594:
659:
917:; they walk out of the nest as soon as they are dry (about 8 h after hatching). They are capable of fluttering up from the ground at 1 week of age. The brood stays together and is accompanied by the hen, who broods them all night and frequently during the day until the young are 3–5 weeks old. Brooding behaviour of the female seems to be initiated by specific calls from the chicks when they are cold. At 70–100 days of age, chicks tend to leave the group and become independent. Females breed only once a year. Most females first breed at 1 year of age, but about half the males delay establishing a territory until 2 years. The species' lifespan appears to be about 5–6 years in the wild, though one study in Southwestern Alberta has found two males and one female that lived to be at least 13 years old.
1077:
1053:
4210:
3393:
782:, territorial males are notable for their wing-clap display. At the end of a short flight through the trees, the wings are brought together over the back so as to produce two sharp claps, about 0.5 s apart, loud enough to be heard by the human ear 150 m away. These territorial displays can sometimes be elicited by similar hand clapping, and can be used to detect male territories and estimate their density. Other non-vocal sounds include soft drumming by territorial males (a sound produced by the beating wings) and a tail-swish and a whoosh produced by the tail feathers in flight.
913:
depression in the ground in a bush or under a low-lying coniferous branch or fallen tree, away from other females and from the males' territories. The nest is lined with grasses, leaves, and a few feathers. Nesting season is from early May to early July. Up to 10 eggs may be laid, the usual number being 4–7. Laying rate is 1 egg every 1.4 days. Eggs are about 40 mm (1.6 in) and are tawny olive or buff, marked with blotches of brown. Incubation begins with the last egg laid and lasts about 24 days. Young are about 15 g at hatching (0.5 ounces) and they are
316:
3139:
1101:
112:
63:
49:
1065:
87:
1932:
870:
1089:
2638:
890:
688:
904:) on their toes. This increases the surface area of the toes and helps support the bird on snow and probably to grip branches as well. The pectinations are shed in the spring. Flights are usually over short distances, most commonly from the ground to a tree nearby, or vice versa. Flight can be rapid but no actual measures of velocity have been made.
762:
white on the underparts, but in general adult males are mainly grey above and black below, with white spots along the side, and a red patch of bare skin over the eye called the "eyebrow comb". This red eyebrow comb, should not be confused by a similar yellow marking found on other species of grouse including, but not limited to,
912:
Males are promiscuous; they disperse and advertise a territory that is visited by females for mating. Females are solely responsible for the rest of the reproductive effort though males have been known to stay with young chicks and seem to aid in keeping the brood together. For a nest, they scratch a
761:
Spruce grouse are 38–43 cm (15–17 in) long; males weigh 550–650 g (19–23 oz) and females 450–550 g (16–19 oz). The spruce grouse has a wingspan range of 21.5-22.6 in (54.5-57.5 cm). Races vary slightly in plumage, especially in the tail pattern and in the extent of
1024:
This species is commonly hunted. Annual bag figures in the late 1970s were about 188,000 birds in the US and about 360,000 in Canada. Even though it has been deemed of Least
Concern by IUCN, in the United States this bird is a protected species according to many northern states' hunting rules. The
925:
The staple winter food is conifer needles, clipped directly from the tree, preferably the midcrown of pines though other conifers such as spruce are exploited as well. Spruce needles are high in calcium and their increase in use by females in Spring may be related to egg production In summer the
880:
The spruce grouse is essentially a permanent resident. However, in southwestern
Alberta up to 35% of females and 7% of males move several kilometers (up to 11) between summer breeding sites and wintering sites. Similar movements have also been documented in Alaska and New Brunswick (Canada).
1025:
spruce grouse is available for hunting in Alaska from August 10 - March 31 and in some regions through May 15 according to the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game. Conversely, the spruce grouse is considered threatened in its southern range - being listed as
946:
is also well developed: up to 45 cc of needles (about 10% of body mass) can be stored in the crop at the end of the day, to be digested over the duration of the night fast. Like other birds, spruce grouse consume clay, grit or small stones to help their
409:
grouse species, fairly well adapted to perching and moving about in trees. When approached by a predator, it relies on camouflage and immobility to an amazing degree; for example, letting people approach within a few feet before finally taking flight.
959:
until the fall, when they start feeding on needles. Birds captured while on the winter diet have been maintained several months without loss of weight, on only pine needles and grit and clay taken from where they were seen consuming it.
535:
with which spruce grouse often share coniferous habitats. However, spruce grouse do not have inflatable cervical sacs as in blue grouse, and the natal plumage of the two species is different. Based on its stronger resemblance to the
777:
Spruce grouse are among the most silent of all grouse, but they nevertheless have a number of calls used to warn of predators, to repel territorial intruders, to maintain brood cohesion, or to elicit brooding. In the subspecies
1414:
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements
Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from
593:
774:
but they have a dark tail with a pale band at the end (while the reverse is true in ruffed grouse) and they do not erect their crown feathers when alarmed the way ruffed grouse do.
770:. Adult females are mottled brown (red morph) or mottled grey (grey morph) with dark and white bars on the underparts. Juveniles resemble females. Females may be confused with
426:. He used the English name "The Brown and Spotted Heathcock". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been sent to him in London from the
900:
This species prefers to walk on the ground or along tree limbs rather than fly. Like other grouse, in the fall they grow "snow shoes" (short lateral extensions, or
434:. In 1750, he included the male bird in the third volume of his book under the English name "The Black and Spotted Heathcock". When in 1758, the Swedish naturalist
1052:
1041:. In New York, the population is estimated at 175-315 individuals, with declines recorded since the 1970s. However, a management plan has been developed.
2940:
2564:
2371:
3521:
3471:
2736:
2474:
3491:
2490:
1790:
Pendergast, B.A. and D.A. Boag (1970). “Seasonal
Changes in Diet of Spruce Grouse in Central Alberta” Journal of Wildlife Management 34(3):605-609.
4446:
2696:
2504:
1598:(A, Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.), Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union.
2960:
2756:
1796:
Pendergast, B.A. and D.A. Boag (1971). "Nutritional
Aspects of the Diet of Spruce Grouse in Central Alberta" The Condor Vol. 73, (4): 437- 443.
4498:
3581:
2950:
2886:
2851:
2814:
2793:
2706:
2557:
2534:
2527:
2360:
1840:
1787:
Pendergast, B.A. and D.A. Boag (1971). "Maintenance and
Breeding of spruce Grouse in Captivity" Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):177-179.
1345:
901:
1793:
Pendergast, B.A. and D.A. Boag (1973). “Seasonal
Changes in the Internal Anatomy of Spruce Grouse in Alberta” The Auk Vol. 90,(2): 307- 317.
4578:
3561:
3551:
3461:
2825:
2448:
2426:
2414:
2382:
2766:
2726:
2513:
2459:
2437:
3511:
3441:
3246:
2520:
1076:
1064:
3256:
3236:
3060:
2970:
2746:
1259:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
4410:
2274:
658:
4459:
1100:
1355:
513:
4464:
4608:
4209:
3392:
1717:
1833:
1197:
4603:
4503:
1690:
Boag, D.A., S.G. Reebs, and M.A. Schroeder (1984). Egg loss among Spruce Grouse inhabiting lodgepole pine forests.
1578:
McCourt, K.H., D.A. Boag, and D.M. Keppie (1973). "Female Spruce Grouse activities during laying and incubation."
4593:
4397:
4291:
517:
445:
284:
244:
1526:
Schroeder, M.A. (1985). Behavioural differences of female Spruce grouse undertaking short and long migrations.
873:
1646:
Pendergast, B.A.; Boag, D. A. (1973). "Seasonal
Changes in the Internal Anatomy of Spruce Grouse in Alberta".
1611:
Pendergast, B. A.; Boag, D. A. (1971). "Nutritional Aspects of the Diet of Spruce Grouse in Central Alberta".
942:(dead-end extensions of the intestines) and ventriculus (gizzard) increase in size to support digestion. The
1161:
4262:
2267:
1826:
1088:
1242:. Vol. Part III. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 118, Plate 118.
496:
In the first half of the 20th century, spruce grouse were classified as two separate species in the genus
4335:
2686:
1233:
1213:
725:
419:
4340:
1310:
1222:. Vol. Part II. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 71, Plate 71.
111:
17:
4304:
1664:
Ellison, L.N. (1966). Seasonal foods and chemical analysis of winter diet of Alaskan spruce grouse.
4598:
697:
430:
in Canada by a Mr Light. Edwards was later sent what he assumed was a specimen of the male bird by
4490:
2260:
1876:
422:
included an illustration and a description of a female spruce grouse in the second volume of his
4542:
1677:
Pendergast, B.A. and D.A. Boag (1971). "Maintenance and Breeding of spruce Grouse in Captivity"
4451:
4322:
4230:
3138:
1125:
4477:
4278:
2637:
2252:
1539:
Schroeder, M.A., and D.A. Boag (1987). "Dispersal in Spruce grouse: is inheritance involved?"
4537:
2155:
1931:
1818:
1552:
Ellison, L.N. (1973)." Seasonal social organization and movements of Alaskan Spruce Grouse."
1502:
969:
859:
553:
223:
1262:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 159.
4529:
4384:
4327:
4273:
1415:
512:), a position reinstated by Birdlife International in 2014. However, as of early 2021, the
505:
291:
1565:
Herzog, P.W., and D.M. Keppie (1980). "Migration in a local population of Spruce Grouse."
8:
4583:
4425:
2029:
1951:
1901:
763:
76:
4555:
2548:
2125:
1628:
1478:
1428:
1273:
1157:
843:
469:
464:
and cited Edwards' work. The spruce grouse is now the only species placed in the genus
328:
200:
106:
1812:
4524:
4358:
2221:
2069:
1943:
1906:
1861:
1351:
1193:
894:
521:
1775:
The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds.
1318:
1277:
1237:
1217:
4363:
2201:
2160:
2016:
1986:
1866:
1620:
1314:
1289:
807:
649:
1257:
4588:
4511:
4402:
4350:
3894:
3004:
2585:
1996:
1886:
1129:
997:
602:
537:
483:
440:
1293:
4147:
4137:
4016:
3791:
3287:
3220:
2336:
2321:
2284:
2241:
2044:
1991:
1891:
1871:
1001:
943:
846:. Spruce grouse are always associated with conifer-dominated forests, be they
315:
4572:
4472:
4127:
3741:
3700:
3591:
3267:
2902:
2594:
2483:
2206:
2180:
2079:
2024:
1971:
1896:
1881:
1253:
1178:(2 ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Marriam-Webster. 1943. p. 982.
1138:
795:
771:
679:
668:
622:
487:
458:
435:
386:
280:
270:
240:
96:
91:
62:
48:
4253:
4164:
4092:
4030:
4023:
3989:
3973:
3917:
3807:
3780:
3655:
3611:
3571:
3541:
3331:
3157:
3109:
2777:
2315:
2236:
2211:
2196:
2145:
1976:
1956:
1743:
1479:"Spruce Grouse Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
767:
645:
31:
4314:
1806:
4516:
4485:
4433:
4185:
4106:
4099:
3982:
3948:
3932:
3910:
3903:
3876:
3842:
3814:
3800:
3711:
3641:
3601:
3481:
3451:
3424:
3411:
3367:
3352:
3317:
3276:
3076:
2997:
2981:
2669:
2656:
2612:
2404:
2393:
2216:
1916:
1038:
803:
799:
641:
532:
431:
173:
163:
4550:
4415:
4085:
4069:
4058:
4007:
3883:
3869:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3766:
3727:
3676:
3662:
3648:
3632:
3531:
3324:
3296:
3042:
3011:
2909:
2834:
2716:
2601:
2104:
2099:
2039:
2001:
1961:
1632:
1026:
427:
4438:
4178:
4051:
3955:
3759:
3720:
3687:
3621:
3501:
3345:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3083:
2875:
2571:
2089:
2084:
2034:
2006:
1005:
952:
914:
869:
863:
819:
815:
549:
123:
4224:
1624:
4376:
4247:
4154:
3996:
3862:
3853:
3773:
3752:
3734:
3669:
3338:
3310:
3209:
3029:
2924:
2841:
2303:
2150:
2049:
1921:
1462:
Charactérisation de l'habitat de reproduction du tétras du Canada (
1278:"Notes on some apparently preoccupied ornithological generic names"
973:
951:
break down food. Chicks under 1 week old feed on insects and other
811:
633:
406:
143:
4389:
4299:
4120:
4113:
4037:
3303:
3192:
3049:
2990:
2895:
2868:
2231:
2226:
2175:
2170:
1981:
1966:
1372:
1030:
993:
948:
827:
823:
708:
629:
564:
1393:
889:
4286:
4171:
4078:
4044:
3199:
3018:
2858:
2804:
2297:
2282:
2165:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2094:
2054:
1013:
1009:
981:
977:
939:
935:
851:
839:
748:
732:
704:
687:
675:
637:
609:
558:
478:
453:
382:
183:
133:
1848:
4371:
3962:
3090:
2309:
2109:
2064:
956:
931:
927:
835:
831:
791:
712:
548:. However, taxonomic studies found this classification to be
449:
394:
390:
862:
stands. In summer they can be found near rich understory of
3069:
2074:
1192:(2nd ed.). New York: Random House. 1993. p. 746.
985:
847:
568:. Due to this, the spruce grouse was again reclassified in
544:), the spruce grouse was later reclassified into the genus
524:
retain Franklin's grouse as a subspecies of spruce grouse.
153:
1070:
Female spruce grouse, Grands-Jardins National Park, Québec
866:
and other shrub, and in winter they prefer denser stands.
2059:
1782:
The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds.
1766:
del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal (eds.) (1994).
1744:"Spruce Grouse - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation"
989:
855:
1594:
Boag, D.A. and M.A. Schroeder (1992). Spruce Grouse. In
1416:
http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
1058:
Male and female spruce grouse, Nelson, British Columbia
794:, the spruce grouse is found throughout Canada. In the
448:, he placed the spruce grouse with other grouse in the
1124:
1705:
Fool Hen: the Spruce Grouse on the Yellow Dog Plains.
1447:
Tuck, L.M. (1968). Recent Newfoundland bird records.
1371:
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (January 2021).
4160:
4143:
4133:
3944:
3747:
3617:
3607:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3567:
3557:
3547:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3467:
3457:
3447:
3437:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3205:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2864:
2847:
2810:
2800:
2789:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2582:
2545:
2501:
2471:
2455:
2444:
2433:
2421:
2410:
2400:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2356:
1370:
1309:
457:. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the
1168:
1468:MSc thesis, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.
1809:New York Department of Environmental Conservation
1773:Ehrlich, P.R., D.S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye (1988).
938:. In winter, when only needles are consumed, the
893:Immature male "hiding" in tree, Matagamasi Lake,
575:The spruce grouse has six recognized subspecies:
4570:
1396:. American Ornithological Society. June 30, 2020
1282:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
1394:"Check-list of North and Middle American Birds"
1182:
1106:A chick, Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland
393:of North America. It is the only member of the
1645:
1610:
2268:
1834:
468:that was introduced in 1885 by the zoologist
1606:
1604:
1347:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1507:Cornell Lab of ornithology; All about birds
1019:
785:
3422:
2667:
2275:
2261:
1849:Game animals and shooting in North America
1841:
1827:
1590:
1588:
314:
85:
61:
47:
1601:
1429:"Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List"
1272:
930:, green plants such as blueberry leaves,
556:to a clade containing the spruce grouse,
527:The species was later moved to the genus
1350:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 87.
1252:
888:
884:
868:
1707:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1585:
1364:
1343:
1232:
1212:
1094:Male spruce grouse during mating season
926:birds can forage on the ground, eating
385:closely associated with the coniferous
14:
4571:
1176:Webster's New International Dictionary
323:Distribution map of the spruce grouse
4229:
4228:
3409:
3155:
2654:
2334:
2256:
1822:
1325:. International Ornithologists' Union
1305:
1303:
572:, bringing its taxonomy full-circle.
514:International Ornithological Congress
798:, it is present in Alaska, northern
4579:IUCN Red List least concern species
1770:Volume 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
1768:Handbook of the Birds of the World.
1386:
1319:"Pheasants, partridges, francolins"
1239:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
1219:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
1139:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1118:
920:
424:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
24:
2335:
1930:
1300:
1190:Random House unabridged dictionary
984:. Adults can fall prey to various
25:
4620:
1800:
1777:New York: Simon and Schuster Inc.
1082:Male, Acadia National Park, Maine
552:, with the Siberian grouse being
301:(Dickerman & Gustafson, 1996)
4208:
3391:
3156:
3137:
2636:
1596:The Birds of North America, No.5
1323:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
968:Spruce grouse eggs are taken by
686:
657:
592:
418:In 1747, the English naturalist
110:
56:Male of the nominate subspecies
3410:
2655:
1741:
1735:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1639:
1572:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1495:
1471:
1454:
1441:
1421:
1408:
518:American Ornithological Society
1679:Journal of Wildlife Management
1666:Journal of Wildlife Management
1373:"IOC World Bird List (v 11.1)"
1337:
1266:
1246:
1226:
1206:
874:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
756:
13:
1:
1111:
955:, then switch to berries and
1815:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
963:
858:. They seem to prefer young
7:
4609:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1692:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1294:10.5479/si.00963801.530.409
907:
413:
10:
4625:
1784:New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1718:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1344:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1044:
1037:in Wisconsin according to
29:
4237:
4205:
4068:
4006:
3972:
3940:
3931:
3893:
3852:
3790:
3710:
3695:
3686:
3631:
3433:
3418:
3405:
3388:
3366:
3286:
3266:
3228:
3219:
3168:
3164:
3151:
3134:
3108:
3059:
3037:
3028:
2980:
2932:
2923:
2885:
2824:
2785:
2776:
2678:
2663:
2650:
2633:
2611:
2581:
2544:
2500:
2470:
2347:
2343:
2330:
2292:
2189:
2118:
2015:
1942:
1928:
1854:
375:Canada grouse, spruce hen
334:
327:
322:
313:
257:
252:
229:
222:
107:Scientific classification
105:
83:
74:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
2287:and their extinct allies
1722:explorer.natureserve.org
1466:) sur l'Ile d'Anticosti.
1020:Relationship with humans
786:Distribution and habitat
30:Not to be confused with
4604:Birds described in 1758
1807:Spruce Grouse Factsheet
1703:Robinson, W.L. (1980).
790:As a specialist of the
542:Falcipennis falcipennis
4594:Native birds of Alaska
4556:Falcipennis-canadensis
4292:dendragapus-canadensis
4239:Falcipennis canadensis
2055:Cougar (mountain lion)
1936:
1464:Dendragopus canadensis
1132:Falcipennis canadensis
1126:BirdLife International
970:American red squirrels
897:
877:
728:& Gustafson, 1996)
531:, congeneric with the
493:meaning "resembling".
405:It is one of the most
354:Falcipennis canadensis
338:Dendragapus canadensis
4538:Paleobiology Database
4279:Canachites_canadensis
1934:
1780:Terres, J.K. (1982).
1483:www.allaboutbirds.org
892:
885:Behaviour and ecology
872:
381:, is a medium-sized
370:Canachites canadensis
341:(Linnaeus, 1758)
233:Canachites canadensis
1907:Snipe (common snipe)
1887:Ring-necked pheasant
1317:, eds. (July 2021).
1035:Critically Imperiled
1902:Sharp-tailed grouse
1872:Hungarian partridge
1274:Stejneger, Leonhard
349:Linnaeus, 1758
77:Conservation status
2549:Quercymegapodiidae
2126:American alligator
1937:
1460:Lemay, Y. (1989).
1313:; Donsker, David;
1160:}}: old-form url (
898:
878:
476:combines the name
470:Leonhard Stejneger
215:C. canadensis
4566:
4565:
4525:Open Tree of Life
4231:Taxon identifiers
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
3927:
3926:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3385:
3362:
3361:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
2941:Archaealectrornis
2919:
2918:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2630:
2250:
2249:
2222:Waterfowl hunting
2070:White-tailed deer
1935:Waterfowl hunters
1357:978-1-4081-2501-4
1315:Rasmussen, Pamela
895:Temagami, Ontario
754:
753:
522:Clements taxonomy
506:Franklin's grouse
500:: spruce grouse (
472:. The genus name
462:Tetrao canadensis
373:), also known as
361:
360:
346:Tetrao canadensis
204:
100:
16:(Redirected from
4616:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4545:
4533:
4532:
4520:
4519:
4507:
4506:
4494:
4493:
4481:
4480:
4468:
4467:
4455:
4454:
4442:
4441:
4429:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4405:
4393:
4392:
4380:
4379:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4330:
4318:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4305:4BCA4FFF85E6B1E2
4295:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4226:
4225:
4213:
4212:
4162:
4145:
4135:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3749:
3693:
3692:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3207:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3035:
3034:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2866:
2849:
2812:
2802:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2584:
2565:Quercymegapodius
2547:
2503:
2473:
2457:
2446:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2402:
2391:
2380:
2372:Archaeophasianus
2369:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2202:Big-game hunting
1987:Northern pintail
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1541:Animal Behaviour
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1288:(26): 409–410 .
1270:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1122:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1029:in New York and
921:Food and feeding
822:and the montane
694:C. c. franklinii
690:
661:
650:Anticosti Island
644:. Introduced in
619:C. c. canadensis
596:
578:
577:
350:
342:
318:
292:C. c. franklinii
277:C. c. canadensis
263:(Grinnell, 1910)
235:
199:
115:
114:
94:
89:
88:
65:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4599:Birds of Canada
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4554:
4549:
4541:
4536:
4528:
4523:
4515:
4512:Observation.org
4510:
4502:
4497:
4489:
4484:
4476:
4471:
4463:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4437:
4432:
4424:
4422:
4414:
4409:
4401:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4375:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4334:
4326:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4233:
4223:
4214:
4207:
4191:
4064:
4002:
3968:
3923:
3895:Polyplectronini
3889:
3848:
3786:
3706:
3682:
3627:
3522:Palaeocryptonyx
3472:Eurobambusicola
3427:
3414:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3358:
3282:
3262:
3215:
3160:
3143:
3136:
3124:
3096:
3055:
3024:
2976:
2915:
2881:
2820:
2772:
2737:Palaeoalectoris
2672:
2659:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2607:
2586:Sylviornithidae
2577:
2540:
2496:
2475:Gallinuloididae
2466:
2339:
2326:
2288:
2281:
2251:
2246:
2185:
2114:
2045:Bison (buffalo)
2011:
1938:
1926:
1877:Prairie chicken
1850:
1847:
1803:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1625:10.2307/1366665
1609:
1602:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1503:"Spruce Grouse"
1501:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1308:
1301:
1271:
1267:
1251:
1247:
1234:Edwards, George
1231:
1227:
1214:Edwards, George
1211:
1207:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1047:
1022:
1002:Pacific martens
980:, and possibly
966:
923:
910:
887:
814:, northeastern
788:
759:
538:Siberian grouse
484:Greek mythology
441:Systema Naturae
416:
348:
340:
295:(Douglas, 1829)
248:
237:
231:
218:
198:
109:
101:
90:
86:
79:
35:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4547:
4534:
4521:
4508:
4495:
4482:
4469:
4456:
4443:
4430:
4420:
4407:
4394:
4381:
4368:
4355:
4345:
4332:
4319:
4309:
4296:
4283:
4270:
4259:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4158:
4151:
4148:Proagriocharis
4141:
4138:Palaealectoris
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3492:Megalocoturnix
3485:
3475:
3465:
3455:
3445:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3288:Odontophorinae
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3221:Odontophoridae
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2491:Paraortygoides
2487:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2442:
2431:
2419:
2408:
2398:
2387:
2376:
2365:
2353:
2351:
2349:incertae sedis
2341:
2340:
2337:Pangalliformes
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2322:Pangalliformes
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2242:Upland hunting
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Bobwhite quail
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1801:External links
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1748:www.dec.ny.gov
1734:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1681:35(1):177-179.
1670:
1657:
1638:
1619:(4): 437–443.
1600:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1532:
1519:
1494:
1470:
1453:
1440:
1420:
1407:
1385:
1363:
1356:
1336:
1299:
1265:
1254:Linnaeus, Carl
1245:
1225:
1205:
1198:
1181:
1167:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1021:
1018:
965:
962:
922:
919:
909:
906:
886:
883:
787:
784:
758:
755:
752:
751:
745:
744:(Bishop, 1900)
739:
736:
735:
729:
719:
716:
715:
701:
691:
683:
682:
678:and northeast
672:
662:
654:
653:
626:
616:
613:
612:
606:
597:
589:
588:
585:
582:
420:George Edwards
415:
412:
387:boreal forests
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
343:
332:
331:
325:
324:
320:
319:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:(Bishop, 1900)
302:
296:
288:
274:
264:
255:
254:
250:
249:
238:
227:
226:
220:
219:
212:
210:
206:
205:
191:
187:
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181:
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147:
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127:
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102:
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
42:Spruce grouse
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4621:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4426:spruce-grouse
4421:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4211:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:Margaroperdix
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3701:Tropicoperdix
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3592:Shandongornis
3586:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3268:Ptilopachinae
3265:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:Macrocephalon
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2697:Bumbanipodius
2691:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2595:Megavitiornis
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2505:Paraortygidae
2499:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:Gallinuloides
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Bison hunting
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2181:Snowshoe hare
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Gray squirrel
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Mountain goat
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Bighorn sheep
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Greater scaup
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Spruce grouse
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Ruffed grouse
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Mourning dove
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1814:
1813:Spruce Grouse
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1694:62:1034–1037.
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1654:(2): 307–317.
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1418:March 5, 2021
1417:
1411:
1395:
1389:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1199:0-679-42917-4
1195:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
961:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
918:
916:
905:
903:
896:
891:
882:
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:United States
793:
783:
781:
775:
773:
772:ruffed grouse
769:
765:
750:
746:
743:
742:C. c. osgoodi
740:
738:
737:
734:
730:
727:
723:
722:C. c. isleibi
720:
718:
717:
714:
710:
707:to northwest
706:
702:
699:
695:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
680:United States
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
615:
614:
611:
607:
604:
601:
600:C. c. atratus
598:
595:
591:
590:
587:Distribution
586:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
571:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:C. franklinii
507:
503:
502:C. canadensis
499:
494:
492:
489:
488:Ancient Greek
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
459:binomial name
456:
455:
451:
447:
446:tenth edition
443:
442:
437:
436:Carl Linnaeus
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
408:
403:
401:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
366:
365:spruce grouse
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
335:
333:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
306:
305:C. c. osgoodi
303:
300:
299:C. c. isleibi
297:
294:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
261:C. c. atratus
259:
258:
256:
251:
246:
242:
236:
234:
228:
225:
224:Binomial name
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
98:
93:
92:Least Concern
82:
78:
73:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4238:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4165:Rhegminornis
4163:
4153:
4146:
4136:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4093:Centrocercus
4091:
4084:
4077:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4031:Crossoptilon
4029:
4024:Chrysolophus
4022:
4015:
3995:
3990:Tetraophasis
3988:
3981:
3974:Lophophorini
3961:
3954:
3947:
3918:Polyplectron
3916:
3909:
3902:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3808:Campocolinus
3806:
3799:
3781:Tetraogallus
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3699:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3656:Melanoperdix
3654:
3647:
3640:
3620:
3612:Titanoperdix
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3572:Rustaviornis
3570:
3560:
3550:
3542:Panraogallus
3540:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3500:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3332:Odontophorus
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3275:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3208:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3158:Phasianoidea
3110:Phasianoidea
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3048:
3041:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2969:
2961:Palaeonossax
2959:
2949:
2939:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2850:
2840:
2833:
2813:
2803:
2792:
2778:Megapodiidae
2765:
2757:Sobniogallus
2755:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2600:
2593:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2489:
2482:
2458:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2413:
2403:
2392:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2316:Galloanserae
2314:Superorder:
2237:Wolf hunting
2212:Deer hunting
2197:Bear hunting
2146:Fox squirrel
2119:Other quarry
1997:Ross's goose
1977:Lesser scaup
1957:Canada goose
1911:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1595:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1543:36: 305-307.
1540:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1423:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1366:
1346:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1322:
1285:
1281:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1170:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1137:
1131:
1120:
1034:
1023:
967:
924:
911:
902:pectinations
899:
879:
860:successional
789:
779:
776:
768:dusky grouse
764:sharp-tailed
760:
741:
721:
693:
665:C. c. canace
664:
652:in 1985–86.
648:in 1964 and
646:Newfoundland
618:
599:
574:
569:
563:
557:
550:paraphyletic
545:
541:
528:
526:
509:
501:
497:
495:
490:
477:
473:
465:
461:
452:
439:
438:updated his
423:
417:
404:
398:
397:
378:
374:
369:
368:
364:
362:
353:
345:
337:
304:
298:
290:
276:
267:C. c. canace
266:
260:
232:
230:
214:
213:
194:
193:
36:
32:Spruce Goose
4486:NatureServe
4434:iNaturalist
4186:Tympanuchus
4107:Falcipennis
4100:Dendragapus
3983:Lophophorus
3949:Chauvireria
3933:Phasianinae
3911:Haematortyx
3904:Galloperdix
3843:Scleroptila
3815:Francolinus
3801:Bambusicola
3712:Coturnicini
3642:Arborophila
3602:Shanxiornis
3582:Schaubortyx
3482:Lophogallus
3452:Centuriavis
3425:Phasianidae
3412:Phasianidae
3377:See below ↓
3368:Phasianidae
3353:Rhynchortyx
3318:Dactylortyx
3277:Ptilopachus
3119:See below ↓
2998:Chamaepetes
2982:Penelopinae
2951:Boreortalis
2887:Megapodiini
2852:Latagallina
2815:Ngawupodius
2794:Garrdimalga
2707:Bumbanortyx
2670:Galliformes
2657:Galliformes
2622:See below ↓
2613:Galliformes
2558:Ameripodius
2535:Xorazmortyx
2528:Scopelortyx
2405:Chambiortyx
2394:Austinornis
2361:Anisolornis
2217:Fox hunting
1753:16 November
1727:16 November
1668:30:729-735.
1582:90:619-623.
1569:82:366-372.
1556:75:375-385.
1530:85:281-286.
1451:85:304-311.
1378:January 14,
1311:Gill, Frank
1039:NatureServe
934:, and some
864:blueberries
826:forests of
818:, northern
810:, northern
804:Adirondacks
800:New England
757:Description
642:Nova Scotia
546:Falcipennis
533:blue grouse
529:Dendragapus
516:(IOC), the
432:James Isham
253:Subspecies
174:Phasianidae
164:Galliformes
4584:Tetraonini
4573:Categories
4551:Xeno-canto
4086:Canachites
4070:Tetraonini
4059:Syrmaticus
4008:Phasianini
3884:Rheinardia
3870:Argusianus
3836:Peliperdix
3829:Ortygornis
3767:Pternistis
3728:Ammoperdix
3677:Xenoperdix
3663:Rhizothera
3649:Caloperdix
3633:Rollulinae
3562:Plioperdix
3552:Pliogallus
3532:Palaeortyx
3462:Diangallus
3325:Dendrortyx
3297:Callipepla
3043:Oreophasis
3012:Penelopina
2910:Megapodius
2835:Aepypodius
2826:Alecturini
2717:Linquornis
2602:Sylviornis
2449:Percolinus
2427:Gigantibis
2415:Coturnipes
2383:Argillipes
2283:Genera of
2105:Polar bear
2100:Dall sheep
2040:Brown bear
2030:Black bear
2002:Snow goose
1962:Canvasback
1952:Black duck
1855:Game birds
1742:DEC, NYS.
1613:The Condor
1512:11 October
1488:2020-09-26
1434:2021-07-14
1329:13 October
1112:References
1027:Endangered
974:gray foxes
953:arthropods
844:Washington
824:coniferous
780:franklinii
731:southeast
703:southeast
674:southeast
584:Subspecies
570:Canachites
520:, and the
498:Canachites
474:Canachites
466:Canachites
428:Hudson Bay
399:Canachites
195:Canachites
184:Tetraonini
18:Canachites
4179:Tetrastes
4128:Meleagris
4052:Phasianus
3956:Ithaginis
3760:Perdicula
3721:Alectoris
3688:Pavoninae
3622:Tologuica
3502:Miogallus
3346:Philortyx
3186:Agelastes
3179:Acryllium
3170:Numididae
3084:Nothocrax
2876:Talegalla
2767:Taoperdix
2727:Namaortyx
2572:Taubacrex
2514:Paraortyx
2460:Tegulavis
2438:Litoripes
2296:Kingdom:
2090:Pronghorn
2085:Mule deer
2035:Razorback
2007:Wood duck
1944:Waterfowl
1892:Ptarmigan
1158:cite iucn
1149:3 January
994:red foxes
964:Predators
915:precocial
876:, Alaska.
820:Wisconsin
816:Minnesota
747:northern
726:Dickerman
608:southern
603:(Grinnell
486:with the
209:Species:
201:Stejneger
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
4491:2.104936
4478:61204079
4452:11282343
4390:45510623
4328:61204079
4323:BirdLife
4312:BioLib:
4248:Wikidata
4155:Pucrasia
3997:Tragopan
3863:Afropavo
3854:Pavonini
3774:Synoicus
3753:Ophrysia
3735:Coturnix
3670:Rollulus
3512:Mioryaba
3442:Bantamyx
3339:Oreortyx
3311:Cyrtonyx
3247:Nanortyx
3210:Telecrex
3030:Cracinae
3005:Penelope
2925:Cracidae
2842:Alectura
2687:Amitabha
2521:Pirortyx
2304:Chordata
2302:Phylum:
2298:Animalia
2285:landfowl
2190:See also
2151:Gray fox
2017:Big game
1922:Woodcock
1276:(1885).
1256:(1758).
1236:(1750).
1216:(1747).
1128:(2014).
998:American
908:Breeding
812:Michigan
808:New York
669:Linnaeus
634:Labrador
628:central
623:Linnaeus
444:for the
414:Taxonomy
407:arboreal
379:fool hen
329:Synonyms
281:Linnaeus
271:Linnaeus
241:Linnaeus
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
4416:2473492
4300:Avibase
4121:Lyrurus
4114:Lagopus
4038:Lophura
4017:Catreus
3792:Gallini
3304:Colinus
3257:Neortyx
3237:Miortyx
3193:Guttera
3061:Cracini
3050:Ortalis
2991:Aburria
2971:Procrax
2896:Eulipoa
2869:Progura
2747:Procrax
2320:Clade:
2308:Class:
2232:Fishing
2227:Whaling
2176:Red fox
2171:Raccoon
2161:Opossum
2050:Caribou
1992:Redhead
1982:Mallard
1967:Gadwall
1648:The Auk
1633:1366665
1400:July 1,
1045:Gallery
1031:Vermont
1014:coyotes
1010:cougars
982:corvids
978:weasels
949:gizzard
936:insects
928:berries
828:Montana
709:Wyoming
700:, 1829)
698:Douglas
671:, 1766)
630:Alberta
625:, 1758)
605:, 1910)
565:Lyrurus
273:, 1766)
190:Genus:
180:Tribe:
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
70:Female
4589:Grouse
4543:368030
4504:109674
4465:553896
4439:144431
4423:GNAB:
4398:EURING
4377:sprgro
4351:sprgro
4315:136055
4287:ARKive
4267:sprgro
4254:Q19056
4172:Tetrao
4079:Bonasa
4045:Perdix
3822:Gallus
3200:Numida
3019:Pipile
2859:Leipoa
2805:Mwalau
2166:Rabbit
2141:Coyote
2136:Bobcat
2131:Badger
2110:Whales
2095:Muskox
1917:Turkey
1867:Chukar
1631:
1567:Condor
1554:Condor
1528:Condor
1354:
1196:
1033:, and
1012:, and
1006:wolves
852:spruce
842:, and
840:Oregon
802:, the
749:Alaska
733:Alaska
705:Alaska
676:Canada
640:) and
638:Canada
610:Alaska
562:, and
559:Tetrao
504:) and
479:Canace
454:Tetrao
383:grouse
203:, 1885
4530:55937
4517:70398
4447:IRMNG
4372:eBird
4364:6HNNW
4348:BOW:
4341:12628
3963:Lerwa
3091:Pauxi
2065:Moose
1629:JSTOR
986:hawks
957:fungi
940:caeca
932:fungi
854:, or
836:Maine
832:Idaho
792:taiga
713:Idaho
581:Image
554:basal
491:-itēs
482:from
450:genus
395:genus
391:taiga
4499:NCBI
4473:IUCN
4460:ITIS
4411:GBIF
4403:3240
4336:BOLD
3877:Pavo
3077:Mitu
3070:Crax
2310:Aves
2075:Wolf
1755:2022
1729:2022
1514:2019
1402:2020
1380:2021
1352:ISBN
1331:2021
1194:ISBN
1162:help
1151:2015
1144:2014
1000:and
990:owls
988:and
944:crop
848:pine
766:and
711:and
363:The
285:1758
245:1758
154:Aves
4385:EoL
4359:CoL
4274:ADW
4263:ABA
2060:Elk
1621:doi
1580:Auk
1449:Auk
1290:doi
856:fir
806:in
632:to
389:or
377:or
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