Ashurbanipal - Knowledge

1229:, who sent soldiers to Babylonia. Because of Ashurbanipal's focus on Elam, they initially escaped retaliation and punishment. As the Elamite wars dragged on, several Arab rulers ceased to pay tribute to Ashurbanipal and began raiding nearby Assyrian settlements, severely disrupting trade. This development proved enough for Ashurbanipal's generals to organize a major campaign to restore order. Ashurbanipal's account of this conflict largely concerns the movements of his army through Syria in search of Uiate (conflated with Yauta but possibly a different person) and his Arabian soldiers. According to the account, the Assyrian army marched from Syria to Damascus and then on to Hulhuliti, after which they captured Abiyate and defeated Uššo and Akko. The Assyrians were reportedly faced with great difficulties during this war on account of the unfamiliar and hostile terrain. The Nabayyate, who had aided Ashurbanipal in the previous campaign, are mentioned as being defeated in the second war against the Arabs, without any further information on what had led to the change in their relationship between the two campaigns. The last known version of the Arabian narrative specifies the two campaigns as together composing Ashurbanipal's ninth campaign and further expands them with more details. In this version, Abiyate and Ammuladdin are specified to have joined Shamash-shum-ukin. Ashurbanipal is in this version also for the first time personally credited with the victories of the campaign. This later version also states that Uiate was captured and paraded in Nineveh together with prisoners captured during the wars in Elam, that Uiate was hitched up to Ashurbanipal's chariot like a horse, and that Aya-ammu was flayed alive. 1879:, centuries later. Around 30,000 of the documents in the library survived the destruction of Nineveh in 612 and have been excavated among the city's ruins. The library was assembled at Ashurbanipal's command, with scribes being sent out throughout the empire to collect and copy texts of every type and genre from the libraries of the temples. Most of the collected texts were observations of events and omens, texts detailing the behavior of certain men and of animals, texts on the movements of celestial objects and so forth. Present in the library were also dictionaries for Sumerian, Akkadian and other languages and many religious texts, such as rituals, fables, prayers and incantations. In addition, the tablets were organized by shape, such as four-sided tablets recorded financial transactions while round tablets recorded agricultural information. The tablets were separated by subject, identified by colored marks and written descriptions and placed in different rooms. The library contained many tablets from Babylonia, both donated and taken as war booty. Ashurbanipal's library probably represented a comprehensive and accurate picture of Mesopotamian learning up until his time. Ashurbanipal himself considered the library to be the signature accomplishment of his reign. In his inscriptions, he boasted of his own intelligence and the library's construction: 913:, and the rulers in the Sea Land, all ignored the existence of a king in Babylon and saw Ashurbanipal as their monarch. Despite this, Shamash-shum-ukin had initially been positively inclined towards his brother, viewing him as his equal. In letters, Shamash-shum-ukin addressed Ashurbanipal simply as "my brother" (unlike how he addressed his father Esarhaddon, "the king, my father"). Although there are several letters preserved from Shamash-shum-ukin to Ashurbanipal, there are no known replies. It is possible that Ashurbanipal, on account of his network of informers, did not feel a need to write to his brother. By the 650s, Shamash-shum-ukin's opinion of Ashurbanipal had significantly deteriorated, owing to the increasing intervention and involvement of Ashurbanipal in Babylonian affairs, Ashurbanipal often delaying when help was needed, and growing dissatisfaction with his position relative to that of Ashurbanipal. A letter written during this time by Zakir, a courtier at Shamash-shum-ukin's court, to Ashurbanipal described how visitors from the Sea Land had publicly criticized Ashurbanipal in front of Shamash-shum-ukin, using the phrase "this is not the word of a king!". Zakir reported that though Shamash-shum-ukin was angered, he and his governor of Babylon, Ubaru, chose to not take action against the visitors. 106: 11854: 1778: 559: 1218: 1014: 2233: 716: 1980: 1658: 1332:). The final contemporary evidence for Ashurbanipal being alive and reigning as king is a contract from Nippur made in 631. If Ashurbanipal's reign had ended in 627 the inscriptions of his successors Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun in Babylon (covering several years) would have been impossible, given that the city was seized by Nabopolassar in 626 and never again fell into Assyrian hands. To get the attested lengths of the reigns of his successors to match, it is generally agreed that Ashurbanipal either died, abdicated or was deposed in 631 or 630. 631 is typically favored as the year of his death. Ashurbanipal was succeeded as king by Ashur-etil-ilani and he seems to have been inspired by the succession plans of his father, despite its consequences, given that Sinsharishkun was granted the fortress-city of Nippur and was designated to be the successor of Kandalanu at Babylon once Kandalanu died. 1242: 889: 1158: 2442: 1340:, is that Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu were the same person, "Kandalanu" simply being the name the king used in Babylon. This idea is generally considered unlikely for several reasons, most notably that no previous Assyrian king is known to have used an alternate name in Babylon and that inscriptions from Babylonia show a difference in the lengths of the reigns of Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu (Ashurbanipal's reign is counted from his first full year as king, 668, and Kandalanu's is counted from his first full year as king, 647). All Assyrian kings who personally ruled Babylon used the title "king of Babylon" in their inscriptions, but that title is not used in any of Ashurbanipal's inscriptions, even those made after 648. Most importantly, Babylonian documents clearly treat Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu as two different people. 1144:, god of the oracles, who resides in secret places, where no man sees his divine nature , with their jewelry, their wealth, their furniture, with the priests, I brought as booty to the land of Ashur . I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods, their goddesses, I scattered to the winds. The secret groves where no outsider had ever penetrated, where no layman had ever trod, my soldiers entered, they saw their mysteries, they destroyed them by fire. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings who had not feared Ishtar, my lady, and who were the cause of torments to the kings, my fathers—those tombs I devastated, I destroyed, I exposed to the sun and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and I spread salt . 1260:(known Assyrian year names) ends in that year. After 639, only two inscriptions by Ashurbanipal are known, a sharp contrast to the abundant records known from previous years. This scarcity of documentation might reflect the beginning of a serious internal political crisis. Ashurbanipal's late reign appears to have seen a growing disconnect between the king and the traditional elite of the empire. Ashurbanipal heavily promoted eunuchs to prominent positions, to the detriment of the nobility and aristocracy. At some point late in his reign, the chief singer, Bullutu, was made eponym, an unprecedented and perhaps self-indulgent move. Some Assyriologists, such as Eckart Frahm, have drawn parallels between the sparse evidence from Ashurbanipal's late reign and 988: 11291: 594: 10431: 788: 9063: 10026: 917: 393: 1786:

within the Assyrian Empire. Expansionism was cast as a moral duty to convert chaos to civilization, rather than exploitative imperialism. Because of the Assyrian king's role as Ashur's representative, resistance or rebellion against Assyrian rule was seen as fighting against divine will, which deserved punishment. Assyrian royal ideology perceived rebels as criminals against the divine world order. Though the royal ideology could thus be used to justify enacting brutal punishments against Assyria's enemies, levels of brutality and aggression varied considerably between kings and modern scholars do not view ancient Assyria as a whole as an unusually brutal civilization.

13518: 1131: 9735: 13148: 2304: 11684: 2134: 1836:). There are also several instances where he is recorded to have brought captive enemies to Nineveh to enthusiastically torture and humiliate them. Women were rarely depicted being harmed in Assyrian artwork, but Ashurbanipal's reliefs include some prominent exceptions to this rule. One of the reliefs from Ashurbanipal's palace in Nineveh, given the modern designation BM 124927, includes both dead female bodies and direct attacks against women. The middle part of the relief includes the most brutal act against a woman ever recorded in an Assyrian relief: Assyrian soldiers ripping open a pregnant Arab woman. 1025:, of whom little is known. Kandalanu's realm was the same as Shamash-shum-ukin's with the exception of the city of Nippur, which Ashurbanipal converted into a powerful Assyrian fortress. The authority of Kandalanu is likely to have been very limited and few records survive of his reign at Babylon. He might have been another one of Ashurbanipal's brothers or perhaps a Babylonian noble who had allied with Ashurbanipal in the civil war and had consequently been rewarded with the rank of king. Kandalanu probably lacked any true political and military power, which was instead firmly in the hands of Ashurbanipal. 1123:. In Ashurbanipal's triumphant inscriptions detailing the sack it is described in great detail, recounting how the Assyrians desecrated the royal tombs, looted and razed temples, stole the statues of the Elamite gods and sowed salt in the ground. The ancient Elamite capital was wiped off the face of the Earth and Ashurbanipal then continued with the destruction of Elamite settlements on a massive scale. In addition to the destruction of numerous cities, thousands of those Elamites who were not killed were deported away from their homeland. Ashurbanipal's brutal suppression of Elam is sometimes considered a 9698: 9123: 1856: 2040: 10277: 13870: 1336:

concurrently with Babylonian rulers Shamash-shum-ukin and Kandalanu, whose reigns together amount to 42 years, but Kandalanu survived Ashurbanipal by three years, actually dying in 627. One possible way to justify a 42-year reign of Ashurbanipal is by assuming there was a coregency between him and Ashur-etil-ilani, but there had never been a coregency in prior Assyrian history and the idea is explicitly contradicted by Ashur-etil-ilani's own inscriptions, which describe him as becoming king after the end of his father's reign. Another once popular idea, for instance favored by

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always willing to join anyone who waged war against Assyria. Inscription evidence suggests that Shamash-shum-ukin addressed the citizens of Babylon to join him in his revolt. In Ashurbanipal's inscriptions, Shamash-shum-ukin is quoted to have said "Ashurbanipal will cover with shame the name of the Babylonians", which Ashurbanipal refers to as "wind" and "lies". Soon after Shamash-shum-ukin began his revolt, the rest of southern Mesopotamia rose up against Ashurbanipal alongside him. The beginning of Ashurbanipal's account of the conflict reads as follows:

1052: 10605: 1689:("queen"), indicating that it was not her birth name but rather a name perhaps assumed upon her marriage to Ashurbanipal. Libbali-sharrat is most famous for her appearance in the so-called "Garden Party" relief from Ashurbanipal's palace, which depicts her and Ashurbanipal dining together. The scene is noteworthy for being organized around Libbali-sharrat rather than Ashurbanipal and for being the only known image from ancient Assyria depicting an individual other than the king effectively holding court (and even hosting the king). 352:. The Assyrians won many battles under Ashurbanipal, campaigning further from the Assyrian heartland than ever before, but several of his campaigns achieved little strategic advantage. Ashurbanipal failed to maintain control of Egypt, and his wars in Arabia cost time and resources without establishing longterm Assyrian control. His extensive sack of Babylon after defeating Shamash-shum-ukin weakened the resources of the empire and fanned anti-Assyrian sentiment in southern Mesopotamia, perhaps contributing to the rise of the 871:. Because the Scythians had driven the Cimmerians from their homes, the Cimmerians invaded Lydia again and successfully captured most of the kingdom. As his father had before him, Ardys also sent for aid from Ashurbanipal, stating that "You cursed my father and bad luck befell him; but bless me, your humble servant, and I will carry your yoke". It is unknown if any Assyrian aid arrived, but Lydia was successfully freed from the Cimmerians. They would not be driven out of Lydia completely until the reign of Ardys's grandson 9473: 670: 13860: 1214:, who refused him and remained loyal to Ashurbanipal. Even later versions of the narrative also include mentions of how Yauta previously revolted against Esarhaddon, years prior. These later accounts also explicitly connect Yauta's rebellion to the revolt of Shamash-shum-ukin, placing it at the same time and suggesting that the western raids by the Arabs were prompted by the instability caused by the Assyrian civil war. In both accounts, the Qedarite lands were thoroughly plundered at the conclusion of the war. 9098: 10876: 9683: 2181:, often Sardanapalus's counterpart in later tales as well. Myrrah was in the story a female Greek slave and loyal supporter of Sardanapalus. In Byron's version, it was Myrrah who lit the palace on fire after Sardanapalus gave his last words, "Adieu, Assyria! I loved thee well!". Many operas, inspired by Byron, included similar storylines. It was typical to portray the fall of Nineveh and Assyria as a consequence of Assyria's supposed lack of moral values, combined with its ostentation and pomp. 12732: 1794:

campaigns during his reign, he clearly stands out among the Assyrian kings for his exceptional brutality. It is possible that Ashurbanipal's excessive brutality can be partially explained through religious zealotry; he is known to have rebuilt, repaired and expanded a majority of the major shrines throughout his empire and many of the actions he took during his reign were due to omen reports, something he was very interested in. He also appointed two of his younger brothers,

12623: 1883: 9306: 325:, an ancient enemy of Assyria, and against Shamash-shum-ukin, who gradually began to resent the overbearing control that his younger brother held over him. Elam was defeated in a series of conflicts in 665, 653 and 647–646. Shamash-shum-ukin rebelled in 652 and assembled a coalition of Assyria's enemies but was defeated and died during Ashurbanipal's siege of Babylon in 648. On account of a lack of surviving records, much of Ashurbanipal's late reign is poorly known. 1029:

economic resources and decreased the power and authority of the Assyrian Empire. Signs of decline had already been visible before the civil war but its conclusion is regarded by modern historians to mark the end of the height of Assyrian authority. Ashurbanipal's sack of Babylon, the second extensive sack of the city in thirty years, also fanned anti-Assyrian sentiment in southern Babylonia and might thus have been a decisive factor in the Babylonian revolt by

1870:, Ashurbanipal's inscriptions make him out to be unlike the kings before him, exceptionally well-versed in literature, writing, mathematics and scholarship. Deeply interested in the ancient literary culture of Mesopotamia, Ashurbanipal read complex texts in both Akkadian and Sumerian already in his youth. After he became king, Ashurbanipal, using the massive resources now at his disposal, created the world's first "universal" library in Nineveh. The resulting 8905: 7270: 10945: 2193:(which he believed to be Nineveh) in 1845, his colleagues suggested that this was proof of the Sardanapalus legend. Even after discoveries made it clear that the Sardanapalus of legend was far from a perfect match of the Ashurbanipal of history, the legend was not forgotten. Instead, plays and films featuring Sardanapalus simply began to mix the legendary tale with historical details. Many plays began to incorporate Assyrian architectural details, such as 1001:

after a siege lasting two years. The city was extensively plundered by Ashurbanipal. According to his own inscriptions, Ashurbanipal initiated a bloodbath: "their carved up bodies I fed to dogs, to pigs, to wolves, to eagles, to birds of the heavens, to fishes of the deep". At the time of the city's fall, a great fire also spread within Babylon. Shamash-shum-ukin is traditionally believed to have committed suicide by stepping into the flames, or by

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since there is a tablet dating to Ashur-etil-ilani's reign referencing the "mother of the king". The inscriptions of Sinsharishkun which mention him being selected for the kingship "from among his equals" (i.e., brothers) suggest that Ashurbanipal had more sons in addition to the three known by name. It is also known that Ashurbanipal had at least one daughter given that there are documents from his reign that reference a "daughter of the king".

11939: 12965: 9957: 34: 506: 11053: 971:, the son of Teumman, to aid in the conflict. For the first two years of the conflict, battles were fought all across Babylonia, some won by the Assyrians and some won by Shamash-shum-ukin and his allies. The war quickly turned chaotic; several minor players repeatedly changed sides and both Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin found it difficult to keep track of their allies. Among the most notorious 9870: 9693: 1149:

suicide on his way to Nineveh. After Humban-haltash was deposed, captured and sent to the Assyrians in a revolt shortly thereafter, Assyrian records cease to speak of Elam. Elam was ultimately unable to ever fully recover from Ashurbanipal's efforts in 646 and was left open to attack from tribes and kings in the surrounding lands, eventually disappearing altogether from the historical record.

11048: 10600: 10272: 9865: 9678: 1997:, Ashurbanipal erected numerous sculptures and reliefs in his palaces in Nineveh, depicting the most important events from his long reign. Ashurbanipal's artwork was innovative in terms of Assyrian art history, often having an "epic quality" unlike much of the more static artwork produced under his predecessors. A motif appearing in several of Ashurbanipal's art pieces, for instance the 11165: 10127: 9110: 341:, several centuries later. The more than 30,000 cuneiform texts that have survived from the library are a highly important source on ancient Mesopotamian language, religion, literature and science. Artwork produced under Ashurbanipal was innovative in style and motifs and is regarded to possess an "epic quality" otherwise absent from much of the art produced under previous kings. 1071:, who then took the throne for himself. Ummanigash fled to the Assyrian court where he was granted asylum by Ashurbanipal. Tammaritu II's rule was brief and despite success in some battles against the Assyrians, alongside the rogue governor Nabu-bel-shumati (already notorious for his role in the war with Shamash-shum-ukin), he was deposed in another revolt in 649. The new king, 963:. This last group of kings might refer to the Medes (as Gutium, Amurru and Meluhha no longer existed at this point) but this is uncertain. Meluhha might have referred to Egypt, though the Egyptians are not documented to have aided Shamash-shum-ukin in the war. Shamash-shum-ukin's ambassadors to the Elamites had offered gifts (called "bribes" by Ashurbanipal) and their king, 2130:. After failing to urge his soldiers to defend the city, Sardanapalus locked himself in his palace chamber, with treasures and concubines, and lit up a pyre, burning down the entire capital city and ending the Assyrian Empire. It is clear from the narrative that Siculus's Sardanapalus is based not only on Ashurbanipal but also on Shamash-shum-ukin and Sinsharishkun. 1264:, in Greco-Roman literary tradition the decadent last king of Assyria, based on Ashurbanipal. Ashurbanipal himself recognized that he had failed to maintain the durability of the Assyrian Empire. In one of his final known inscriptions, Ashurbanipal, saddened and faced with his own mortality due to illness, lamented the state of his empire. This inscriptions reads: 1895:, on whom the gods have bestowed intelligence, who has acquired penetrating acumen for the most recondite details of scholarly erudition (none of my predecessors having any comprehension of such matters), I have placed these tablets for the future in the library at Nineveh for my life and for the well-being of my soul, to sustain the foundations of my royal name. 1685:) at the time of his accession to the throne, perhaps marrying her around the time of his proclamation as crown prince. The marriage occurring around that time is supported by Libbali-sharrat's name, which she is attested under before the death of Esarhaddon. The name is unique, not known to have been borne by any other individual, and incorporates the element 939:

the people who live therein, I gave him in larger numbers than my father had ordered. But he forgot this kindness I had shown him and planned evil. Outwardly, with his lips, he was speaking fair words while inwardly his heart was designing murder. The Babylonians, who had been loyal to Assyria and faithful vassals of mine, he deceived, speaking lies to them.

2256:; despite agreements as to who should excavate where, Ashurbanipal's palace was found by Rassam during the night, when he sent out a team of excavators under the cover of darkness to dig in the French portion of the Nineveh excavation. Excavations were conducted in the palace in 1853–1854. Among other discoveries, Rassam recovered the reliefs making up the 2082:. Ashurbanipal and other ancient Assyrian kings and figures continued to appear in the folklore and literary tradition of northern Mesopotamia. The most prominent later legend concerning Ashurbanipal was the long-lived Greco-Roman Sardanapalus legend. The Sardanapalus of legend was according to the Assyriologist Maria de Fátima Rosa conceived as "more 1293:

Egyptians had instead become the hegemonic power. Ashurbanipal's late reign may have also seen the beginning of rebellious movements in Babylonia (precursors of that of Nabopolassar). Egypt already regained independence in the middle of Ashurbanipal's reign. Egypt appears to have been liberated peacefully and gradually under Necho I's son and successor

1297:, who had been educated at the Assyrian court. After becoming king in 664 as a loyal Assyrian vassal, Psamtik slowly extended his control across all of Egypt, unifying the country in 656 and initiating a period of renaissance and prosperity, eventually becoming fully independent of Ashurbanipal. Psamtik remained an ally of Assyria; during the later 1166:

against Arab tribes, though their chronology is somewhat uncertain and his narrative of these conflicts was altered over the course of his later reign. The Arabian campaigns have received relatively little attention from modern historians but they are the conflicts with the most lengthy and detailed accounts in Ashurbanipal's own writings.

823:. After allegedly receiving advice from the Assyrian national deity Ashur in a dream, Gyges sent his diplomats to ask Ashurbanipal for assistance. The Assyrians did not even know that Lydia existed; after the two states successfully established communication with the help of interpreters, the Cimmerian invasion of Lydia was defeated 712:, to attack Bel-iqisha. Nabu-usabsi apparently claimed that Bel-iqisha was solely to blame for the Elamite invasion. Bel-iqisha's revolt does not appear to have caused much damage and he was killed shortly after revolting by a boar. Shortly thereafter in 663, Bel-iqisha's son Dunanu also surrendered to Ashurbanipal. 1083:

respond to Ashurbanipal's threats, the Assyrians invaded Elam again in 647. After the Elamite defense collapsed, Humban-haltash abandoned his seat at Madaktu and fled into the mountains. He was briefly replaced as king by Tammaritu II, who regained his throne. After the Assyrians had plundered the region of

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Ashurbanipal, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, king of the four regions of the world, king of kings, unrivaled prince, who, from the Upper to the Lower Sea, holds sway and has brought in submission at his feet all rulers; son of Esarhaddon, the great king, the mighty king, king

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When taking all Neo-Assyrian reliefs depicting scenes of brutality together, the highest concentration of them are from Ashurbanipal's reign. Reliefs with brutality scenes from Ashurbanipal's time account for 35% of all known such depictions from the Neo-Assyrian period. Ashurbanipal is also the most

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In addition to internal strife, it is clear that the hold of the Assyrian Empire on its peripheral regions had severely weakened by the end of Ashurbanipal's reign. Some peripheral lands had regained independence; there was for instance no longer an Assyrian presence in the southern Levant, where the

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th campaign" (otherwise always used) is missing, the defeat of the enemy is explicitly attributed to the army rather than to Ashurbanipal personally, and Yauta escapes rather than being captured and/or executed. A second version of the narrative, composed a year later, also includes that Ashurbanipal

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665. Two Cimmerian chiefs were imprisoned in Nineveh and large amounts of spoils were secured by Ashurbanipal's forces. The extent to which the Assyrian army was involved in the Lydian campaign is unknown, but it appears that Gyges was disappointed with the help since he just twelve years later broke

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Ashurbanipal entered the "House of Succession", the palace of the crown prince. He began training for his duties as ruler, learning hunting, riding, scholarship and wisdom, archery, chariotry, and other military arts. Because his father Esarhaddon was constantly ill during his last few years, much of

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considers it "almost certain" that Adad-guppi was a daughter of Ashurbanipal on account of her own inscriptions claiming that Nabonidus was of Ashurbanipal's dynastic line. American Professor of Biblical Studies Michael B. Dick has refuted this, pointing out that even though Nabonidus did go to some

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and then into the mountains in eastern Elam. Ashurbanipal's forces pursued him, plundering and razing cities on their way. All major political centers in Elam were crushed and nearby chiefdoms and petty kingdoms who had previously paid tribute to the Elamite king began paying tribute to Ashurbanipal

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in his palace. Contemporary texts however only say that he "met a cruel death" and that the gods "consigned him to a fire and destroyed his life". In addition to suicide through self-immolation or other means, it is possible that he was executed, died accidentally or was killed in some other way. If

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The war between the brothers lasted for three years. In addition to resenting Ashurbanipal's overbearing control, Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt was also facilitated by the certainty of support in the south: the Babylonians constantly resented Assyrian control and the rulers of Elam were certain allies,

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than a woman, a lascivious and idle man, a governor who loathed all expressions of militarism and war". This view stemmed from ancient Greek views on Mesopotamia in general; ancient Mesopotamian kings were typically seen by the Greeks as effeminate and dull despots incapable of securing the welfare

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Despite the thorough and brutal campaign, the Elamites endured as a political entity for some time. Ashurbanipal did not annex Elam, instead leaving it to its own devices. Humban-haltash returned to rule at Madaktu and (belatedly) sent Nabu-bel-shumati to Ashurbanipal, though the Chaldean committed

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and Babylon itself. During Ashurbanipal's siege of Babylon, the city entered into a period of famine. Ashurbanipal's account of the siege claimed that some of the citizens grew so hungry and desperate that they ate their own children. Having endured both starvation and disease, Babylon fell in 648,

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In these days Shamash-shum-ukin, the faithless brother of mine, whom I had treated well and had set up as king of Babylon, – every imaginable thing that kingship calls for, I made and gave him; soldiers, horses, chariots, I equipped and put into his hands; cities, fields, plantations, together with

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Esarhaddon's succession decrees equivocated on the balance of power between the two heirs. Ashurbanipal was the primary heir to the empire, and Shamash-shum-ukin was to swear allegiance to him, but Ashurbanipal was not to interfere in Shamash-shum-ukin's affairs. Ashurbanipal shifted the balance of

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holds that the fall of the Assyrian Empire should be blamed on Ashurbanipal's "mediocre heirs" rather than Ashurbanipal himself; there is however no evidence that his heirs were incompetent rulers. Sinsharishkun, under whom the empire collapsed, was a militarily competent ruler, utilizing the same

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Libbali-sharrat was presumably the mother of Ashurbanipal's immediate successors, Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun. Ninurtas-sharru-usur's less prominent role probably derived from him being the son of a lower wife. Libbali-sharrat might have lived for some time after Ashurbanipal's death in 631

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I cannot do away with the strife in my country and the dissensions in my family; disturbing scandals oppress me always. Illness of mind and flesh bow me down; with cries of woe I bring my days to an end. On the day of the city god, the day of the festival, I am wretched; death is seizing hold upon

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Assyrian interests in the Levant and other western territories were at times challenged on account of Arab tribal groups raiding Assyrian territories or disrupting trade. On occasion, the Assyrian army intervened, deposing and replacing problematic tribal rulers. Ashurbanipal oversaw two campaigns

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Susa, the great holy city, abode of their gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered according to the word of Ashur and Ishtar. I entered its palaces, I dwelt there in rejoicing; I opened the treasures where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed the treasures of Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon

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Due to the defeat and death of a member of the Assyrian royal family, the defeat of Shamash-shum-ukin was Ashurbanipal's most problematic victory. The civil war also had significant broader consequences impacting Assyrian dominion. Though Babylonia slowly recovered after the war, the war exhausted

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In Assyrian royal ideology, the Assyrian king was the divinely appointed mortal representative of Ashur. The king was seen as having the moral, humane and necessary obligation to extend Assyria since lands outside Assyria were regarded to be uncivilized and a threat to the cosmic and divine order

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Ashurbanipal's lineage may have survived the fall of Assyria in 612–609. The mother of the last Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus, Adad-guppi, was from Harran and had Assyrian ancestry. According to her own inscriptions, Adad-guppi was born in the 20th year of Ashurbanipal's reign (648, as years were

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Ashurbanipal's reign was the last time when Assyrian armies campaigned all across the Middle East. He is consequently typically regarded to have been the "last great king of Assyria". Ashurbanipal's reign is sometimes considered the apogee of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, though many scholars instead

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There are no known examples of art depicting Ashurbanipal seated on a throne or holding court, a common motif under previous kings, perhaps meaning that the symbol of the throne was losing its status in art, and possible also at court, during his reign. Ashurbanipal's artwork is the only ancient

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A handful of historians have attempted to justify a reign of Ashurbanipal extending to 627, though no such proposal is without problems. It is possible that the 42-year (rather than 38-year) error came about in later Mesopotamian historiography on account of the knowledge that Ashurbanipal ruled

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Despite this seemingly strong alliance of Assyrian enemies, Shamash-shum-ukin failed to halt Ashurbanipal's advance. As the war progressed, his forces were slowly defeated, his allies diminished and his lands were lost. By 650 the situation looked grim, with Ashurbanipal's forces having besieged

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After a long period of peace, Teumman attacked Babylonia in 653. Because Ashurbanipal had not entrusted Shamash-shum-ukin with any substantial military forces, he was unable to defend Babylonia against the Elamite invasion and had to rely on Ashurbanipal for military support. Ashurbanipal's army

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became king in Elam. Nabu-bel-shumati continued fighting against Ashurbanipal from outposts within Elam and though Humban-haltash was in favor of giving up the Chaldean rebel, Nabu-bel-shumati had too many supporters in Elam in order for this to go through. Because Humban-haltash could thus not

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Scholars have speculated at Esarhaddon's reasons for the divided succession, which broke with the Assyrian tradition of unitary rule. The arrangement might have been intended to assuage the elder Shamash-shum-ukin's jealousy toward his younger brother Ashurbanipal, avoiding future rivalry. One

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Various new elements can be seen in artwork produced under Ashurbanipal. The regalia of the king changes from relief to relief depending on the scene depicted; informal events for instance typically depict Ashurbanipal with an open crown design different from the typical vaguely bucket-shaped

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and schemed to retake his lands. Esarhaddon sent troops to garrison Egyptian cities and appointed local Egyptian nobles as vassal rulers of the country. In 669, Taharqa led Egypt in a revolt against Assyria, and Esarhaddon left Nineveh to meet the threat, but fell ill and died on the way. The

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for the crown, and the rejected heir had murdered Sennacherib, with Esarhaddon winning the ensuing civil war. After the death of his own heir, Esarhaddon quickly made new succession plans, naming his younger son Ashurbanipal as primary heir and emperor of Assyria, and his eldest surviving son

2266:, reaching England in March 1856. Because of scholarly disagreements and rivalries, as well as issues of funding, studies and publications of the finds from Ashurbanipal's palace were produced slowly, with the first detailed analyses and studies not being published until the 1930s and 1940s. 1793:

Under Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian army campaigned further away from the Assyrian heartland than ever before. Though Ashurbanipal, contrary to the image presented in some of his reliefs and sharply contrasting with his predecessors, probably only rarely (if at all) participated in the military

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Like the onset of a terrible hurricane I overwhelmed Elam in its entirety. I cut off the head of Teumann, their king, – the haughty one, who plotted evil. Countless of his warriors I slew. Alive, with my hands, I seized his fighters. With their corpses I filled the plain about Susa as with

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Supposedly spoils brought back from the Arabian campaigns were so extensive that they caused inflation in the Assyrian Empire and famine in Arabia. Despite this, and despite being impressive in the sense that no previous Assyrian ruler had campaigned against the Arabs with the same vigor,

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as stockier, Urartians with larger noses, and Arabs with long straight hair (in contrast to the curly hair of the Assyrians). Inscriptions and annals from Ashurbanipal's time however offer no evidence that foreigners were seen as racially or ethnically different in terms of biology or

696:, who was unrelated to the previous monarch and had to stabilize his rule by killing his political rivals. Three of Urtak's sons, chief rival claimants to the Elamite throne, escaped to Assyria and were harbored by Ashurbanipal, despite Teumman demanding them to be returned to Elam. 648:

and invaded Egypt, swiftly gained control of Thebes, and marched on Memphis. Ashurbanipal once again sent the Assyrian army. By Ashurbanipal's account, Tantamani fled south as soon as the Assyrian army entered Egypt. In retaliation for the repeated rebellion, the Assyrians heavily

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Inscriptions by Ashur-etil-ilani suggest that his father died a natural death, but do not shed light on when or how this happened. Though his final year is often erroneously given as 627 or even 626, this follows an estimate from an inscription written nearly a century later at

900:

Although Esarhaddon's inscriptions suggest that Shamash-shum-ukin should have been granted the entirety of Babylonia to rule, contemporary records only definitely prove that Shamash-shum-ukin held Babylon itself and its vicinity. The governors of some Babylonian cities, such as

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Assyrian art that depicts non-Assyrian foreigners as physically different (not only in their equipment and outfits but also in their features) from Assyrians. Possibly influenced by Egyptian art, which did depict foreigners differently, Ashurbanipal's reliefs show Elamites and

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I, Ashurbanipal, the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, king of the four regions of the world, son of Esarhaddon, king of the universe, king of Assyria, grandson of Sennacherib, king of the universe, king of Assyria, eternal seed of royalty

2427:, involved in Middle Eastern oil since the early 20th century. The opening of the exhibition in November 2018 was met with protests, with protesters chanting slogans relating to BP's exploitation of Iraqi natural resources and pretending to sip oil-contaminated champagne. 518:

the administration of the empire fell upon Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin. Letters between the two heirs from this time show that Ashurbanipal managed the empire's intelligence network, gathering strategic information from abroad and compiling reports for his father.

2419:(8 November 2018 – 21 February 2019). The exhibition was well received, particularly due to its use of inventive technology, such as using lights to illustrate how many of Ashurbanipal's reliefs would have been painted in his lifetime, and its acknowledgement of the 317:. The two brothers jointly acceded to their respective thrones after Esarhaddon's death in 669, though Shamash-shum-ukin was relegated to being Ashurbanipal's closely monitored vassal. Much of the early years of Ashurbanipal's reign was spent fighting rebellions in 857:, is generally held to have been killed in the fighting. This attack is poorly documented and it is possible that Phraortes was not present at all and his unfortunate death instead belongs to a Median campaign during the reign of one of Ashurbanipal's successors. 526:

wrote the Zakutu Treaty, which bound the royal family, aristocracy, and all Assyria to swear loyalty to Ashubanipal. There however appears to have been no strong opposition to Ashurbanipal's rise to power. Shamash-shum-ukin was somewhat belatedly crowned king of

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The library was long remembered in Mesopotamia. As late as in the first century AD, scribes in Babylonia still referred to the long-lost library in some of their texts and letters. Most of the traditional Mesopotamian stories and tales known today, such as the

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tribe) in Babylonia, rebelled after he had been implicated as supporting the Elamite invasion and was forced to relinquish some of his authority. Little is known of this revolt, but there is a letter preserved in which Ashurbanipal orders the governor of Uruk,

2219:(1962), both heavily influenced by Byron's play. Both follow Sardanapalus's relationship with Myrrah. In Amadio's film, the narrative is also inspired by Ashurbanipal's conflict with Shamash-shum-ukin, who appears in the film under the shortened name Shamash. 521:

Ashurbanipal became king of Assyria in late 669 following Esarhaddon's death, having been crown prince for only three years. He mounted to what may have been the most powerful throne on Earth, but his sovereignty may not have been not secure. His grandmother

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is regarded to have been by far the most extensive library in ancient Assyria and the first systematically organized library in the world. In total it encompassed perhaps more than 100,000 texts and it was not surpassed in size until the creation of the

1777: 535:, stolen from Babylon by Sennacherib twenty years before. Shamash-shum-ukin would rule Babylon for sixteen years, apparently without open conflict with his younger brother, but there would be repeated disagreements on the extent of his independence. 2149:

The Greek account of ancient Assyria transformed historical perception of the ancient empire and set the image of it in Western Europe for centuries. Since concrete evidence of Assyria and Babylonia was lacking, authors and artists during the

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as king at Hidalu. This intervention into the Elamite succession weakened both Elamite opposition towards Assyria and Elamite royal authority. In his inscriptions, Ashurbanipal described his victory at Ulai with the following account:

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wherein Sardanapalus was portrayed as a woman-like and sex-eager king. In the opera, Sardanapalus after watching Nineveh crumble decides to light fire to his palace so that the Assyrian Empire did not fall without a show. In 1821,

778:

being flooded and many of its inhabitants slaughtered. In Dananu's stead, Ashurbanipal appointed a noble called Rimutu as the new Gambulian chieftain after he had agreed to pay a considerable sum in tribute to the Assyrian king.

653:. The sacking was the most serious calamity ever to befall the ancient city, one of the major political and religious centers in Egypt. The city might have been razed to the ground but for the skillful diplomacy of its governor 470:

hypothesis is that Ashurbanipal's mother was Assyrian while Shamash-shum-ukin's was Babylonian, which might have disfavored him for the Assyrian throne. However, it is equally likely that the two heirs shared a mother, possibly

2053:

Tales of Ashurbanipal survived in the cultural memory of the Near East for centuries after the decline of Assyrian power in the region. He is almost certainly identifiable with the figure "Asnappar", mentioned in the Biblical

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as a hostage. Countries which had never previously had contact with the Assyrians, such as a kingdom ruled by a king called Ḫudimiri which "extended beyond Elam", also began paying tribute to the Assyrians for the first time.

430:). Though Ashurbanipal's inscriptions suggest that he was divinely preordained to rule, his accession was far from straightforward, and its political complexities sowed the seeds for later civil war. Ashurbanipal was probably 1127:. The detail and length of Ashurbanipal's inscriptions concerning the destructions suggest that the events were meant to shock the world, signalling the defeat and eradication of the Elamites as a distinct cultural entity. 1233:

Ashurbanipal's Arabian campaigns are sometimes assessed as a strategic blunder. The two wars were time-consuming, wasted valuable resources and failed to consolidate Assyrian rule over any of the lands they took place in.

581:, the first time Egypt had been under Assyrian rule. It was Esarhaddon's greatest triumph and brought the Assyrian Empire to its greatest extent. Assyrian control of Egypt was weak, however, as Taharqa retreated south to 888: 928:-language legends, Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin's sister Serua-eterat attempted to intervene and stop the two from fighting; after the war broke out the legends hold that she disappeared into self-imposed exile. 2184:

Even after archaeologists and historians began to uncover the true history of ancient Assyria in the 19th century, the perception rooted in Greco-Roman tradition proved to be enduring. When the British archaeologist

1790:, the founder of Ashurbanipal's dynasty, is for instance known for several times forgiving and sparing defeated enemies. Most kings only enacted brutal acts against enemy soldiers or elites, not against civilians. 2441: 332:

and literature, Ashurbanipal was deeply interested in the ancient literary culture of Mesopotamia. Over the course of his long reign, Ashurbanipal utilized the massive resources at his disposal to construct the

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campaign lapsed while Ashurbanipal was succeeding to his father's throne, and many of the Egyptian vassal rulers joined the revolt to expel the foreign conquerors. After they massacred the Assyrian garrison in

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Eckart Frahm believes the seeds of Assyria's fall were sown in Ashurbanipal's reign, in particular through the disconnect between the king and the traditional elite and through Ashurbanipal's sack of Babylon.

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length to revive some old Assyrian symbols (such as wearing a wrapped cloak in his depictions, absent in those of other Neo-Babylonian kings but present in Assyrian art) and attempted to link himself to the

1930:, only survived until the modern era because they were included in Ashurbanipal's library. The library covered the entire spectrum of Ashurbanipal's literary interests and also included folk tales (such as 11853: 692:, who had kept peaceful relations with Esarhaddon, launched a surprise attack against Babylonia. Urtak was successfully driven back into Elam, dying shortly thereafter. He was succeeded as Elamite king by 2270:

consider the preceding reign of Esarhaddon as such. Whether Ashurbanipal is to blame for the fall of the Assyrian Empire relatively quickly after his death is disputed. J. A. Delaunay, author of the

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According to the inscriptions of Ashurbanipal, Shamash-shum-ukin was very successful in finding allies. Ashurbanipal identified three groups who aided his brother: first and foremost there were the

337:, a collection of texts and documents of various different genres. Perhaps comprising over 100,000 texts at its height, the Library of Ashurbanipal was not surpassed until the construction of the 2286:

article on Ashurbanipal, holds that "It is no indictment of his rule that his empire fell within two decades after his death; this was due to external pressures rather than to internal strife".

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Dunanu, who had joined the Elamites in the war, was captured alongside his family and executed. The Gambulians were attacked by Ashurbanipal's army and brutally punished, with their capital of

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Scurlock, JoAnn (2013). "Images of Tammuz: The Intersection of Death, Divinity, and Royal Authority in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Hill, Jane A.; Jones, Philip & Morales, Antonio J. (eds.).

2118:; the king was stated to have lived among women, dressed like them, used a soft voice and engaged in other activities viewed as unnatural for Greek men. In Siculus's account, Sardanapalus's 466:(southern Mesopotamia), with the two to rule as "equal brothers". He entirely bypassed his third eldest son, Shamash-metu-uballit, older than Ashurbanipal, perhaps because of poor health. 736:, took place near Susa and was a decisive Assyrian victory, partly due to defections in the Elamite army. Teumann was killed in the battle, as was one of his vassals, Shutruk-Nahhunte of 5627:

Razmjou, Shahrokh (2018). "Propaganda and symbolism: Representations of the Elamites at the time of Ashurbanipal". In Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Pietro & Wicks, Yasmina (eds.).

1075:, had an extremely brief reign and was murdered after Ashurbanipal threatened to invade Elam again because of the kingdom's role in supporting Shamash-shum-ukin and his other enemies. 105: 657:. Tantamani was not pursued beyond the Egyptian border. Upon the return of the Assyrian army to Nineveh, spoils from Thebes were paraded through the streets and many treasures and 2205: 5221:

Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (2014). "Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography: An Introduction". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).

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is the creator of the heir", it was likely bestowed at this time, while his previous name is unknown. It was also perhaps around this time that Ashurbanipal married his future

2158:

based their interpretations of ancient Mesopotamia on classical Greco-Roman writings. In late 17th-century Italy, the composer Domenico Freschi wrote and performed the opera

1010:(killing a brother) was illegal and even if a soldier (and not Ashurbanipal) had carried it out, it would still constitute a murder of a member of the Assyrian royal family. 2003:, is the king killing lions, a propaganda image illustrating his glory and power, as well as his ability to safeguard the Assyrian people through slaying dangerous animals. 2415:

Ashurbanipal once more entered the global spotlight and garnered increased fame in 2018, when reliefs from his reign were exhibited at the British Museum in the exhibition

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in December 1853. Rassam's excavations were a somewhat strange episode in Assyriology as his efforts were also marked by an intense rivalry with the French archaeologist

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Ashurbanipal is recognized as one of the most brutal Assyrian kings; he was one of the few rulers to boast of his gory massacres of rebellious civilians. His extensive

1134:

Relief depicting the Assyrians destroying Hamanu in 646 BC; flames rise from the city as Assyrian soldiers topple it with pickaxes and crowbars and carry off the spoils

831:

his alliance with Ashurbanipal and allied with the increasingly independent Egypt instead. After this, Ashurbanipal cursed Gyges. When Lydia was overrun by its enemies

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of the universe, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad; grandson of Sennacherib, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, am I.

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more than it resembled the actual Ashurbanipal. Parhad defended the statue as representing Ashurbanipal, though explained that he had taken some artistic liberties.

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entry on Ashurbanipal, writes that the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Ashurbanipal had already begun "exhibiting clear symptoms of impending dislocation and fall", while

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five years after Ashurbanipal's death. Whether Ashurbanipal's policies led to the fall of the Assyrian Empire only two decades after his death is disputed in modern

2423:

history of the collection itself. There was however also substantial controversy associated with the exhibition due to its sponsorship by the oil and gas company

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Some of the Arab tribal leaders joined Shamash-shum-ukin in the Assyrian civil war. Among them were Abiyate, made king by Ashurbanipal's forces, and his brother

1197:

was granted kingship of the Qedarites. Ashurbanipal's account of this conflict is markedly different from the accounts of his other campaigns: the phrase "in my

10386: 5385: 1256:, is shrouded in mystery on account of a lack of available sources. Events in Ashurbanipal's reign after 649 are relatively poorly recorded since the secure 6833: 1217: 1193:, defeated the rebel forces. Ammuladdin was captured and sent in chains to Assyria but Yauta escaped. In the place of Yauta a loyal Arabian warlord called 633:, then escaped back to Nubia, and the Assyrian army re-occupied Memphis. Some conspirators who had remained at Memphis, including the local vassal ruler 5195: 1063:

The Elamite effort to support Shamash-shum-ukin in the civil war had largely come to an end with the early defeat of Ummanigash's army near the city of

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together and partook in a celebration in May 672 with foreign representatives, Assyrian nobles and military commanders. Since the name Ashurbanipal (

699:

Following the 665 victory over the Elamites, Ashurbanipal had to deal with a series of revolts within his own borders. Bel-iqisha, chieftain of the

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Stolper, Matthew W. & André-Salvini, Béatrice (1992). "The Written Record". In O. Harper, Prudence; Aruz, Joan & Tallon, Françoise (eds.).

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Bagg, Ariel (2016). "Where is the Public? A New Look at the Brutality Scenes in Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions and Art". In Battini, Laura (ed.).

2386:

magazine, about an "accursed jewel belonging to a king of long ago, whom the Grecians called Sardanapalus and the Semitic peoples Asshurbanipal". "

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on May 29, 1988, Parhad being of Assyrian descent. Some local Assyrians expressed fears that the statue resembled the legendary Mesopotamian hero

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north of Assyria, had invaded Assyria during the reign of Ashurbanipal's father. After Esarhaddon defeated them, the Cimmerians turned to attack

5726: 2232: 715: 6866: 5060:

Frahm, Eckart (2014). "Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and His Times". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).

11186: 10907: 10818: 10507: 10222: 10164: 10160: 8932: 1979: 709: 1185:, and plundered the western lands of the Assyrian Empire. According to Ashurbanipal's account, the Assyrian army, together with the army of 924:

Aspiring to become independent of Ashurbanipal and free Babylonia under his own rule, Shamash-shum-ukin revolted in 652. According to later

10464: 10460: 10168: 1182: 700: 637:, were taken back to Assyria, and after swearing new oaths of loyalty were unexpectedly allowed to return and resume their posts in Egypt. 622: 298:. Though sometimes regarded as the apogee of ancient Assyria, his reign also marked the last time Assyrian armies waged war throughout the 1157: 13873: 10911: 10718: 10289: 10252: 10218: 9793: 9789: 9122: 6861: 2494: 1241: 2343:

depicting Ashurbanipal pouring a white substance onto the heads of pigeon-like creatures with human faces. A statue of the king, called

13517: 10076: 9920: 9785: 9781: 9062: 8542: 7304: 7110: 6115: 1226: 775: 2101:, based on the civil war between Ashurbanipal ("Sarbanabal") and Shamash-shum-ukin ("Sarmuge"), are attested from the 3rd century BC. 539:

power in his own favor, perhaps fearing that true independence would give his older brother the means to threaten Ashubanipal's rule.

10804: 10800: 10714: 10511: 9268: 1194: 1169:

Ashurbanipal's first campaign against the Arabs was conducted some time before the war with Shamash-shum-ukin, primarily against the

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that the ancient kings of Elam had looted and carried away . I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa ; I smashed its shining copper horns.

10915: 10172: 8925: 6826: 6237: 4884: 2178: 1816:

brutal king in terms of the variety of different scenes depicted. He is one of only four Neo-Assyrian kings (alongside Esarhaddon,

737: 2525:, in succession to him (despite the two kings having different names). His name is also sometimes alternatively transliterated as 2075: 1207: 1174: 4363:

Commentaire littéral sur tous les livres de l'ancien et du nouveau testament by Antoine Augustin Calmet - Sur Le Livre De Judith

1824:) who in their inscriptions claimed to have killed civilians and the one with the most varied acts against them (including live 14079: 10318: 10072: 10052: 2345: 10025: 9734: 6095: 4934: 1866:

Ashurbanipal portrayed himself as powerful in both body and mind. Typically portraying himself as carrying both weapons and a

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of Ashurbanipal, the most complete chronicle of his reign, includes a description of the campaign of Egypt. Nineveh, 643 BCE.

14027: 13980: 13950: 5993: 5801: 5780: 5738: 5715: 5638: 5519: 5158: 5113: 5092: 4995: 4923: 4873: 4852: 4808: 4770: 4751: 2454: 88: 2357:. The statue cost $ 100,000 and was described as the "first sizable bronze statue of Ashurbanipal". It was presented to the 5147:

and Word Plays on Names in Akkadian Historical Writings". In Horowitz, Wayne; Gabbay, Uri & Vukosavović, Filip (eds.).

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Shamash-shum-ukin was executed, it would be logical for the Assyrian scribes to leave this out of historical records since

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Experiencing Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

2126:, saw him mingling with women in the palace and quickly revolted, assaulting Nineveh together with the Babylonian priest 51: 5351: 2248:

The North Palace of Nineveh, constructed by Ashurbanipal, was rediscovered by the British-funded Assyrian archaeologist

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The Assyrian court was thrown into upheaval upon the unexpected death of Sin-nadin-apli in 674. Esarhaddon's own father

12944: 10623: 7254: 6271: 6135: 5963: 5575: 5416: 5361: 5340: 5319: 5236: 5071: 5037: 5016: 4946: 4896: 4831: 4730: 4670: 4628: 1799: 1111:), had originally sided with the Elamites at the beginning of the campaign, and had thus been forced to supply his son 4247: 987: 787: 6871: 6266: 5942: 5822: 5759: 2327:

Ashurbanipal has been the subject of numerous pieces of artwork created in modern times. In 1958, surrealist painter

490: 11290: 7055: 321:, which had been conquered by his father. The most extensive campaigns of Ashurbanipal were those directed towards 4985: 4361: 12938: 5901: 5879: 1772: 1245:

Inscription by Ashurbanipal written at some point after 646, concerning the restoration of a temple dedicated to

728:. Though Teumman marched to meet the Assyrians, he soon changed his mind and fell back to the Elamite capital of 593: 849:

marched on Nineveh and managed to reach the city's walls. To counteract this threat, Ashurbanipal called on his

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for the people of their empires. The earliest known reference to Sardanapalus comes from the 5th-century BCE

1173:. Ashurbanipal's earliest account of his campaign against the Qedarites was created in 649 and describes how 575: 1090:

The Assyrians returned to Elam in 646 and Humban-haltash again abandoned Madaktu, fleeing first to the city

14109: 14064: 13664: 13473: 13449: 12849: 11829: 7077: 6230: 5276: 5105:

Man and Wound in the Ancient World: A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople

14104: 13086: 12125: 11924: 11471: 11465: 9712: 9068: 8046: 2317: 1938: 397: 392: 1130: 609:

On their way to Egypt, the Assyrian army collected tribute and military reinforcements from the various

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Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End

4618: 1392: 567: 553: 5529:

Parker, Bradley J. (2011). "The Construction and Performance of Kingship in the Neo-Assyrian Empire".

14074: 13850: 13458: 13344: 13326: 13176: 12838: 12702: 12403: 12218: 11115: 8908: 8851: 8698: 8475: 7797: 7290: 7273: 7096: 7045: 2258: 2215: 2138: 1999: 1985: 1046: 964: 741: 740:. In the aftermath of his victory, Ashurbanipal installed two of Urtak's sons as rulers, proclaiming 345: 112: 13836: 13481: 13478: 13401: 13371: 13314: 13300: 12706: 11690: 11428: 10845: 10629: 9472: 8844: 8830: 8644: 8176: 7769: 7323: 2457:; offspring of the loins of Esarhaddon, king of the universe, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, 2308: 2282: 2104:

The most elaborate and lengthy ancient text concerning Sardanapalus comes from the 1st-century BCE

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they returned home, prompting Humban-haltash to reemerge from the mountains and retake the throne.

313:. Perhaps in order to avoid future rivalry, Esarhaddon designated Shamash-shum-ukin as the heir to 11683: 2303: 14094: 14084: 13496: 13424: 13398: 13374: 13368: 13353: 13265: 13201: 13166: 13110: 13059: 12632: 11109: 10890: 10635: 9943: 9401: 8879: 8788: 8535: 8468: 7939: 7328: 7199: 6261: 6223: 5175: 2458: 2436: 2354: 2133: 1871: 1860: 1850: 1495: 1481: 1468: 804: 334: 78: 8154: 5330: 2272: 2097:, which includes a reference to the riches of Sardanapalus, king of Nineveh. Legendary tales in 1855: 14089: 13659: 13649: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13389: 13380: 13323: 13303: 13297: 13291: 13288: 13279: 13207: 13204: 13195: 13095: 13074: 12688: 12462: 12394: 12304: 12048: 12042: 11523: 10978: 10837: 10402: 10183: 9723: 9697: 9657: 9300: 9073: 8816: 8691: 8556: 8549: 8521: 7893: 7852: 7784: 6547: 6256: 3596: 2576: 2489: 531:

in the spring of the next year. His coronation was marked by Ashurbanipal's gift of the sacred

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Trolle Larsen, Mogens (2017). "The Archaeological Exploration of Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).

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Bedford, Peter R. (2009). "The Neo-Assyrian Empire". In Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (eds.).

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Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

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A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnick Westenholz

2560: 2358: 2106: 2089: 1876: 1034: 353: 338: 14017: 13869: 9682: 5729:. In Ming Kong, Mário S.; do Rosário Monteiro, Maria & Pereira Neto, Maria João (eds.). 5124: 4783:

A Better Place to Be: Republicanism as an Alternative to the Authoritism-Democracy Dichotomy

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Relief from Ashurbanipal's palace showing Assyrians fighting and pursuing Arabs on camelback

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I am Ashurbanipal, the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria,

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Relief depicting tongue removal and live flaying of Elamite chiefs after the Battle of Ulai

689: 443: 93: 12731: 2071: 1547: 1273: 979:, a governor of the far south in Babylonia whose repeated betrayals enraged Ashurbanipal. 951:

and the other peoples of Babylonia, then there were the Elamites, and lastly the kings of

8: 13775: 13630: 13335: 13285: 13210: 13160: 13113: 13098: 13077: 12776: 12762: 12650: 12583: 12406: 12297: 12239: 12003: 11676: 11516: 11235: 11040: 10857: 10670: 9986: 9197: 8717: 8570: 8454: 8063: 8028: 7969: 7802: 7710: 6938: 6842: 6755: 6698: 6532: 6282: 3128: 2474:

A longer variant is presented on one of Ashurbanipal's building inscriptions in Babylon:

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The end of Ashurbanipal's reign and the beginning of the reign of his son and successor,

283: 122: 2143: 1758:, there is "no evidence whatsoever that Nabonidus was related to the Sargonid Dynasty". 1305:(Ashur-etil-ilani's successor and another son of Ashurbanipal) both Psamtik and his son 1181:, king of the Qedarites, revolted against Ashurbanipal together with another Arab king, 621:. The expeditionary forces fought their way through Egypt, winning a decisive battle at 14001: 13815: 13692: 13253: 13192: 13186: 12714: 12678: 12591: 12572: 12468: 12465: 12418: 12384: 12381: 12336: 12027: 12012: 11997: 11673: 11670: 11661: 11420: 10595: 10323: 9596: 9449: 9366: 9169: 8514: 8495: 8430: 8325: 8296: 7916: 7898: 7822: 7750: 7725: 7700: 7040: 6892: 6715: 6683: 6678: 6603: 6527: 6522: 6507: 6037: 5934:

Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East

5853: 5694: 5673: 5665: 5598: 5587:"INSCRIPTION INÉDITE DU ROI ASSURBANIPAL: COPIÉE AU MUSÉE BRITANNIQUE LE 24 AVRIL 1886" 5554: 5546: 5464: 5296: 5263: 5169: 5081:

Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).

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Ashurbanipal has also made occasional appearances in popular culture in various media.

2328: 1994: 1974: 1932: 1795: 1378: 1079: 1021:

After Shamash-shum-ukin's defeat, Ashurbanipal appointed a new vassal king of Babylon,

991:

Relief depicting Ashurbanipal in a chariot, inspecting booty and prisoners from Babylon

329: 12471: 7934: 4958:"Ripping Open Pregnant Arabic Women: Reliefs in Room L of Ashurbanipal's North Palace" 4654:

Making Pictures of War: Realia et Imaginaria in the Iconology of the Ancient Near East

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In an inscription on a cylinder dated to 648, Ashurbanipal used the following titles:

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from 669 BC to his death in 631. He is generally remembered as the last great king of

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and the sides depict the two crown princes Ashurbanipal (on the side shown here) and

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Relief depicting Ashurbanipal's army attacking an Egyptian fortified city, possibly

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Portion of the "Garden Party" relief, depicting Ashurbanipal (right) and his queen

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On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches

4743:

The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome

1309:

rushed to Assyria's aid, with Egyptian armies fighting alongside the Assyrians.

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Novotny, Jamie (2018). "Ashurbanipal's campaigns". In Brereton, Gareth (ed.).

5494: 4697: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 2074:). Ashurbanipal has also been most commonly identified as the Assyrian king, " 1221:

Relief from Ashurbanipal's palace showing fighting between Assyrians and Arabs

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Herodotus and His World: Essays from a Conference in Memory of George Forrest

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in 669 BC, imploring the populace of Assyria to swear loyalty to Ashurbanipal

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Reade, J. E. (1998). "Assyrian eponyms, kings and pretenders, 648–605 BC".

5405:"The Last Campaign: the Assyrian Way of War and the Collapse of the Empire" 5183: 4662: 3463: 2601: 2253: 2055: 2034: 1532: 1439: 1349: 1261: 1203: 1068: 1030: 972: 458: 447: 368: 5259: 5212: 2199:. Two films based on the Sardanapalus legend have been produced in Italy; 1882: 1033:

a few years after Ashurbanipal's death, which led to the formation of the

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Relief from Ashurbanipal's palace depicting corpses floating down a river

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Reade, J. E. (2018). "Nineveh Rediscovered". In Brereton, Gareth (ed.).

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Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography

5125:"The Arab Campaigns of Aššurbanipal: Scribal Reconstruction of the Past" 5063:

Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography

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In 671 Ashurbanipal's father Esarhaddon conquered Egypt, defeating the

431: 420: 401: 372: 291: 237: 140: 11938: 5053:

Von Babylon bis Jerusalem: Die Welt der altorientalischen Königsstädte

4763:

The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium

4490: 290:. Ashurbanipal inherited the throne as the favored heir of his father 13796: 13739: 13596: 13566: 13560: 13551: 13536: 13530: 13512: 13487: 13365: 13347: 13134: 13131: 12991: 12918: 12904: 12875: 12863: 12785: 12756: 12496: 12490: 12255: 12185: 12142: 12139: 12088: 11871: 11788: 11774: 11771: 11727: 11721: 11703: 11625: 11616: 11586: 11583: 11574: 11556: 11553: 11391: 11388: 11252: 11248: 11224: 11172: 11159: 11129: 11024: 11020: 10898: 10758: 10495: 10490: 10486: 10455: 10372: 10349: 10313: 10198: 10121: 10044: 10036: 10003: 9900: 9884: 9856: 9819: 9688: 9646: 9463: 9342: 9228: 8781: 8753: 8584: 8408: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8246: 8169: 8082: 7529: 7511: 7506: 7450: 7440: 7415: 7209: 7133: 6948: 6765: 6447: 6432: 6393: 6387: 6371: 6313: 6308: 5849: 5008:

When the Last Lion Roars: The Rise and Fall of the King of the Beasts

4935:""David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies" 4918:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 805–806. 4181: 2564: 2403: 2399: 2366: 2114:. Siculus's portrayal of Sardanapalus was endowed with ancient Greek 2094: 1787: 1518: 1489: 1322: 1294: 1278: 1170: 1084: 1022: 854: 850: 641: 523: 510: 376: 328:

Ashurbanipal is chiefly remembered today for his cultural efforts. A

314: 5814:

The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre

5661: 5444: 4791: 4639: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 2949: 2874: 2465:

A similar titulature is used on one of Ashurbanipal's many tablets:

2445:

Detail of a stone monument depicting Ashurbanipal as a basket-bearer

1119:

On their way back from their campaign, the Assyrian forces brutally

1099:, possibly a predecessor of the empire that would be founded by the 509:

A copy of the Zakutu Treaty, drawn up by Ashurbanipal's grandmother

13746: 13572: 13533: 13527: 13404: 12985: 12982: 12927: 12924: 12866: 12797: 12747: 12710: 12563: 12105: 11964: 11946: 11929: 11867: 11794: 11768: 11715: 11697: 11607: 11482: 11373: 11364: 11352: 11320: 11284: 11260: 11210: 11178: 11154: 11126: 11096: 11084: 11077: 11063: 11057: 10992: 10902: 10884: 10796: 10774: 10770: 10655: 10581: 10410: 10364: 10341: 10336: 10267: 10262: 10231: 10048: 9972: 9968: 9961: 9839: 9760: 9605: 9437: 9427: 9422: 9413: 9349: 9332: 9103: 9050: 8837: 8343: 8331: 8106: 7642: 7553: 7539: 7501: 7430: 7282: 7088: 6417: 6323: 6215: 5445:"Chronology and History in the Late Assyrian Empire (631–619 B.C.)" 5404: 5292: 5196:"Die Söhne Kudurrus und die Herkunft der neubabylonischen Dynastie" 5048: 2568: 1735: 1726: 1707: 1306: 1124: 1103:

a century later. Parsua's king, Cyrus (possibly the same person as

1072: 948: 842: 841:

While the Assyrian forces were on campaign in Elam, an alliance of

816: 808: 704: 434:'s fourth eldest son, younger than Esarhaddon's first crown prince 349: 302:

and the beginning of the end of Assyrian dominion over the region.

273: 13975:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 12964: 2406:. Ashurbanipal was used as the ruler of the Assyrians in the game 1206:, a queen of the Arabs, and that Yauta fled to another chieftain, 853:

allies and successfully defeated the enemy army. The Median king,

661:

were refashioned to incorporate into for Ashurbanipal's projects.

13799: 13627: 13608: 13593: 13587: 13581: 12915: 12860: 12753: 12750: 12698: 12549: 12291: 12230: 12151: 12145: 11886: 11880: 11652: 11622: 11477: 11367: 11332: 11123: 11066: 10967: 10936: 10640: 10189: 10132: 10061: 9956: 9948: 9813: 9748: 9555: 9552: 9537: 9533: 9345: 9339: 9323: 9201: 8319: 7609: 7576: 6492: 6442: 4844:

A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century

4442: 4130: 4107: 3637: 3635: 2604:, who in the 610s BCE defeated and destroyed the Assyrian Empire. 2461:; grandson of Sennacherib, king of the universe, king of Assyria. 2195: 2127: 2123: 2098: 2020:, which means that this might only have been an artistic choice. 1946: 1825: 1104: 960: 944: 925: 792: 745: 693: 678: 658: 645: 634: 578: 528: 478: 287: 222: 11052: 8268: 5277:"Libbali-sharrat in the Garden: An Assyrian Queen Holding Court" 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 2898: 2862: 1926: 1067:. As a result of Ummanigash's defeat, he was deposed in Elam by 505: 379:

last king of Assyria whose vices led to the fall of his empire.

13590: 13584: 13542: 13453: 12921: 12872: 12447:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

12245: 12148: 12133: 12117: 11862: 11847: 11712: 11619: 11610: 11544: 11501: 11370: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11256: 11228: 11169: 11060: 10955: 10782: 10661: 10573: 10561: 10192: 10149: 10114: 10095: 10067: 9964: 9896: 9834: 9777: 9729: 9638: 9609: 9565: 9562: 9512: 9442: 9360: 9313: 9263: 9238: 9233: 9212: 9029: 9003: 8978: 7581: 7425: 6437: 6422: 6365: 6318: 5246:

Kertai, David (2013). "The Queens of the Neo-Assyrian Empire".

4334:"Introduction to the Book of Judith by Rev. George Leo Haydock" 3664: 2190: 2119: 2012: 1867: 1807: 1314: 1112: 1096: 1056: 952: 902: 618: 610: 11047: 10599: 10271: 9869: 9864: 9692: 9677: 5616:

ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad

5568:

Nameless Cults: The Cthulhu Mythos Fiction of Robert E. Howard

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or Ashurbanipal who is the "king of Assyria" mentioned in the

1692:

Three of Ashurbanipal's children are known by name, all sons:

13790: 13772: 12287: 11893: 11874: 10940: 10851: 10822: 10749: 10481: 10145: 10032: 9951: 9879: 9756: 9752: 9634: 9572: 9568: 9529: 9316: 9258: 9253: 9243: 9216: 8998: 8658: 4567: 4565: 4406: 3794: 3277: 1965:

since their discovery and continue to this day, as of 2024.

1920: 1803: 1055:

Relief depicting the Assyrians besieging the Elamite city of

997: 846: 812: 582: 11164: 10126: 3813: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2559:

Only six Assyrian kings ruled longer than Ashurbanipal: the

12744: 12508: 12435: 12279: 12035: 11146: 11001: 10923: 10764: 10692: 10521: 10407: 10238: 10213: 10101: 10082: 9851: 9809: 9764: 9704: 9642: 9589: 9558: 9487: 9387: 9329: 9326: 9273: 9117: 9109: 9079: 9039: 9023: 9013: 8983: 6096:"Stories of an Assyrian King and What Became of His Empire" 5353:

The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule

5153:. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 5049:"Kabale und Liebe: Die königliche Familie am Hof zu Ninive" 4939:

David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts

4478: 4264: 3737: 3735: 3722: 3720: 3577: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3289: 3260: 3233: 1719: 1700: 1678: 1246: 1190: 906: 767: 729: 685: 322: 6005:"My Brother's Keeper: Assurbanipal versus Šamaš-šuma-ukīn" 5865:

Svärd, Saana (2015). "Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship".

4589: 4577: 4562: 4035: 4023: 3975: 3936: 3864: 3852: 3511: 3168: 2262:, which were taken from the palace and transported to the 1749:

counted from the king's first full year). British scholar

1017:

Relief depicting Babylonian prisoners under Assyrian guard

309:

673. The selection of Ashurbanipal bypassed the elder son

10741: 6074: 4496: 4059: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3408: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3109: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3063: 3061: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2645: 1961:

in 1853. The library tablets have been on display in the

13910:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 5029:

The Cyrus Cylinder: The Great Persian Edict from Babylon

4916:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II: Anāmaka–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ

4514: 4418: 4394: 4382: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4157: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3732: 3717: 3688: 3676: 3567: 3565: 3444: 3156: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2915: 2913: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2735: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2600:

Nabu-usabsi was the uncle of the later Babylonian rebel

2177:, which pairs Sardanapalus with the legendary character 782: 10378: 9034: 5648:

Reade, J. E. (1970). "The Accession of Sinsharishkun".

4276: 4083: 4071: 4047: 3953: 3951: 3825: 3767: 3765: 3752: 3750: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3384: 3099: 3097: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2690: 2688: 2424: 910: 13889:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

4865:

Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam

4723:

The Story of the World: From Prehistory to the Present

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Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

5708:

I am Ashurbanipal, king of the World, king of Assyria

5512:

I am Ashurbanipal, king of the World, king of Assyria

4801:

I am Ashurbanipal, king of the World, king of Assyria

4466: 4454: 4430: 4223: 3924: 3912: 3888: 3842: 3840: 3777: 3608: 3501: 3499: 2988: 2910: 2814: 2778: 2759: 2725: 2723: 2662: 363:

A distorted legend of Ashurbanipal was remembered in

10478:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

6116:"Statue of Assyrian king in skirt stirs controversy" 6055: 5985:

A History of Ethiopia: Volume I: Nubia and Abyssinia

5810: 5612:"The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC" 4526: 4124: 3987: 3963: 3948: 3900: 3762: 3747: 3626: 3542: 3372: 3192: 3094: 3034: 2826: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2685: 8947: 4142: 4095: 4011: 3523: 3420: 3396: 3360: 3345: 3322: 3310: 3216: 3204: 3046: 3022: 2973: 2886: 878: 791:Assyrian spearmen depicted in a palace relief from 477:The two princes arrived at the Assyrian capital of 10281:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 5775:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4822:Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology 4819: 4538: 3837: 3496: 3484: 2925: 2298: 1886:Cuneiform tablets from the Library of Ashurbanipal 1773:Neo-Assyrian Empire § Reputation of brutality 6136:"Knowing history: Behind Civ 5's Brave New World" 5916:"Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace" 5903:Women and their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire 5492: 5377:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, vol. II 5174:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4990:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature Press. 4799:Brereton, Gareth (2018). Brereton, Gareth (ed.). 4623:. The Hague: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 4550: 4136: 2955: 2904: 2880: 2868: 2700: 920:Confirmation of a land grant by Shamash-shum-ukin 294:; his 38-year reign was among the longest of any 282:is the creator of the heir") was the king of the 14056: 6841: 5838:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 5220: 4620:Southern Mesopotamia in the time of Ashurbanipal 4376: 2380:, first published in the December 1936 issue of 2227: 1288:), who peacefully restored Egyptian independence 883: 732:. The final battle in the war with Teumman, the 590:, Ashurbanipal sent an army against the rebels. 400:, Ashurbanipal's father. The front side depicts 5751:Sennacherib's "Palace Without Rival" at Nineveh 5200:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 4826:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4818:Carter, Elizabeth; Stolper, Matthew W. (1984). 4644:Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 3605:, Background of the great battle and aftermath. 2189:found evidence of a major fire in the ruins of 1299:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 387: 5972: 5495:"Family Ties: Assurbanipal's Family Revisited" 5426:Melville, Sarah C. (2012). "Zakutu (Naqi'a)". 4682:"Race and Ethnicity in Mesopotamian Antiquity" 4640:"Thoughts on some images of King Ashurbanipal" 4217: 4175: 3807: 1669:Ashurbanipal was already married to his queen 8933: 7298: 7104: 6827: 6231: 5951: 5493:Novotny, Jamie; Singletary, Jennifer (2009). 4862:Cline, Eric H. & Graham, Mark W. (2011). 4817: 4448: 4348:"Douay-Rheims Bible Book of Judith Chapter 1" 3641: 3590: 3271: 3242: 3186: 838:652–650 there was much rejoicing in Assyria. 724:first advanced south and secured the city of 677:, between the Assyrians and the Elamite king 500: 13924:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 13898: 11402:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 9995:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 8270:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224) 5981: 5817:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 5754:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 4320:"King Manasseh: An Archaeological Biography" 3174: 1236: 982: 664: 13934: 13151:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5796:(2nd ed.). New York: MacMillan Press. 5442: 4861: 4847:. Oakland: University of California Press. 3981: 3942: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3517: 2741: 2656: 2495:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 382: 8940: 8926: 7305: 7291: 7111: 7097: 6834: 6820: 6238: 6224: 5622:. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: 165–183. 5383: 4595: 4583: 4571: 3414: 3283: 2513:He is sometimes erroneously enumerated as 1844: 419:685 BC, Ashurbanipal succeeded his father 104: 13851:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 10447:"King of the four quarters of the world" 6114:Fernandez, Elizabeth (31 December 1987). 6113: 6031: 5877: 5831: 5349: 5211: 4868:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4508: 3831: 3819: 2639: 2538:His name was sometimes transliterated as 640:After Taharqa's death in 664, his nephew 305:Esarhaddon selected Ashurbanipal as heir 14022:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 5977:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. 5768: 5425: 5402: 5390:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5328: 5142: 4955: 4905: 4840: 4798: 4746:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 4720: 4484: 4163: 3478: 3390: 3304: 3254: 3067: 3040: 3016: 2856: 2796: 2772: 2753: 2679: 2620:were probably varieties of thorny shrub. 2440: 2353:in 1988 and placed on a street near the 2302: 2236:Ashurbanipal's reliefs exhibited at the 2231: 2132: 2038: 1978: 1881: 1854: 1776: 1656: 1321:, the mother of the Neo-Babylonian king 1272: 1240: 1216: 1156: 1129: 1050: 1012: 986: 915: 887: 786: 714: 668: 592: 557: 504: 457:had bypassed Esarhaddon's elder brother 391: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13867: 6012:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 5747: 5626: 5584: 5509: 5411:. New York: New York University Press. 5143:Hurowitz, Victor Avigdor (2010). "Name 5122: 5101: 4779: 4760: 4679: 4637: 4306: 4282: 4187: 4089: 4041: 3741: 3726: 3711: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3614: 3602: 3438: 3150: 3088: 2970:, Ashurbanipal and the fall of Nineveh. 2808: 2784: 1936:, a predecessor of one of the tales in 52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 14057: 13732: 12962: 12760: 10540: 10531:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 10435: 9359: 7351: 5930: 5789: 5609: 5528: 5311:Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City 5274: 5245: 5025: 4882: 4294: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4029: 4005: 3930: 3918: 3894: 3788: 3115: 2999: 2919: 2820: 2694: 2028: 1343: 1040: 1003:setting himself and his family on fire 14012: 13857: 13824: 13819: 13810: 13762: 13701: 13696: 13687: 13682: 13673: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13639: 13505: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13457: 13448: 13438: 13433: 13422: 13413: 13307: 13042: 12949: 12847: 12837: 12723: 12571: 12480: 12302: 12295: 12253: 12177: 12155: 12123: 12109: 12078: 12062: 11936: 11908: 11884: 11839: 11800: 11745: 11681: 11514: 11499: 11476: 11463: 11426: 11276: 11233: 11107: 11083: 11075: 11038: 10976: 10965: 10935: 10919: 10888: 10855: 10835: 10813: 10780: 10689: 10621: 10609: 10568: 10480: 10472: 10400: 10181: 9935: 9928: 9890: 9817: 9799: 9768: 9721: 9687: 9672: 9664: 9651: 9632: 9620: 9603: 9587: 9550: 9503: 9477: 9399: 9364: 9292: 9116: 9085: 9078: 9067: 9048: 8921: 8267: 7286: 7092: 6880: 6815: 6219: 6133: 5913: 5899: 5864: 5705: 5684: 5647: 5565: 5475: 5371:Lloyd, Alan B. (2001). "Necho I". In 5370: 5307: 5193: 5167: 5080: 5059: 5046: 5004: 4980: 4739: 4616: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4472: 4460: 4436: 4270: 4234: 4065: 3993: 3969: 3957: 3906: 3846: 3771: 3756: 3571: 3457: 3426: 3402: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3316: 3227: 3210: 3198: 3162: 3103: 3052: 3028: 2982: 2967: 2943: 2892: 2837: 2729: 2455:king of the four regions of the world 2171:launched the historical tragedy play 783:Diplomacy and incursions into Assyria 673:Set of reliefs depicting the 653 BCE 547: 542: 89:King of the Four Corners of the World 13989: 13965: 7312: 7118: 6245: 6093: 6002: 5731:Intelligence, Creativity and Fantasy 5724: 5409:Warfare and Culture in World History 4932: 4780:Binetti, Christopher Ronald (2016). 4650: 4556: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4151: 4101: 4077: 4053: 4017: 3536: 3505: 3490: 3339: 2931: 2517:, out of confusion with the earlier 2222: 1839: 1152: 967:, sent an army under the command of 867:652, Gyges was succeeded by his son 6267:Legendary kings and early governors 5531:Journal of Anthropological Research 5428:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 5281:Source: Notes in the History of Art 5032:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 4891:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4765:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4205:The Library: An Illustrated History 4193: 1942:), handbooks and scientific texts. 24: 13945:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 13864:Chronology of the Neolithic period 13516: 13146: 12963: 12945:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 12730: 12621: 11937: 11909: 11852: 11682: 11289: 10943: 9304: 8634: 7567: 6094:Bond, Sarah E. (5 December 2018). 5975:A History of the Ancient Near East 5958:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 5867:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 5132:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 5108:. Washington D.C.: Potomac Books. 5087:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 4786:(Thesis). University of Maryland. 2394:, mentions Ashurbanipal alongside 1800:Ashur-etel-shame-erseti-muballissu 1095:instead. Among these kingdoms was 367:literary tradition under the name 348:is regarded by some scholars as a 25: 14121: 13521:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 11857:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 9668:("made the land of Elam submit") 8295: 8042: 5909:(Thesis). University of Helsinki. 5384:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). 4885:"The Hanging Gardens of Babylon?" 770:; its water I dyed red like wool. 766:. Their blood I let run down the 450:, and several younger brothers. 54: instead of cuneiform script. 14006: 13959: 13942:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 13928: 13914: 13892: 13883: 13868: 13858: 11163: 11051: 11046: 10874: 10603: 10598: 10429: 10275: 10270: 10125: 10024: 9955: 9868: 9863: 9733: 9696: 9691: 9681: 9676: 9471: 9121: 9108: 9096: 9061: 8904: 8903: 8212: 7269: 7268: 7056:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 5931:Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). 5878:Tallqvist, Knut Leonard (1914). 5834:"Psammetichus, King of Egypt: I" 4354: 4340: 4326: 4312: 4240: 3627:Stolper & André-Salvini 1992 3129:"Rassam cylinder British Museum" 1912:(the Babylonian creation myth), 879:Civil war with Shamash-shum-ukin 474:(Esarhaddon's primary consort). 32: 12939:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 6076:"Assurbanipal Abluting Harpies" 5710:. London: Thames & Hudson. 5514:. London: Thames & Hudson. 4803:. London: Thames & Hudson. 4725:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. 4207:. Chicago: Skyhorse Publishing. 3121: 2607: 2594: 2553: 2532: 2507: 2299:Ashurbanipal in popular culture 1740:), who played no political role 1721: 1702: 1680: 1327: 1283: 446:. He also had an older sister, 425: 265: 110:Ashurbanipal, closeup from the 13874:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 13012:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 12559:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 12483:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 11045:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 5748:Russell, John Malcolm (1991). 5725:Rosa, Maria de Fátima (2019). 13: 1: 14080:7th-century BC Assyrian kings 13844:Muslim conquest of the Levant 13090:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 13033:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 13018:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 12856:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 12726:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 12527:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 12226:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 6553: 6288: 6172: 5982:Wallis Budge, E. A. (2014) . 5973:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2016). 5920:Studia Orientalia Electronica 5499:Studia Orientalia Electronica 4497:Assurbanipal Abluting Harpies 4137:Novotny & Singletary 2009 2956:Novotny & Singletary 2009 2905:Novotny & Singletary 2009 2881:Novotny & Singletary 2009 2869:Novotny & Singletary 2009 2627: 2376:wrote a short story entitled 2333:Assurbanipal Abluting Harpies 2228:Rediscoveries and assessments 1983:Ashurbanipal depicted in the 1945:The library was excavated in 1731:), who ruled as king 627–612, 1712:), who ruled as king 631–627, 884:Rising tensions and rebellion 861: 832: 824: 416: 306: 176: 164: 12393:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 9127:(Uruk influence or control) 6134:Pitts, Russ (27 June 2013). 6080:The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 5650:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5543:10.3998/jar.0521004.0067.303 5461:10.1515/zava.1991.81.1-2.243 5449:Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 5356:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 5248:Altorientalische Forschungen 5102:Gabriel, Richard A. (2012). 4941:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 4377:Kalimi & Richardson 2014 2546: 2540: 2291:tactics as his predecessors. 1766: 1761: 1736: 1727: 1708: 388:Becoming the heir to Assyria 274: 7: 13087:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 12126:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11925:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11472:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11466:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10726:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 9713:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 9114:(Anonymous "King-priests") 9069:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 5832:Spalinger, Anthony (1976). 5430:. London: Wiley-Blackwell. 5403:Melville, Sarah C. (2011). 5379:. Oxford: University Press. 2483: 2206:Sardanapalo re dell'Assiria 1939:One Thousand and One Nights 1802:, as priests in the cities 398:victory stele of Esarhaddon 10: 14126: 13879: 13714:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 13141: 13024:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 12908: 12882: 12834:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 12180:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 11945:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 11842:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 11804:Second Intermediate Period 10614:(vassal of the Akkadians) 10002: 9147:Early or legendary kings: 5793:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam 5407:. In Lee, Wayne E. (ed.). 5308:Leick, Gwendolyn (2002) . 4987:Sargon II, King of Assyria 4883:Dalley, Stephanie (2003). 4740:Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). 4604: 3481:, Meltdown in Mesopotamia. 2434: 2349:, was created by sculptor 2240:as part of the exhibition 2032: 1972: 1968: 1848: 1770: 1720: 1701: 1679: 1393:Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua 1044: 568:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 554:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 551: 501:Crown prince and accession 264: 13848: 13841: 13834: 13805: 13755: 13752: 13711: 13670: 13636: 13617: 13459:Parthamaspates of Parthia 13445: 13410: 13269: 13237: 13030: 13009: 12936: 12933: 12839:Assyrian conquest of Elam 12832: 12720: 12686: 12620: 12581: 12445: 12434: 12391: 12219:Third Intermediate Period 12034: 11905: 11749:Second Babylonian dynasty 11694:("Old Babylonian Period") 11460: 11412: 11176: 11144: 11116:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 11088: 11072: 11019: 11016: 10999: 10921: 10906: 10865: 10832: 10778: 10762: 10736: 10728: 10699: 10624:First Intermediate Period 10618: 10594: 10550: 10535: 10519: 10494: 10485: 10459: 10454: 10266: 10245: 10226: 10217: 10178: 10153: 10136: 10112: 10099: 10094: 10080: 10065: 10056: 10008: 9984: 9909: 9849: 9832: 9797: 9776: 9770:Early Dynastic Period III 9718: 9702: 9630: 9628: 9617: 9544: 9495: 9485: 9396: 9373: 9289: 9220: 9151: 9134: 9131: 9072: 9045: 8972: 8956: 8901: 8619: 8485: 8476:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 8444: 8429: 8280: 8276: 8263: 8197: 8027: 7925: 7907: 7879: 7851: 7783: 7768: 7552: 7474: 7406: 7391: 7342: 7338: 7318: 7266: 7234: 7192: 7126: 7073: 7046:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 7036: 7029: 7009: 7002: 6857: 6850: 6697: 6546: 6281: 6251: 6204: 6195: 6187: 6157: 5887:. Leipzig: August Pries. 5566:Price, Robert M. (2001). 5480:. Greenhaven Publishing. 5329:Lipiński, Edward (2006). 4933:Dick, Michael B. (2004). 4841:Chaliand, Gérard (2014). 4698:10.1080/00438240500509843 4638:Albenda, Pauline (2014). 4617:Ahmed, Sami Said (2018). 3642:Carter & Stolper 1984 3591:Carter & Stolper 1984 3272:Carter & Stolper 1984 3243:Carter & Stolper 1984 3187:Carter & Stolper 1984 2430: 2378:The Fire of Asshurbanipal 2259:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 2216:Le sette folgori di Assur 2139:The Death of Sardanapalus 2023: 2000:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 1986:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 1237:Late reign and succession 1047:Assyrian conquest of Elam 1037:and the fall of Assyria. 983:Fall of Shamash-shum-ukin 892:Stone monument depicting 665:Initial Elamite conflicts 613:vassal states, including 243: 233: 221: 211: 193: 183: 171: 160: 156: 146: 136: 128: 120: 113:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 103: 68: 63: 18:Campaigns of Ashurbanipal 13837:Muslim conquest of Egypt 13301:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 13132:Cleopatra VII Philopator 12629:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 11691:First Babylonian dynasty 11429:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 10933:(vassal of the Gutians) 10630:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 9622:Early Dynastic Period II 7770:Middle Babylonian period 7324:List of kings of Babylon 6061:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5687:Orientalia (NOVA Series) 5350:Lipschits, Oled (2005). 5168:Johns, C. H. W. (1913). 5123:Gerardi, Pamela (1992). 5055:. Reiss-Museum Mannheim. 4956:Dubovský, Peter (2009). 4906:Delaunay, J. A. (1987). 4721:Bartlett, W. B. (2015). 4680:Bahrani, Zainab (2006). 4415:, pp. 328, 331–332. 4125:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3673:, pp. 67–74, 89–94. 2500: 2283:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1510:(r. 705-681 BC), m. (1) 1493:(r. 722-705 BC), m. (1) 1269:me, and bears me down... 617:and various rulers from 383:Background and accession 13922:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 13665:Province of Mesopotamia 13474:Province of Mesopotamia 13450:Province of Mesopotamia 13425:Roman conquest of Egypt 13266:Antigonus II Mattathias 13060:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 12633:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 11110:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 10636:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 9944:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 9479:Early Dynastic Period I 9402:Second Dynasty of Egypt 7940:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 6024:10.1515/janeh-2018-2001 5937:. New York: Continuum. 5881:Assyrian Personal Names 5570:. Ann Arbor: Chaosium. 5443:Na'aman, Nadav (1991). 5194:Jursa, Michael (2007). 5026:Finkel, Irving (2013). 4203:Murray, Stuart (2009). 2742:Cline & Graham 2011 2459:king of Sumer and Akkad 2437:Akkadian royal titulary 2355:San Francisco City Hall 1872:Library of Ashurbanipal 1861:Library of Ashurbanipal 1851:Library of Ashurbanipal 1845:Library of Ashurbanipal 807:living in the southern 438:and the other two sons 408:(on the opposite side) 335:Library of Ashurbanipal 79:King of Sumer and Akkad 13522: 13304:Philip II Philoromaeus 13298:Antiochus XII Dionysus 13292:Demetrius III Eucaerus 13289:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 13280:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 13152: 13120:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 13075:Arsinoe III Philopator 12968: 12736: 12626: 12463:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 12395:Second Dynasty of Isin 11942: 11915: 11858: 11687: 11570:(Non-dynastic usurpers 11294: 10979:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 10948: 10838:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 10403:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 10184:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 10011:Second kingdom of Mari 9724:Third Dynasty of Egypt 9658:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 9310: 9301:First Dynasty of Egypt 8557:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 8550:Seleucus IV Philopator 8522:Seleucus II Callinicus 7894:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 6548:Middle Assyrian Empire 6257:List of Assyrian kings 5955:A Companion to Assyria 5790:Simons, Geoff (1996). 5610:Radner, Karen (2003). 5335:. Peeters Publishers. 5275:Kertai, David (2020). 5084:A Companion to Assyria 5047:Frahm, Eckart (1999). 5011:. London: Bloomsbury. 4663:10.2307/j.ctvxrq18w.12 2575:(54/44 years) and the 2490:List of Assyrian kings 2481: 2472: 2463: 2446: 2324: 2245: 2146: 2050: 1990: 1933:The Poor Man of Nippur 1897: 1887: 1863: 1859:Reconstruction of the 1782: 1666: 1289: 1271: 1249: 1222: 1162: 1146: 1135: 1060: 1018: 992: 941: 921: 897: 796: 772: 720: 681: 606: 571: 514: 412: 40:This article contains 14100:Kings of the Universe 13908:The Ancient Near East 13826:Byzantine Mesopotamia 13740:Province of Asoristan 13703:Byzantine Mesopotamia 13520: 13513:Province of Asoristan 13295:Philip I Philadelphus 13283:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 13277:Antiochus VIII Grypus 13274:Seleucus V Philometor 13229:Antiochus VII Sidetes 13223:Antiochus VI Dionysus 13150: 13123:Berenice IV Epiphanea 13084:Ptolemy VI Philometor 13072:Ptolemy IV Philopator 13069:Berenice II Euergetis 13066:Ptolemy III Euergetes 12967: 12885:Neo-Babylonian Empire 12795:Marduk-apla-iddina II 12792:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 12783:Marduk-apla-iddina II 12734: 12689:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 12625: 12346:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 12036:Middle Elamite period 11941: 11913: 11856: 11686: 11293: 10947: 10702:Third kingdom of Mari 10423:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 9498:First kingdom of Mari 9308: 9295:Early Dynastic Period 9137:Proto-Dynastic period 8666:Antiochus VII Sidetes 8529:Seleucus III Ceraunus 8462:Philip III Arrhidaeus 8199:Neo-Babylonian Empire 8101:Marduk-apla-iddina II 8096:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 8077:Marduk-apla-iddina II 7393:Old Babylonian Empire 6619:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 5988:. Oxford: Routledge. 5914:Teppo, Saana (2007). 5900:Teppo, Saana (2005). 5733:. London: CRC Press. 5633:. Oxford: Routledge. 5260:10.1524/aof.2013.0006 5213:10.3917/assy.101.0125 4366:. Pierre Emery. 1712. 4252:www.britishmuseum.org 2476: 2467: 2451: 2444: 2359:City of San Francisco 2312:, a bronze statue by 2306: 2273:Encyclopaedia Iranica 2235: 2136: 2107:Bibliotheca historica 2062:). It is also either 2044:Dream of Sardanapalus 2042: 1982: 1889: 1885: 1877:Library of Alexandria 1858: 1780: 1734:Ninurta-sharru-usur ( 1660: 1276: 1266: 1244: 1220: 1160: 1137: 1133: 1107:, the grandfather of 1078:In Indabibi's stead, 1054: 1035:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1016: 990: 936: 919: 891: 790: 755: 718: 672: 596: 561: 508: 462:Shamash-shum-ukin as 395: 354:Neo-Babylonian Empire 339:Library of Alexandria 261:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian 13271:Alexander II Zabinas 13135:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 13111:Ptolemy XI Alexander 13093:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 12648:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 12636:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 12460:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 12401:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 12025:Marduk-apla-iddina I 11919:New Kingdom of Egypt 11742:Early Kassite rulers 11036:(Vassals of Ur III) 11017:(Vassals of UR III) 10417:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 10387:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 9938:Old Kingdom of Egypt 8606:Demetrius II Nicator 7965:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 7945:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 7889:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 7793:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 7746:Marduk-apla-iddina I 7226:Ana-Tashmetum-taklak 7017:State communications 6003:Zaia, Shana (2019). 5585:Quentin, A. (1895). 5478:Babylonian Mythology 5005:Evans, Sara (2018). 4190:, Assyrian Medicine. 2392:They Might Be Giants 2068:Book of 2 Chronicles 1893:king of the universe 1573:(r. 669-631 BC), m. 1545:(r. 681-669 BC), m. 1537:Ashur-shumu-ushabshi 1529:Ashur-ili-muballissu 1479:(r. 727-722 BC), m. 1466:(r. 745-727 BC), m. 1437:(r. 783-773 BC), m. 1416:(r. 824-811 BC), m. 1390:(r. 883-859 BC), m. 805:Indo-European people 444:Shamash-metu-uballit 94:King of the Universe 14110:Patrons of the arts 14065:Neo-Assyrian Empire 13776:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 13286:Antiochus X Eusebes 13114:Ptolemy XII Auletes 13105:Ptolemy X Alexander 13099:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 13078:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 12763:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12651:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 12584:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12407:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 12298:Syro-Hittite states 12004:Shagarakti-Shuriash 11677:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 10671:Neferkare Pepiseneb 10570:Akkadian Governors: 9074:Pre-Dynastic period 8571:Antiochus V Eupator 8536:Antiochus III Megas 8064:Tiglath-Pileser III 8029:Neo-Assyrian period 7970:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 7803:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 7711:Shagarakti-Shuriash 6939:Tiglath-Pileser III 6867:Resettlement policy 6843:Neo-Assyrian Empire 6756:Tiglath-Pileser III 6699:Neo-Assyrian Empire 6533:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 6283:Old Assyrian period 5476:Nardo, Don (2012). 4451:, pp. 588–590. 4427:, pp. 331–332. 4403:, pp. 330–331. 4391:, pp. 328–330. 4322:. 12 February 2021. 4218:Van De Mieroop 2016 4176:Van De Mieroop 2016 4068:, pp. 246–247. 4032:, pp. 363–365. 3885:, pp. 251–252. 3822:, pp. 133–147. 3808:Van De Mieroop 2016 3629:, pp. 270–271. 3460:, pp. 124–125. 3307:, pp. 805–806. 3286:, pp. 299–300. 3165:, pp. 504–505. 3118:, pp. 176–177. 2883:, pp. 168–173. 2361:as a gift from the 2278:Donald John Wiseman 2201:Giuseppe de Liguoro 2187:Austen Henry Layard 2029:Sardanapalus legend 1951:Austen Henry Layard 1818:Tiglath-Pileser III 1463:TIGLATH-PILESER III 1344:Family and children 1041:Destruction of Elam 644:proclaimed himself 346:destruction of Elam 284:Neo-Assyrian Empire 207:Ninurta-sharru-usur 123:Neo-Assyrian Empire 14105:Kings of the Lands 14002:Sumerian King List 13816:Palaestina Secunda 13693:Palaestina Secunda 13523: 13254:Alexander Jannaeus 13153: 13143:Hellenistic Period 12969: 12737: 12715:Humban-haltash III 12679:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 12627: 12592:Tukulti-Ninurta II 12573:Kingdom of Samaria 12469:Mar-biti-apla-usur 12466:Shirikti-shuqamuna 12436:Neo-Elamite period 12419:Marduk-shapik-zeri 12404:Itti-Marduk-balatu 12385:Tiglath-Pileser II 12382:Ashur-resh-ishi II 12337:Enlil-kudurri-usur 12028:Zababa-shuma-iddin 12013:Kadashman-Harbe II 11998:Kadashman-Enlil II 11943: 11916: 11859: 11688: 11674:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 11671:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 11662:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 11421:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 11295: 10949: 10324:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 9705:Old Elamite period 9597:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 9450:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 9367:Jemdet Nasr period 9311: 8515:Antiochus II Theos 8496:Seleucus I Nicator 8431:Hellenistic period 8326:Nebuchadnezzar III 7917:Mar-biti-apla-usur 7899:Shirikti-shuqamuna 7823:Marduk-shapik-zeri 7798:Itti-Marduk-balatu 7751:Zababa-shuma-iddin 7726:Kadashman-Harbe II 7701:Kadashman-Enlil II 7041:Assyrian sculpture 6893:Tukulti-Ninurta II 6716:Tukulti-Ninurta II 6684:Tiglath-Pileser II 6679:Ashur-resh-ishi II 6604:Enlil-kudurri-usur 6528:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 6523:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 6508:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 5373:Redford, Donald B. 5188:Shamash-shum-ukin. 4523:, pp. 99–118. 4487:, pp. 21, 27. 4449:Trolle Larsen 2017 4080:, pp. 59, 71. 4056:, pp. 63, 71. 4044:, pp. 22, 29. 3133:The British Museum 2958:, p. 174–176. 2447: 2390:", a 2007 song by 2329:Leonora Carrington 2325: 2246: 2147: 2051: 1995:patron of the arts 1991: 1975:Art of Mesopotamia 1888: 1864: 1796:Ashur-mukin-paleya 1783: 1737:Ninurta-šarru-uṣur 1667: 1379:TUKULTI-NINURTA II 1290: 1250: 1223: 1163: 1136: 1080:Humban-haltash III 1061: 1019: 996:Sippar, Borsippa, 993: 922: 898: 896:as a basket-bearer 797: 721: 682: 607: 572: 548:Egyptian campaigns 543:Military campaigns 515: 413: 371:, purportedly the 14052: 14051: 14046: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14029:978-1-62564-606-4 14014:Unger, Merrill F. 13982:978-0-14-193825-7 13952:978-1-60606-649-2 13719:Province of Egypt 13650:Province of Egypt 13430:Province of Egypt 13172:Antigonid dynasty 12972:Achaemenid Empire 12893:Nebuchadnezzar II 12801:Ashur-nadin-shumi 12670:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 12642:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 12457:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 12425:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 12416:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 12358:Asharid-apal-Ekur 12355:Tiglath-Pileser I 12352:Ashur-resh-ishi I 12340:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 12328:Tukulti-Ninurta I 12275:Kingdom of Israel 12243:Osorkon the Elder 12164:Shutrukid dynasty 12049:Igehalkid dynasty 12016:Adad-shuma-iddina 12010:Enlil-nadin-shumi 11977:Kadashman-Enlil I 11971:Kadashman-harbe I 11415:Sukkalmah dynasty 11279:Isin-Larsa period 11101:Shimashki Dynasty 10827:Puzur-Inshushinak 10426:Netjerkare Siptah 10196:Neferirkare Kakai 9741:Egyptian pyramids 8950:Ancient Near East 8915: 8914: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8626:(141 BC – AD 224) 8615: 8614: 8592:Demetrius I Soter 8578:Demetrius I Soter 8503:Antiochus I Soter 8425: 8424: 8338:Nebuchadnezzar IV 8271: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8227:Nebuchadnezzar II 8193: 8192: 8023: 8022: 8015:Nabu-suma-ukin II 8000:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 7955:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 7871:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 7833:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 7818:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 7764: 7763: 7731:Adad-shuma-iddina 7721:Enlil-nadin-shumi 7666:Kadashman-Enlil I 7656:Kadashman-Harbe I 7548: 7547: 7387: 7386: 7280: 7279: 7259: 7170: 7165:Shamash-shum-ukin 7150: 7145:Ashur-nadin-shumi 7086: 7085: 7069: 7068: 7025: 7024: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6809: 6808: 6704: 6639:Asharid-apal-Ekur 6634:Tiglath-Pileser I 6629:Ashur-resh-ishi I 6609:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 6589:Tukulti-Ninurta I 6557: 6292: 6214: 6213: 6205:Succeeded by 5995:978-1-138-79155-8 5803:978-0-333-65169-8 5782:978-1-934536-64-3 5740:978-0-367-27719-2 5717:978-0-500-48039-7 5640:978-1-138-99989-3 5630:The Elamite World 5521:978-0-500-48039-7 5171:Ancient Babylonia 5160:978-84-00-09133-0 5115:978-1-59797-848-4 5094:978-1-444-33593-4 5066:. Leiden: BRILL. 4997:978-1-62837-177-2 4925:978-0-71009-110-9 4875:978-0-521-88911-7 4854:978-0-520-28360-2 4810:978-0-500-48039-7 4772:978-0-19-537158-1 4753:978-0-393-05974-8 4686:World Archaeology 3744:, pp. 89–94. 3729:, pp. 83–86. 3697:, pp. 79–81. 3685:, pp. 67–74. 3644:, pp. 52–53. 3189:, pp. 49–50. 3175:Wallis Budge 2014 2585:Tiglath-Pileser I 2417:I am Ashurbanipal 2388:The Mesopotamians 2242:I am Ashurbanipal 2223:Modern perception 1903:Epic of Gilgamesh 1891:I, Ashurbanipal, 1840:Cultural pursuits 1614:Nergal-shumu-ibni 1564:Shamash-shum-ukin 1525:Ashur-nadin-shumi 1153:Arabian campaigns 894:Shamash-shum-ukin 845:, Cimmerians and 615:Manasseh of Judah 440:Shamash-shum-ukin 406:Shamash-shum-ukin 330:patron of artwork 311:Shamash-shum-ukin 300:ancient Near East 272: 254: 253: 84:King of the Lands 48:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 14117: 14075:Sargonid dynasty 14034: 14033: 14010: 14004: 13998: 13987: 13986: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13935:Thomas, Ariane; 13932: 13926: 13925: 13918: 13912: 13911: 13896: 13890: 13887: 13872: 13862: 13812:Palaestina Prima 13758:Byzantine Empire 13689:Palaestina Prima 13676:Byzantine Empire 13655:Syria Palaestina 13620:Palmyrene Empire 13606:Bahram VI Chobin 13469:Syria Palaestina 13257:Salome Alexandra 13240:Kingdom of Judea 13226:Diodotus Tryphon 13081:Cleopatra I Syra 13057:Ptolemy Keraunos 12825:Ashur-uballit II 12822:Sin-shumu-lishir 12816:Ashur-etil-ilani 12771:Sargonid dynasty 12664:Marduk-apla-usur 12645:Nabu-apla-iddina 12639:Shamash-mudammiq 12595:Ashurnasirpal II 12578:Kingdom of Judah 12422:Adad-apla-iddina 12413:Enlil-nadin-apli 12410:Nebuchadnezzar I 12334:Ashur-nirari III 12331:Ashur-nadin-apli 12169:Shutruk-Nakhunte 12054:Untash-Napirisha 12043:Kidinuid dynasty 11641:Shamshi-Adad III 11349:Dynasty of Larsa 11167: 11055: 11050: 10878: 10731:Shar-Kali-Sharri 10665:Neferkare Tereru 10653:Neferkare Khendu 10607: 10602: 10433: 10392:Kiku-siwe-tempti 10279: 10274: 10129: 10058:Kish III dynasty 10028: 9959: 9872: 9867: 9772:(2600–2340 BCE) 9737: 9700: 9695: 9685: 9680: 9624:(2700–2600 BCE) 9481:(2900–2700 BCE) 9475: 9392:(3100–2700 BCE) 9371:(3100–2900 BCE) 9125: 9112: 9100: 9076:(4000–2900 BCE) 9065: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8919: 8918: 8907: 8906: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8278: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8115:Aššur-nādin-šumi 8040: 8039: 8036: 8035: 7990:Marduk-apla-usur 7960:Nabu-apla-iddina 7950:Shamash-mudammiq 7828:Adad-apla-iddina 7813:Enlil-nadin-apli 7808:Nebuchadnezzar I 7781: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7671:Burna-Buriash II 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7493:Unknown king (?) 7404: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7349: 7348: 7340: 7339: 7313:Kings of Babylon 7307: 7300: 7293: 7284: 7283: 7272: 7271: 7255:Full family tree 7251: 7205:Tashmetu-sharrat 7184:Ashur-uballit II 7174:Ashur-etil-ilani 7168: 7148: 7120:Sargonid dynasty 7113: 7106: 7099: 7090: 7089: 7034: 7033: 7007: 7006: 6986:Ashur-uballit II 6980:Sin-shumu-lishir 6969:Ashur-etil-ilani 6898:Ashurnasirpal II 6878: 6877: 6855: 6854: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6801:Ashur-uballit II 6791:Sin-shumu-lishir 6786:Ashur-etil-ilani 6721:Ashurnasirpal II 6702: 6599:Ashur-nirari III 6594:Ashur-nadin-apli 6555: 6551: 6473:Shamshi-Adad III 6290: 6286: 6246:Kings of Assyria 6240: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6208:Ashur-etil-ilani 6188:Preceded by 6183: 6176: 6174: 6164:Sargonid dynasty 6155: 6154: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6045: 6035: 6009: 5999: 5978: 5969: 5948: 5927: 5910: 5908: 5896: 5886: 5874: 5861: 5850:10.2307/40001126 5828: 5807: 5786: 5765: 5744: 5721: 5702: 5681: 5644: 5623: 5606: 5581: 5562: 5525: 5506: 5489: 5472: 5455:(1–2): 243–267. 5439: 5422: 5399: 5380: 5367: 5346: 5325: 5304: 5271: 5242: 5229:Brill Publishers 5217: 5215: 5190: 5164: 5139: 5129: 5119: 5098: 5077: 5056: 5043: 5022: 5001: 4977: 4952: 4929: 4912:Yarshater, Ehsan 4902: 4879: 4858: 4837: 4825: 4814: 4795: 4776: 4757: 4736: 4717: 4676: 4647: 4634: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3792: 3786: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3575: 3569: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3225: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3071: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2946:, p. 65–66. 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2677: 2660: 2654: 2643: 2637: 2621: 2611: 2605: 2598: 2592: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2543: 2541:Aššur-bāni-habal 2536: 2530: 2523:Ashurbanipal III 2519:Ashurnasirpal II 2511: 2374:Robert E. Howard 2144:Eugène Delacroix 2112:Diodorus Siculus 2048:Ford Madox Brown 1953:, his assistant 1822:Ashurnasirpal II 1756:Sargonid dynasty 1751:Stephanie Dalley 1739: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1711: 1709:Aššur-etil-ilāni 1706: 1705: 1704: 1697:Ashur-etil-ilani 1684: 1683: 1682: 1599:ASHUR-UBALLIT II 1594:(r. 627-612 BC) 1583:ASHUR-ETIL-ILANI 1513:Tashmetu-sharrat 1458:(r. 755-745 BC) 1403:(r. 859-824 BC) 1387:ASHURNASIRPAL II 1382:(r. 890-884 BC) 1374:(r. 911-891 BC) 1331: 1329: 1301:in the reign of 1287: 1285: 1277:Bust of Pharaoh 1254:Ashur-etil-ilani 977:Nabu-bel-shumati 866: 863: 860:After his death 837: 834: 829: 826: 795:, 7th century BC 651:plundered Thebes 533:Statue of Marduk 429: 427: 418: 308: 277: 271:romanized: 270: 268: 267: 228:Sargonid dynasty 200:Ashur-etil-ilani 178: 166: 151:Ashur-etil-ilani 108: 61: 60: 42:cuneiform script 36: 35: 21: 14125: 14124: 14120: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14048: 14047: 14038: 14037: 14030: 14011: 14007: 13999: 13990: 13983: 13964: 13960: 13953: 13933: 13929: 13920: 13919: 13915: 13897: 13893: 13888: 13884: 13821:Byzantine Syria 13807:Byzantine Egypt 13782:Farrukh Hormizd 13742: 13738: 13735:Sasanian Empire 13721: 13717: 13698:Byzantine Syria 13684:Byzantine Egypt 13623: 13515: 13511: 13508:Sasanian Empire 13428: 13333:Mithridates III 13313: 13310:Parthian Empire 13243: 13182:Seleucid Empire 13179: 13169: 13145: 13054:Ptolemy I Soter 13052: 13049:Ptolemaic Egypt 13021: 13015: 12975: 12957: 12953: 12951:Kings of Byblos 12942: 12914: 12888: 12859: 12853: 12827: 12807:Mushezib-Marduk 12777:Tiglath-Pileser 12775: 12766: 12743: 12729: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12692: 12684: 12682:Nabu-mukin-zeri 12676:Nabu-nadin-zeri 12661:Marduk-bel-zeri 12654:Baba-aha-iddina 12631: 12608:Adad-nirari III 12598:Shalmaneser III 12587: 12576: 12575: 12562: 12556: 12555: 12553:Menkheperre Ini 12530: 12523: 12522: 12486: 12472:Nabû-mukin-apli 12449: 12438:(1100–540 BCE) 12431:Nabu-shum-libur 12399: 12376:Ashur-nirari IV 12370:Ashurnasirpal I 12367:Shamshi-Adad IV 12313:Ashur-uballit I 12308: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12261:Kings of Byblos 12259: 12229: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12184: 12183: 12167: 12161: 12129: 12116: 12115: 12097:Neferneferuaten 12057: 12056: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12039:(1500–1100 BCE) 12031:Enlil-nadin-ahi 12019:Adad-shuma-usur 12007:Kashtiliashu IV 11995:Kadashman-Turgu 11980:Burnaburiash II 11959:Kashtiliash III 11951: 11928: 11922: 11892: 11891:(1600–1260 BCE) 11890: 11860: 11851: 11845: 11833: 11827: 11823: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11787: 11782:Peshgaldaramesh 11777: 11767: 11757: 11753:Sealand Dynasty 11750: 11747: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11702: 11695: 11693: 11668:Ashur-nirari II 11647:Puzur-Ashur III 11635:Shamshi-Adad II 11606: 11604: 11602:Adaside dynasty 11599: 11598: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11520: 11511: 11505: 11494: 11490: 11488:Kings of Byblos 11486: 11480: 11469: 11432: 11419: 11418: 11400:Uruk VI dynasty 11398: 11347: 11298:Dynasty of Isin 11288: 11282: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11214: 11208: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11168: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11149: 11119: 11113: 11095: 11056: 11044: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11006: 10996: 10982: 10966: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10939: 10932: 10928: 10914: 10910: 10901: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10869: 10860:(2150–2000 BCE) 10841: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10773: 10769: 10757: 10753: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10705: 10695: 10650:Djedkare Shemai 10639: 10633: 10627: 10613: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10559:Sargon of Akkad 10557: 10556: 10553:Akkadian Empire 10545:(2340–2150 BCE) 10543:Akkadian Period 10530: 10526: 10514: 10510: 10489: 10477: 10467: 10463: 10446: 10442: 10428: 10406: 10385: 10383: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10335: 10326: 10312: 10308: 10296: 10292: 10280: 10251: 10248: 10242: 10230: 10221: 10188: 10187: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10131: 10130: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10107: 10106: 10090: 10087: 10075: 10071: 10060: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10006:(2500-539 BCE) 9994: 9990: 9960: 9954: 9947: 9941: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9883: 9877: 9873: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9808: 9806: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9744: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9711: 9710: 9709:(2700–1500 BCE) 9708: 9656: 9645: 9608:("conqueror of 9594: 9578: 9571: 9561: 9547: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9510: 9501: 9493: 9490: 9470: 9406: 9405: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9370: 9312: 9298: 9285: 9226: 9157: 9146: 9140: 9126: 9120: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9093:(4000–3100 BCE) 9092: 9086: 9060: 9054: 9026: 9007: 8997: 8970: 8968: 8952: 8946: 8916: 8911: 8885: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8621:Parthian period 8611: 8599:Alexander Balas 8481: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8421: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8272: 8251: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8189: 8155:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 8127:Mushezib-Marduk 8058:Nabu-mukin-zeri 8051: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8019: 8010:Nabu-nadin-zeri 7985:Marduk-bel-zeri 7975:Baba-aha-iddina 7935:Nabû-mukin-apli 7921: 7903: 7875: 7847: 7843:Nabu-shum-libur 7774: 7773: 7772: 7760: 7756:Enlil-nadin-ahi 7736:Adad-shuma-usur 7696:Kadashman-Turgu 7638:Kashtiliash III 7558: 7557: 7556: 7544: 7520:Peshgaldaramesh 7470: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7354: 7345: 7334: 7333: 7314: 7311: 7281: 7276: 7262: 7230: 7221:Libbali-sharrat 7188: 7122: 7117: 7087: 7082: 7065: 7051:Lachish Reliefs 7021: 6990: 6919:Adad-nirari III 6903:Shalmaneser III 6876: 6846: 6840: 6810: 6805: 6736:Adad-nirari III 6726:Shalmaneser III 6701: 6693: 6669:Ashur-nirari IV 6659:Ashurnasirpal I 6654:Shamshi-Adad IV 6564:Ashur-uballit I 6550: 6542: 6518:Ashur-nirari II 6483:Puzur-Ashur III 6463:Shamshi-Adad II 6285: 6277: 6276: 6247: 6244: 6210: 6201: 6198:King of Assyria 6193: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6144: 6142: 6124: 6122: 6104: 6102: 6084: 6082: 6065: 6063: 6007: 5996: 5966: 5945: 5906: 5884: 5825: 5804: 5783: 5762: 5741: 5718: 5662:10.2307/1359277 5641: 5578: 5522: 5419: 5364: 5343: 5322: 5239: 5161: 5127: 5116: 5095: 5074: 5040: 5019: 4998: 4949: 4926: 4899: 4876: 4855: 4834: 4811: 4792:10.13016/M2J782 4773: 4754: 4733: 4673: 4631: 4607: 4602: 4596:Luckenbill 1927 4594: 4590: 4584:Luckenbill 1927 4582: 4578: 4572:Luckenbill 1927 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3795: 3787: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3648: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3578: 3570: 3543: 3535: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3464: 3456: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3415:Luckenbill 1927 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3290: 3284:Luckenbill 1927 3282: 3278: 3270: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3140: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3006: 2998: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2844: 2836: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2663: 2655: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2587:(39 years) and 2577:Middle Assyrian 2571:(40 years) and 2558: 2554: 2537: 2533: 2515:Ashurbanipal II 2512: 2508: 2503: 2486: 2439: 2433: 2363:Assyrian people 2301: 2288:Gérard Chaliand 2230: 2225: 2164:comedic tragedy 2037: 2031: 2026: 2007:Assyrian crown. 1977: 1971: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1663:Libbali-sharrat 1655: 1654: 1653: 1602:(r. 612-609 BC) 1591:SIN-SHAR-ISHKUN 1586:(r. 631-627 BC) 1576:Libbali-sharrat 1450:(r. 773-755 BC) 1429:(r.811-783 BC) 1426:ADAD-NIRARI III 1407:Ashur-danin-pal 1400:SHALMANESER III 1353: 1346: 1338:Stefan Zawadzki 1326: 1282: 1239: 1155: 1109:Cyrus the Great 1049: 1043: 985: 886: 881: 864: 835: 827: 785: 667: 599:Rassam cylinder 576:Kushite Pharaoh 556: 550: 545: 503: 495:Libbali-sharrat 483:Aššur-bāni-apli 464:king of Babylon 424: 410:Pergamon Museum 390: 385: 275:Aššur-bāni-apli 217:Aššur-bāni-apli 206: 202: 188:Libbali-sharrat 116: 98: 74:King of Assyria 57: 56: 55: 46:Without proper 37: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14123: 14113: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14095:Gyges of Lydia 14092: 14087: 14085:680s BC births 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14050: 14049: 14044: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14028: 14005: 13988: 13981: 13958: 13951: 13937:Potts, Timothy 13927: 13913: 13891: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13866: 13855: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13833: 13829: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13809: 13803: 13802: 13761: 13754: 13750: 13749: 13731: 13710: 13706: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13686: 13680: 13679: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13638: 13634: 13633: 13616: 13612: 13611: 13504: 13500: 13499: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13447: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13420: 13419: 13412: 13411:30 BCE–116 CE 13408: 13407: 13345:Mithridates IV 13327:Mithridates II 13306: 13268: 13263:Aristobulus II 13236: 13232: 13231: 13156:Argead dynasty 13140: 13045:Argead dynasty 13041: 13037: 13036: 13028: 13027: 13007: 13006: 12998:Artaxerxes III 12961: 12959:Kings of Sidon 12948: 12935: 12931: 12930: 12907: 12902:Labashi-Marduk 12881: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12804:Nergal-ushezib 12759: 12740:Black Pharaohs 12722: 12718: 12717: 12685: 12658:Ninurta-apla-X 12619: 12617:Ashur-nirari V 12611:Shalmaneser IV 12601:Shamshi-Adad V 12589:Adad-nirari II 12580: 12570: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12444: 12440: 12439: 12433: 12390: 12373:Shalmaneser II 12361:Ashur-bel-kala 12349:Mutakkil-Nusku 12305:Middle Assyria 12301: 12294: 12269:Kings of Sidon 12252: 12176: 12175:1155–1025 BCE 12172: 12171: 12158:Elamite Empire 12154: 12121: 12120: 12112:Hittite Empire 12108: 12076: 12075: 12060: 12059: 12033: 12022:Meli-Shipak II 11992:Nazi-Maruttash 11956:Burnaburiash I 11935: 11907: 11906:1531–1155 BCE 11903: 11902: 11883: 11838: 11798: 11797: 11744: 11680: 11665:Enlil-Nasir II 11644:Ashur-nirari I 11638:Ishme-Dagan II 11629:Sharma-Adad II 11581:Ashur-apla-idi 11572:1735–1701 BCE) 11551:Ashur-apla-idi 11533:Shamshi-Adad I 11528:1808–1736 BCE) 11513: 11508:Yamhad dynasty 11498: 11496:Kings of Sidon 11475: 11462: 11461:1800–1595 BCE 11458: 11457: 11424: 11423: 11411: 11275: 11265:Puzur-Ashur II 11232: 11175: 11142: 11141: 11136:Mentuhotep III 11105: 11104: 11087: 11082: 11074: 11073:2025-1763 BCE 11070: 11069: 11041:Ur III dynasty 11037: 11018: 11015: 11011: 11010: 10998: 10987:Neferkare VIII 10975: 10971: 10970: 10963: 10962: 10934: 10920: 10918: 10905: 10891:Gutian dynasty 10887: 10863: 10862: 10854: 10849:Nebkaure Khety 10843:Meryibre Khety 10834: 10830: 10829: 10812: 10779: 10777: 10761: 10734: 10733: 10727: 10698: 10688: 10674:Neferkamin Anu 10647:Neferkare Neby 10620: 10616: 10615: 10611:Lugal-ushumgal 10608: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10567: 10548: 10547: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10518: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10484: 10479: 10471: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10444:Lugalannemundu 10434: 10399: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10375: 10358: 10339: 10330: 10321: 10316: 10300: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10244: 10235: 10234: 10225: 10216: 10211:Djedkare Isesi 10208:Menkauhor Kaiu 10180: 10176: 10175: 10152: 10135: 10111: 10109:Pabilgagaltuku 10098: 10093: 10079: 10068:Akshak dynasty 10064: 10055: 10007: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9983: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9908: 9893:Enun-dara-anna 9888: 9887: 9848: 9831: 9816: 9798: 9796: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9701: 9686: 9670: 9669: 9662: 9661: 9650: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9601: 9600: 9586: 9549: 9542: 9541: 9517:Kullassina-bel 9502: 9494: 9483: 9482: 9476: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9372: 9363: 9358: 9309:Narmer Palette 9291: 9290:3100–2900 BCE 9287: 9286: 9219: 9149: 9148: 9133: 9132:3200–3100 BCE 9129: 9128: 9115: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9071: 9066: 9047: 9046:4000–3200 BCE 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9001: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8948:Rulers of the 8945: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8922: 8913: 8912: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8852:Parthamaspates 8848: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8702: 8699:Mithridates II 8695: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8640: 8638: 8629: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8491: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8450: 8448: 8439: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8412: 8406: 8399: 8396:Artaxerxes III 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8340: 8335: 8328: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8299: 8290: 8282:Persian period 8274: 8273: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8242:Labashi-Marduk 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8177:Sîn-šumu-līšir 8173: 8166: 8159: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8124: 8122:Nergal-ushezib 8119: 8110: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7980:Ninurta-apla-X 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7778: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7716:Kashtiliash IV 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7691:Nazi-Maruttash 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7628:Burnaburiash I 7625: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7600:Kashtiliash II 7597: 7592: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7562: 7559:(1729–1157 BC) 7554:Kassite period 7550: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7401: 7398:(1894–1595 BC) 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7249: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7216:Esharra-hammat 7213: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7010:Infrastructure 7004: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6934:Ashur-nirari V 6931: 6926: 6924:Shalmaneser IV 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908:Shamshi-Adad V 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6888:Adad-nirari II 6884: 6882: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6845: articles 6839: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6751:Ashur-nirari V 6748: 6743: 6741:Shalmaneser IV 6738: 6733: 6731:Shamshi-Adad V 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6711:Adad-nirari II 6707: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6664:Shalmaneser II 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6644:Ashur-bel-kala 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Mutakkil-Nusku 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6513:Enlil-Nasir II 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6478:Ashur-nirari I 6475: 6470: 6468:Ishme-Dagan II 6465: 6460: 6455: 6453:Sharma-Adad II 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6382:Ashur-apla-idi 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6346: 6344:Shamshi-Adad I 6341: 6336: 6331: 6329:Puzur-Ashur II 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272:Later kingship 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6203: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6131: 6111: 6091: 6072: 6057:"Ashurbanipal" 6047: 6046: 6000: 5994: 5979: 5970: 5965:978-1118325247 5964: 5949: 5943: 5928: 5911: 5897: 5875: 5862: 5829: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5766: 5760: 5745: 5739: 5722: 5716: 5703: 5693:(2): 255–265. 5682: 5645: 5639: 5624: 5607: 5597:(4): 553–562. 5591:Revue Biblique 5582: 5577:978-1568821306 5576: 5563: 5537:(3): 357–386. 5526: 5520: 5507: 5490: 5473: 5440: 5423: 5418:978-0814752784 5417: 5400: 5381: 5368: 5363:978-1575060958 5362: 5347: 5342:978-9042917989 5341: 5326: 5321:978-0141927114 5320: 5314:. Penguin UK. 5305: 5293:10.1086/709188 5287:(4): 209–218. 5272: 5254:(1): 108–124. 5243: 5238:978-9004265615 5237: 5218: 5206:(1): 125–136. 5191: 5165: 5159: 5140: 5120: 5114: 5099: 5093: 5078: 5073:978-9004265615 5072: 5057: 5044: 5039:978-1780760636 5038: 5023: 5018:978-1472916136 5017: 5002: 4996: 4982:Elayi, Josette 4978: 4968:(3): 394–419. 4953: 4948:978-1575060927 4947: 4930: 4924: 4908:"AŠŠURBANIPAL" 4903: 4898:978-0199253746 4897: 4880: 4874: 4859: 4853: 4838: 4833:978-0520099500 4832: 4815: 4809: 4796: 4777: 4771: 4758: 4752: 4737: 4732:978-1445646992 4731: 4718: 4677: 4672:978-1784914035 4671: 4648: 4635: 4630:978-3111033587 4629: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4598:, p. 369. 4588: 4586:, p. 356. 4576: 4574:, p. 323. 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4509:Fernandez 1987 4501: 4489: 4477: 4475:, p. 298. 4465: 4463:, p. 294. 4453: 4441: 4439:, p. 292. 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4353: 4339: 4325: 4311: 4299: 4297:, p. 215. 4287: 4285:, p. 153. 4275: 4263: 4239: 4237:, p. 410. 4222: 4220:, p. 279. 4210: 4192: 4180: 4178:, p. 284. 4168: 4166:, p. 394. 4156: 4141: 4139:, p. 171. 4129: 4106: 4094: 4092:, p. 196. 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 4008:, p. 177. 3998: 3996:, p. 388. 3986: 3984:, p. 255. 3974: 3972:, p. 161. 3962: 3960:, p. 322. 3947: 3945:, p. 248. 3935: 3933:, p. 213. 3923: 3921:, p. 212. 3911: 3909:, p. 189. 3899: 3897:, p. 118. 3887: 3875: 3873:, p. 250. 3863: 3861:, p. 246. 3851: 3836: 3832:Lipschits 2005 3824: 3820:Spalinger 1976 3812: 3810:, p. 285. 3793: 3791:, p. 127. 3776: 3774:, p. 263. 3761: 3759:, p. 121. 3746: 3731: 3716: 3714:, p. 207. 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3661:, p. 206. 3646: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3576: 3574:, p. 190. 3541: 3539:, p. 328. 3522: 3520:, p. 254. 3510: 3495: 3483: 3462: 3443: 3441:, p. 203. 3431: 3419: 3417:, p. 301. 3407: 3395: 3393:, p. 183. 3383: 3381:, p. 395. 3371: 3359: 3344: 3342:, p. 329. 3321: 3309: 3288: 3276: 3259: 3247: 3232: 3215: 3203: 3201:, p. 133. 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3153:, p. 201. 3138: 3120: 3108: 3106:, p. 187. 3093: 3091:, p. 199. 3072: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3004: 3002:, p. 119. 2987: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2922:, p. 170. 2909: 2907:, p. 170. 2897: 2885: 2873: 2871:, p. 168. 2861: 2842: 2840:, p. 189. 2825: 2823:, p. 231. 2813: 2811:, p. 554. 2801: 2789: 2787:, p. 137. 2777: 2758: 2756:, p. 155. 2746: 2734: 2699: 2697:, p. 123. 2684: 2661: 2659:, p. 243. 2644: 2640:Lipschits 2005 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2606: 2593: 2561:Early Assyrian 2552: 2547:Aššur-bāni-pal 2531: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2432: 2429: 2409:Civilization V 2300: 2297: 2264:British Museum 2250:Hormuzd Rassam 2238:British Museum 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2080:Book of Judith 2076:Nebuchadnezzar 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 1993:Regarded as a 1970: 1967: 1963:British Museum 1955:Hormuzd Rassam 1849:Main article: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1722:𒁹𒀭𒌍𒌋𒌋𒃻𒌦 1713: 1703:𒀸𒋩𒉪𒅅𒀭𒈨𒌍 1671:Libbāli-šarrat 1652: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1617:Nabu-shar-usur 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1609:(among others) 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1587: 1566: 1561: 1560:Sin-nadin-apli 1558: 1548:Esharra-hammat 1538: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1485: 1455:ASHUR-NIRARI V 1451: 1443: 1434:SHALMANESER IV 1413:SHAMSHI-ADAD V 1409: 1371:ADAD-NIRARI II 1355: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1330: 556–539 1286: 664–610 1238: 1235: 1154: 1151: 1121:plundered Susa 1042: 1039: 984: 981: 885: 882: 880: 877: 784: 781: 734:Battle of Ulai 675:Battle of Ulai 666: 663: 603:British Museum 552:Main article: 549: 546: 544: 541: 502: 499: 472:Esharra-hammat 436:Sin-nadin-apli 428: 681–669 389: 386: 384: 381: 252: 251: 248:Esharra-hammat 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 197: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 173: 169: 168: 162: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 118: 117: 109: 101: 100: 97: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 66: 65: 50:, you may see 38: 31: 30: 29: 27:Assyrian ruler 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14122: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14090:631 BC deaths 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14031: 14025: 14021: 14020: 14015: 14009: 14003: 13997: 13995: 13993: 13984: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13967:Roux, Georges 13962: 13954: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13938: 13931: 13923: 13917: 13909: 13905: 13901: 13895: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13875: 13871: 13865: 13861: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13839: 13838: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13813: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13798: 13795: 13794:Yazdegerd III 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13760: 13759: 13751: 13748: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13736: 13730: 13727: 13726:Sahralanyozan 13724: 13720: 13715: 13708: 13707: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13690: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13669: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13635: 13632: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13621: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13592: 13589: 13586: 13583: 13580: 13577: 13574: 13571: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13544: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13529: 13526: 13519: 13514: 13510: 13509: 13502: 13501: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13486: 13483: 13482:Mithridates V 13480: 13479:Sinatruces II 13475: 13470: 13464: 13463: 13460: 13455: 13451: 13444: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13409: 13406: 13403: 13402:Artabanus III 13400: 13397: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13376: 13373: 13372:Tiridates III 13370: 13367: 13364: 13361: 13358: 13355: 13352: 13349: 13346: 13343: 13340: 13337: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13325: 13322: 13319: 13316: 13315:Mithridates I 13312: 13311: 13305: 13302: 13299: 13296: 13293: 13290: 13287: 13284: 13281: 13278: 13275: 13272: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13251:Aristobulus I 13249: 13248:John Hyrcanus 13246: 13242: 13241: 13234: 13233: 13230: 13227: 13224: 13221: 13218: 13217:Alexander III 13215: 13212: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13202:Antiochus III 13200: 13197: 13194: 13191: 13188: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13165: 13162: 13161:Alexander III 13158: 13157: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13136: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13106: 13103: 13100: 13097: 13096:Cleopatra III 13094: 13091: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13079: 13076: 13073: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13061: 13058: 13055: 13051: 13050: 13046: 13039: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13019: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13005: 13002: 13001:Artaxerxes IV 12999: 12996: 12995:Artaxerxes II 12993: 12990: 12987: 12984: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12973: 12966: 12960: 12956: 12955:Kings of Tyre 12952: 12946: 12941: 12940: 12932: 12929: 12926: 12923: 12920: 12917: 12913: 12912: 12911:Median Empire 12906: 12903: 12900: 12897: 12894: 12891: 12887: 12886: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12851: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12820: 12819:Sinsharishkun 12817: 12814: 12811: 12808: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12793: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12774: 12772: 12765: 12764: 12758: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12746: 12741: 12733: 12728: 12727: 12719: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12691: 12690: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12674: 12671: 12668: 12665: 12662: 12659: 12656:(five kings) 12655: 12652: 12649: 12646: 12643: 12640: 12637: 12634: 12630: 12624: 12618: 12615: 12614:Ashur-Dan III 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12596: 12593: 12590: 12586: 12585: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12542: 12539: 12536: 12533: 12529: 12528: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12470: 12467: 12464: 12461: 12458: 12455: 12454:Ea-mukin-zeri 12452: 12451:Simbar-shipak 12448: 12443:1025–934 BCE 12442: 12441: 12437: 12432: 12429: 12426: 12423: 12420: 12417: 12414: 12411: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12398: 12396: 12389: 12386: 12383: 12380: 12379:Ashur-rabi II 12377: 12374: 12371: 12368: 12365: 12364:Eriba-Adad II 12362: 12359: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12344: 12341: 12338: 12335: 12332: 12329: 12326: 12325:Shalmaneser I 12323: 12322:Adad-nirari I 12320: 12317: 12314: 12311: 12307: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12276: 12270: 12266: 12265:Kings of Tyre 12262: 12258: 12257: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12228: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12205: 12204:Ramesses VIII 12202: 12199: 12196: 12193: 12190: 12187: 12182: 12181: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12159: 12153: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12119: 12114: 12113: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12090: 12087: 12086:Amenhotep III 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12065: 12061: 12058: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12044: 12037: 12032: 12029: 12026: 12023: 12020: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12005: 12002: 11999: 11996: 11993: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11975: 11972: 11969: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11948: 11940: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11920: 11912: 11904: 11901: 11898: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11882: 11879: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11865: 11864: 11855: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11805: 11799: 11796: 11793: 11792:Melamkurkurra 11790: 11786: 11785:Ayadaragalama 11783: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11763: 11762:Itti-ili-nibi 11760: 11756: 11754: 11743: 11738: 11735: 11732: 11729: 11726: 11723: 11720: 11717: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11699: 11692: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11660: 11657: 11656:Ashur-shaduni 11654: 11651: 11650:Enlil-nasir I 11648: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11624: 11621: 11618: 11615: 11614:Sharma-Adad I 11612: 11609: 11605:1700–722 BCE) 11603: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11579: 11576: 11567: 11564: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11552: 11549: 11546: 11543: 11540: 11537: 11536:Ishme-Dagan I 11534: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11509: 11504: 11503: 11497: 11493: 11492:Kings of Tyre 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11467: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11449:Amenemhat III 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11422: 11417: 11416: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11337: 11334: 11331: 11328: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11292: 11286: 11281: 11280: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11241:Puzur-Ashur I 11238: 11237: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11206: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11183: 11180: 11174: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11148: 11147:Third Eblaite 11143: 11140: 11139:Mentuhotep IV 11137: 11134: 11133:Mentuhotep II 11131: 11128: 11125: 11122: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11092: 11086: 11081: 11079: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11005: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10991: 10990:Wahkare Khety 10988: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10964: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10931: 10927: 10925: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10892: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10858:Ur III period 10853: 10850: 10847: 10846:Neferkare VII 10844: 10840: 10839: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10793:Ur-Ningirsu I 10790: 10786: 10784: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10704: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10672: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10625: 10617: 10612: 10606: 10601: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10566: 10563: 10560: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10538: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10523: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10483: 10476: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10441: 10439: 10432: 10427: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10415: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10382: 10380: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10328:Lugal-kisalsi 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10278: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10220: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10186: 10185: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10134: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10105: 10103: 10097: 10092: 10086: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10027: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10012: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9989: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9889: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9803: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9742: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9725: 9717: 9714: 9707: 9706: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9554: 9548: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9521:Nangishlishma 9518: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9489: 9488:First Eblaite 9484: 9480: 9474: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9447:Seth-Peribsen 9445: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9409: 9408:Hotepsekhemwy 9404: 9403: 9395: 9389: 9384: 9383: 9378: 9377: 9376:Proto-Elamite 9369: 9368: 9362: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9315: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9278:Double Falcon 9276: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9224: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9144: 9139: 9138: 9130: 9124: 9119: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9091: 9090: 9084: 9081: 9075: 9070: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8938: 8936: 8931: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8910: 8900: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8845:Vologases III 8842: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8831:Artabanus III 8828: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8732: 8731: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8645:Mithridates I 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8455:Alexander III 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8403:Artaxerxes IV 8400: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8389:Artaxerxes II 8386: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8350:Shamash-eriba 8348: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8266: 8262: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8186: 8185: 8184:Sinsharishkun 8181: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8071:Shalmaneser V 8068: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7866:Ea-mukin-zeri 7864: 7862: 7861:Simbar-shipak 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775:(1157–732 BC) 7771: 7767: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647:Kadashman-Sah 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7587:Kashtiliash I 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535:Melamkurkurra 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7525:Ayadaragalama 7523: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7489:Itti-ili-nibi 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7365:foreign ruler 7360: 7359: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7308: 7303: 7301: 7296: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7275: 7265: 7257: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:Sinsharishkun 7177: 7175: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7062: 7061:Balawat Gates 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6974:Sinsharishkun 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6944:Shalmaneser V 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6929:Ashur-Dan III 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796:Sinsharishkun 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761:Shalmaneser V 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6746:Ashur-dan III 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Ashur-rabi II 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Eriba-Adad II 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584:Shalmaneser I 6582: 6580: 6579:Adad-nirari I 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6498:Ashur-shaduni 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Enlil-nasir I 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Sharma-Adad I 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349:Ishme-Dagan I 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299:Puzur-Ashur I 6297: 6296: 6294: 6291:2025–1364 BC) 6284: 6280: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6209: 6202:669 – 631 BC 6200: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6159:Ashurbanipal 6156: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6121: 6120:The Telegraph 6117: 6112: 6101: 6100:Hyperallergic 6097: 6092: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5944:0-8264-1628-4 5940: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5824:0-87099-651-7 5820: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5761:0-226-73175-8 5757: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5593:(in French). 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5202:(in German). 5201: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4646:(4): 153–154. 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4535:, p. 88. 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4485:Melville 2011 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4321: 4315: 4309:, p. 57. 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4164:Dubovský 2009 4160: 4154:, p. 63. 4153: 4148: 4146: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4104:, p. 60. 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4020:, p. 15. 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3834:, p. 16. 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3617:, p. 28. 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3593:, p. 52. 3592: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3508:, p. 36. 3507: 3502: 3500: 3493:, p. 21. 3492: 3487: 3480: 3479:Bartlett 2015 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3435: 3429:, p. 93. 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3405:, p. 91. 3404: 3399: 3392: 3391:Lipiński 2006 3387: 3380: 3375: 3369:, p. 88. 3368: 3363: 3357:, p. 90. 3356: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3319:, p. 87. 3318: 3313: 3306: 3305:Delaunay 1987 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 51. 3273: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3257:, p. 18. 3256: 3255:Brereton 2018 3251: 3245:, p. 50. 3244: 3239: 3237: 3230:, p. 80. 3229: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3213:, p. 79. 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3177:, p. 38. 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3070:, p. 17. 3069: 3068:Brereton 2018 3064: 3062: 3055:, p. 68. 3054: 3049: 3042: 3041:Melville 2012 3037: 3031:, p. 38. 3030: 3025: 3019:, p. 16. 3018: 3017:Brereton 2018 3013: 3011: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2985:, p. 64. 2984: 2979: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2934:, p. 20. 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2901: 2895:, p. 63. 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2859:, p. 15. 2858: 2857:Brereton 2018 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2799:, p. 96. 2798: 2797:Hurowitz 2010 2793: 2786: 2781: 2775:, p. 52. 2774: 2773:Chaliand 2014 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2754:Scurlock 2013 2750: 2744:, p. 41. 2743: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2682:, p. 10. 2681: 2680:Brereton 2018 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2642:, p. 13. 2641: 2636: 2632: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2589:Ashur-rabi II 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2548: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2341:Israel Museum 2338: 2337:oil on canvas 2334: 2330: 2323: 2322:San Francisco 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2211:Silvio Amadio 2208: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:Enlightenment 2153: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1921:Myth of Etana 1917: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830:dismemberment 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810:respectively. 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1779: 1774: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1728:Sîn-šar-iškun 1717: 1716:Sinsharishkun 1714: 1710: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1659: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1555:Seru'a-etirat 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1476:SHALMANESER V 1473: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1447:ASHUR-DAN III 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1303:Sinsharishkun 1300: 1296: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1159: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1004: 999: 989: 980: 978: 974: 973:double agents 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 940: 935: 932: 931: 927: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 895: 890: 876: 874: 870: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 794: 789: 780: 777: 771: 769: 765: 761: 754: 751: 748:and Susa and 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 717: 713: 711: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 680: 676: 671: 662: 660: 656: 652: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 604: 600: 595: 591: 589: 584: 580: 577: 569: 566:, during the 565: 560: 555: 540: 536: 534: 530: 525: 519: 512: 507: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 467: 465: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 422: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 303: 301: 297: 296:Assyrian king 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 262: 258: 249: 246: 242: 239: 236: 232: 229: 226: 224: 220: 216: 214: 210: 205: 204:Sinsharishkun 201: 198: 196: 192: 189: 186: 182: 175:631 BC (aged 174: 170: 163: 159: 155: 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 124: 119: 115: 114: 107: 102: 99: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 67: 62: 59: 53: 49: 45: 43: 19: 14070:Ashurbanipal 14018: 14008: 13972:Ancient Iraq 13971: 13961: 13941: 13930: 13916: 13907: 13894: 13885: 13849: 13842: 13835: 13764:Ardashir III 13756: 13733: 13674: 13642:Roman Empire 13640: 13618: 13576:Yazdegerd II 13506: 13497:Artabanus IV 13494:Vologases VI 13485:Vologases IV 13416:Roman Empire 13414: 13399:Vologases II 13375:Artabanus II 13369:Artabanus II 13354:Tiridates II 13342:Phraates III 13308: 13245:Simon Thassi 13238: 13220:Demetrius II 13208:Antiochus IV 13199:Seleucus III 13193:Antiochus II 13180: 13170: 13167:Alexander IV 13154: 13142: 13126:Ptolemy XIII 13108:Berenice III 13102:Cleopatra IV 13043: 13040:331–141 BCE 13031: 13022: 13016: 13010: 12989:Artaxerxes I 12970: 12937: 12934:539–331 BCE 12909: 12890:Nabopolassar 12883: 12854: 12848: 12845:626–539 BCE 12813:Ashurbanipal 12812: 12768: 12767: 12761: 12724: 12721:745–609 BCE 12687: 12667:Eriba-Marduk 12628: 12582: 12557: 12525: 12524: 12514: 12503:Shoshenq III 12481: 12478:911–745 BCE 12446: 12428:Marduk-zer-X 12392: 12388:Ashur-dan II 12319:Arik-den-ili 12316:Enlil-nirari 12310:Eriba-Adad I 12303: 12296: 12273: 12254: 12249:Psusennes II 12224: 12223: 12217: 12201:Ramesses VII 12189:Ramesses III 12178: 12162: 12156: 12124: 12110: 12091: 12080:Amenhotep II 12073:Thutmose III 12047: 12041: 12038: 11989:Kurigalzu II 11983:Kara-hardash 11953:Agum-Kakrime 11944: 11923: 11917: 11885: 11868:'Aper-'Anati 11866: 11861: 11840: 11834: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11765:Damqi-ilishu 11748: 11737:Samsu-Ditana 11719:Sin-muballit 11710:Sin-muballit 11689: 11659:Ashur-rabi I 11524:Shamshi-Adad 11521: 11515: 11500: 11470: 11464: 11452:Amenemhat IV 11446:Senusret III 11440:Amenemhat II 11427: 11413: 11399: 11348: 11345:Damiq-ilishu 11315:Lipit-Eshtar 11296: 11277: 11234: 11202: 11198: 11182:Shakkanakkus 11145: 11121:Mentuhotep I 11114: 11108: 11089: 11076: 11039: 11033:Puzur-Ishtar 11000: 10995: 10977: 10930:Lugalannatum 10922: 10889: 10856: 10836: 10815:Hishep-Ratep 10781: 10763: 10700: 10690: 10644:Neferkare II 10634: 10628: 10622: 10569: 10551: 10541: 10520: 10473:Invasion by 10436: 10401: 10377: 10369:Enannatum II 10333:E-iginimpa'e 10302: 10294:Igrish-Halam 10205:Nyuserre Ini 10182: 10156:Awan dynasty 10154: 10113: 10100: 10081: 10066: 10057: 10041:Ishtup-Ishar 10021:Iku-Shamagan 10017:Ikun-Shamash 10009: 9987:Ur I dynasty 9985: 9978: 9967: 9942: 9936: 9910: 9891: 9850: 9833: 9818: 9800: 9759: 9751: 9722: 9703: 9666:Enmebaragesi 9652: 9633: 9604: 9595: 9588: 9551: 9546: 9526:En-tarah-ana 9511: 9504: 9496: 9486: 9462: 9459:Neferkasokar 9457: 9452: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9400: 9380: 9374: 9365: 9353: 9348: 9299: 9293: 9280: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9221: 9207: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9160:Finger Snail 9158: 9152: 9135: 9104:Anu Ziggurat 9087: 9055: 9049: 8967:Territories/ 8880:Artabanus IV 8878: 8873:Vologases VI 8871: 8864: 8859:Vologases IV 8857: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8789:Artabanus II 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737:Phraates III 8735: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8474: 8469:Alexander IV 8467: 8460: 8453: 8436:(331–141 BC) 8414: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8361:Artaxerxes I 8359: 8355:Bel-shimanni 8342: 8330: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8287:(539–331 BC) 8222:Nabopolassar 8204:(626–539 BC) 8182: 8175: 8168: 8163:Ashurbanipal 8162: 8161: 8153: 8152: 8147:Ashurbanipal 8146: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8113: 8112: 8105: 8088: 8081: 8069: 8062: 8034:(732–626 BC) 7995:Eriba-Marduk 7838:Marduk-zer-X 7686:Kurigalzu II 7676:Kara-hardash 7624:Unknown king 7615:Harba-Shipak 7605:Urzigurumash 7591:Unknown king 7497:Damqi-ilishu 7466:Samsu-Ditana 7436:Sin-Muballit 7371: 7364: 7361:Kings 7329:Royal titles 7253: 7247:Serua-eterat 7242:Arda-Mulissu 7163: 7159:Ashurbanipal 7158: 7143: 6978: 6964:Ashurbanipal 6963: 6781:Ashurbanipal 6780: 6703:(911–609 BC) 6689:Ashur-dan II 6574:Arik-den-ili 6569:Enlil-nirari 6556:1363–912 BC) 6538:Eriba-Adad I 6503:Ashur-rabi I 6262:Royal titles 6196: 6179: 6169: 6162: 6143:. Retrieved 6139: 6123:. Retrieved 6119: 6103:. Retrieved 6099: 6083:. Retrieved 6079: 6064:. Retrieved 6060: 6049: 6048: 6033:10138/303983 6018:(1): 19–52. 6015: 6011: 5984: 5974: 5954: 5933: 5923: 5919: 5902: 5880: 5870: 5866: 5841: 5837: 5813: 5792: 5771: 5750: 5730: 5707: 5690: 5686: 5653: 5649: 5629: 5619: 5615: 5594: 5590: 5567: 5534: 5530: 5511: 5502: 5498: 5477: 5452: 5448: 5427: 5408: 5386: 5376: 5352: 5331: 5310: 5284: 5280: 5251: 5247: 5223: 5203: 5199: 5187: 5170: 5149: 5144: 5138:(2): 67–103. 5135: 5131: 5104: 5083: 5062: 5052: 5028: 5007: 4986: 4965: 4961: 4938: 4915: 4888: 4864: 4843: 4821: 4800: 4782: 4762: 4742: 4722: 4692:(1): 48–59. 4689: 4685: 4653: 4643: 4619: 4611:Bibliography 4610: 4609: 4591: 4579: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4379:, p. 5. 4372: 4362: 4356: 4342: 4328: 4314: 4307:Bahrani 2006 4302: 4290: 4283:Albenda 2014 4278: 4273:, Chapter 3. 4266: 4255:. Retrieved 4251: 4242: 4213: 4204: 4188:Gabriel 2012 4183: 4171: 4159: 4132: 4097: 4090:Novotny 2018 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4042:Bedford 2009 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3982:Na'aman 1991 3977: 3965: 3943:Na'aman 1991 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3883:Na'aman 1991 3878: 3871:Na'aman 1991 3866: 3859:Na'aman 1991 3854: 3849:, p. 1. 3827: 3815: 3742:Gerardi 1992 3727:Gerardi 1992 3712:Novotny 2018 3695:Gerardi 1992 3690: 3683:Gerardi 1992 3678: 3671:Gerardi 1992 3666: 3659:Novotny 2018 3622: 3615:Binetti 2016 3610: 3603:Razmjou 2018 3598: 3518:Na'aman 1991 3513: 3486: 3439:Novotny 2018 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3312: 3279: 3250: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3151:Novotny 2018 3132: 3123: 3111: 3089:Novotny 2018 3048: 3036: 3024: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2816: 2809:Quentin 1895 2804: 2792: 2785:Russell 1991 2780: 2749: 2737: 2732:, p. 8. 2657:Na'aman 1991 2635: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602:Nabopolassar 2596: 2583:(46 years), 2567:(40 years), 2555: 2534: 2527:Assurbanipal 2526: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2452: 2448: 2416: 2414: 2407: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2346:Ashurbanipal 2344: 2332: 2326: 2318:Civic Center 2309:Ashurbanipal 2307: 2292: 2281: 2271: 2268: 2257: 2254:Victor Place 2247: 2241: 2214: 2204: 2194: 2183: 2174:Sardanapalus 2172: 2159: 2148: 2137: 2105: 2103: 2088: 2056:Book of Ezra 2052: 2043: 2035:Sardanapalus 2008: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1984: 1959:W. K. Loftus 1944: 1937: 1931: 1927:Epic of Anzu 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1890: 1865: 1814: 1811: 1792: 1784: 1747: 1743: 1691: 1686: 1681:𒊩𒌷𒊮𒌷𒊬𒋥 1668: 1634:Sin-ahu-usur 1627: 1620: 1597: 1589: 1581: 1574: 1570:ASHURBANIPAL 1569: 1568: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1533:Arda-mulissu 1517: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1480: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1453: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1398: 1391: 1385: 1377: 1369: 1362: 1358: 1357:Key (male • 1356: 1350:Neo-Assyrian 1334: 1311: 1291: 1267: 1262:Sardanapalus 1258:eponym canon 1251: 1231: 1224: 1198: 1168: 1164: 1147: 1138: 1118: 1089: 1077: 1069:Tammaritu II 1062: 1031:Nabopolassar 1027: 1020: 994: 942: 937: 930: 929: 923: 899: 859: 840: 803:, a nomadic 798: 773: 763: 759: 756: 722: 698: 684:In 665, the 683: 639: 608: 573: 537: 520: 516: 482: 476: 468: 459:Arda-Mulissu 452: 448:Serua-eterat 414: 369:Sardanapalus 362: 343: 327: 304: 257:Ashurbanipal 256: 255: 121:King of the 111: 69: 64:Ashurbanipal 58: 39: 13904:Simpson, W. 13832:639–651 CE 13779:Azarmidokht 13770:Khosrow III 13753:628–641 CE 13709:618–628 CE 13671:395–618 CE 13637:273–395 CE 13625:Vaballathus 13615:270–273 CE 13579:Hormizd III 13564:Yazdegerd I 13555:Ardashir II 13549:Adur Narseh 13503:224–270 CE 13491:Vologases V 13465:117–224 CE 13446:116–117 CE 13393:Vardanes II 13390:Vologases I 13381:Gotarzes II 13351:Phraates IV 13321:Hyspaosines 13260:Hyrcanus II 13235:141–30 BCE 13214:Demetrius I 13211:Antiochus V 13205:Seleucus IV 13196:Seleucus II 13190:Antiochus I 13177:Antigonus I 13129:Ptolemy XIV 13117:Cleopatra V 12899:Neriglissar 12896:Amel-Marduk 12879:Psamtik III 12850:Late Period 12789:Sennacherib 12780:Shalmaneser 12707:Tammaritu I 12604:Shammuramat 12547:Takelot III 12544:Osorkon III 12541:Shoshenq VI 12516:Pedubast II 12506:Shoshenq IV 12494:Shoshenq II 12343:Ashur-dan I 12284:Ish-bosheth 12237:Psusennes I 12213:Ramesses XI 12207:Ramesses IX 12198:Ramesses VI 12192:Ramesses IV 12137:Ramesses II 12100:Tutankhamun 12083:Thutmose IV 12067:Thutmose II 12001:Kudur-Enlil 11986:Nazi-Bugash 11974:Kurigalzu I 11962:Ulamburiash 11933:Amenhotep I 11914:Tutankhamun 11900:Parshatatar 11897:Shuttarna I 11830:Seventeenth 11759:Ilum-ma-ili 11734:Ammi-saduqa 11731:Ammi-ditana 11725:Samsu-iluna 11632:Erishum III 11593:Adad-salulu 11590:Ipqi-Ishtar 11578:Ashur-dugul 11563:Adad-salulu 11560:Ipqi-Ishtar 11548:Ashur-dugul 11517:Old Assyria 11512:(Amorites) 11455:Sobekneferu 11443:Senusret II 11434:Amenemhat I 11406:Sîn-iribam 11383:Sin-Iqisham 11377:Sin-Iddinam 11327:Erra-imitti 11324:Lipit-Enlil 11312:Ishme-Dagan 11309:Iddin-Dagan 11245:Shalim-ahum 11236:Old Assyria 11222:Yasmah-Adad 11199:Lim Dynasty 11191:Hanun-Dagan 11187:Hitial-Erra 10952:Ur-Ningirsu 10908:Kuda (Uruk) 10881:Ishgum-Addu 10871:Ishtup-Ilum 10723:Ishma-Dagan 10708:Shakkanakku 10686:Neferirkare 10683:Neferkauhor 10586:Ili-ishmani 10565:Manishtushu 10528:Lugalzagesi 10524:III dynasty 10508:Puzur-Nirah 10223:Ishar-Malik 10202:Shepseskare 9992:Mesannepada 9917:Nin-kisalsi 9905:Lugal-kitun 9875:Meskalamdug 9861:Ur-Pabilsag 9674:Aga of Kish 9583:Barsal-nuna 9468:Khasekhemwy 9454:Neferkara I 9433:Weneg-Nebty 9411:Nebra/Raneb 9223:Lower Egypt 9209:Scorpion II 9154:Upper Egypt 9106:, 4000 BCE) 9089:Uruk period 8866:Vologases V 8817:Vologases I 8803:Gotarzes II 8761:Phraates IV 8692:Artabanus I 8685:Hyspaosines 8673:Phraates II 8652:Phraates II 8313:Cambyses II 8237:Neriglissar 8232:Amel-Marduk 8133:Sennacherib 8090:Sennacherib 7741:Meli-Shipak 7706:Kudur-Enlil 7681:Nazi-Bugash 7661:Kurigalzu I 7633:Ulamburiash 7620:Shipta'ulzi 7595:Abi-Rattash 7484:Ilum-ma-ili 7461:Ammi-Saduqa 7456:Ammi-Ditana 7446:Samsu-iluna 7372:vassal king 7139:Sennacherib 6954:Sennacherib 6913:Shammuramat 6771:Sennacherib 6614:Ashur-dan I 6458:Erishum III 6406:Adad-salulu 6400:Ipqi-Ishtar 6377:Ashur-dugul 6304:Shalim-ahum 6105:24 February 6066:28 November 6050:Web sources 5844:: 133–147. 4295:Kertai 2020 4030:Parker 2011 4006:Dalley 2003 3931:Kertai 2020 3919:Kertai 2020 3895:Kertai 2013 3789:Simons 1996 3116:Radner 2003 3000:Kertai 2013 2920:Radner 2003 2821:Tetlow 2004 2695:Finkel 2013 2591:(41 years). 2581:Ashur-dan I 2421:colonialist 2383:Weird Tales 2351:Fred Parhad 2314:Fred Parhad 2244:(2018–2019) 2209:(1910) and 2160:Sardanapalo 2152:Renaissance 2116:orientalism 2018:physiognomy 1628:Ahat-abisha 1507:SENNACHERIB 1419:Shammuramat 1352:family tree 1187:Kamas-halta 1101:Achaemenids 819:, ruled by 815:in western 750:Tammaritu I 744:as king at 710:Nabu-usabsi 627:Lower Egypt 455:Sennacherib 365:Greco-Roman 358:Assyriology 278:, meaning " 137:Predecessor 14059:Categories 13788:Khosrow IV 13785:Hormizd VI 13767:Shahrbaraz 13744:Khosrow II 13729:Shahrbaraz 13723:Shahrbaraz 13603:Khosrow II 13600:Hormizd IV 13558:Shapur III 13546:Hormizd II 13540:Bahram III 13525:Ardashir I 13396:Pacorus II 13387:Vonones II 13384:Meherdates 13378:Vardanes I 13363:Orodes III 13360:Phraates V 13339:Sinatruces 13187:Seleucus I 13164:Philip III 13138:Arsinoe IV 13063:Arsinoe II 13004:Darius III 12870:Psamtik II 12810:Esarhaddon 12703:Ummanigash 12673:Nabonassar 12567:Bakenranef 12538:Pedubast I 12535:Takelot II 12532:Harsiese A 12520:Osorkon IV 12512:Shoshenq V 12500:Osorkon II 12488:Shoshenq I 12234:Amenemnisu 12210:Ramesses X 12195:Ramesses V 12143:Amenmesses 12131:Ramesses I 12093:Smenkhkare 12070:Hatshepsut 12064:Thutmose I 11968:Karaindash 11707:Sumu-la-El 11539:Mut-Ashkur 11530:(Amorites) 11437:Senusret I 11396:Rim-Sin II 11386:Silli-Adad 11380:Sin-Eribam 11342:Suen-magir 11339:Ur-du-kuga 11336:Iter-pisha 11330:Enlil-bani 11318:Ur-Ninurta 11306:Shu-Ilishu 11303:Ishbi-Erra 11273:Erishum II 11219:Yahdun-Lim 11216:Yaggid-Lim 11029:Tura-Dagan 11008:Utu-hengal 10984:Meryhathor 10960:Nam-mahani 10926:II dynasty 10895:(21 kings) 10789:Puzer-Mama 10785:II dynasty 10767:IV dynasty 10680:Neferkaure 10677:Qakare Ibi 10668:Neferkahor 10659:Neferkamin 10578:Ilshu-rabi 10469:Ishqi-Mari 10465:Ikun-Ishar 10461:Enna-Dagan 10381:II dynasty 10355:Bara-irnun 10310:Puzur-Suen 10306:IV dynasty 10298:Irkab-Damu 10243:(3 kings) 10169:Ukkutahesh 10142:Meskiagnun 10138:A'annepada 10085:II dynasty 9980:Thamphthis 9976:Shepseskaf 9925:Lugal-dalu 9824:Udulkalama 9804:II dynasty 9746:Sekhemkhet 9654:Lugalbanda 9580:Melem-Kish 9576:En-me-nuna 9361:Canaanites 9355:Horus Bird 9320:Neithhotep 9193:Scorpion I 9143:Naqada III 8824:Pacorus II 8810:Vonones II 8796:Vardanes I 8775:Orodes III 8768:Phraates V 8743:Piriustana 8730:Sinatruces 8712:Asi'abatar 8706:Gotarzes I 8416:Darius III 8140:Esarhaddon 8005:Nabonassar 7651:Karaindash 7421:Sumu-la-El 7154:Esarhaddon 6959:Esarhaddon 6776:Esarhaddon 6354:Mut-Ashkur 6339:Erishum II 6191:Esarhaddon 6145:5 December 6125:5 December 6085:5 December 5926:: 381–420. 5873:: 157–171. 5656:(1): 1–9. 5505:: 167–177. 5486:B00MMP7YC8 5227:. Leiden: 4962:Orientalia 4545:Pitts 2013 4533:Nardo 2012 4521:Price 2001 4473:Reade 2018 4461:Reade 2018 4437:Reade 2018 4271:Evans 2018 4257:2024-05-23 4235:Bauer 2007 4066:Elayi 2017 3994:Teppo 2007 3970:Svärd 2015 3958:Frahm 1999 3907:Frahm 2014 3847:Reade 1970 3772:Reade 1998 3757:Ahmed 2018 3572:Frahm 2017 3458:Johns 1913 3427:Ahmed 2018 3403:Ahmed 2018 3379:Teppo 2007 3367:Ahmed 2018 3355:Ahmed 2018 3317:Ahmed 2018 3228:Ahmed 2018 3211:Ahmed 2018 3199:Jursa 2007 3163:Lloyd 2001 3104:Frahm 2017 3053:Ahmed 2018 3029:Teppo 2005 2983:Ahmed 2018 2968:Leick 2002 2944:Ahmed 2018 2893:Ahmed 2018 2838:Frahm 2017 2730:Ahmed 2018 2628:References 2435:See also: 2169:Lord Byron 2142:(1827) by 2122:of Media, 2084:effeminate 2078:", in the 2064:Esarhaddon 2046:(1871) by 1973:See also: 1909:Enûma Eliš 1834:impalement 1771:See also: 1542:ESARHADDON 1319:Adad-guppi 1183:Ammuladdin 1092:Dur-Untash 1045:See also: 1008:fratricide 965:Ummanigash 801:Cimmerians 742:Ummanigash 701:Gambulians 655:Mentuemhat 623:Kar-Banitu 432:Esarhaddon 421:Esarhaddon 402:Esarhaddon 373:effeminate 292:Esarhaddon 238:Esarhaddon 141:Esarhaddon 132:669–631 BC 13900:Hallo, W. 13797:Peroz III 13631:Antiochus 13597:Khosrow I 13567:Shapur IV 13561:Bahram IV 13552:Shapur II 13537:Bahram II 13531:Hormizd I 13488:Osroes II 13366:Vonones I 13348:Orodes II 13324:Artabanus 12992:Darius II 12919:Phraortes 12905:Nabonidus 12876:Ahmose II 12864:Psamtik I 12757:Tanutamun 12606:(regent) 12497:Takelot I 12491:Osorkon I 12256:Phoenicia 12240:Amenemope 12186:Setnakhte 12140:Merneptah 12089:Akhenaten 11872:Sakir-Har 11810:Sixteenth 11789:Akurduana 11775:Gulkishar 11772:Shushushi 11728:Abi-eshuh 11722:Hammurabi 11704:Sumu-abum 11626:Shu-Ninua 11617:Iptar-Sin 11587:Sin-namir 11584:Nasir-Sin 11575:Puzur-Sin 11557:Sin-namir 11554:Nasir-Sin 11408:Sîn-gāmil 11404:Sîn-kāšid 11392:Rim-Sin I 11389:Warad-Sin 11269:Naram-Sin 11253:Erishum I 11249:Ilu-shuma 11225:Zimri-Lim 11173:Indilimma 11160:Ibbit-Lim 11130:Intef III 11093:invasions 11080:invasions 11025:Ili-Ishar 11021:Iddi-ilum 11014:2100 BCE 11004:V dynasty 10974:2125 BCE 10912:Puzur-ili 10899:La-erabum 10833:2150 BCE 10759:Shu-turul 10752:(3 years) 10719:Shu-Dagan 10619:2200 BCE 10596:Naram-Sin 10592:2250 BCE 10536:2340 BCE 10502:2350 BCE 10496:Luh-ishan 10491:Urukagina 10487:Lugalanda 10456:Isar-Damu 10452:2370 BCE 10398:2380 BCE 10373:Enentarzi 10361:Enannatum 10350:Gishakidu 10314:Ur-Zababa 10290:Adub-Damu 10286:2400 BCE 10259:2425 BCE 10253:Napilhush 10241:invasions 10219:Enar-Damu 10199:Neferefre 10179:2450 BCE 10122:Ur-Nanshe 10117:I dynasty 10104:I dynasty 10045:Ikun-Mari 10004:Phoenicia 10000:2500 BCE 9933:2575 BCE 9901:Melamanna 9885:Akalamdug 9857:A-Imdugud 9820:Ur-Nungal 9807:(5 kings) 9794:Baba-Damu 9790:Ibbi-Damu 9719:2600 BCE 9689:Gilgamesh 9647:Iltasadum 9618:2700 BCE 9592:I dynasty 9545:2800 BCE 9508:I dynasty 9464:Hudjefa I 9397:2900 BCE 9343:Semerkhet 9335:(regent) 9322:(regent) 9229:Hedju Hor 9057:Naqada II 8782:Vonones I 8754:Orodes II 8748:Teleuniqe 8724:Ispubarza 8585:Timarchus 8564:Antiochus 8543:Antiochus 8409:Nidin-Bel 8382:Darius II 8375:Sogdianus 8368:Xerxes II 8247:Nabonidus 8170:Kandalanu 8083:Sargon II 7530:Akurduana 7512:Gulkishar 7507:Shushushi 7451:Abi-Eshuh 7441:Hammurabi 7416:Sumu-abum 7169:(Babylon) 7149:(Babylon) 7134:Sargon II 6949:Sargon II 6915:(regent?) 6766:Sargon II 6448:Shu-Ninua 6433:Iptar-Sin 6394:Sin-namir 6388:Nasir-Sin 6372:Puzur-Sin 6334:Naram-Sin 6314:Erishum I 6309:Ilu-shuma 6042:165318561 5678:159764447 5559:145597598 5469:159785150 5436:785860275 5396:926853184 5301:225090268 5268:163392326 5145:Midrashim 4714:144093611 4557:Bond 2018 4425:Rosa 2019 4413:Rosa 2019 4401:Rosa 2019 4389:Rosa 2019 4152:Bagg 2016 4102:Bagg 2016 4078:Bagg 2016 4054:Bagg 2016 4018:Dick 2004 3537:Rosa 2019 3506:Zaia 2019 3491:Zaia 2019 3340:Rosa 2019 2932:Zaia 2019 2573:Naram-Sin 2565:Erishum I 2404:Gilgamesh 2400:Hammurabi 2367:Gilgamesh 2280:, in the 2095:Herodotus 2090:Histories 2013:Urartians 1788:Sargon II 1767:Brutality 1762:Character 1490:SARGON II 1323:Nabonidus 1295:Psamtik I 1279:Psamtik I 1212:Nabayyate 1202:defeated 1177:, son of 1171:Qedarites 1142:shushinak 1085:Khuzestan 1059:in 646 BC 1023:Kandalanu 945:Chaldeans 855:Phraortes 642:Tantamani 611:Levantine 485:) means " 315:Babylonia 147:Successor 14016:(2014). 13969:(1992). 13939:(2020). 13906:(1971). 13747:Kavad II 13573:Bahram V 13534:Bahram I 13528:Shapur I 13405:Osroes I 13336:Orodes I 13330:Gotarzes 13318:Phraates 12983:Darius I 12980:Cambyses 12928:Astyages 12925:Cyaxares 12867:Necho II 12798:Bel-ibni 12748:Shebitku 12711:Indabibi 12564:Tefnakht 12106:Horemheb 11965:Agum III 11947:Kassites 11930:Ahmose I 11795:Ea-gamil 11779:DIŠ+U-EN 11769:Ishkibal 11716:Apil-Sin 11698:Amorites 11608:Bel-bani 11483:Biblical 11374:Nur-Adad 11365:Gungunum 11353:Naplanum 11321:Bur-Suen 11285:Amorites 11261:Sargon I 11211:Amorites 11155:Amorites 11127:Intef II 11097:Kindattu 11085:Ibbi-Sin 11064:Amar-Sin 11058:Ur-Nammu 10993:Merykare 10885:Apil-kin 10797:Pirig-me 10775:Ur-gigir 10771:Ur-nigin 10711:dynasty) 10656:Merenhor 10582:Epirmupi 10411:Userkare 10365:Entemena 10342:Ur-Lumma 10337:Meskigal 10268:Eannatum 10263:Kun-Damu 10247:Shushun- 10232:Enakalle 10091:kushanna 10077:Undalulu 10049:Iblul-Il 9973:Menkaure 9969:Bikheris 9962:Djedefre 9921:Me-durba 9846:shaengur 9840:En-hegal 9828:Labashum 9786:Agur-lim 9782:Abur-lim 9761:Qahedjet 9606:Enmerkar 9438:Wadjenes 9428:Horus Sa 9423:Nubnefer 9414:Nynetjer 9388:Susa III 9350:Sneferka 9333:Merneith 9051:Naqada I 8909:Category 8838:Osroes I 8718:Orodes I 8509:Seleucus 8344:Xerxes I 8332:Darius I 8306:Cyrus II 8107:Bel-ibni 7643:Agum III 7540:Ea-gamil 7516:DIŠ+U-EN 7502:Ishkibal 7431:Apil-Sin 7274:Category 7193:Consorts 7078:Category 6862:Military 6851:Politics 6418:Bel-bani 6324:Sargon I 5858:40001126 5699:43076393 5603:44100170 5551:41303323 4984:(2017). 4974:43077969 4706:40023594 2569:Sargon I 2521:, or as 2484:See also 2331:painted 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10353:(Queen 10239:Elamite 10190:Userkaf 10133:Akurgal 10062:Ku-Baba 9878:(Queen 9814:Mesilim 9749:Sanakht 9739:(First 9556:Zuqaqip 9553:Kalumum 9538:Kalibum 9534:Puannum 9491:Kingdom 9340:Anedjib 9324:Hor-Aha 9269:Nat-Hor 9202:Iry-Hor 9198:Shendjw 9170:Pen-Abu 9118:Susa II 8320:Bardiya 7610:Agum II 7577:Gandash 7378:female) 7353:Dynasty 7030:Culture 7003:Economy 6493:Nur-ili 6443:Lullaya 6140:Polygon 5893:6057301 5670:1359277 5375:(ed.). 5184:1027304 4914:(ed.). 4605:Sources 2339:at the 2316:in the 2128:Belesys 2124:Arbaces 2099:Aramaic 1989:reliefs 1969:Artwork 1947:Nineveh 1826:flaying 1210:of the 1195:Abiyate 1105:Cyrus I 969:Undashe 961:Meluhha 926:Aramaic 865: 836: 828: 793:Nineveh 746:Madaktu 705:Aramean 694:Teumman 686:Elamite 679:Teumman 646:pharaoh 635:Necho I 588:Memphis 579:Taharqa 564:Memphis 529:Babylon 479:Nineveh 288:Assyria 223:Dynasty 14026: 13979: 13949: 13591:Jamasp 13585:Balash 13543:Narseh 13454:Trajan 13452:under 12986:Xerxes 12922:Madyes 12786:Sargon 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5941: 5891: 5856: 5821: 5800: 5779: 5758: 5737: 5714: 5697: 5676: 5668: 5637: 5601: 5574: 5557: 5549: 5518: 5484: 5467: 5434: 5415: 5394: 5360: 5339: 5318: 5299: 5266: 5235: 5182: 5157: 5112: 5091: 5070: 5036: 5015: 4994: 4972: 4945: 4922: 4895: 4872: 4851: 4830: 4807: 4769: 4750: 4729: 4712: 4704: 4669: 4627: 2618:ashagu 2579:kings 2563:kings 2431:Titles 2402:. and 2396:Sargon 2191:Nimrud 2179:Myrrah 2120:satrap 2024:Legacy 1957:, and 1918:, the 1906:, the 1868:stylus 1808:Harran 1665:(left) 1519:Naqi'a 1516:, (2) 1501:Ra'ima 1499:, (2) 1496:Atalia 1482:Banitu 1359:female 1315:Harran 1179:Hazael 1113:Arukku 1097:Parsua 1057:Hamanu 957:Amurru 953:Gutium 903:Nippur 764:ashagu 738:Hidalu 631:Thebes 619:Cyprus 524:Naqi'a 511:Naqi'a 244:Mother 234:Father 184:Spouse 167:685 BC 13791:Boran 13773:Boran 13660:Syria 13440:Syria 13435:Judea 12977:Cyrus 12695:Urtak 12288:David 11894:Kirta 11878:Apepi 11875:Khyan 11596:Adasi 11566:Adasi 11194:(...) 10941:Gudea 10903:Si'um 10852:Setut 10823:Khita 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In 4710:S2CID 4702:JSTOR 2614:Baltu 2501:Notes 2335:, an 2072:33:11 1804:Assur 1208:Natnu 1204:Adiya 1175:Yauta 998:Kutha 975:were 869:Ardys 847:Medes 821:Gyges 813:Lydia 760:baltu 690:Urtak 688:king 583:Nubia 491:queen 487:Ashur 415:Born 319:Egypt 280:Ashur 195:Issue 129:Reign 14024:ISBN 14000:Per 13977:ISBN 13947:ISBN 13357:Musa 13047:and 12745:Piye 12509:Pami 12280:Saul 11205:Mari 11002:Uruk 10924:Umma 10819:Helu 10765:Uruk 10755:Dudu 10522:Uruk 10475:Mari 10438:Adab 10408:Teti 10319:Urur 10304:Kish 10214:Unas 10165:Tata 10161:Peli 10102:Umma 10083:Uruk 10073:Unzi 10053:Nizi 9912:Adab 9810:Uhub 9802:Kish 9765:Huni 9643:Ilku 9590:Uruk 9559:Atab 9506:Kish 9346:Qa'a 9330:Djet 9327:Djer 9282:Wash 9274:Mekh 9188:Bull 9165:Fish 9040:Elam 9024:Umma 9019:Adab 9014:Uruk 8994:Kish 8989:Mari 8984:Ebla 8487:XIII 7927:VIII 6147:2019 6127:2019 6107:2022 6087:2019 6068:2019 5990:ISBN 5960:ISBN 5939:ISBN 5889:OCLC 5819:ISBN 5798:ISBN 5777:ISBN 5756:ISBN 5735:ISBN 5712:ISBN 5635:ISBN 5572:ISBN 5516:ISBN 5482:ASIN 5432:OCLC 5413:ISBN 5392:OCLC 5358:ISBN 5337:ISBN 5316:ISBN 5233:ISBN 5180:OCLC 5155:ISBN 5110:ISBN 5089:ISBN 5068:ISBN 5034:ISBN 5013:ISBN 4992:ISBN 4943:ISBN 4920:ISBN 4893:ISBN 4870:ISBN 4849:ISBN 4828:ISBN 4805:ISBN 4767:ISBN 4748:ISBN 4727:ISBN 4667:ISBN 4625:ISBN 2616:and 2162:, a 2154:and 2060:4:10 1915:Erra 1832:and 1820:and 1806:and 1798:and 1487:(?) 1469:Yaba 1440:Hama 1363:KING 1247:Nabu 1191:Moab 959:and 909:and 907:Uruk 799:The 768:Ulai 762:and 730:Susa 703:(an 597:The 442:and 396:The 375:and 323:Elam 172:Died 161:Born 11203:of 10742:Imi 10228:Ush 9337:Den 9249:Tiu 8636:XIV 8446:XII 8411:(?) 7909:VII 7569:III 7212:(?) 6414:(?) 6408:(?) 6402:(?) 6396:(?) 6390:(?) 6384:(?) 6368:(?) 6362:(?) 6356:(?) 6028:hdl 6020:doi 5924:101 5871:XXI 5846:doi 5658:doi 5539:doi 5503:106 5457:doi 5289:doi 5256:doi 5208:doi 5204:101 5176:124 4788:doi 4694:doi 4659:doi 2544:or 2470:... 2320:of 2213:'s 2203:'s 2110:of 2093:of 1949:by 1317:by 1189:of 1065:Der 726:Der 625:in 360:. 250:(?) 179:54) 14061:: 13991:^ 13902:; 13814:, 13691:, 13185:: 13175:: 13159:: 12947:) 12742:") 12738:(" 12397:") 12103:Ay 11850:") 11846:(" 11755:") 11751:(" 11351:: 11301:: 11231:) 11103:) 10748:, 10744:, 10740:, 10379:Ur 10357:) 10346:Il 9852:Ur 9641:, 9637:, 9612:") 9536:, 9532:, 9515:, 9418:Ba 9215:/ 9205:Ka 9035:Ur 8297:XI 8047:IX 7881:VI 7785:IV 7476:II 6554:c. 6289:c. 6173:c. 6138:. 6118:. 6098:. 6078:. 6059:. 6036:. 6026:. 6014:. 6010:. 5922:. 5918:. 5869:. 5852:. 5842:13 5840:. 5836:. 5691:67 5689:. 5672:. 5664:. 5654:23 5652:. 5618:. 5614:. 5589:. 5553:. 5545:. 5535:67 5533:. 5501:. 5497:. 5463:. 5453:81 5451:. 5447:. 5295:. 5285:39 5283:. 5279:. 5262:. 5252:40 5250:. 5231:. 5186:. 5178:. 5134:. 5130:. 5051:. 4966:78 4964:. 4960:. 4937:. 4887:. 4708:. 4700:. 4690:38 4688:. 4684:. 4665:. 4642:. 4564:^ 4250:. 4225:^ 4195:^ 4144:^ 4109:^ 3950:^ 3839:^ 3796:^ 3779:^ 3764:^ 3749:^ 3734:^ 3719:^ 3702:^ 3649:^ 3634:^ 3579:^ 3544:^ 3525:^ 3498:^ 3465:^ 3446:^ 3347:^ 3324:^ 3291:^ 3262:^ 3235:^ 3218:^ 3141:^ 3131:. 3096:^ 3075:^ 3060:^ 3007:^ 2990:^ 2975:^ 2912:^ 2845:^ 2828:^ 2761:^ 2702:^ 2687:^ 2664:^ 2647:^ 2425:BP 2412:. 2398:, 1828:, 1677:: 1365:) 1361:• 1328:r. 1284:r. 955:, 947:, 911:Ur 905:, 875:. 862:c. 833:c. 825:c. 497:. 493:, 426:r. 417:c. 307:c. 269:, 263:: 177:c. 165:c. 14032:. 13985:. 13955:. 13716:) 13712:( 13427:) 13423:( 12943:( 12773:) 12769:( 11949:) 11700:) 11696:( 11600:( 11522:( 11510:) 11506:( 11485:) 11481:( 11287:) 11283:( 11213:) 11209:( 11184:) 11177:( 11157:) 11153:( 11099:( 10706:( 9882:) 9743:) 9523:, 9390:) 9386:( 9145:) 9141:( 9102:( 9006:/ 8996:/ 8941:e 8934:t 8927:v 8214:X 7853:V 7408:I 7363:( 7306:e 7299:t 7292:v 7258:) 7252:( 7112:e 7105:t 7098:v 6835:e 6828:t 6821:v 6552:( 6287:( 6239:e 6232:t 6225:v 6149:. 6129:. 6109:. 6089:. 6070:. 6044:. 6030:: 6022:: 6016:6 5998:. 5968:. 5947:. 5895:. 5860:. 5848:: 5827:. 5806:. 5785:. 5764:. 5743:. 5720:. 5701:. 5680:. 5660:: 5643:. 5620:6 5605:. 5595:4 5580:. 5561:. 5541:: 5524:. 5488:. 5471:. 5459:: 5438:. 5421:. 5398:. 5366:. 5345:. 5324:. 5303:. 5291:: 5270:. 5258:: 5241:. 5216:. 5210:: 5163:. 5136:6 5118:. 5097:. 5076:. 5042:. 5021:. 5000:. 4976:. 4951:. 4928:. 4901:. 4878:. 4857:. 4836:. 4813:. 4794:. 4790:: 4775:. 4756:. 4735:. 4716:. 4696:: 4675:. 4661:: 4633:. 4559:. 4547:. 4511:. 4499:. 4350:. 4336:. 4260:. 4127:. 3135:. 3043:. 2529:. 2070:( 2058:( 1718:( 1699:( 1673:( 1325:( 1281:( 1199:n 605:. 570:. 423:( 259:( 44:. 20:)

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