697:. The licence authorised the use of animals bred specifically for research use at breeding establishments in the UK in experiments to study brain function in relation to human disorders. According to the chief inspector of animals, the experimental protocols involved "the training and testing of animals using a range of behavioural and cognitive tasks; then disrupting normal brain function by chemical or physical lesions; the subsequent administration of experimental treatments intended to minimise the functional defects or repair the damage caused; and further testing to evaluate brain function." The animals were killed at the end of the experiments, most of them for tissue analysis.
807:
caging system was "no longer state of the art" but complied with Home Office provisions; and the marmoset colony was "generally healthy."The inspector noted four instances of non-compliance with the licence: in two experiments, the surgical procedure was at variance with the project licence; on one occasion, the water restriction schedule was at variance; on one occasion, the licence holder did not inform the department that the severity limit of an experiment had been exceeded; there were minor technical irregularities on reports of how the animals were used.
25:
1600:
135:
741:
use that arm to retrieve food or water. To encourage use of the limb, the monkeys were deprived of food or water for 22 out of every 24 hours for up to two and a half years. The monkeys were usually given an extra feed on Friday afternoons, but some researchers allegedly deprived the monkeys of this too, so that they could keep them hungry for further tests on the Monday.
846:, Lord Justice Keene allowed the review to proceed on two more counts that had originally been refused, on the grounds of public interest. These relate to the question of whether the Home Office underestimated the suffering of the Cambridge marmosets when setting severity limits and whether out-of-hours care and veterinary cover is required by law.
841:
Mr
Justice Burnton rejected four grounds for review directly related to the Cambridge case, but granted permission to seek judicial review on two wider grounds: whether death was an effect to be weighed in cost-benefit analysis and whether guidelines on restricting food and water should be a code of
740:
tasks, then were made to repeat them after minimally invasive surgery to switch off a small area of the brain, to assess how this had affected their functioning. For example, some of the monkeys suffered from a damaged arm after the experiments. They were then tethered in a way that forced them to
821:
The BUAV was invited to give evidence to the inquiry, but declined. Nor did it make available the unedited video footage from its film. After publication of the report, the group said it was "utterly appalled and deeply angered by the Home Office's complete dismissal of overwhelming evidence of
806:
The
British government's chief inspector of animals conducted a review and published a report in October 2002. It concluded the veterinary input at Cambridge was "exemplary"; the facility "seems adequately staffed"; and the animals afforded "appropriate standards of accommodation and care." The
793:
BUAV also says their investigator discovered monkeys who had had the tops of their scalps sawn off to have strokes induced, and who were then left unattended for 15 hours overnight without veterinary attention, because
Cambridge staff worked nine to five. Three full-time animal care staff were
748:
1993:
814:
to investigate the consequences of a monkey regaining muscle tone during surgery. They advised that "unless purposeful or voluntary movements had accompanied the return of muscle tone then ... the anaesthetic agents should have been sufficient to block awareness of pain.
660:
797:
A film produced by BUAV shows a monkey regaining muscle tone during surgery, an indication that the animal was insufficiently anaesthetised. The BUAV report suggested there was a delay of some minutes before more anaesthetic was given.
822:
animal suffering" and that "the government's claim that it was correct to categorise as moderate suffering experiments where monkeys had the top of their skull sawn off and part of their brain sucked out is ludicrous in the extreme."
1052:
853:
had unlawfully categorised the experiments as "moderate", rather than "substantial". The Home Office, given leave to appeal the decision, which it did successfully in April 2008 with the Home Office awarded costs.
650:
had underestimated the suffering of the marmosets by categorising the experiments as "moderate," rather than "substantial." The Home Office announced a review of its procedures for categorising animal suffering.
794:
employed to look after 400 animals, according to a
British government review, with the research scientists themselves responsible for the welfare of animals undergoing experimental procedures.
790:
to make them rotate faster. BUAV says the monkeys were often "clearly distressed and bewildered; they could be seen crying out, twisting frantically, retching or desperately trying to escape."
732:
According to the
British government's inspector of animals and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, in some experimental protocols, the monkeys were trained to perform certain
782:
One effect of the brain damage was that the monkeys would engage in stereotypical rotating movements. BUAV reported that one test for
Parkinson's disease involved shutting them in a small
1063:
1241:
Milton AL, Marshall JW, Cummings RM, Baker HF, Ridley RM (April 2004). "Dissociation of hemi-spatial and hemi-motor impairments in a unilateral primate model of
Parkinson's disease".
642:
1986. After a review by the government's chief inspector of animals ruled against BUAV's argument that the project licences should not have been granted, BUAV applied to the
435:
319:
1194:"Crossed unilateral lesions of temporal lobe structures and cholinergic cell bodies impair visual conditional and object discrimination learning in monkeys"
1819:
400:
1824:
395:
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39:
1781:
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620:
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61:
1909:
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came to public attention in 2002 after the publication that year of material from a ten-month undercover investigation in 1998 by the
1844:
68:
1131:
Clarke HF, Dalley JW, Crofts HS, Robbins TW, Roberts AC (May 2004). "Cognitive inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion".
838:
of the legality of the Home Office's interpretation of the
Cambridge case, and the wider implementation of vivisection legislation.
1999:
1690:
1665:
1574:
1415:
830:
As a result of the information obtained during their investigation and in light of the subsequent review, BUAV applied to the UK's
818:
Cambridge
University welcomed the report as "confirmation that there was no evidence to support the allegations made by the BUAV."
754:
alleges that monkeys were left unattended for up to 15 hours after having parts of their brains removed to induce strokes, because
684:
603:
271:
185:
1389:
849:
The 2007 review found in favour of the Home Office on three of the grounds. On the issue of suffering, the court found that the
75:
1454:
1441:
1390:"Response by the BUAV to a review by the Chief Inspector into aspects of non-human primate research at Cambridge University"
646:
for a judicial review. The review ruled against BUAV on three of the four grounds, but on the remaining ground it found the
1874:
1624:
1534:
1338:
941:
843:
445:
228:
57:
1489:
639:
638:
BUAV said the investigation revealed examples of animal abuse indicating that animals were inadequately protected by the
2044:
1864:
1013:
883:
430:
1080:
Dias R, Robbins TW, Roberts AC (March 1996). "Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts".
744:
During training for these tasks prior to brain surgery, BUAV claims that researchers were given instructions such as:
1869:
1639:
440:
108:
632:
1619:
1524:
635:. Some of the research was theoretical, aimed at advancing knowledge of the brain, while some of it was applied.
218:
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475:
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155:
1919:
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1579:
596:
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82:
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1680:
281:
1416:"Judicial review investigating cruelty to monkeys at Cambridge University given yet another legal boost"
2011:
1988:
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349:
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2005:
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35:
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811:
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571:
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box for up to one hour at a time to see how often they would rotate, and injecting them with
643:
314:
2017:
1904:
1140:
1089:
772:
Punish bad habits such as grooming by making a loud bang every time he does something wrong
755:
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664:
480:
8:
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1144:
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1723:
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1302:
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1174:
1113:
693:
628:
344:
195:
1284:
Parkinson JA, Crofts HS, McGuigan M, Tomic DL, Everitt BJ, Roberts AC (October 2001).
1254:
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705:
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1205:
1158:
1117:
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688:
425:
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1227:
1957:
1937:
835:
518:
513:
1342:
949:
1952:
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1505:
1014:"BUAV film showing brain-damaged marmosets, filmed inside Cambridge University"
850:
538:
533:
470:
309:
266:
150:
126:
1418:. British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection. 18 July 2005. Archived from
2033:
1967:
1791:
1655:
1464:
627:, and included the removal of parts of their brains intended to simulate the
523:
508:
377:
261:
1162:
1017:
891:
1962:
1947:
1321:
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1219:
1170:
543:
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1109:
1059:
787:
701:
680:
647:
200:
1839:
415:
778:
Use food restrictions to make the marmosets more amenable to "shaping"
1972:
1786:
1101:
737:
700:
Scientists using marmosets at
Cambridge have published their work in
503:
373:
24:
1889:
733:
721:
709:
624:
465:
1474:
783:
747:
354:
704:
journals. This includes discoveries relating to the role of the
1761:
1286:"The role of the primate amygdala in conditioned reinforcement"
1053:"Aspects of non-human primate research at Cambridge University"
842:
practice under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act. At the
713:
1599:
134:
1283:
1240:
751:
668:
659:
1130:
996:"Government downplayed animal suffering in experiments"
766:
Keep "miserable" or "angry" marmosets in test apparatus
884:"Witness the Cutting Edge of British Medical Research"
775:
Lower the shutter ... if necessary onto their fingers
1191:
1443:Report of the Animal Procedures Committee for 2007
1192:Barefoot HC, Baker HF, Ridley RM (February 2002).
1079:
1782:Laboratory animal suppliers in the United Kingdom
623:(BUAV). The experiments were being conducted on
2031:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
993:
946:British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
888:British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
801:
621:British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
1880:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
1490:
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456:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
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1333:
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1497:
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679:had three project licences, issued by the
604:
590:
1845:Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
1371:"Lab monkeys 'scream with fear' in tests"
1311:
1301:
1209:
1152:
964:
727:
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2000:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
1691:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1575:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1328:
987:
936:
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685:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
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617:Cambridge University primate experiments
186:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1368:
1357:
1006:
810:The reviewers consulted two experts in
769:Bang on the shutter, bang on the window
687:, permitting the controlled use of one
2032:
1994:Animal Experimentation Convention 1986
45:Please improve this article by adding
1478:
929:
2050:Animal testing on non-human primates
2040:Animal testing in the United Kingdom
1875:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
1535:Animal testing on non-human primates
912:
446:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
18:
1666:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
1369:Laville, Sandra (8 February 2005).
640:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
13:
1865:Foundation for Biomedical Research
1504:
1303:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07770.2001
825:
431:Foundation for Biomedical Research
14:
2066:
1870:National Anti-Vivisection Society
977:"Animal group's court review win"
913:Bird, Maryann (7 December 2003).
441:National Anti-Vivisection Society
1598:
1387:
1211:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01888.x
994:James Randerson (28 July 2007).
133:
23:
1525:Animal testing on invertebrates
1434:
1408:
1381:
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1234:
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272:Animals (Scientific Procedures)
58:"Cambridge University primates"
1815:Americans for Medical Progress
1520:Alternatives to animal testing
1124:
1073:
1062:. October 2002. Archived from
906:
724:in conditioned reinforcement.
691:species, the common marmoset,
411:Americans for Medical Progress
156:Alternatives to animal testing
1:
1920:Understanding Animal Research
1719:Cambridge University primates
1255:10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00231-6
869:
864:Non-human primate experiments
486:Understanding Animal Research
305:Cambridge University primates
47:secondary or tertiary sources
1580:Testing cosmetics on animals
708:in behaviour, understanding
191:Testing cosmetics on animals
7:
1910:Stop Sequani Animal Testing
1681:International primate trade
857:
802:Response to the allegations
758:staff worked nine to five.
689:New World non-human primate
282:International primate trade
10:
2071:
2012:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
1989:Animal testing regulations
1850:Cruelty Free International
1810:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
1757:Charles River Laboratories
1560:History of model organisms
1550:Animal testing regulations
763:Chase monkey into test box
421:Cruelty Free International
350:Charles River Laboratories
171:History of model organisms
161:Animal testing regulations
2045:Anti-vivisection movement
1981:
1928:
1800:
1749:
1699:
1686:Laboratory animal allergy
1648:
1607:
1596:
1570:Laboratory animal sources
1555:History of animal testing
1545:Animal testing on rodents
1540:Animal testing on rabbits
1512:
834:for permission to seek a
181:Laboratory animal sources
166:History of animal testing
1915:Research Defence Society
1777:Labcorp Drug Development
1772:Huntingdon Life Sciences
364:Huntingdon Life Sciences
320:UCR 1985 laboratory raid
2006:Animal Welfare Act 1999
1885:Primate Freedom Project
1830:Animal Free Research UK
1530:Animal testing on frogs
1163:10.1126/science.1094987
461:Primate Freedom Project
369:UK lab animal suppliers
1676:Great ape research ban
1341:. BUAV. Archived from
942:"Cambridge University"
812:veterinary anaesthesia
759:
728:Allegations of cruelty
720:, and the role of the
672:
655:Nature of the research
277:Great ape research ban
34:relies excessively on
1734:Silver Spring monkeys
1449:. London: TSO. 2008.
750:
662:
315:Silver Spring monkeys
2018:Directive 2010/63/EU
1905:Speaking of Research
677:Cambridge University
675:As of October 2002,
665:Cambridge University
481:Speaking of Research
1996:(Council of Europe)
1671:Biomedical Research
1145:2004Sci...304..878C
1094:1996Natur.380...69D
1069:on 21 January 2009.
718:Parkinson's disease
633:Parkinson's disease
16:Primate experiments
2055:Cruelty to animals
1724:Monkey Drug Trials
1590:Toxicology testing
760:
694:Callithrix jacchus
673:
663:A marmoset inside
629:symptoms of stroke
345:Jackson Laboratory
196:Toxicology testing
2027:
2026:
1456:978-0-10-295801-0
1345:on 5 October 2006
915:"Animal Passions"
706:prefrontal cortex
614:
613:
549:Syed Ziaur Rahman
495:Writers/activists
119:
118:
111:
93:
2062:
1740:Unnecessary Fuss
1714:Brown Dog affair
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1392:. Archived from
1388:Thew, Michelle.
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1243:Behav. Brain Res
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1198:Eur. J. Neurosci
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1139:(5672): 878–80.
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1102:10.1038/380069a0
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1016:. Archived from
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983:. 12 April 2005.
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948:. Archived from
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921:. Archived from
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904:
903:
901:
899:
890:. Archived from
880:
606:
599:
592:
426:Dr. Hadwen Trust
387:Groups/campaigns
326:Unnecessary Fuss
300:Brown Dog affair
257:Medical research
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1977:
1958:Neal D. Barnard
1938:Colin Blakemore
1930:
1924:
1802:
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1745:
1701:
1695:
1644:
1640:Syrian hamsters
1603:
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1296:(19): 7770–80.
1282:
1278:
1239:
1235:
1190:
1186:
1154:10.1.1.333.8219
1129:
1125:
1088:(6569): 69–72.
1078:
1074:
1066:
1055:
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1050:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1020:on 8 March 2006
1012:
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992:
988:
975:
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965:
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939:
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925:on 13 May 2008.
911:
907:
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844:Court of Appeal
836:judicial review
828:
826:Judicial review
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730:
657:
610:
581:
553:
519:Colin Blakemore
514:Neal D. Barnard
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40:primary sources
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1729:Pit of despair
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1506:Animal testing
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1433:
1422:on 7 June 2007
1407:
1396:on 4 July 2007
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1327:
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1249:(1–2): 55–63.
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1184:
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952:on 7 June 2007
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894:on 7 June 2007
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851:Home Secretary
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539:Bernard Rollin
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471:SPEAK campaign
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1968:Simon Festing
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99:February 2014
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
26:
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1963:Jerry Vlasak
1948:Gill Langley
1738:
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1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1410:
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1394:the original
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529:Gill Langley
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1982:Legislation
1929:Writers and
1702:experiments
1426:24 February
1400:24 February
1290:J. Neurosci
1060:Home Office
1024:24 February
956:24 February
898:24 February
788:amphetamine
734:behavioural
681:Home Office
648:Home Office
201:Vivisection
2034:Categories
1943:Carl Cohen
1840:Boyd Group
1801:Groups and
1608:Testing on
870:References
832:High Court
683:under the
644:High Court
558:Categories
416:Boyd Group
210:Testing on
69:newspapers
36:references
1973:Tipu Aziz
1931:activists
1803:campaigns
1787:Nafovanny
1750:Companies
1465:328800420
1349:8 October
1149:CiteSeerX
756:Cambridge
738:cognitive
625:marmosets
504:Tipu Aziz
374:Nafovanny
336:Companies
1890:Pro-Test
1792:Shamrock
1709:Britches
1625:Primates
1585:Three Rs
1322:11567067
1271:41078502
1263:15033279
1220:11876778
1179:35978932
1171:15131308
981:BBC News
858:See also
722:amygdala
710:learning
466:Pro-Test
229:Primates
1635:Rodents
1630:Rabbits
1313:6762910
1141:Bibcode
1133:Science
1118:4301013
1110:8598908
1090:Bibcode
784:Perspex
355:Covance
239:Rodents
234:Rabbits
83:scholar
1767:Harlan
1762:Envigo
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714:memory
359:Harlan
248:Issues
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1900:SPEAK
1825:AALAS
1615:Frogs
1565:IACUC
1447:(PDF)
1267:S2CID
1224:S2CID
1175:S2CID
1114:S2CID
1067:(PDF)
1056:(PDF)
436:FRAME
396:AALAS
291:Cases
224:Frogs
176:IACUC
90:JSTOR
76:books
2020:(EU)
2014:(US)
2008:(NZ)
2002:(UK)
1895:SHAC
1855:PETA
1820:AAAS
1461:OCLC
1451:ISBN
1428:2006
1402:2006
1351:2006
1318:PMID
1259:PMID
1216:PMID
1167:PMID
1106:PMID
1026:2006
958:2006
900:2006
752:BUAV
736:and
712:and
669:BUAV
476:SHAC
451:PETA
401:AAAS
62:news
1860:ALF
1835:ALF
1308:PMC
1298:doi
1251:doi
1247:150
1206:doi
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1098:doi
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631:or
406:ALF
38:to
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