26:
4081:
4225:
91:
64:. These animals offer scientists many advantages over vertebrates, including their short life cycle, simple anatomy and the ease with which large numbers of individuals may be studied. Invertebrates are often cost-effective, as thousands of flies or nematodes can be housed in a single room.
4618:
578:
is especially valuable as the precise lineage of all the organism's 959 somatic cells is known, giving a complete picture of how this organism goes from a single cell in a fertilized egg, to an adult animal. The
71:
in the
European Union, invertebrate species are not protected under most animal research legislation, and therefore the total number of invertebrates used remains unknown.
391:
1961:
275:
3480:
4444:
356:
646:. The similarities in the basic biochemistry of all animals allows flies to be used as simple systems to investigate the genetics of conditions such as
4449:
351:
4406:
324:
1340:
4121:
3632:
819:
4504:
411:
931:
Dietzl G, Chen D, Schnorrer F, et al. (2007). "A genome-wide transgenic RNAi library for conditional gene inactivation in
Drosophila".
1345:
4534:
4479:
4189:
3307:
3251:
406:
131:
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of this nematode allows the effects of genetics on the development of nerves to be studied in detail. However, the lack of an adaptive
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1573:
1350:
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4159:
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1666:
674:
401:
184:
622:. This comes from the simplicity of breeding and housing the flies, which allows large numbers to be used in experiments.
4114:
3803:
2013:
4489:
3928:
3271:
3181:
896:
Seifert M, Schmidt E, Baumeister R (2006). "The genetics of synapse formation and function in
Caenorhabditis elegans".
386:
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4264:
3996:
3472:
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3312:
3166:
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2023:
2018:
1448:
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1941:
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differs greatly from that found in humans, and diseases in flies can be very different from diseases in humans.
595:
was the discovery that particular cells are programmed to die during development, leading to the discovery that
4519:
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1951:
1661:
1330:
431:
366:
111:
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1931:
1463:
1401:
572:
Research on invertebrates is the foundation for current understanding of the genetics of animal development.
441:
260:
583:
of this nematode has also been fully sequenced and any one of these genes can easily be inactivated through
4204:
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3281:
3101:
2500:
1431:
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684:
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146:
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3568:
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3146:
1835:
1310:
1255:
783:
Schulenburg H, Kurz CL, Ewbank JJ (2004). "Evolution of the innate immune system: the worm perspective".
237:
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3211:
3171:
3141:
2274:
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1671:
376:
305:
126:
116:
1230:
1187:"Methods in Cell Biology: Drosophila Melanogaster : Practical Uses in Cell and Molecular Biology"
4310:
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4194:
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4169:
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3176:
2585:
2530:
1987:
1706:
1691:
1676:
1633:
1598:
1335:
847:
319:
3907:
1201:"Methods in Cell Biology: Caenorhabditis Elegans : Modern Biological Analysis of an Organism"
4630:
4509:
4484:
4459:
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4239:
4154:
4056:
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1503:
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46:
30:
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1300:
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574:
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232:
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2505:
2405:
2370:
1956:
1855:
1764:
1603:
1493:
1458:
689:
270:
2490:
1081:"Worms and flies as genetically tractable animal models to study host-pathogen interactions"
4642:
4529:
3859:
3664:
3592:
3343:
3286:
3156:
3008:
2993:
2867:
2772:
2727:
2580:
1802:
1643:
1411:
1391:
940:
820:"Functional genomic approaches using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system"
709:
627:
436:
2732:
8:
3953:
3900:
3317:
2928:
2545:
2540:
2420:
2395:
2114:
1971:
1860:
1754:
1749:
974:
Marsh JL, Thompson LM (2004). "Can flies help humans treat neurodegenerative diseases?".
944:
25:
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2008:
1966:
1926:
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584:
381:
314:
281:
255:
212:
2339:
2184:
1044:
Leclerc V, Reichhart JM (2004). "The immune response of
Drosophila melanogaster".
4582:
4562:
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2903:
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1508:
1416:
1022:
835:
733:
Horvath, Kelsey; Angeletti, Dario; Nascetti, Giuseppe; Carere, Claudio (2013).
723:, AD Woodhead (Editor), CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
600:
494:
489:
426:
265:
222:
106:
82:
20:
1009:
Bier E, Bodmer R (2004). "Drosophila, an emerging model for cardiac disease".
909:
4658:
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4416:
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4013:
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2973:
2908:
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2179:
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2124:
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1992:
1825:
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1528:
1426:
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333:
217:
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2314:
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2154:
2079:
1936:
1891:
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1812:
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1759:
1578:
1558:
1478:
1114:
1065:
1030:
995:
960:
917:
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843:
804:
766:
643:
499:
484:
40:
3755:
3201:
3028:
3018:
3003:
2943:
2777:
2682:
2652:
2627:
2565:
2555:
2344:
2229:
2214:
2199:
2164:
2159:
2129:
2099:
2094:
1906:
1840:
1711:
1686:
1583:
1488:
1483:
750:
626:
is relatively simple in these organisms and a huge variety of mutant and
156:
952:
4464:
3867:
3385:
3096:
2988:
2933:
2913:
2767:
2762:
2747:
2717:
2692:
2632:
2510:
2425:
2385:
2219:
2189:
1523:
1513:
1406:
987:
874:
635:
630:
flies have been developed. Fly genetics has been vital in the study of
371:
68:
4597:
4411:
3960:
3819:
3415:
3186:
2662:
2637:
2525:
2304:
2249:
1901:
1701:
1608:
1588:
1563:
1498:
596:
459:
329:
4514:
2600:
1518:
1468:
639:
619:
421:
61:
4099:
1830:
1784:
1443:
611:
from being used in medical research such as vaccine development.
310:
1240:
665:
Other uses of invertebrates include studies on social behavior.
4386:
1381:
1283:
580:
732:
4224:
3454:
2045:
90:
3226:
658:
is not widely used in applied medical research, as the fly
51:
1962:
University of
California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
1168:
Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press (November 30, 2007)
895:
599:
is an active process under genetic control. The simple
1220:
3481:
Moral
Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
1138:"The Making of a Fly: The Genetics of Animal Design."
782:
930:
721:Nonmammalian Animal Models for Biomedical Research
4407:Laboratory animal suppliers in the United Kingdom
861:McCarthy JV (2003). "Apoptosis and development".
4656:
1341:List of international animal welfare conventions
1078:
1043:
3633:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
3064:
4505:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
4115:
1256:
1140:Blackwell Publishing Limited (March 1, 1992)
973:
778:
776:
553:
412:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
34:is commonly used for animal experimentation.
1346:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
818:Lee J, Nam S, Hwang SB, et al. (2004).
3308:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
3252:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
1284:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)
860:
817:
735:"Invertebrate welfare: an overlooked issue"
4122:
4108:
1263:
1249:
1008:
773:
560:
546:
4470:Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
3455:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)
3392:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
1104:
607:and the simplicity of its organs prevent
4625:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
4316:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
4200:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
3513:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
1770:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
739:Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di SanitĂ
708:Andre, RG, RA Wirtz, and YT Das (1989).
142:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
24:
1361:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
710:"Insect Models for Biomedical Research"
4657:
4619:Animal Experimentation Convention 1986
1438:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
4103:
3649:Political Animals and Animal Politics
3453:
3237:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
3162:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
3063:
2044:
1574:Concentrated animal feeding operation
1351:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
1306:Animal rights by country or territory
1282:
1244:
4500:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
4160:Animal testing on non-human primates
3380:Animalist Party with the Environment
1667:Animal testing on non-human primates
675:Animal testing on non-human primates
402:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
4291:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
3804:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
2014:World Day for the End of Speciesism
13:
4490:Foundation for Biomedical Research
4129:
3929:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
3272:United Activists for Animal Rights
3182:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
1321:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
1125:
618:is the most widely used animal in
387:Foundation for Biomedical Research
14:
4681:
4495:National Anti-Vivisection Society
3473:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
3433:Animal Rights National Conference
3356:Animal Protection Party of Canada
3313:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
3167:Chinese Animal Protection Network
3092:American Anti-Vivisection Society
2571:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
1326:Animal rights in Indian religions
1316:Animal rights and punk subculture
1270:
1214:
1154:Macmillan Pub Co. (January 2000)
591:. A major success in the work on
397:National Anti-Vivisection Society
4223:
4080:
4079:
3641:Animal Rights Without Liberation
3292:Voice for Animals Humane Society
2024:World Day for the End of Fishing
2019:World Day for Laboratory Animals
1449:Equal consideration of interests
1185:Goldstein LSB, (Ed) Fryberg EA.
89:
4150:Animal testing on invertebrates
3362:Animal Justice Party of Finland
3247:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
2461:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
2049:(academics, writers, activists)
1942:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
1097:10.1128/IAI.73.7.3833-3841.2005
1079:Mylonakis E, Aballay A (2005).
1072:
1058:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0130.x
1037:
797:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0125.x
228:Animals (Scientific Procedures)
4440:Americans for Medical Progress
4145:Alternatives to animal testing
3585:Animals, Property, and the Law
1662:Alternatives to animal testing
1331:Christianity and animal rights
1203:Academic Press (October 1995)
1189:Academic Press (January 1995)
1002:
967:
924:
889:
854:
811:
726:
702:
367:Americans for Medical Progress
112:Alternatives to animal testing
1:
4670:Animal testing by animal type
4545:Understanding Animal Research
4344:Cambridge University primates
3222:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
1932:Cambridge University primates
1464:Ethics of uncertain sentience
1199:Epstein HF, (Ed), Shakes DC.
695:
442:Understanding Animal Research
261:Cambridge University primates
39:Most animal testing involves
4205:Testing cosmetics on animals
3282:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
1432:Argument from marginal cases
685:Testing cosmetics on animals
147:Testing cosmetics on animals
74:
7:
4535:Stop Sequani Animal Testing
4306:International primate trade
3569:Morals, Reason, and Animals
3197:Farm Animal Rights Movement
3147:Anonymous for the Voiceless
1836:International primate trade
1311:Anarchism and animal rights
668:
654:. However, like nematodes,
238:International primate trade
67:With the exception of some
10:
4686:
4637:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
4614:Animal testing regulations
4475:Cruelty Free International
4435:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
4382:Charles River Laboratories
4185:History of model organisms
4175:Animal testing regulations
3689:Making a Stand for Animals
3561:The Case for Animal Rights
3212:Hunt Saboteurs Association
3172:Cruelty Free International
3142:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
1672:Animal testing regulations
1023:10.1016/j.gene.2004.07.018
836:10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.06.015
377:Cruelty Free International
306:Charles River Laboratories
127:History of model organisms
117:Animal testing regulations
18:
4606:
4553:
4425:
4374:
4324:
4311:Laboratory animal allergy
4273:
4232:
4221:
4195:Laboratory animal sources
4180:History of animal testing
4170:Animal testing on rodents
4165:Animal testing on rabbits
4137:
4075:
4048:
3995:
3945:
3885:
3878:
3844:The Ghosts in Our Machine
3699:
3681:Animal Ethics in the Wild
3464:
3460:
3449:
3425:
3336:
3300:
3117:Animal Legal Defense Fund
3084:
3077:
3073:
3059:
2896:
2620:
2613:
2416:William Hamilton Drummond
2358:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2040:
2001:
1980:
1919:
1869:
1811:
1783:
1775:Welfare of farmed insects
1720:
1652:
1544:
1537:
1402:Animal–industrial complex
1369:
1293:
1289:
1278:
910:10.1007/s00441-006-0277-2
715:October 19, 2008, at the
680:Animal testing on rodents
652:neurodegenerative disease
137:Laboratory animal sources
122:History of animal testing
4540:Research Defence Society
4402:Labcorp Drug Development
4397:Huntingdon Life Sciences
3922:Journal of Animal Ethics
3788:Your Mommy Kills Animals
3177:Direct Action Everywhere
2586:Johann Heinrich Winckler
2531:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
1988:Direct Action Everywhere
1692:Huntingdon Life Sciences
1677:Labcorp Drug Development
1634:Feedback (pork industry)
1599:Intensive animal farming
1336:History of animal rights
320:Huntingdon Life Sciences
276:UCR 1985 laboratory raid
4631:Animal Welfare Act 1999
4510:Primate Freedom Project
4455:Animal Free Research UK
4155:Animal testing on frogs
4057:Holocaust on your Plate
3828:An Apology to Elephants
3609:Do Animals Have Rights?
3545:Animals, Men and Morals
3521:Better-World Philosophy
3398:Italian Animalist Party
3277:United Poultry Concerns
3232:Last Chance for Animals
3127:Animal Liberation Front
3014:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
1504:Replaceability argument
1422:Animal-free agriculture
1152:"Biology of Drosophila"
587:, by feeding the worms
417:Primate Freedom Project
325:UK lab animal suppliers
47:Drosophila melanogaster
31:Drosophila melanogaster
4301:Great ape research ban
4030:Salvation of Innocents
3577:Zoos and Animal Rights
3152:Beauty Without Cruelty
3112:Animal Justice Project
2451:John Zephaniah Holwell
2105:Stephen St. C. Bostock
1682:Great ape research ban
1301:Animal rights movement
233:Great ape research ban
57:Caenorhabditis elegans
35:
4359:Silver Spring monkeys
4049:Fairs and exhibitions
3936:The Animals' Defender
3908:Cahiers antispécistes
3836:Speciesism: The Movie
3657:Animal (De)liberation
3617:Striking at the Roots
3529:The Universal Kinship
3489:The Rights of Animals
3410:People Animals Nature
3404:Party for the Animals
3217:In Defense of Animals
2979:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
2371:David Renaud Boullier
1957:Silver Spring monkeys
1856:Wild animal suffering
1765:Pain in invertebrates
1604:Intensive pig farming
1494:Opposition to hunting
1459:Ethics of eating meat
824:J. Biochem. Mol. Biol
690:Pain in invertebrates
597:programmed cell death
271:Silver Spring monkeys
28:
4643:Directive 2010/63/EU
4530:Speaking of Research
3665:Sentientist Politics
3593:The Lives of Animals
3344:Animal Justice Party
3157:Born Free Foundation
2994:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
2868:Wendy Turner-Webster
2581:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
1803:Recreational fishing
1644:Ventilation shutdown
1412:Animal protectionism
1392:Animal consciousness
751:10.4415/ANN_13_01_04
628:genetically modified
437:Speaking of Research
4621:(Council of Europe)
4296:Biomedical Research
4089:( 139 )
3915:Etica & Animali
3901:Between the Species
3625:An American Trilogy
3318:Humanitarian League
2929:Frances Power Cobbe
2546:Arthur Schopenhauer
2541:Henry Stephens Salt
2421:Edward Payson Evans
2115:Stephen R. L. Clark
1972:War of the currents
1861:Wildlife management
1755:Pain in crustaceans
1750:Pain in cephalopods
953:10.1038/nature05954
945:2007Natur.448..151D
4349:Monkey Drug Trials
4215:Toxicology testing
3852:Unlocking the Cage
3673:Wild Animal Ethics
3497:The Ethics of Diet
3374:Animalist Movement
3350:Animal Politics EU
3262:Sentience Politics
2888:That Vegan Teacher
2506:Siobhan O'Sullivan
2491:José Ferrater Mora
2300:Steve F. Sapontzis
1793:Commercial fishing
1745:Pain in amphibians
1735:Cruelty to animals
1707:Operation Backfire
1546:Animal agriculture
1454:Emotion in animals
1237:research database.
1227:research database.
1166:"C. Elegans Atlas"
988:10.1002/bies.20029
875:10.1042/bse0390011
301:Jackson Laboratory
152:Toxicology testing
36:
4652:
4651:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4038:Onward to Freedom
4006:Animal Liberation
3991:
3990:
3812:Forks Over Knives
3764:Peaceable Kingdom
3724:Shores of Silence
3716:A Cow at My Table
3601:Eternal Treblinka
3553:Animal Liberation
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3332:
3331:
3267:Uncaged Campaigns
3242:Mercy for Animals
3207:Great Ape Project
3122:Animal Liberation
3068:(groups, parties)
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
2954:Elizabeth Farians
2863:Christine Townend
2803:Heather Nicholson
2733:Brigitte Gothière
2723:Antoine Goetschel
2609:
2608:
2270:Charles Patterson
2175:Gary L. Francione
2150:Josephine Donovan
2140:Daniel Dombrowski
2120:Alasdair Cochrane
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
1915:
1914:
1846:Predation problem
1730:Animal euthanasia
1639:Foam depopulation
1474:Insects in ethics
624:Molecular biology
570:
569:
505:Syed Ziaur Rahman
451:Writers/activists
4677:
4365:Unnecessary Fuss
4339:Brown Dog affair
4227:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4083:
4082:
3894:Animal Sentience
3883:
3882:
3748:Legally Blonde 2
3708:The Animals Film
3462:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3257:Rise for Animals
3082:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3061:
3060:
2924:Edith Carrington
2828:Craig Rosebraugh
2793:Virginia McKenna
2783:Jo-Anne McArthur
2713:Juliet Gellatley
2618:
2617:
2576:Mary Anne Warren
2516:Humphrey Primatt
2501:Edward Nicholson
2471:Charles R. Magel
2436:Thomas G. Gentry
2295:Richard D. Ryder
2235:Thomas Lepeltier
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2009:World Animal Day
1967:Unnecessary Fuss
1927:Brown Dog affair
1897:Animals in sport
1887:Animal slaughter
1882:Animal sacrifice
1821:Culling wildlife
1624:Wildlife farming
1542:
1541:
1387:Animal cognition
1356:Total liberation
1291:
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846:. Archived from
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730:
724:
706:
585:RNA interference
562:
555:
548:
382:Dr. Hadwen Trust
343:Groups/campaigns
282:Unnecessary Fuss
256:Brown Dog affair
213:Medical research
93:
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78:
16:Overview article
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4602:
4583:Neal D. Barnard
4563:Colin Blakemore
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4427:
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4370:
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4320:
4269:
4265:Syrian hamsters
4228:
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4098:
4093:
4063:
4044:
3987:
3968:Muutoksen kevät
3941:
3874:
3780:Behind the Mask
3695:
3505:Animals' Rights
3456:
3437:
3421:
3328:
3296:
3069:
3043:
2904:Cleveland Amory
2892:
2858:Darren Thurston
2853:Marianne Thieme
2708:Bruce Friedrich
2673:Joey Carbstrong
2658:Brigitte Bardot
2605:
2596:Jon Wynne-Tyson
2486:J. Howard Moore
2431:John Galsworthy
2411:Wilhelm Dietler
2354:
2350:Corey Lee Wrenn
2260:Martha Nussbaum
2170:Lawrence Finsen
2110:Paola Cavalieri
2085:Kristin Andrews
2060:
2050:
2028:
1997:
1976:
1911:
1865:
1807:
1779:
1740:Pain in animals
1716:
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1614:Poultry farming
1533:
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1128:
1126:Further reading
1123:
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1077:
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1038:
1007:
1003:
972:
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939:(7150): 151–6.
929:
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717:Wayback Machine
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656:D. melanogaster
620:genetic studies
616:D. melanogaster
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475:Colin Blakemore
470:Neal D. Barnard
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4354:Pit of despair
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4131:Animal testing
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3740:Meet Your Meat
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3537:The New Ethics
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3368:Animals' Party
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3107:Animal Justice
3104:
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3039:Gretchen Wyler
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2969:Lewis Gompertz
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2743:Charlotte Laws
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2643:Martin Balluch
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2536:Bernard Rollin
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2496:Leonard Nelson
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2366:Jeremy Bentham
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2210:Kyle Johannsen
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2135:David DeGrazia
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2075:Carol J. Adams
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1947:Pit of despair
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1697:Model organism
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1654:Animal testing
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1629:Working animal
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1594:Insect farming
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1554:Animal product
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1509:Sentiocentrism
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1215:External links
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1091:(7): 3833–41.
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863:Essays Biochem
853:
850:on 2007-10-22.
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601:nervous system
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533:Animal welfare
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495:Bernard Rollin
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21:Animal testing
19:Main article:
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4665:Animal rights
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4593:Simon Festing
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4325:Controversial
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4281:Animal rights
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4138:Main articles
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4014:Tame Yourself
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3975:No Compromise
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3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:(3rd century)
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:(Netherlands)
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Animal Rising
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Animal Ethics
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:Jessie Mackay
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:James Granger
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Henry B. Amos
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Louise Wallis
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Kim Stallwood
2841:
2839:
2838:Jasmin Singer
2836:
2834:
2833:Nathan Runkle
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:David Olivier
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:John Feldmann
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Aymeric Caron
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Carole Baskin
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Laurids Smith
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:James Rachels
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:John Lawrence
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Brigid Brophy
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Tatjana Višak
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:David Sztybel
2328:
2326:
2325:Cass Sunstein
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Mark Rowlands
2288:
2286:
2285:Evelyn Pluhar
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Andrew Linzey
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Will Kymlicka
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Dale Jamieson
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Valéry Giroux
2183:
2181:
2180:Robert Garner
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Sue Donaldson
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:J. M. Coetzee
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Tom Beauchamp
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1993:Hunt sabotage
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:Methodologies
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Hare coursing
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Chick culling
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1529:Vegetarianism
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Anthrozoology
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Animal ethics
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Animal rights
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:0-12-240545-5
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:0-12-564145-1
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:0-87969-715-6
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:0-02-843870-1
1157:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1146:0-632-03048-8
1143:
1139:
1136:Lawrence PA.
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Infect. Immun
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:(5): 485–96.
981:
977:
970:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:(2): 273–85.
903:
899:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:(1): 107–13.
829:
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
722:
718:
714:
711:
705:
701:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
666:
663:
661:
660:immune system
657:
653:
649:
648:heart disease
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:immune system
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:antisense RNA
586:
582:
577:
576:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
540:
534:
531:
529:
528:Animal rights
526:
524:
521:
520:
518:
517:
513:
512:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Simon Festing
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
465:Michael Balls
463:
461:
458:
457:
455:
454:
450:
449:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
347:
346:
342:
341:
335:
334:Shamrock Farm
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
291:
290:
284:
283:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
251:
250:
246:
245:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:Animal rights
216:
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
203:
202:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Invertebrates
173:
172:
170:
169:
165:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
98:Main articles
97:
96:
92:
88:
87:
84:
81:
80:
72:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
44:, especially
43:
42:
41:invertebrates
33:
32:
27:
22:
4588:Jerry Vlasak
4573:Gill Langley
4363:
4244:
4149:
4055:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3324:Oxford Group
3192:Every Animal
3085:Contemporary
3034:Andrew Tyler
3024:Nell Shipman
2964:André Géraud
2873:Jerry Vlasak
2848:Lynda Stoner
2823:Alex Pacheco
2758:Evanna Lynch
2753:Howard Lyman
2738:Wayne Hsiung
2698:Chris DeRose
2688:Rod Coronado
2621:Contemporary
2561:Thomas Tryon
2481:Mary Midgley
2476:Jean Meslier
2456:Soame Jenyns
2446:John Hildrop
2441:Arthur Helps
2406:Richard Dean
2381:Peter Buchan
2320:Gary Steiner
2315:Peter Singer
2310:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
2275:David Pearce
2265:Clare Palmer
2255:David Nibert
2245:Clair Linzey
2155:Joan Dunayer
2080:Aysha Akhtar
2068:Contemporary
1937:McLibel case
1892:Animal trial
1851:Seal hunting
1813:Wild animals
1798:Fishing bait
1760:Pain in fish
1579:Fish farming
1559:Battery cage
1479:Meat paradox
1436:
1377:Abolitionism
1234:
1224:
1200:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1165:
1151:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1049:
1046:Immunol. Rev
1045:
1039:
1014:
1010:
1004:
979:
975:
969:
936:
932:
926:
901:
897:
891:
866:
862:
856:
848:the original
827:
823:
813:
788:
785:Immunol. Rev
784:
742:
738:
728:
720:
704:
664:
655:
644:neuroscience
615:
613:
608:
592:
573:
571:
500:Jerry Vlasak
485:Gill Langley
280:
174:
66:
55:
45:
38:
37:
29:
4607:Legislation
4554:Writers and
4327:experiments
3879:Periodicals
3756:The Meatrix
3732:The Witness
3346:(Australia)
3320:(1891–1919)
3202:Faunalytics
3029:Henry Spira
3019:Hans Ruesch
3009:Jill Phipps
3004:Norm Phelps
2984:Barry Horne
2944:Royal Dixon
2939:Karen Davis
2919:Ernest Bell
2813:Ric O'Barry
2808:Jack Norris
2778:Dan Mathews
2683:Jake Conroy
2653:Barbi Twins
2628:James Aspey
2566:Gary Varner
2556:John Styles
2396:Henry Crowe
2345:Paul Waldau
2335:Michael Tye
2230:Renan Larue
2215:Melanie Joy
2200:Oscar Horta
2195:John Hadley
2165:Catia Faria
2160:Mylan Engel
2130:Alice Crary
2100:Steven Best
2095:Marc Bekoff
2061:and writers
2002:Observances
1907:Live export
1841:Ivory trade
1712:Vivisection
1687:Green Scare
1584:Fur farming
1489:Open rescue
1484:Nonviolence
1150:Demerec M.
1017:(1): 1–11.
745:(1): 9–17.
632:development
157:Vivisection
69:cephalopods
4659:Categories
4568:Carl Cohen
4465:Boyd Group
4426:Groups and
4233:Testing on
3868:Seaspiracy
3772:Earthlings
3412:(Portugal)
3386:DierAnimal
3301:Historical
3097:Animal Aid
2989:Marie Huot
2934:Joan Court
2914:Bob Barker
2897:Historical
2788:LuĂsa Mell
2768:Keith Mann
2763:Bill Maher
2748:Ronnie Lee
2718:Tal Gilboa
2693:Karen Dawn
2633:Greg Avery
2511:Rod Preece
2426:T. Forster
2386:Mona Caird
2359:Historical
2220:Hilda Kean
2190:Lori Gruen
1524:Vegaphobia
1514:Speciesism
1407:Animal law
1235:C. elegans
1225:Drosophila
1164:Hall, DH.
696:References
636:cell cycle
609:C. elegans
593:C. elegans
575:C. elegans
514:Categories
372:Boyd Group
166:Testing on
50:, a fruit
4598:Tipu Aziz
4556:activists
4428:campaigns
4412:Nafovanny
4375:Companies
4022:Manifesto
3961:Bite Back
3946:Magazines
3820:Vegucated
3418:(Germany)
3416:V-ParteiÂł
3394:(Germany)
3388:(Belgium)
3364:(Finland)
3187:Equanimal
2773:Jim Mason
2728:Mark Gold
2663:Gene Baur
2638:Matt Ball
2614:Activists
2526:Tom Regan
2305:Jeff Sebo
2250:Dan Lyons
2059:Academics
2047:Advocates
1902:Live food
1702:Nafovanny
1609:Livestock
1589:Fur trade
1564:Bile bear
1499:Personism
1294:Overviews
1180:Practical
1052:: 59–71.
976:BioEssays
869:: 11–24.
791:: 36–58.
759:2384-8553
460:Tipu Aziz
330:Nafovanny
292:Companies
75:Main uses
4515:Pro-Test
4417:Shamrock
4334:Britches
4250:Primates
4210:Three Rs
4085:Category
3954:Arkangel
3886:Journals
3860:Dominion
3796:The Cove
3426:Activism
3370:(Sweden)
3358:(Canada)
3352:(Europe)
3066:Movement
2601:Voltaire
1519:Veganism
1469:Ethology
1370:Concepts
1231:WormBase
1115:15972468
1066:15199954
1031:15527959
996:15112229
961:17625558
918:16896949
883:14585071
844:14761308
805:15199953
767:23535125
713:Archived
669:See also
640:behavior
614:The fly
422:Pro-Test
185:Primates
62:nematode
4260:Rodents
4255:Rabbits
3400:(Italy)
3382:(Spain)
3376:(Italy)
3337:Parties
1831:Hunting
1785:Fishing
1444:Carnism
1221:FlyBase
1131:General
1106:1168613
941:Bibcode
311:Covance
195:Rodents
190:Rabbits
4392:Harlan
4387:Envigo
4274:Issues
4087:
4060:(2003)
4041:(2014)
4033:(2014)
4025:(2008)
4017:(1991)
4009:(1987)
3997:Albums
3871:(2021)
3863:(2018)
3855:(2016)
3847:(2013)
3839:(2013)
3831:(2013)
3823:(2011)
3815:(2011)
3807:(2009)
3799:(2009)
3791:(2007)
3783:(2006)
3775:(2005)
3767:(2004)
3759:(2003)
3751:(2003)
3743:(2002)
3735:(2000)
3727:(2000)
3719:(1998)
3711:(1981)
3692:(2022)
3684:(2022)
3676:(2020)
3668:(2018)
3660:(2016)
3652:(2014)
3644:(2012)
3636:(2010)
3628:(2009)
3620:(2008)
3612:(2005)
3604:(2001)
3596:(1999)
3588:(1995)
3580:(1993)
3572:(1987)
3564:(1983)
3556:(1975)
3548:(1971)
3540:(1907)
3532:(1906)
3524:(1899)
3516:(1897)
3508:(1892)
3500:(1883)
3492:(1838)
3484:(1824)
3078:Groups
1538:Issues
1382:Ahimsa
1207:
1193:
1172:
1158:
1144:
1113:
1103:
1064:
1029:
994:
959:
933:Nature
916:
881:
842:
803:
765:
757:
719:. In:
642:, and
634:, the
581:genome
315:Harlan
204:Issues
54:, and
4525:SPEAK
4450:AALAS
4240:Frogs
4190:IACUC
3982:Satya
3700:Films
3465:Books
3287:Viva!
1920:Cases
1870:Other
1233:Main
1223:Main
392:FRAME
352:AALAS
247:Cases
180:Frogs
132:IACUC
4645:(EU)
4639:(US)
4633:(NZ)
4627:(UK)
4520:SHAC
4480:PETA
4445:AAAS
3227:L214
1952:SHAC
1205:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1111:PMID
1062:PMID
1027:PMID
1011:Gene
992:PMID
957:PMID
914:PMID
879:PMID
840:PMID
801:PMID
763:PMID
755:ISSN
650:and
432:SHAC
407:PETA
357:AAAS
60:, a
4485:ALF
4460:ALF
1101:PMC
1093:doi
1054:doi
1050:198
1019:doi
1015:342
984:doi
949:doi
937:448
906:doi
902:326
871:doi
832:doi
793:doi
789:198
747:doi
362:ALF
52:fly
4661::
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1087:.
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1025:.
1013:.
990:.
980:26
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955:.
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838:.
828:37
826:.
822:.
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787:.
775:^
761:.
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1068:.
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