 11, New Brunswick – 10, Prince Edward Island – 4) and 24 Senators (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick – 10 each, Prince Edward Island – 4). This level of representation was established at the time of Confederation when the Maritimes had a much larger

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Agriculture and forestry are two prominent industries found in New Brunswick. Despite having an extensive coastline, New Brunswick's industrial sector has never been entirely reliant on the success of the fisheries. Likewise, the strong shipbuilding heritage of the province directly relates to its

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The Maritimes are the only provinces in Canada which entered Confederation in the 19th century and have kept their original colonial boundaries. All three provinces have the smallest land base in the country and have been forced to make do with resources within. By comparison, the former colony of

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The cause of economic malaise in the Maritimes is an issue of great debate and controversy among historians, economists, and geographers. The differing opinions can approximately be divided into the "structuralists", who argue that poor policy decisions are to blame, and the others, who argue that

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Map showing first languages in the Maritimes. Red represents a majority of Anglophones and less than 33% Francophones; Orange, a majority of Anglophones and more than 33% Francophones; Blue, a Francophone majority with less than 33% Anglophones; and green, a Francophone majority with more than 33%

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Another factor related to the number of Senate seats is that a constitutional amendment in the early 20th century mandated that no province can have fewer Members of Parliament than it has senators. This court decision resulted from a complaint by the Government of Prince Edward Island after that

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More controversial than the role of technology is the argument over the role of politics in the origins of the region's decline. Confederation and the tariff and railway freight policies that followed have often been blamed for having a deleterious effect on the Maritime economies. Arguments have

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The exact date that the Maritimes began to fall behind the rest of Canada is difficult to determine. Historian Kris Inwood places the date very early, at least in Nova Scotia, finding clear signs that the Maritimes "Golden Age" of the mid-19th century was over by 1870, before Confederation or the

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and antiques. Recent historians using census data have shown that is a fallacy. In 1851–1871 there was an overall increase in per capita wealth holding. However most of the gains went to the urban elite class, especially businessmen and financiers living in Halifax. The wealth held by the top 10%

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Improvements in infrastructure and the regional economy notwithstanding, the three provinces remain one of the poorer regions of Canada. While urban areas are growing and thriving, economic adjustments have been harsh in rural and resource-dependent communities, and emigration has been an ongoing

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happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and

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Despite the region's absence of economic growth on the same scale as other parts of the nation, the Maritimes has changed markedly throughout the 20th century, partly as a result of global and national economic trends, and partly as a result of government intervention. Each sub-region within the

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Given the small population of the region (compared with the Central Canadian provinces or the New England states), the regional economy is a net exporter of natural resources, manufactured goods, and services. The regional economy has long been tied to natural resources such as fishing, logging,

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of the warm-summer subtype. Especially in coastal Nova Scotia, differences between summers and winters are narrow compared to the rest of Canada. The inland climate of New Brunswick is in stark contrast during winter, resembling more continental areas. Summers are somewhat tempered by the marine

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within 15 years, this time by more than 27,000 British soldiers and sailors with over 150 warships. After the French surrender, Louisbourg was thoroughly destroyed by British engineers to ensure it would never be reclaimed. With the fall of Louisbourg, French and Mi'kmaw resistance in the region

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are focused on the pulp and paper industry and some mining activity. Moncton was a centre for railways and has changed its focus to becoming a multi-modal transportation centre with associated manufacturing and retail interests. The Halifax metropolitan area has come to dominate peninsular Nova

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The growing English colonies along the American seaboard to the south and various European wars between England and France during the 17th and 18th centuries brought Acadia to the centre of world-scale geopolitical forces. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port-Royal, and in 1621 France ceded

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The policies in the early years of Confederation were designed by Central Canadian interests, and they reflected the needs of that region. The unified Canadian market and the introduction of railroads created a relative weakness in the Maritime economies. Central to this concept, according to

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British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the

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to provide nationally mandated social services. Since the 1990s the region has experienced an exceptionally tumultuous period in its regional economy with the collapse of large portions of the ground fishery throughout Atlantic Canada, the closing of coal mines and a steel mill on

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and regional transportation infrastructure such as airports, fishing harbours, seaports, and railways . The Liberals held onto seats in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, while being shut out of Nova Scotia entirely, the second time in history (the only other time being the

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While the economic underperformance of the Maritime economy has been long lasting, it has not always been present. The mid-19th century, especially the 1850s and 1860s, has long been seen as a "Golden Age" in the Maritimes. Growth was strong, and the region had one of

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targeted unprotected shipping of both the United States and Britain respectively, further reducing trade. New Brunswick's section of the Canada–US border did not have any significant action during this conflict, although British forces did occupy a portion of coastal

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The maritime provinces' main industry is fishing. Fishing can be found in any maritime province. This includes fishing for lobster, mackerel, tuna, salmon and many more kinds of fish. Oysters and salmonoid aquaculture is also increasingly important economically.

2160:, key to Quebec and Ontario's urban and manufacturing development, that the extraction costs of Maritime resources were higher (particularly in the case of Cape Breton coal), and that the soils of the region were poorer and thus the agricultural sector weaker. 1272:(BNA Act). Of the Maritime provinces, only Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were initially party to the BNA Act: Prince Edward Island's reluctance, combined with a booming agricultural and fishing export economy having led to that colony opting not to sign on. 2108:

Maritimes has developed over time to exploit different resources and expertise. Saint John became a centre of the timber trade and shipbuilding and is currently a centre for oil refining and some manufacturing. The northern New Brunswick communities of

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structure helped undermine this growth. Capitalists from Central Canada purchased the factories and industries of the Maritimes from their bankrupt local owners and proceeded to close down many of them, consolidating the industry in Central Canada.

1943:, the population grew steadily from 277,000 in 1851 to 388,000 in 1871, mostly from natural increase since immigration was slight. The era has been called a Golden Age, but that was a myth created in the 1930s to lure tourists to a romantic era of 2535:

is structured along regional lines, giving an equal number of seats (24) to the Maritimes, Ontario, Quebec, and western Canada, in addition to the later entry of Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the three territories. Enshrined in the

1970:, and that the Maritimes first fell behind the rest of Canada when the great boom period of the early 20th century had little effect on the region. E.R. Forbes, however, emphasizes that the precipitous decline did not occur until after the 2556:"stacked" the Senate by creating additional seats in several provinces across Canada, including New Brunswick; however, there was no attempt by these provinces to increase the number of MPs to reflect this change in Senate representation. 2004:

in the 1870s, removing a longstanding barrier to trade. For the first time this placed the Maritime manufacturers in direct competition with those of Central Canada. Maritime trading patterns shifted considerably from mainly trading with

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in 1667 that France's claim to the region was reaffirmed. Colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was of low priority. France's priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on the larger territory of

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Given the geographic diversity of the various sub-regions within the Maritimes, policies to centralize the population and economy were not initially successful, thus Maritime factories closed while those in Ontario and Quebec prospered.

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are reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England and France, respectively. Several Portuguese explorers / cartographers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namely

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The immense size of the Union Army (the largest on the planet toward the end of the Civil War), however, was viewed with increasing concern by Maritimers throughout the early 1860s. Another concern was the rising threat of

703:. Acadian settlements had primarily agrarian economies. Early examples of Acadian fishing settlements developed in southwestern Nova Scotia and in Île-Royale, as well as along the south and west coasts of Newfoundland, the 1003:

crumbled. British forces seized remaining French control over Acadia in the coming months, with Île-Saint-Jean falling in 1759 to British forces on their way to Quebec City for the first siege of Quebec and the ensuing

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One of the most important changes, and one that almost certainly had an effect, was the revolution in transportation that occurred at this time. The Maritimes were connected to central Canada by the

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was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers. The economic riches of energy and natural resources held within this larger land base were only realized by other provinces during the 20th century.

1034:. Île-Royale was renamed Cape Breton Island and incorporated into the Colony of Nova Scotia. Some of the Acadians who had been deported came back but went to the eastern coasts of New Brunswick. 711:

region of Quebec. Most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the much larger seasonal European fishing fleets that were based out of Newfoundland and took advantage of proximity to the

2024:, and this industry was hurt by the change. The larger ships were also less likely to call on the smaller population centres such as Saint John and Halifax, preferring to travel to cities like 1689: 974:

Fort Beausejour. The British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.

1257:, who had largely arrived at their own invitation with their own agenda. This agenda saw the conference dominated by discussions of creating an even larger union of the entire territory of 2052:

been made that the Maritimes' poverty was caused by control over policy by Central Canada which used the national structures for its own enrichment. This was the central view of the

1780:, pharmaceuticals, insurance and financial sectors—as well as research-related spin-offs from the region's numerous universities and colleges—are significant economic contributors. 2747:(book in French and English). The Acadians were scattered across the Atlantic, in the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Quebec, Britain and France. (See Jean-François Mouhot (2009) 3673: 753:

regions of France, continued to populate the colony of Acadia during the latter part of the 17th and early part of the 18th centuries. Important settlements also began in the

2176:) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the 603:

who made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power and, in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Cartier was followed by nobleman

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In the 2004 federal election, the Conservatives had one of the worst showings in the region for a right-wing party, going back to Confederation, with the exception of the

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in a 1604 expedition. During this they established the second permanent European settlement in what is now the United States and Canada, following Spain's settlement at

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had some effect on the shipping industry in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island; however, the significant

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Some predominantly coastal areas have become major tourist centres, such as parts of Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, the South Shore of Nova Scotia and the

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Rural poverty is the theme of Rusty Bittermann, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of inequality and interdependence in the Nova Scotian countryside, 1850–70",

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Coincident with the construction of railways in the region, the age of the wooden sailing ship began to come to an end, being replaced by larger and faster steel

3011: 1835:. There have been airport improvements at various centres providing improved connections to markets and destinations in the rest of North America and overseas. 1053:. The fort was partially overrun after a month-long siege, but the attackers were ultimately repelled after the arrival of British reinforcements from Halifax. 2483:

region of New Brunswick tends to vote for the Liberals or NDP for social political reasons, as well as treatment of the French by various parties. In the

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extended from 3,000 years ago until first contact with European settlers. This period was dominated by the organization of First Nations peoples into the

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forest resources. Because of this, New Brunswickers tend to attribute their cultural heritage less with the sea and more with their forests and rivers.

3678: 2647: 2433:(MPs) from New Brunswick, but most of the focus of the party at the federal and provincial levels is currently in the Halifax area of Nova Scotia. 1931:

around the new nation. Throughout the period there was also significant technological change both in the production and transportation of goods.

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The Maritimes were predominantly rural until recent decades, having resource-based economies of fishing, agriculture, forestry, and coal mining.

841:), natives from the Maritime region participated in numerous attacks with the French on the Acadia / New England border in southern Maine (e.g., 338:. The Maritimes had a population of 1,899,324 in 2021, which makes up 5.1% of Canada's population. Together with Canada's easternmost province, 4049: 2047:

Major factories like this cotton mill in Marysville, near Fredericton, failed to compete with more centralized operations in Quebec and Ontario

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Both the colonies of Nova Scotia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) and St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island) were affected by the

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was written in PEI, and this attracts tourists to PEI. PEI is also known for its agriculture, mainly the potato, and fishing industries.

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during the 1920s when new railway policies were implemented. Forbes also contends that significant Canadian defence spending during the

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Scotia as a retail and service centre, but that province's industries were spread out from the coal and steel industries of industrial

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influence throughout the provinces, but due to the southerly parallels still remain similar to more continental areas further west.

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at one point. The most significant incident from this war which occurred in the Maritimes was the British capture and detention of

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exploration and development. Mostly concentrated on the continental shelf of the province's Atlantic coast in the vicinity of

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Another important contribution to Nova Scotia's provincial economy is through spin-offs and royalties relating to off-shore

1234:. This combination of events, coupled with an ongoing decline in British military and economic support to the region as the 1084:

presence in Halifax and other ports in the region prevented any serious attempts by American raiders. Maritime and American

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has historically been collectively applied to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, all of which border the

1353:, but winter nights are still cold even in all coastal areas. The northernmost areas of New Brunswick are only just above 86: 5299: 5294: 5240: 3460: 3090: 1238:

favoured newer colonial endeavours in Africa and elsewhere, led to a call among Maritime politicians for a conference on

323: 1827:(including the entire railway system of Prince Edward Island and southwestern Nova Scotia), and the construction of the 5168: 4042: 3630: 3041: 2603: 874: 17: 1939:

Several scholars have explored the so-called "Golden Age" of the Maritimes in the years just before Confederation. In

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Regional transportation networks have also changed significantly in recent decades with port modernizations, with new

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farming, and mining activities. Significant industrialization in the second half of the 19th century brought steel to

908:. The British returned control of Île-Royale to France with the fortress virtually intact three years later under the 583:

has been dated. They may have made further exploration into the present-day Maritimes and northeastern United States.

315: 5250: 3399: 3056: 2981: 2976: 2961: 2772: 2756: 2744: 2450: 2386: 2251: 1299: 133: 93: 2233: 1863:), which plays a significant role in the cultural and economic spheres of Fredericton, the province's capital city. 567:

After Newfoundland, the Maritimes were the second area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. There is evidence that

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off the southern American coast did not. The French settlement pre-dated the more successful English settlement at

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The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region and the Indigenous people signed the

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on Île-Royale. Massachusetts was increasingly concerned over reports of the capabilities of this fortress, and of

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Over 74 years (1689–1763) there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England and

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Julian Gwyn and Fazley Siddiq, "Wealth distribution in Nova Scotia during the Confederation era, 1851 and 1871",

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A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland

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were well-suited to benefit from the development of large-scale manufacturing and extensive railway systems in

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into a united colony. The Charlottetown Conference ended with an agreement to meet the following month in

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the Liberal Party won every seat in the region, defeating all of the Conservative (and NDP) challengers.

2142: 1758: 1695: 1650: 712: 604: 2491:'s Liberals endured a bitter defeat to the PCs and NDP in many ridings as a result of unpopular cuts to 1626:. New Brunswick, in general, differs from the other two Maritime provinces in that it has a much higher 5633: 4879: 4864: 4162: 4147: 3916: 3870: 3708: 3563: 3487: 3388: 3372: 3076: 3046: 3016: 2997: 2113: 1540: 1160: 1038: 999: 992: 970: 924: 905: 862: 2763:, Paris, Hachette, 1936). Very few eventually returned to Nova Scotia (See John Mack Faragher (2005). 2429:(NDP) has made significant inroads both federally and provincially in the region. The NDP has elected 1911:, with Prince Edward Island joining them six years later in 1873. Canada was formed only a year after 5260: 5192: 5163: 5148: 4889: 4814: 3814: 3766: 3732: 3470: 3305: 3202: 3127: 2442: 2326: 2186: 1816: 1452: 1338: 1307: 978: 954: 928: 814: 616: 580: 339: 31: 2835:

Julian Gwyn, "Golden Age or Bronze Moment? Wealth and Poverty in Nova Scotia: The 1850s and 1860s",

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Ian McKay, "History and the Tourist Gaze: The Politics of Commemoration in Nova Scotia, 1935–1964",

2520:). In 2015 the Liberals won every seat in The Maritimes, defeating Conservative and NDP incumbents. 5638: 4849: 4766: 4349: 4062: 3967: 3595: 3394: 3325: 3315: 3310: 3295: 2633: 2296: 2214: 2173: 2125: 2117: 2085: 2053: 1881: 1754: 1265:, where more formal discussions ensued, culminating with meetings in London and the signing of the 1249:, as it came to be called, was also attended by a slew of visiting delegates from the neighbouring 1246: 850: 846: 382: 4027: 2788: 5628: 5496: 5187: 5094: 4771: 4481: 4476: 3558: 3524: 3411: 3026: 2934: 2472: 2357: 2218: 2177: 2121: 1856: 1231: 1176: 1156: 938: 462: 60: 2681: 2675: 985:

in 1775. Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians of 15,000 were removed from Nova Scotia.

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staging out of its harbour to raid New England fishermen on the Grand Banks. In the fourth war,

661:, led to the fertile tidal marshes surrounding the southeastern and northeastern reaches of the 5623: 5473: 5280: 4874: 4677: 3962: 3906: 3894: 3884: 3789: 3759: 3610: 3580: 3568: 3529: 3465: 3406: 3362: 2893: 2537: 2434: 2404: 1940: 1908: 1777: 1562: 1267: 1144:) having been widely spoken, particularly in Cape Breton, although it is less prevalent today. 1129: 1065: 1061: 946: 889: 806: 781: 612: 591: 386: 298: 277: 2700: 2671: 1116:

was merged back into the Colony of Nova Scotia for the second time by the British government.

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has been proposed at various times in Canada's history; the first discussions in 1864 at the

374: 5440: 4416: 4134: 3742: 3725: 3715: 3657: 3652: 3379: 3349: 3142: 2524: 2496: 2449:, the NDP captured 28.45% of the vote in Nova Scotia, more than any other province. In the 2430: 2426: 2303: 1832: 1769: 1742: 1723: 1386: 1295: 1070: 1027: 916: 897: 881: 842: 830: 758: 688: 680: 458: 358: 335: 287: 217: 204: 107: 8: 5089: 4754: 4691: 4667: 4498: 4359: 4305: 4246: 4217: 4157: 4152: 3829: 3747: 3703: 3642: 3455: 3335: 3192: 2476: 1654: 1408: 1121: 1090: 1023: 966: 854: 750: 632: 620: 608: 1163:

had deteriorated after some interests in Britain expressed support for the secessionist

1132:(1845–1849). As a result, significant portions of the three provinces are influenced by 818: 5377: 4998: 4961: 4839: 4285: 4207: 4167: 4142: 3844: 3720: 3647: 3585: 3492: 3446: 3367: 3330: 3254: 2718: 2660:

John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. Oklahoma Press. 2008

2512: 2460:. The Conservative party improved its seat count in the 2008 and elected 13 MPs in the 2165: 2130: 2081: 1852: 1797: 1734: 1611: 1361:

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in The Maritimes

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The Maritimes: New Brunswick (green), Nova Scotia (blue) and Prince Edward Island (red)

2100:. Prince Edward Island's only significant population centres are in Charlottetown and 1046: 704: 528: 370: 5458: 5077: 4904: 4869: 4730: 4725: 4706: 4515: 4342: 4102: 3941: 3911: 3859: 3819: 3809: 3781: 3754: 3590: 3536: 3511: 3230: 3220: 2924: 2775: 2768: 2752: 2740: 2708: 2685: 2480: 2316: 1920: 1619: 1354: 790: 776:. Acadians lived with uncertainty throughout the English constitutional crises under 754: 2722: 1211:

Joseph Howe and Charles Tupper competed politically on the question of confederation

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refugees in the region (34,000 to the 17,000 settlers already there), especially in

671:. The Acadians eventually built small settlements throughout what is today mainland 5539: 5534: 5524: 5453: 5130: 5084: 5027: 4956: 4819: 4713: 4662: 4640: 4493: 4440: 4379: 3977: 3854: 3804: 3799: 3383: 3112: 3066: 2613: 2573: 2532: 2423: 2412: 2181: 2157: 2138: 1962: 1738: 1660:

There are Mi'kmaq reserves in all three provinces, and a smaller population of the

2672:"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction" 2488: 2264: 2043: 492:, the term used for First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indian 437:"sea". Thus any land adjacent to the sea can be considered maritime. But the term 5425: 4926: 4914: 4899: 4854: 4804: 4744: 4686: 4647: 4635: 4628: 4537: 4354: 4337: 4312: 4015: 3834: 3771: 3737: 3541: 3266: 3244: 3239: 2608: 2541: 2282: 1967: 1924: 1746: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1615: 1347: 1175:

and no threat to the Maritimes, did posture off Maritime coasts at times chasing

1137: 810: 777: 773: 738: 624: 600: 343: 166: 38: 2634:"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, 2021 Census" 2399:

Maritime conservatism since the Second World War has been very much part of the

1151:, a significant number of Maritimers volunteered to fight for the armies of the 635:

in present-day Virginia by three years. Champlain was considered the founder of

5570: 5519: 5418: 5382: 5362: 5345: 5285: 5049: 4941: 4919: 4909: 4761: 4739: 4623: 4618: 4603: 4598: 4525: 4471: 4423: 4394: 4300: 4290: 3889: 3839: 3261: 3249: 3215: 3021: 2553: 2153: 1979: 1828: 1646: 1239: 1179:

which sought repairs and reprovisioning in Maritime ports, especially Halifax.

1141: 1125: 1056:

The most significant impact from this war was the settling of large numbers of

628: 536: 481: 442: 390: 378: 350: 319: 2145:. Prince Edward Island is largely dominated by farming, fishing, and tourism. 1876: 1590: 5617: 5599: 5586: 5544: 5413: 5405: 5372: 5109: 5059: 4951: 4946: 4936: 4786: 4749: 4657: 4652: 4554: 4459: 4003: 3357: 3122: 2587: 2134: 2097: 2037: 2025: 1896: 1843: 1820: 1808: 1730: 1496: 1315: 1223: 1050: 676: 540: 520: 466: 402: 354: 327: 194: 2040:, stopped making more than a single ceremonial voyage to Halifax each year. 484:

from the melting glaciers in polar regions. This is when what is called the

353:

coast, various aquatic sub-basins are located in the Maritimes, such as the

5448: 5387: 5367: 5357: 5067: 5039: 4794: 4532: 4466: 4435: 4384: 4256: 4185: 4122: 4112: 3794: 3225: 3152: 2021: 1975: 1860: 1788: 1773: 1350: 1250: 1219: 826: 662: 548: 544: 294: 273: 708: 5504: 5463: 5394: 5099: 4988: 4931: 4859: 4809: 4696: 4672: 4561: 4399: 4317: 4295: 4271: 4117: 4107: 3320: 3132: 2737:

Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: Nouvelles Perspectives Historiques

2508: 2416: 2169: 2033: 2006: 1971: 1824: 1792: 1430: 1311: 1262: 1235: 1077: 822: 769: 765:

valley, as well as smaller communities on Île-Saint-Jean and Île-Royale.

672: 596: 480:, starting 6,000 years ago, and ending 3,000 years ago, was dominated by 362: 331: 199: 2749:

Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758–1785): L'Impossible Réintégration?

2141:, and the fishing industry was primarily focused on the South Shore and 1713: 1326: 615:

in present-day Florida in the American South. Champlain's settlement at

493: 5034: 5003: 4829: 4824: 4488: 4449: 4411: 4329: 4202: 4087: 4082: 2956: 2596: 2371: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2109: 1983: 1957:

unavoidable technological and geographical factors caused the decline.

1912: 1172: 1168: 1152: 1081: 920: 786: 737:

The Port Royale settlement was moved to the site of nearby present-day

636: 587: 394: 547:. The Mi'kmaq Nation is also believed to have crossed the present-day 5481: 5140: 5114: 5044: 5022: 5015: 4799: 4576: 4510: 4406: 4229: 4212: 4097: 4092: 4066: 3625: 2089: 2017: 2010: 1944: 1803: 1784: 1346:

in Nova Scotia has significant marine influence to have a borderline

1187: 1085: 893: 789:

and the exploration and settlement of interior North America and the

639:'s province of Canada, which comprises much of the present-day lower 543:

Nation inhabited the northwestern coastal regions of the present-day

268: 2880: 2346: 2203: 1989: 49: 5008: 4613: 4549: 4520: 4430: 4389: 4197: 4177: 4057: 3879: 3117: 2400: 2029: 1661: 1623: 746: 742: 696: 667: 532: 406: 398: 2761:

Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur établissement dans le Poitou

1776:

coasts of New Brunswick. Additional service-related industries in

1638:

recorded Celtic traditions of rural Nova Scotia in the mid-1900s.

4980: 4718: 4608: 4566: 4454: 4266: 4261: 4190: 3173: 3137: 3107: 2781: 2441:(and later NDP) MPs, and even produced many early members of the 2287:

Nova Scotia is very strong in agriculture, forestry and fishing.

2073: 2065: 1599: 1474: 1303: 1101: 572: 568: 556: 516: 515:

Nation, which occupied territory largely in present-day interior

512: 457:

begins after the northerly retreat of glaciers at the end of the

258: 1069:

Cape Breton Island. The Colony of St. John's Island was renamed

969:), the military conflicts in Nova Scotia continued. The British 5486: 4590: 4544: 4251: 4238: 3147: 2916: 2453:

the NDP formed a majority government, the first in the region.

2069: 1928: 1891: 802: 730:

By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the

700: 657: 644: 366: 30:

This article is about the Canadian region. For other uses, see

2321: 1846:

in Canada since the 1950s, resulting in the need to draw upon

1842:

This has been particularly problematic with the growth of the

1823:

construction, the abandonment of various low-capacity railway

1199: 627:), survived. By contrast, the ill-fated English settlement at 5337: 5232: 4776: 4074: 4058: 3178: 2875: 1133: 809:

reflecting English and French tensions in Europe, as well as

524: 2544:; however, such a move would entail constitutional changes. 2437:

has historically been a region of labour activism, electing

943:

A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross

417: 4371: 2677:

The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation

665:

being populated by French immigrants who called themselves

655:

Champlain's success in the region, which came to be called

2865: 2475:

has done well in the Maritimes in the past because of its

817:). Throughout these wars, New England was allied with the 2885: 2674:. In P.A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.). 2061:

Acheson, was the lack of metropolises in the Maritimes.

845:). New England retaliatory raids on Acadia, such as the 1961:

National Policy could have had any significant impact.

953:

in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the

880:

In 1719, to further protect strategic interests in the

1729:

Important manufacturing centres in the region include

1610:

Maritimers are predominantly of west European origin:

182:

The Maritime provinces (red) within the rest of Canada

2870: 2495:

for seasonal workers, as well as closures of several

1049:) in 1776 by a force of American sympathizers led by 915:

In 1749, to counter the rising threat of Louisbourg,

741:. More French immigrant settlers, primarily from the 2600:, scholarly history journal covering Atlantic Canada 2563: 865:, while the region remained primarily in control of 551:

at around this time to settle on the south coast of

539:

valleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. The

2881:

Atlantic Canada Portal/Portail du Canada Atlantique

2137:counties, the mixed farming of the North Shore and 1796:and is moving farther off-shore into waters on the 888:, France began the 20-year construction of a large 535:Nation settled throughout the Saint John River and 74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1026:, empty Acadian lands were settled first by 8,000 409:and British settlements date to the 17th century. 2701:"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples" 2499:, the refusal to honour a promise to rescind the 1927:was implemented, creating a system of protective 912:and the French reestablished their forces there. 607:, who was accompanied by explorer / cartographer 5615: 2789:"National Climate Data and Information Archive" 2705:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History 342:, the Maritime provinces make up the region of 2523:The Maritimes is currently represented in the 2180:; in particular the November 19, 1869 sale of 1290:List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island 405:people are indigenous to the Maritimes, while 232:130,017.11 km (50,199.89 sq mi) 4043: 2901: 2080:, but a contracting population in industrial 961:During the sixth and final colonial war, the 425:The word maritime is an adjective that means 365:in the United States, south and southeast of 2739:, Moncton: Université de Moncton, 465 pages 2707:. University of Toronto Press. p. 144. 2301:Tourism is important to the economy of PEI. 1294:The major communities of the region include 158: 2826:, December 1992, Vol. 73 Issue 4, pp 435–52 2703:. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). 2680:(3rd ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp. 2232:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2020:. The Maritimes had long been a centre for 1915:with the United States (in the form of the 1653:. This Maritime population is mainly among 1603:Halifax skyline from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 1275: 1000:Louisbourg was laid siege for a second time 904:), the British engaged successfully in the 555:, but they were a minority compared to the 496:and other ceremonial sites existing in the 461:over 10,000 years ago; human settlement by 4050: 4036: 2972:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 2908: 2894: 2813:, Spring 1993, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp 102–138 1680:Skyline of Saint John, New Brunswick, 2002 1337:In spite of its name, The Maritimes has a 2698: 2669: 2387:Learn how and when to remove this message 2252:Learn how and when to remove this message 1978:favoured powerful political interests in 1171:, although much smaller than the British 1064:and Parrtown (Saint John). Following the 575:region around 1000 AD, which is when the 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 2445:in the pre-Second World War era. In the 2320: 2263: 2042: 1988: 1890: 1875: 1802: 1712: 1598: 1589: 1325: 987: 933: 829:. Acadian settlers were allied with the 571:explorers discovered and settled in the 416: 3444: 2403:tradition, key influences being former 2290: 14: 5616: 3868: 2852:, March 1993, Vol. 74 Issue 1, pp 1–43 2791:. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011 2184:to the Government of Canada under the 1017: 4031: 3674:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 2889: 1934: 1282:List of municipalities in Nova Scotia 455:pre-history of the Canadian Maritimes 361:. The region is located northeast of 2871:Atlantic Institute of Market Studies 2439:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 2369:adding citations to reliable sources 2340: 2230:adding citations to reliable sources 2197: 1357:with very cold continental winters. 772:attacked Acadian settlements on the 72:adding citations to reliable sources 43: 3947:Topics by provinces and territories 2876:Genuine Progress Indicator Atlantic 2866:Atlantic Provinces Economic Council 2767:, New York: W.W. Norton, 562 pages 2297:Prince Edward Island § Economy 1951: 1651:black refugees from the War of 1812 1155:, while a small handful joined the 965:(the North American theatre of the 923:established a major naval base and 900:(the North American theatre of the 857:(the North American theatre of the 837:(the North American theatre of the 562: 24: 2604:Maritime Film Classification Board 2415:and New Brunswick Tory strategist 927:. The founding of Halifax sparked 599:. However, it was French explorer 389:. This movement formed the larger 25: 5650: 2859: 2084:, and several smaller centres in 1753:in Prince Edward Island, and the 1708: 1698:Skyline of Moncton, New Brunswick 473:, ending around 6,000 years ago. 433:"of the sea, near the sea," from 373:, and southwest of the island of 5558: 5557: 4890:West South Central United States 4010: 4009: 3997: 2837:Canadian Papers in Rural History 2648:"Introduction - Atlantic Canada" 2580: 2566: 2345: 2310: 2202: 1749:area in Nova Scotia, as well as 1687: 1669: 1198: 1186: 796: 176: 48: 5105:Latin America and the Caribbean 4971:Latin America and the Caribbean 3032:Former colonies and territories 2842: 2356:needs additional citations for 1895:Maritime-born shipping magnate 1630:. There was once a significant 1585: 1286:List of cities in New Brunswick 1107: 1005:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 733:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 687:), and other shorelines of the 59:needs additional citations for 2967:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 2829: 2816: 2803: 2751:, Quebec, Septentrion, 456 p. 2735:Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc (2005). 2729: 2699:Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). 2670:Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). 2663: 2654: 2640: 2626: 2409:Progressive Conservative Party 2276: 2168:(divided into the District of 1645:who are mostly descendants of 902:War of the Austrian Succession 13: 1: 2619: 2193: 1866: 861:), the British conducted the 859:War of the Spanish Succession 679:, as well as Île-Saint-Jean ( 4572:Middle East and North Africa 4277:Middle East and North Africa 2317:New Brunswick § Economy 465:began in the Maritimes with 7: 3012:Crown and Indigenous people 2559: 2336: 2036:, founded by Maritime-born 1664:in western New Brunswick. 780:, and it was not until the 605:Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons 500:valley has been uncovered. 10: 5655: 4865:Northeastern United States 3902:Provincial and territorial 3825:Inventions and discoveries 2962:British Canada (1763–1867) 2915: 2850:Canadian Historical Review 2839:, 1992, Vol. 8, pp 195–230 2824:Canadian Historical Review 2542:calls to reform the Senate 2314: 2294: 2283:Nova Scotia § Economy 2280: 1919:) had ended. In the 1870s 1703: 1321: 1279: 1039:American Revolutionary War 993:Siege of Louisbourg (1758) 821:based around the southern 757:region of the present-day 643:valley in the province of 448: 36: 29: 5553: 5495: 5472: 5439: 5403: 5336: 5230: 5138: 5129: 5058: 4979: 4785: 4589: 4370: 4328: 4237: 4228: 4176: 4133: 4073: 3991: 3955: 3929: 3780: 3696: 3666: 3618: 3609: 3510: 3348: 3284: 3200: 3191: 3161: 3128:Newfoundland and Labrador 3100: 3089: 2995: 2932: 2923: 2503:, cutbacks to provincial 2443:Communist Party of Canada 2327:Saint John, New Brunswick 1871: 1765:valley of New Brunswick. 1339:humid continental climate 1318:in Prince Edward Island. 1268:British North America Act 1222:on border communities in 1140:(and to a lesser degree, 1043:attack on Fort Cumberland 998:In 1758, the fortress of 979:Expulsion of the Acadians 955:Expulsion of the Acadians 910:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 650: 581:Newfoundland and Labrador 531:. The primarily agrarian 340:Newfoundland and Labrador 284: 267: 257: 249: 241: 236: 228: 223: 213: 187: 175: 153: 32:Maritime (disambiguation) 27:Region of Atlantic Canada 5346:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4350:Transantarctic Mountains 2513:post-secondary education 2451:2009 provincial election 2054:Maritime Rights Movement 1882:Charlottetown Conference 1276:Major population centres 1247:Charlottetown Conference 383:Charlottetown Conference 37:Not to be confused with 5095:Caribbean South America 3062:Persons of significance 3057:National Historic Sites 2759:; Ernest Martin (1936) 2473:Liberal Party of Canada 2325:Pulp and paper mill in 1857:Commonwealth of Nations 1232:British rule in Ireland 1177:Confederate naval ships 1112:In 1820, the Colony of 1030:and then by immigrants 939:St. John River Campaign 412: 4875:Southern United States 4678:Scandinavian Peninsula 2957:New France (1534–1763) 2550:Goods and Services Tax 2501:Goods and Services Tax 2435:Industrial Cape Breton 2405:Premier of Nova Scotia 2329: 2269: 2187:Rupert's Land Act 1868 2172:, and the District of 2048: 1997: 1899: 1888: 1812: 1778:information technology 1718: 1628:Francophone population 1604: 1596: 1334: 1314:in New Brunswick, and 1073:on November 29, 1798. 1032:brought from Yorkshire 995: 977:The British began the 958: 947:Arcadia, New Brunswick 929:Father Le Loutre's War 890:fortress at Louisbourg 815:Father Le Loutre's War 807:French and Indian Wars 768:In 1654, raiders from 707:, and the present-day 592:Giovanni da Verrazzano 422: 387:Canadian Confederation 159: 5351:Antarctic Convergence 4895:Western United States 3169:Northwest Territories 3072:Territorial evolution 2505:equalization payments 2497:Canadian Forces bases 2493:unemployment benefits 2485:1997 federal election 2447:2004 federal election 2431:members of parliament 2422:In recent years, the 2324: 2267: 2046: 2002:Intercolonial Railway 1992: 1905:British North America 1894: 1879: 1848:equalization payments 1806: 1717:Fredericton City Hall 1716: 1634:speaking population. 1602: 1593: 1576:−1 / −10 1554:−9 / −20 1510:−3 / −12 1488:−3 / −14 1466:−2 / −13 1444:−4 / −15 1329: 1259:British North America 991: 983:Bay of Fundy campaign 963:French and Indian War 937: 853:. In the second war, 721:Sir William Alexander 719:Acadia to Scotland's 420: 286: • Summer ( 253:15/km (38/sq mi) 4417:Greater Central Asia 3143:Prince Edward Island 2723:10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm 2650:. February 12, 2010. 2427:New Democratic Party 2365:improve this article 2304:Anne of Green Gables 2291:Prince Edward Island 2226:improve this section 2178:Hudson's Bay Company 2158:hydro-electric power 1833:Confederation Bridge 1770:Gulf of St. Lawrence 1724:Trenton, Nova Scotia 1579:30 / 14 1570:26 / 14 1557:16 / −4 1548:23 / 10 1535:34 / 19 1526:21 / 12 1513:27 / 10 1504:23 / 14 1501:Prince Edward Island 1482:24 / 13 1460:22 / 11 1438:25 / 13 1425:30 / 16 1422:−1 / −9 1416:23 / 12 1403:32 / 18 1394:23 / 14 1331:Köppen climate types 1071:Prince Edward Island 1028:New England Planters 919:was founded and the 882:Gulf of St. Lawrence 849:, were conducted by 843:Raid on Salmon Falls 833:. In the first war, 831:Wabanaki Confederacy 819:Iroquois Confederacy 759:Isthmus of Chignecto 689:Gulf of St. Lawrence 681:Prince Edward Island 486:Laurentian tradition 459:Wisconsin glaciation 359:Gulf of St. Lawrence 336:Prince Edward Island 322:consisting of three 250: • Density 205:Prince Edward Island 68:improve this article 5596: / 5563:Continents of Earth 5090:Brazilian Highlands 4499:Indian subcontinent 4360:Antarctic Peninsula 4158:Southern Hemisphere 4153:Northern Hemisphere 3498:Firearms regulation 2636:. February 9, 2022. 2525:Canadian Parliament 2009:, Britain, and the 1807:Peakes Quay on the 1655:Black Nova Scotians 1573:79 / 57 1551:73 / 50 1532:1 / −7 1529:70 / 54 1507:73 / 57 1491:27 / 7 1485:75 / 55 1469:28 / 9 1463:72 / 52 1447:25 / 5 1441:77 / 55 1419:73 / 54 1400:0 / −8 1397:73 / 57 1362: 1122:Highland Clearances 1018:American Revolution 906:Siege of Louisbourg 813:(Dummer's War) and 609:Samuel de Champlain 5378:Great Barrier Reef 4999:Mainland Australia 4707:Apennine Peninsula 4168:Western Hemisphere 4143:Eastern Hemisphere 3679:Population centres 2464:. However, in the 2330: 2270: 2166:Province of Canada 2082:Cape Breton County 2049: 1998: 1935:Reputed Golden Age 1917:Reciprocity Treaty 1900: 1889: 1853:Cape Breton Island 1813: 1798:continental margin 1719: 1612:Scottish Canadians 1605: 1597: 1360: 1335: 1255:Province of Canada 1228:Fenian Brotherhood 1149:American Civil War 1130:Great Irish Famine 1114:Cape Breton Island 996: 971:Conquest of Acadia 959: 886:St. Lawrence River 863:Conquest of Acadia 835:King William's War 685:Cape Breton Island 641:St. Lawrence River 617:Saint Croix Island 577:L'Anse aux Meadows 423: 391:Dominion of Canada 377:. The notion of a 349:Located along the 312:Maritime provinces 310:, also called the 242: • Total 229: • Total 18:Canadian Maritimes 5634:Regions of Canada 5579: 5578: 5459:Mediterranean Rim 5332: 5331: 5271:Mediterranean Sea 5125: 5124: 5078:Amazon Rainforest 4905:Canadian Prairies 4870:Pacific Northwest 4731:Iberian Peninsula 4516:Arabian Peninsula 4343:Antarctic Plateau 4103:Three/Four Worlds 4025: 4024: 4004:Canada portal 3925: 3924: 3692: 3691: 3506: 3505: 3461:Political parties 3429:Foreign relations 3344: 3343: 3231:Canadian Prairies 3221:Pacific Northwest 3187: 3186: 3085: 3084: 3042:Foreign relations 2714:978-1-4875-1676-5 2691:978-0-919107-44-1 2552:, Prime Minister 2518:Diefenbaker sweep 2487:, Prime Minister 2481:Acadian Peninsula 2424:social democratic 2397: 2396: 2389: 2262: 2261: 2254: 1921:John A. Macdonald 1897:Sir Samuel Cunard 1880:Delegates of the 1620:English Canadians 1583: 1582: 1165:Confederate South 898:King George's War 847:Raid on Chignecto 811:Father Rale's War 791:Mississippi River 723:, who renamed it 619:, later moved to 590:(John Cabot) and 482:rising sea levels 305: 304: 144: 143: 136: 118: 16:(Redirected from 5646: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5561: 5560: 5540:Global Southwest 5535:Global Southeast 5525:Global Northwest 5520:Global Northeast 5510:Global Heartland 5454:Indian Ocean Rim 5136: 5135: 5028:Island Melanesia 4719:Balkan Peninsula 4494:Himalayan states 4441:Russian Far East 4235: 4234: 4163:Water Hemisphere 4052: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4013: 4012: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3866: 3865: 3709:Higher education 3616: 3615: 3601:Science and tech 3488:Multiculturalism 3442: 3441: 3424:Local government 3389:House of Commons 3373:Governor General 3209: 3198: 3197: 3113:British Columbia 3098: 3097: 2952:Pre-colonization 2930: 2929: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2695: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2614:Maritime Archaic 2590: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2574:Geography portal 2571: 2570: 2569: 2533:Senate of Canada 2413:Robert Stanfield 2392: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2349: 2341: 2268:Halifax Shipyard 2257: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2206: 2198: 2152:The traditional 2139:Annapolis Valley 1976:Second World War 1952:Economic decline 1886:Government House 1884:on the steps of 1821:arterial highway 1763:Saint John River 1739:Annapolis Valley 1691: 1673: 1363: 1359: 1333:of the Maritimes 1302:in Nova Scotia, 1202: 1190: 1157:Confederate Army 1136:heritages, with 1024:Seven Years' War 1012:Halifax Treaties 967:Seven Years' War 867:Maliseet militia 855:Queen Anne's War 825:and west of the 763:Saint John River 563:European contact 498:Saint John River 291: 180: 170: 162: 151: 150: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5639:Atlantic Canada 5614: 5613: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5549: 5491: 5468: 5435: 5399: 5328: 5317:South China Sea 5226: 5169:Central America 5121: 5054: 4975: 4927:Northern Mexico 4915:Northern Canada 4900:Atlantic Canada 4855:Mountain states 4781: 4636:European Russia 4629:Southern Russia 4585: 4538:Iranian Plateau 4366: 4355:West Antarctica 4338:East Antarctica 4324: 4224: 4172: 4148:Land Hemisphere 4129: 4069: 4056: 4026: 4021: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3951: 3921: 3864: 3776: 3767:Social programs 3733:Law enforcement 3688: 3662: 3605: 3502: 3440: 3340: 3280: 3267:Atlantic Canada 3245:Canadian Shield 3240:Northern Canada 3207: 3206: 3183: 3157: 3093:and territories 3092: 3081: 2991: 2938: 2919: 2914: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2734: 2730: 2715: 2696: 2692: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2609:Maritime Quebec 2586: 2581: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2477:interventionist 2393: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2350: 2339: 2319: 2313: 2299: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2258: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2223: 2207: 2196: 1972:First World War 1968:Long Depression 1954: 1937: 1925:National Policy 1874: 1869: 1747:Strait of Canso 1711: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1647:Black Loyalists 1643:Black Canadians 1636:Helen Creighton 1632:Canadian Gaelic 1616:Irish Canadians 1588: 1324: 1292: 1280:Main articles: 1278: 1230:seeking to end 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1138:Scottish Gaelic 1110: 1066:Treaty of Paris 1047:Fort Beauséjour 1020: 875:Mi'kmaw militia 851:Benjamin Church 839:Nine Years' War 799: 782:Treaty of Breda 778:Oliver Cromwell 774:Annapolis Basin 739:Annapolis Royal 705:Gaspé Peninsula 691:in present-day 683:), Île-Royale ( 653: 625:Annapolis Royal 601:Jacques Cartier 588:Giovanni Caboto 565: 490:Archaic Indians 451: 415: 385:contributed to 371:Gaspé Peninsula 344:Atlantic Canada 285: 209: 183: 171: 164: 156: 149: 140: 129: 123: 120: 83:"The Maritimes" 77: 75: 65: 53: 42: 39:Atlantic Canada 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5652: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5629:Eastern Canada 5626: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5571:Physical Earth 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5410: 5408: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5383:Mariana Trench 5380: 5370: 5365: 5363:Atlantic Ocean 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5342: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5324:Southern Ocean 5321: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5312:East China Sea 5304: 5303: 5302: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5246:Atlantic Ocean 5243: 5237: 5235: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5050:Remote Oceania 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4920:Western Canada 4917: 4912: 4910:Eastern Canada 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4624:South Caucasus 4621: 4619:North Caucasus 4611: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4526:South Caucasus 4518: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4395:Aralkum Desert 4392: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4293: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4186:Africa-Eurasia 4182: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4007: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3968:Historiography 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3684:Municipalities 3681: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3622: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3596:Transportation 3593: 3588: 3583: 3581:Stock exchange 3578: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3549:Communications 3546: 3545: 3544: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3395:Prime Minister 3392: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3316:National Parks 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3262:Eastern Canada 3259: 3258: 3257: 3250:Central Canada 3247: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3223: 3216:Western Canada 3212: 3210: 3208:(west to east) 3195: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3007:Constitutional 3003: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2860:External links 2858: 2855: 2854: 2841: 2828: 2815: 2802: 2780: 2776:online excerpt 2728: 2713: 2690: 2662: 2653: 2639: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2577: 2561: 2558: 2554:Brian Mulroney 2479:policies. The 2395: 2394: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2315:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2295:Main article: 2292: 2289: 2281:Main article: 2278: 2275: 2260: 2259: 2242:September 2017 2210: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2154:staples thesis 1980:Central Canada 1966:of the global 1953: 1950: 1936: 1933: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1829:Canso Causeway 1761:and the upper 1710: 1709:Present status 1707: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1323: 1320: 1277: 1274: 1240:Maritime Union 1210: 1209: 1204: 1197: 1196: 1193:Charles Tupper 1192: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1161:Unionist North 1109: 1106: 1100:, an American 1022:Following the 1019: 1016: 871:Acadia militia 798: 795: 652: 649: 629:Roanoke Colony 579:settlement in 564: 561: 537:Allagash River 488:started among 450: 447: 443:Atlantic Ocean 414: 411: 379:Maritime Union 320:Eastern Canada 303: 302: 292: 282: 281: 271: 265: 264: 261: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 208: 207: 202: 197: 191: 189: 185: 184: 181: 173: 172: 157: 154: 147: 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5651: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624:The Maritimes 5622: 5621: 5619: 5612: 5609: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5373:Pacific Ocean 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5307:Pacific Ocean 5305: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5261:Caribbean Sea 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5203:by population 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5176:South America 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5159:North America 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5110:Southern Cone 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085:Andean States 5083: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5060:South America 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4787:North America 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:Low Countries 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4726:South-western 4724: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4714:South-eastern 4712: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4702:South-central 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692:Mediterranean 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658:British Isles 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4555:Levantine Sea 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247:Mediterranean 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4018: 4017: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850:Protectionism 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3525:Dairy farming 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3412:Supreme Court 3410: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3272:The Maritimes 3270: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123:New Brunswick 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3027:First Nations 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 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2352: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2311:New Brunswick 2308: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2266: 2256: 2253: 2245: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2211:This section 2209: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2182:Rupert's Land 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2143:Eastern Shore 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2098:Pictou County 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064:Montreal and 2062: 2058: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2038:Samuel Cunard 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1963:Richard Caves 1958: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:Confederation 1906: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1844:welfare state 1840: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1809:Charlottetown 1805: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:Pictou County 1727: 1725: 1715: 1696: 1690: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1592: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545:New Brunswick 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1497:Charlottetown 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1479:New Brunswick 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457:New Brunswick 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435:New Brunswick 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381:January (°F) 1380: 1378:January (°C) 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1316:Charlottetown 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:New Brunswick 1221: 1201: 1189: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128:escaping the 1127: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1051:Jonathan Eddy 1048: 1045:(the renamed 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 994: 990: 986: 984: 980: 975: 972: 968: 964: 956: 952: 951:Thomas Davies 948: 945:(present day 944: 940: 936: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 797:Colonial wars 794: 792: 788: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 761:, and in the 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 734: 728: 726: 722: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:New Brunswick 674: 670: 669: 664: 660: 659: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:St. Augustine 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:Passamaquoddy 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521:New Hampshire 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 494:burial mounds 491: 487: 483: 479: 478:Middle Period 474: 472: 468: 467:Paleo-Indians 464: 463:First Nations 460: 456: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 429:; from Latin 428: 419: 410: 408: 404: 403:Passamaquoddy 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:Gulf of Maine 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 328:New Brunswick 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 308:The Maritimes 300: 296: 293: 289: 283: 279: 275: 272: 270: 266: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 231: 227: 222: 219: 216: 214:Largest metro 212: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 195:New Brunswick 193: 192: 190: 186: 179: 174: 168: 161: 160:Les Maritimes 155:The Maritimes 152: 146: 138: 135: 127: 124:November 2008 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 5581: 5569: / 5567:List of seas 5565: / 5530:Global South 5515:Global North 5449:Atlantic Rim 5388:Ring of Fire 5368:Indian Ocean 5358:Arctic Ocean 5300:Persian Gulf 5295:Indian Ocean 5276:Adriatic Sea 5241:Arctic Ocean 5073:Amazon Basin 5068:Amazon Plain 5040:Near Oceania 4845:Mid-Atlantic 4795:Aridoamerica 4755:Northwestern 4668:Northwestern 4641:Southeastern 4533:Greater Iran 4472:Southeastern 4467:Pacific Asia 4436:Pacific Asia 4424:Northeastern 4380:Asia–Pacific 4123:Fourth World 4113:Second World 4014: 3995: 3963:Bibliography 3885:Coat of arms 3869: 3790:Architecture 3760:Homelessness 3611:Demographics 3530:Floriculture 3466:Human rights 3445: 3434:Peacekeeping 3363:Constitution 3285: 3271: 3226:Great Plains 3201: 3153:Saskatchewan 2996: 2940: 2933: 2849: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2823: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2793:. Retrieved 2783: 2764: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2731: 2704: 2676: 2665: 2656: 2642: 2628: 2595: 2546: 2538:Constitution 2530: 2522: 2470: 2455: 2421: 2407:and federal 2398: 2383: 2374: 2363:Please help 2358:verification 2355: 2331: 2302: 2300: 2286: 2271: 2248: 2239: 2224:Please help 2212: 2185: 2162: 2151: 2147: 2106: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2022:shipbuilding 2015: 1999: 1959: 1955: 1938: 1901: 1861:CFB Gagetown 1841: 1837: 1825:branch lines 1819:and ongoing 1814: 1789:Sable Island 1782: 1774:Bay of Fundy 1767: 1728: 1720: 1659: 1640: 1609: 1606: 1595:Anglophones. 1586:Demographics 1351:microclimate 1336: 1293: 1266: 1251:Crown colony 1244: 1220:Fenian raids 1216: 1146: 1142:Irish Gaelic 1118: 1111: 1108:19th century 1104:in Halifax. 1096: 1075: 1055: 1036: 1021: 1009: 997: 976: 960: 942: 914: 879: 827:Hudson River 800: 767: 731: 729: 724: 717: 693:Newfoundland 666: 663:Bay of Fundy 656: 654: 585: 566: 553:Newfoundland 549:Cabot Strait 545:Bay of Fundy 504: 502: 485: 477: 475: 471:Early Period 470: 452: 438: 434: 430: 426: 424: 375:Newfoundland 348: 311: 307: 306: 145: 130: 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 5603: / 5545:Global West 5505:Global East 5464:Pacific Rim 5406:waterbodies 5395:World Ocean 5220:New Zealand 5100:The Guianas 4989:Australasia 4932:West Indies 4860:New England 4840:Great Lakes 4810:Mesoamerica 4697:Middle East 4673:Scandinavia 4562:Middle East 4400:Caspian Sea 4306:Great Lakes 4286:Sub-Saharan 4272:Middle East 4135:Hemispheres 4118:Third World 4108:First World 4061:'s primary 3845:Individuals 3653:2021 Census 3638:Immigration 3520:Agriculture 3481:Transgender 3321:Great Lakes 3301:Earthquakes 3255:Great Lakes 3162:Territories 3133:Nova Scotia 3052:Monarchical 3037:Immigration 2795:October 24, 2509:health care 2417:Dalton Camp 2277:Nova Scotia 2174:Canada West 2170:Canada East 2131:Cape Breton 2114:Campbellton 2086:Bridgewater 2034:Cunard Line 2032:. Even the 2007:New England 1941:Nova Scotia 1793:Natural gas 1759:North Shore 1743:South Shore 1567:Nova Scotia 1541:Campbellton 1523:Nova Scotia 1431:Fredericton 1413:Nova Scotia 1391:Nova Scotia 1312:Fredericton 1300:Cape Breton 1263:Quebec City 1236:Home Office 1205:Joseph Howe 1147:During the 1078:War of 1812 823:Great Lakes 770:New England 725:Nova Scotia 713:Grand Banks 673:Nova Scotia 597:Diogo Homem 505:Late Period 469:during the 363:New England 332:Nova Scotia 200:Nova Scotia 188:Composition 5618:Categories 5286:Ionian Sea 5281:Aegean Sea 5251:Baltic Sea 5183:Antarctica 5035:Micronesia 5004:New Guinea 4962:Portuguese 4885:West Coast 4835:East Coast 4830:Bible Belt 4825:Appalachia 4504:Subregions 4412:Inner Asia 4330:Antarctica 4230:Continents 4203:Antarctica 4178:Landmasses 4088:Down Under 4083:Arab World 4067:subregions 3973:Historians 3830:Literature 3743:Corruption 3726:Euthanasia 3716:Healthcare 3658:Population 3380:Parliament 3350:Government 2987:since 1982 2811:Acadiensis 2620:References 2597:Acadiensis 2194:Industries 2110:Edmundston 2102:Summerside 2018:steamships 1984:C. D. Howe 1945:tall ships 1913:free trade 1867:Historical 1811:waterfront 1757:area, the 1751:Summerside 1745:, and the 1641:There are 1563:Greenwood 1453:Saint John 1375:July (°F) 1372:July (°C) 1308:Saint John 1173:Royal Navy 1169:Union Navy 1097:Chesapeake 1086:privateers 1082:Royal Navy 921:Royal Navy 894:privateers 787:New France 755:Beaubassin 637:New France 621:Port Royal 511:-speaking 509:Algonquian 427:of the sea 237:Population 94:newspapers 5600:46°N 64°W 5482:Antarctic 5266:Irish Sea 5256:Black Sea 5215:Australia 5164:Caribbean 5141:continent 5115:Patagonia 5045:Polynesia 5023:Melanesia 5016:Zealandia 4994:Australia 4880:Southwest 4800:Caribbean 4577:Near East 4218:submerged 4213:Zealandia 4208:Australia 4098:Old World 4093:New World 3748:Terrorism 3704:Education 3643:Languages 3631:Ethnicity 3626:Canadians 3574:Petroleum 3554:Companies 3456:Elections 3336:Volcanism 3311:Mountains 3193:Geography 3101:Provinces 3091:Provinces 3022:Etymology 2982:1960–1981 2977:1945–1960 2935:Year list 2213:does not 2126:Miramichi 2118:Dalhousie 2090:Kentville 2011:Caribbean 1785:petroleum 1755:Miramichi 1369:Province 1366:Location 1355:subarctic 1062:Shelburne 981:with the 805:(see the 747:Normandie 709:Côte-Nord 633:Jamestown 439:Maritimes 431:maritimus 324:provinces 269:Time zone 263:Maritimer 245:1,899,324 5009:Tasmania 4957:Hispanic 4820:Northern 4767:Germanic 4745:Atlantic 4687:Southern 4648:Northern 4614:Caucasus 4550:Dead Sea 4521:Caucasus 4489:Southern 4482:Maritime 4477:Mainland 4450:Northern 4431:Far East 4390:Aral Sea 4313:Southern 4257:Northern 4016:Category 3956:Research 3930:Contents 3912:Heraldic 3820:Identity 3815:Holidays 3810:Folklore 3721:Abortion 3648:Religion 3586:Taxation 3493:Cannabis 3471:Intersex 3447:Politics 3419:Military 3331:Wildlife 3118:Manitoba 3047:Military 3017:Economic 2942:timeline 2560:See also 2401:Red Tory 2337:Politics 2122:Bathurst 2094:Yarmouth 2030:Montreal 2026:New York 1994:Yarmouth 1982:such as 1831:and the 1741:and the 1662:Maliseet 1624:Acadians 1519:Yarmouth 1344:Yarmouth 1058:Loyalist 793:valley. 743:Brittany 697:Labrador 559:Nation. 533:Maliseet 399:Maliseet 351:Atlantic 295:UTC−3:00 274:UTC−4:00 5605:46; -64 5210:Oceania 5198:by area 5154:America 5131:Islands 4981:Oceania 4850:Midwest 4805:Central 4772:Romance 4740:Western 4609:Balkans 4604:Eastern 4599:Central 4567:Mashriq 4511:Western 4455:Siberia 4407:Eastern 4385:Central 4318:Western 4291:Central 4267:Mashriq 4262:Maghreb 4252:Saharan 4198:America 4191:Eurasia 4063:regions 3983:Surveys 3978:Studies 3942:Outline 3917:Tartans 3871:Symbols 3860:Theatre 3805:Cuisine 3782:Culture 3755:Poverty 3697:Society 3591:Tourism 3564:Fishing 3537:Banking 3512:Economy 3368:Monarch 3306:Islands 3203:Regions 3174:Nunavut 3138:Ontario 3108:Alberta 2925:History 2697:• 2682:105–106 2411:leader 2234:removed 2219:sources 2078:Halifax 2074:Ontario 2066:Toronto 1996:in 1910 1929:tariffs 1817:freeway 1704:Economy 1475:Moncton 1387:Halifax 1348:oceanic 1322:Climate 1304:Moncton 1296:Halifax 1226:by the 1102:frigate 925:citadel 917:Halifax 668:Acadien 573:Vinland 557:Beothuk 517:Vermont 513:Abenaki 449:History 407:Acadian 395:Mi'kmaq 314:, is a 259:Demonym 218:Halifax 108:scholar 5497:Global 5487:Arctic 5426:Rivers 5404:Other 5338:Oceans 5193:Europe 5149:Africa 4942:French 4815:Middle 4777:Slavic 4762:Celtic 4663:Nordic 4653:Baltic 4591:Europe 4545:Levant 4239:Africa 4075:Worlds 3880:Anthem 3855:Sports 3800:Cinema 3772:Values 3619:Topics 3559:Energy 3542:Dollar 3407:Courts 3384:Senate 3326:Rivers 3296:Cities 3287:Topics 3148:Quebec 3067:Racism 2998:Topics 2917:Canada 2771: 2755: 2743: 2721: 2711: 2688: 2135:Pictou 2124:, and 2096:, and 2070:Quebec 1872:Growth 1737:, the 1622:, and 1409:Sydney 1310:, and 1288:, and 1270:, 1867 1253:, the 1167:. 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