History of California

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at times raids were undertaken to new villages in the interior to supplement the supply of Indian women at the missions. As reported by Krell, as of December 31, 1832, the mission Franciscan chaplains from 1800 to 1830 had performed a combined total of 87,787 baptisms and 24,529 marriages, and recorded 63,789 deaths. If Krell's numbers are to be believed (others have slightly different numbers) the Mission Indian population had declined from a peak of about 87,000 in about 1800 to about 14,000 in 1832 and continued to decline. The Missions were becoming ever more strained as the number of Indian converts drastically declined and the deaths greatly exceeded the births. The ratio of Indian births to deaths is believed to have been less than 0.5 Indian births per death. After the missions were disbanded in 1832, the surviving Indians mostly went to work on the about 500 newly established

1520: 1364: 956: 3147: 525: 2511: 4080: 1253: 2319: 3031: 3761: 4551:, as thousands of miners, businessmen and other fortune seekers flooded into northern California. These newcomers needed meat, and cattle prices soared from the $ 1.00 to $ 2.00 per hide to $ 30.00-$ 50.00 per cow. From about 1848 to about 1860 the rancheros enjoyed the "golden" days of Hispanic California. The largely illiterate ranchero owners lost nearly all their land to a few bad years for cattle in the 1860s and the many mortgages they had taken out to finance a "prosperous" life style and could no longer pay back. In the early years of the Gold Rush the demand for beef was so great that there are records of about 60,000 longhorns being herded from Texas to California. 4479:

crying need and food to feed the miners was needed even more. However, California has a lot of native timber and even as early as 1850 there were saw mills set up to turn some of this timber into lumber. Food was initially imported from any and all west coast ports from Hawaii, Oregon or Mexico where it could be obtained. The lumber and food were transported by ships that had initially carried gold rush passengers and in many cases abandoned in the bay and could usually be bought cheap. The many goods the gold miners needed for a "modest" 1850s lifestyle were nearly always hauled by horse, mule or ox drawn wagons. Wheat and timber were early products from Oregon and the

2382: 4623: 1790: 3392: 1620: 4749: 4904: 2150: 1160: 2220: 1001: 3022: 3093: 558:, offer evidence of human settlement in these areas from 13,000 -7,000 ybp. These people migrated into these areas supported by oceanic resources (an ecological zone referred to as the "Kelp Highway"), which extended from Asia to South America. The different kelps of the Pacific Rim are major contributors to the areas of productivity and biodiversity and support a wide variety of life such as marine mammals, shellfish, fish, seabirds and edible seaweeds. This biodiversity was a key condition that supported human migration and settlement during this early period. 1716: 4463: 1968: 1555: 3271:) (averaging about 25%) were collected by the Collector of Customs from all ships bearing foreign goods. The first Collector of Customs was Edward H. Harrison, appointed by General Kearny. Shipping boomed from the average of about 25 vessels from 1825 to 1847 to about 793 ships in 1849 and 803 ships in 1850. All ships were inspected for what goods they carried. Passengers disembarking in San Francisco had one of the easier accesses to the gold country since they could take another ship from there to get to Sacramento and several other towns. 2035: 4488: 4319: 3213: 1887: 601: 3796:, openly called for the extermination of the Indian tribes, and in reference to the violence against California's Native population, he said, "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected. While we cannot anticipate the result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert." As a result, the rise of modern California equalled great tragedy and hardship for the native inhabitants. 4608:. Some drivers were famous for their skill in driving six horses down winding roads at top speed, only rarely overturning. Rate competition from competing stage lines reduced fares to as little a two cents per mile on some routes—$ 1.00/day was then a common wage. Bandits found robbing coaches a profitable if risky venture as they may be shot or hanged if caught. U.S. government mail subsidies provided essential base income for many stage lines, but running a stage line was often a financially unstable business enterprise. 3128:

years.(Article VI) They set up the states original 29 counties (Article I Sec. 4), created a legislature of two houses, set up polling places to vote, set up uniform taxation rules. The 1849 Constitution guaranteed the right to vote to "Every citizen of California, declared a legal voter by this Constitution, and every citizen of the United States, a resident of this State on the day of election, ... at the first general election under this Constitution, and on the question of the adoption thereof" (Article XII Sec. 5).

5635:"Filipinos in Nueva España: Filipino-Mexican Relations, Mestizaje, and Identity in Colonial and Contemporary Mexico. (Page 414; Citation 56: "According to Ricardo Pinzon, these two Filipino soldiers—Francisco Mongoy and Isidoro Montes de Oca—were so distinguished in battle that they are regarded as folk heroes in Mexico. General Vicente Guerrero later became the first president of Mexico of African ancestry. See Floro L. Mercene, "Central America: Filipinos in Mexican History," (Ezilon Infobase, January 28, 2005"))" 2689: 1090: 4170: 3299: 4009: 2186: 4918: 1324: 4072:) of about 100% were applied. These high duties gave rise to much bribery and smuggling, as avoiding the tariffs made more money for the ship owners and made the goods less costly to the customers. Essentially all the cost of the California government (what little there was) was paid for by these tariffs (custom duties). In this they were much like the United States in 1850, where about 89% of the revenue of its federal government came from import tariffs (also called Customs or 4484:

world, California finally had a return cargo for its many incoming ships. California in the 1890s became the foremost wheat producer in the U.S. but could not really compete on the east coast with the burgeoning wheat lands being brought into production in the midwest were much closer to their markets. Other crops in California were usually found to be much more profitable and California joined the rest of the nation in importing most of its wheat from farms in the midwest.

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wild geese, fish, and other food exchanged with the Indians for clothing, but the ravages of scurvy continued because there was then no understanding of the cause or cure of scurvy (a deficiency of vitamin C in fresh food). A small quantity of corn they had planted grew well, only to be eaten by birds. Portolá sent Captain Rivera and a small detachment of about 40 soldiers south to the Baja California missions in February to obtain more cattle and a pack-train of supplies.

2015:) were applied. These high duties gave rise to much bribery and smuggling, as avoiding the tariffs made more money for the ship owners and made the goods less costly to the customers. Essentially all the cost of the California government (what little there was) was paid for by these tariffs. In this they were much like the United States in 1850, where about 89% of the revenue of its federal government came from import tariffs, although at an average rate of about 20%. 3652: 2046: 4555: 10571: 4932: 1663: 337: 67: 2474:'s squadron of ships off California were stronger in ships, guns, and soldiers than the American ships. Apparently the British never had any orders on whether to intervene or not if hostilities broke out between the Californios and the United States and requesting new orders would have taken from eighteen to twenty-four months to get a message to England and back. Ultimately, the British watched from the coast as the United States annexed the region. 2430: 2775: 2962:. Despite a major conflict in the U.S. Congress on the number of slave versus non-slave states, the large, rapid and continuing California population gains and the large amount of gold being exported east gave California enough clout to choose its own boundaries, select its representatives, write its Constitution, and be admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850 without going through territorial status as required for most other states. 2938: 1643:. These Missions were typically manned by two to three friars and three to ten soldiers. Virtually all the physical work was done by indigenous people convinced to or coerced into joining the missions. The padres provided instructions for making adobe bricks, building mission buildings, planting fields, digging irrigation ditches, growing new grains and vegetables, herding cattle and horses, singing, speaking Spanish, and understanding the 4946: 2576:—the Alta California capital. Fifty American marines and about 100 bluejacket sailors landed and captured the city without incident—the few Californio troops formerly there having already evacuated the city. They raised the flag of the United States without firing a shot. The only shots fired were a 21-gun salute to the new U.S. flag fired by each of the U.S. Navy ships in the harbor. The British ships observed but took no action. 3489: 3792:. Between 1850 and 1860, the state of California paid around $ 1.5 million (some $ 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government) to hire militias whose purpose was to "protect" settlers from the indigenous populations. These private military forays were involved in several of the above-mentioned massacres, and sometimes participated in the "wanton killing" of Native peoples. The first governor of California, 4960: 867: 7953: 4890: 2636: 2918:

Francisco (1846 directory) and an unknown (but small as shown in 1852 CA Census recount) number of Hispanics in Contra Costa and Santa Clara county in 1846 gives less than 8,000 Hispanics statewide in 1846 before hostilities commenced. The number of California Indians is unknown since they were not included in the 1850 census but has been roughly estimated to be between 50,000 and 150,000.

741:. They had no apparent agriculture as understood by Europeans, no domesticated animals except dogs, no pottery; their tools were made out of wood, leather, woven baskets and netting, stone, and antler. Some shelters were made of branches and mud; some dwellings were built by digging into the ground two to three feet and then building a brush shelter on top covered with animal skins, 1456: 2212:. Much of the agriculture, vineyards, and orchards established by the Missions were allowed to deteriorate as the rapidly declining Mission Indian population required less food, and the Missionaries and soldiers supporting the Missions disappeared. The new Ranchos and slowly increasing Pueblos mostly only grew enough food to eat and to trade with the occasional trading ship or 3936: 997:(1648–1717) accompanied by one small boat's crew and six soldiers. After the establishment of Missions in Alta California after 1769, the Spanish treated Baja California and Alta California, known as Las Californias, as a single administrative unit with Monterey as its capital, and falling under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. 3688:, gambling houses, boarding houses, churches, schools, towns, mercury mines, and other components of a rich modern (1850) U.S. culture to be built. The sudden growth in population caused many more towns to be built throughout Northern, and later Southern, California and the few existing towns to be greatly expanded. The first cities started showing up as 4784:). Each of these railroads controlled one (and Southern Pacific controlled two) of the transcontinental railroads which linked California with states farther East. The railroads moved freight and passengers in large quantities and allowed the state's economy and population to expand rapidly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 3819: 3322:, saloons, temporary stores, floating warehouses, homes, and a number of other uses. Many of these repurposed ships were partially destroyed in one of San Francisco's many fires and ended up as landfill to expand the available land. The population of San Francisco exploded from about 200 in 1846 to 36,000 in the 1852 California Census. 1594:. The only expeditions anywhere close to the Central Valley and Sierras were the rare forays by soldiers undertaken to recover runaway Indians who had escaped from the Missions. The "settled" territory of about 15,000 square miles (39,000 km) was about 10% of California's eventual 156,000-square-mile (400,000 km) territory. 3644:

gravel found in rivers or creeks, as the gold typically worked down through the gravel or collected in stream bends or bottom cracks. Some 12 million troy ounces (370 t) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush. This gold greatly increased the available money in the United States, which was on the

1696:. To encourage settlement of the territory, large land grants were given to retired soldiers and colonists. Most grants were virtually free and typically went to friends and relatives in the California government. A few foreign colonists were accepted if they accepted Spanish citizenship and joined the Catholic Faith. The 4119:. One of the main problems that occurred during the gold rush was the lack of a paying cargo for ships leaving California. Food, supplies and passengers were the main cargo coming to California; but there were only a limited return trade of returning passengers, mail and gold. Many of the sailing ships that arrived in 4293:—the three main cities supplying the gold fields. The city of Stockton, on the lower San Joaquin, quickly grew from a sleepy backwater to a thriving trading center, the stopping-off point for miners headed to the gold fields in the foothills of the Sierra. Rough ways such as the Millerton Road which later became the 2730:, organized and led a campaign of resistance against the American incursion into Los Angeles of the prior month. As a result, the outnumbered United States troops evacuated the city for the following few months. Over the following four months, U.S. forces fought minor skirmishes with the Californio Lancers in the 4302:

rush, the river in the Stockton area was reportedly crowded with hundreds of abandoned oceangoing craft, whose crew had deserted for the gold fields. The multitude of idle ships was such a blockade that at several occasions they were burned just to clear a way for riverboat traffic. Initially, with few roads,

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area that could be economically imported. Soon it was found that some types of spring wheat could be planted in the fall in California and the mild winter with its rains would allow good crops to be harvested in the spring without irrigation. Later. much of this wheat was exported to ports around the

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As the easier gold was recovered, the mining became much more capital and labor-intensive as the hard rock quartz mining, hydraulic mining, and dredging mining evolved. By the mid-1880s, it is estimated that 11 million troy ounces (340 t) of gold (worth approximately US$ 6.6 billion at

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The California Constitution was ratified by popular vote at an election held on a rainy November 13, 1849 (as specified in Article XII Sec. 8). The constitution of 1849 was only judged a partial success as a founding document and was superseded by the current constitution, which was first ratified on

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The U.S. 1850 California Census asks state of birth of all residents and finds about 7,300 residents that were born in California. The San Francisco, Contra Costa and Santa Clara county U.S. censuses were lost or burned in one of San Francisco's many fires. Adding the approximate 200 Hispanics in San

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Hearing rumors of possible Californio military action against the newly arrived settlers in California (this had already happened in 1840), some settlers decided to neutralize the small Californio garrison at Sonoma, California. On June 15, 1846, some thirty settlers, mostly American citizens, staged

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As the war with Mexico began there were five vessels in the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron near California. In 1846 and 1847 this was increased to 13 Navy vessels—over half the U.S. Navy's available ships. The only other U.S. military force then in California was the about 30 military topographers etc.

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So many mission Indians died from exposure to harsh conditions and diseases like measles, diphtheria, smallpox, syphilis, etc. that at times raids were undertaken to new villages in the interior to supplement the supply of Indian women. This increase in deaths was accompanied by a very low live birth

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Fewer mouths to feed temporarily eased the drain on San Diego's scant provisions, but within weeks, acute hunger and increased sickness (scurvy) again threatened to force abandonment of the San Diego "Mission". Portolá finally decided that if no relief ship arrived by March 19, 1770, they would leave

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Without any agricultural crops or experience gathering, preparing and eating the ground acorns and grass seeds the Indians subsisted on for much of the year, the shortage of food at San Diego became extremely critical during the first few months of 1770. They subsisted by eating some of their cattle,

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of 1848–1855 attracted hundreds of thousands of ambitious young people from around the world. Only a few struck it rich, and many returned home disappointed. Most appreciated the other economic opportunities in California, especially in agriculture, and brought their families to join them. California

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and wagons brought supplies to the miners. Soon a system of wagon roads, bridges, ferries and toll roads were set up many of them maintained by tolls collected from the users. Large freight wagons pulled by up to 10 mules replaced pack trains, and toll roads built and kept passable by the tolls made

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farmers, miners, and businessmen. Though the southerners and some Californios tended to favor the Confederacy, the state did not have slavery, and they were generally powerless during the war itself. They were prevented from organizing and their newspapers were closed down by denying them the use of

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The sudden massive influx into a remote area overwhelmed the state infrastructure, which in most places didn't even exist. Miners lived in tents, wood shanties, wagons, or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships. Wherever gold was discovered, hundreds of miners would collaborate to establish what a

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chose the boundaries for the state—unlike most other territories, whose boundaries were set by Congress (Article XII). Article IX encouraged statewide education and provided for a system of common schools partially funded by the state and provided for the establishment of a university (University of

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If Krell's numbers are to be believed (others have very different numbers) the Mission Indian population had declined from a peak of about 87,000 in about 1800 to about 14,000 in 1832 and continued to decline. The Missions were becoming ever more strained as the number of Indian converts drastically

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The Spanish settlement of Alta California was the last colonization project to expand Spain's vastly over-extended empire in North America, and they tried to do it with minimal cost and support. Approximately half the cost of settling Alta California was borne by donations and half by funds from the

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was completed in 1869, the telegraph lines along the railroad tracks became the main line, since the required relay stations, lines and telegraph operators were much easier to supply and maintain along the railroad. The telegraph lines that diverged from the railroad lines or significant population

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navigation quickly became an important transportation link on the San Joaquin River, and during the "June Rise", as boat operators called the San Joaquin's annual high water levels during snow melt, on a wet year large craft could make it as far upstream as Fresno. During the peak years of the gold

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in Nicaragua. By the mid-1850s there were over ten Pacific and ten Atlantic/Caribbean paddle wheel steamboats shuttling high valued freight like passengers, gold and mail between California and both the Pacific and Caribbean ports. The trip to the east coast could be executed after about 1850 in as

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In subsequent decades after 1850, some of the remaining native populations were gradually placed in a series of reservations and rancherias, which were often very small and isolated and lacked adequate natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them in the

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societies. During the Spanish and Mexican California occupation period nearly all coastal tribes south of San Francisco were induced to join a mission. So many Mission Indians died from exposure to harsh conditions at the missions and diseases like measles, diphtheria, smallpox, syphilis, etc. that

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technology had become economical, and it is estimated that more than 20 million troy ounces (620 t) were recovered by dredging (worth approximately US$ 12 billion at November 2006 prices). Both during the Gold Rush and in the decades that followed, hard-rock mining wound up being the

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began to be used starting in early 1849, they could complete this journey in an average of only 120 days; but they typically carried few passengers. They specialized in high value freight. Nearly all freight to California was carried by regular sailing vessels—they were slow but the cheapest way to

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Convention delegates were chosen by secret ballot but lacking any census data as to California's population and where they lived its representatives only roughly approximated the rapidly changing state population as later shown in the 1850 U.S. California Census taken a year later. The 48 delegates

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in office from March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849, tried to get the 1848 Congress to make California a territory with a territorial government and again in 1849 but was unsuccessful in getting Congress to agree on the specifics of how this was to be done—the issue was the number of free states vs. slave

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dragoons (cavalrymen), who had arrived over the Gila river trail in December 1846, and about two companies of Fremont's California Battalion re-occupied Los Angeles after some very minor skirmishes (mostly posturing)—four months after the initial American retreat, the same U.S. flag again flew over

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company contracted with independent lines to deliver its express packages and transport gold bullion and coins. Stagecoach travel was usually uncomfortable as passengers were often crowded together in limited space, dust pouring through open windows from rough unpaved roads, rough rides, un-bathed

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Agriculture expanded throughout the state to meet the food needs of the new settlers. Agriculture was soon found to be limited by the difficulty of finding enough water in the right places to grow irrigated crops. Winter wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the spring was one early crop that

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In San Francisco, many people were initially housed in wooden houses, ships hauled up on the mud flats to serve as homes or businesses, wood-framed canvas tents used for saloons, hotels and boarding houses as well as other flammable structures. All these canvas and wood structures, combined with a

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By 1845, the province of Alta California had a non-native population of about 1,500 Spanish and Latin American-born adult men along with about 6,500 women and their California-born children (who became the Californios). These Spanish-speakers lived mostly in the southern half of the state from San

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The soldiers supervised the construction of the presidios (forts) and were responsible for keeping order and preventing and/or capturing runaway Indians that tried to leave the missions. Nearly all of the Indians adjoining the missions were induced to join the various missions built in California.

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was closed for Spanish traffic and it would stay closed until about 1846. California was nearly isolated again from land based travel. About the only way into California from Mexico would now be a 40 to 60-day voyage by sea. The average of 2.5 ships per year from 1769 to 1824 meant that additional

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The remoteness and isolation of California, the lack of large organized tribes, the lack of agricultural traditions, the absence of any domesticated animals larger than a dog, and a food supply consisting primarily of acorns (unpalatable to most Europeans) meant the missions in California would be

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The U.S. 1850 California Census counts 92,597 residents but omits the residents of San Francisco (estimated at 21,000) whose census records were destroyed by fire. Contra Costa County (estimated at 2,000 residents) and Santa Clara County (estimated at 4,000 residents) 1850 records were "lost" and

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then common in California. The traders who traded for the hides, tallow and sometimes horns hauled them back to the east coast where the hides were used to make a large variety of leather products, most of the tallow was used for making candles and the horns were mostly used for making buttons. A

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and showed up in San Francisco on February 28, 1849. She was loaded with about 400 gold seeking passengers; twice the number of passengers it had been designed for. In San Francisco all her passengers and crew except the captain and one man deserted the ship and it would take the Captain two more

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in 1821, the onerous Spanish rules in effect from 1770 to 1821 against trading with foreigners began to break down as the declining Spanish fleet could not enforce their no-trading policies. The Californios, with essentially no industries or manufacturing capabilities, were eager to trade for new

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alongside the river, and then digging for gold in the gravel down to the rocky river bottom. This placer gold had been freed by the slow disintegration, over geological time, that freed the gold from its ore. This free gold was typically found in the cracks in the rocks found at the bottom of the

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The Mexican land grants were provisional until settled and worked on for five years, and often had very indefinite boundaries and sometimes conflicting ownership claims. The boundaries of each rancho were almost never surveyed, and marked, and often depended on local landmarks that often changed

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to Presidio soldiers and government officials and a few friends and family of the Alta California Governors, some of whom were grandchildren of the original 1775 Anza expedition settlers. The 1824 Mexican Colony Law established rules for petitioning for land grants in California; and by 1828, the

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Spain made about 30 of these large grants, nearly all several square leagues (1 Spanish league = 2.6 miles, 4.2 km) each in size. The total land granted to settlers in the Spanish colonial era was about 800,000 acres (3,237 km) or about 35,000 acres (142 km) each. The few owners of

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cattle with them. The approximately 200 surviving cattle and an unknown number of horses (many of each were lost or eaten along the way) started the cattle and horse raising industry in California. In California the cattle and horses had few predators and plentiful grass in all but drought years.

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was appointed to command the lead party that would scout out a land route and blaze a trail to San Diego. Food was short, and the Indians accompanying them were expected to forage for most of what they needed. Many Indian neophytes died along the way; even more deserted. The two groups traveling

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Once cargo was moved off the ocean and rivers it nearly always transported by horse or ox drawn wagons—still true till about 1920. When there was not a wagon trail the cargo was shifted to mule pack trains or carried on the backs of the miners. Lumber to build new homes, sluice boxes, etc. was a

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had existed over 66 years, but the Mission Indians were still not self-sufficient, proficient in Spanish, or wholly Catholic. Indigenous resistance and uprisings against violent settler colonialism was widespread across the missions despite severe and continuing decline in the native Californian

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stations (completed October 24, 1861). The Pony Express terminated soon after the telegraph was established. This combination wagon-stagecoach-pony express-telegraph line route is labeled the Pony Express National Historic Trail on the National Trail Map. From Salt Lake City, the telegraph line

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horns. Horns were used to make a large number of items in this time period. A large part of the Californio diet was beef, but since there was no easy way to preserve it most of the time another animal was killed when fresh meat was needed as when visitors showed up—the hides and tallow could be

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who appropriated the mission's "property" (about 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) per mission). The Indians typically worked at one of the four Spanish pueblos as servants or at the newly established ranchos for room and board or attempted to join other tribes in the interior. The new ranchos

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for the state was set at $ 300,000 (Article VIII). Like all other states they guaranteed the rights of citizens to sue in Civil court to uphold the rights of contracts and property (Article I Sec. 16). They created a court system with a supreme court with judges who had to be confirmed every 12

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both missions and pueblos—killing 103 soldiers, colonists, and Friars and capturing about 80 prisoners, mostly women and children. In four well-supported punitive expeditions in 1782 and 1783 against the Quechans, the Spanish managed to gather their dead and ransom nearly all the prisoners, but

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on October 6, 1848. This was before the gold strikes in California were confirmed and she left with only a partial passenger load in her 60 saloon (about $ 300 fare) and 150 steerage (about $ 150 fare) passenger compartments. Only a few were going all the way to California. As word of the gold

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of about 648 soldiers showed up in March–April 1847—again after hostilities had ceased. After desertions and deaths in transit, four ships brought Stevenson's 648 soldiers to California. Initially they took over all of the Pacific Squadron's on-shore military and garrison duties and the Mormon

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granted by the governors—mostly to friends and family at low or no cost. The rancho owners claimed about 8,600,000 acres (35,000 km) averaging about 18,900 acres (76 km) each. This land was nearly all distributed on former mission land within about 30 miles (48 km) of the coast.

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in the larger cities. As gold petered out, California increasingly became a highly productive agricultural society. The coming of the railroads in 1869 linked its rich economy with the rest of the nation, and attracted a steady stream of settlers. In the late 19th century, Southern California,

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San Francisco shipping boomed, and wharves and piers had to be developed to handle the onslaught of cargo – Long Wharf was probably the most prominent. To meet the demands of the Gold Rush, ships bearing food, liquors of many types, tools, hardware, clothing, complete houses, lumber, building

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to bring finished goods and merchandise to trade with the Californio Ranchos for their hides, tallow and horns. The cattle and horses that provided the hides, tallow and horns essentially grew wild. The Californios' hides, tallow and horns provided the necessary trade articles for a mutually

1925:, in the 27 years prior to 1848—an average government duration was 7.9 months. In Alta California, Mexico inherited a large, sparsely settled, poor, backwater province paying little or no net tax revenue to the Mexican state. In addition, Alta California had a declining Mission system as the 3244:. They were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848. By the end of 1848, some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California. Americans and foreigners of many different countries, statuses, classes, and races rushed to California for gold. Almost all (c. 96%) were young men. 6792:

The 1850 U.S. Census of California found 7,600 people who claimed they were born in California (Californios). To this must be added the few Californios of San Francisco, Santa Clara, and Contra Costa Counties whose Censuses were lost and not included – about 9,000 total state wide.

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After 1847, California was controlled (with much difficulty due to desertions) by a U.S. Army-appointed military governor and an inadequate force of a little over 600 troops. By 1850, California had grown to have a non-Indian and non-Californio population of over 100,000 due to the

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Diego north to Santa Barbara. There were also around 1,300 American immigrants and 500 European immigrants from a wide variety of backgrounds. Nearly all of these were adult males and a majority lived in central and northern California, from Monterey north to Sonoma and east to the

3415:. Ships could take this route year round and the first ships started leaving East Coast ports as early as November 1848. From the East Coast, a sailing voyage around the southern tip of South America would typically take five to eight months—averaging about 200 days by standard 3743:

The new wave of immigration that was sparked by the gold rush would continue to have a disastrous impact on California's native population, which continued to precipitously decline mainly due to Eurasian diseases to which they had no natural immunity. For example, when the

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From 1847 to 1850, California had military governors appointed by the senior military commander in California. This arrangement was distinctly unsettling to the military, as they had no inclination, precedent, or training for setting up and running a government. President

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soon thereafter abandoned most of the missions, taking with them almost everything of value they could, after which the locals typically plundered the mission buildings for construction materials, furniture, etc. or the mission buildings were sold off to serve other uses.

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was chosen as the first state capital (Article XI Sec. 1). Soon after the election they set up a provisional state government that set up the counties, elected a governor, senators, and representatives, and operated for ten months prior to statehood. As agreed to in the

1233:, famed diarist of the entire expedition. That group arrived in San Diego on May 4. A later expedition led by Portolà, which included Junípero Serra, the President of the Missions, along with a combination of missionaries, settlers, and leather-jacket soldiers including 1140:

provided the Franciscan friars with arguments to establish missions with fewer colonial settlers. In particular, the sexual exploitation of Native American women by Spanish soldiers sparked violent reprisals from the Native community and the spread of venereal disease.

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these large ranchos patterned themselves after the landed gentry in Spain and were devoted to keeping themselves living in a grand style. The rest of the population they expected to support them. Their mostly unpaid workers were nearly all Spanish trained Indians or

2652:, was mustered into U.S. service and were paid regular army wages. On July 19, Frémont's newly formed "California Battalion" swelled to about 160 troops. These troops included Fremont's 30 topographical men and their 30 scouts and hunters, U.S. Marine Lieutenant 730:. Cabrillo and his soldiers found that there was essentially nothing for the Spanish to easily exploit in California; located at the extreme limits of exploration and trade from Spain, it would be left essentially unexplored and unsettled for the next 234 years. 3003:

and considered an able military commander, was the last military governor of California in 1849–1850. In response to popular demand for a better more representative government, General Riley issued an official proclamation dated June 3, 1849, calling for a

2247:(rendered fat for making candles and soap) that were traded for other finished goods and merchandise. This hide-and-tallow trade was mainly carried on by Boston-based ships that traveled 14,000 miles (23,000 km) to 18,000 miles (29,000 km) around 1585:

were established along the California coast from San Diego to San Francisco—about 500 miles (800 km) up the coast. The missions were nearly all located within 30 miles (48 km) of the coast and almost no exploration or settlements were made in the

4063:

From 1825 to 1848 the average number of ships traveling to California increased to about 25 ships per year—a large increase from the average of 2.5 ships per year from 1769 to 1824. The port of entry for trading purposes was the Alta California Capital,

2205:

over time. Since the government depended on import tariffs for its income, there was virtually no property tax—the property tax when introduced with U.S. statehood was a big shock. The grantee could not subdivide, or rent out, the land without approval.

2173:

rules for establishing land grants were codified in the Mexican Reglamento (Regulation). The Acts sought to break the monopoly of the Franciscan missions, while paving the way for additional settlers to California by making land grants easier to obtain.

1510:

concurrently was launched by Franciscan missionaries to find an overland route between New Mexico and California. However, after reaching as west as modern-day Arizona by 1777, the missionaries could no longer continue and decided to return to Santa Fe.

4594:

steamships connecting port cities. Freight wagons still hauled nearly all cargo. Even when railroads arrived, stages were essential to link more remote areas to the railheads. Top of the line in quality, with crowded discomfort, was the nine-passenger

978:, where Alta California started. The eastern and northern boundaries of Alta California were very indefinite, as the Spanish, despite a lack of physical presence and settlements, claimed essentially everything in what is now the western United States. 4307:

it easier to get to the mining camps, enabling express companies to deliver firewood, lumber, food, equipment, clothes, mail, packages, etc. to the miners. Later when communities developed in Nevada some steamboats were even used to haul cargo up the

1747:, boots, etc. Since there was no refrigeration then, often a cow was killed for the day's fresh meat and the hide and tallow salvaged for sale later. After taking the cattle's hide and tallow their carcasses were left to rot or feed the California 4459:, went into effect. By traveling day and night and using team changes about every 10 miles (16 km) the stages could make the trip in about 28 days. News paper correspondents reported that they had a preview of "hell" when they took the trip. 3756:

at Clear Lake, and the Old Shasta Massacre, in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed. Thousands more are thought to have died due to disease. Combined with a low birth rate for Indian women, the Indian population precipitously declined.

3467:

towns in early April and arrived in California 150–170 days later—late August or early September. Mostly, farmers etc. who lived in the Mid-west and already had wagons and teams took the California trail. Some winter wagon traffic came over the

3295:. The Californios initially prospered, as there was a sudden increase in the demand for livestock. These food shipments changed mainly to shipments from Oregon and internal shipments in California as agriculture was developed in both states. 1730:

The main products of these ranchos were cattle, horses and sheep, most of which lived virtually wild. The cattle were mostly killed for fresh meat, as well as hides and tallow (fat) which could be traded or sold for money or goods. As the

3624:

grew well without irrigation. At the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no written law regarding property rights in the goldfields, and a system of "staking claims" was developed by the miners. The Gold Rush also had negative effects:

2477:

Initially there was little resistance from anyone in California as they replaced the dysfunctional and ineffective Mexican government which had already been replaced by the Californios. The Mexican government by 1846 had already had 40

4519:

business in North America by killing and skinning their cattle and cutting off their fat. The cowhides were staked out to dry and the tallow was put in large cowhide bags. The rest of the animal was left to rot or feed the California

4025:

commodities, glass, hinges, nails, finished goods, luxury goods and other merchandise. The Mexican government abolished the no trade with foreign ships policy and soon regular trading trips were being made. The main products of these

7809:

Missions and the Frontiers of Spanish America: A Comparative Study of the Impact of Environmental, Economic, Political, and Socio-Cultural Variations on the Missions in the Rio de la Plata Region and on the Northern Frontier of New

5119:

The gold hunter is loaded down with every conceivable appliance, much of which would be useless in California. The prospector says (in a caption on some versions): "I am sorry I did not follow the advice of Granny and go around the

2885:

about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away. These troops were recruited with the understanding they would be discharged in California with their weapons. Most were discharged before July 1847. More reinforcements in the form of Colonel

2357:

had sent several additional naval vessels to the Pacific in 1845 to protect U.S. interests there. It took about 200 days, on average, for ships to travel the greater than 17,000-mile (27,000 km) trip from the East coast around

2003:

provides a good first hand account of this trade. From 1825 to 1848 the average number of ships traveling to California increased to about 25 ships per year—a large increase from the average of 2.5 ships per year from 1769 to 1824.

was established on July 16, 1769. As the first of the presidios and Spanish missions in California, they provided the base of operations for the Spanish colonization of Alta California (the present-day US state of California).

3963:

included sending gold east, recruiting or funding a limited number of combat units, maintaining numerous fortifications and sending troops east, some of whom became famous. Following the split in the Democratic Party in 1860,

1145:

very difficult to establish and sustain and made the area unattractive to most potential colonists. A few soldiers and friars financed by the Church and State would form the backbone of the proposed settlement of California.

2176:

When the missions were secularized, the mission property and cattle were supposed to be mostly allocated to the Mission Indians. In practice, nearly all mission property and livestock were taken over by the about 455 large

3120:

California). The California version outlawed slavery, except as punishment (Article I Sec. 18) and dueling (Article XI Sec. 2) and gave women and wives the right to own and control their own property (Article XI Sec. 14).

2758:

on January 13, 1847. About 150 Californios who were worried about possible punishment from the Americans for not keeping their non-aggression promises rounded up about 300 horses and retreated into Sonora, Mexico over the

945:, and made glowing reports of the Monterey bay area as a possible anchorage for ships with land suitable for growing crops. He also provided rudimentary charts of the coastal waters, which were used for nearly 200 years. 4787:

By the 1890s the construction of electric railroads had begun in California and by the early 20th century several systems existed to serve California's largest cities. The state's electric railroad systems included the

1957:), were eager to trade for new commodities, finished goods, luxury goods, and other merchandise. The Mexican government abolished the no trade with foreign ships policy and soon regular trading trips were being made. 2647:

Stockton, a much more aggressive leader, asked Fremont to form a joint force of Fremont's soldiers, scouts, guides, and others, and a volunteer militia—many who were former Bear Flag Revolters. This unit, called the

2715:, with an inadequate force of 40 to 50 men, were left to occupy and keep order in the largest town (about 3,500) in Alta California—Los Angeles. The Californio government officials had already fled Alta California. 839:

Subsequently, mixed Christian-Muslim families from the newly Hispanicized Philippines residing in the Americas took a stance against slavery, diverging from their Spanish counterparts who supported it. Unlike their

3968:

supporters of Lincoln took control of the state in 1861, minimizing the influence of the large southern population. Their great success was in obtaining a Pacific railroad land grant and authorization to build the

2127:. After the secularizing of the Missions, many of the surviving Mission Indians switched from being unpaid workers for the missions to unpaid laborers and vaqueros (cowboys) of the about 500 large Californio owned 2406:

government. On hearing of this revolt, Fremont and his exploratory force returned to California. The "republic" never exercised any real authority and only lasted 26 days before accepting U.S. government control.

1347:

the next morning "because there were not enough provisions to wait longer and the men had not come to perish from hunger". At three o'clock in the afternoon on March 19, 1770, as if by a miracle, the sails of the

745:

and/or mud. The Cabrillo expedition did not see the far north of California, where on the coast and somewhat inland traditional architecture consists of rectangular redwood or cedar plank semisubterranean houses.

6027: 2545:

flagship under Sir George S. Seymour, outside Monterey Harbor, Commodore Sloat was finally stirred to action. On July 7, 1846, seven weeks after war had been declared, Sloat instructed the captains of the ships

1952:

the onerous Spanish rules against trading with foreigners began to break down as the declining Spanish fleet could not enforce their no-trading policies. The settlers, and their descendants (who became known as

3951:

The possibility of splitting off Southern California as a territory or a state was rejected by the national government, and the idea was dead by 1861 when patriotic fervor swept California after the attack on

784:

In 1565 the Spanish developed a trading route where they took gold and silver from the Americas and traded it for goods and spices from China and other Asian areas. The Spanish set up their main Asian base in

3317:

had many hundreds of abandoned ships anchored offshore. The better ships were recrewed and put back in the shipping and passenger business. Others were bought cheap and hauled up on the mud flats and used as

5181:

Jones, T.L., R.T. Fitzgerald, D.J. Kennett, C. Micsicek, J. Fagan, J. Sharp, & J.M. Erlandson *2002 The Cross Creek Site (CA-SLO-1797) and its Implications for New World Colonization. American Antiquity

2664:

California settlers from several different countries as well as American settlers. The California Battalion members were used mainly to garrison and keep order in the rapidly surrendering California towns.

4238:

months to gather a much better paid return crew to return to Panama city an establish the route they had been contracted for. Many more paddle steamers were soon running from the east coast cities to the

2533:

and U.S. Navy bluejacket sailors available for possible land action on the Pacific Squadron's ships. Hearing word of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma, California, and the arrival of the 2,600-ton, 600-man

5191:

Erlandson, Jon M. et al. (2007) "The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas" Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology Vol. 2 Issue 2:

4250: 1932:

The number of Alta California settlers, always a minority of total population, slowly increased mostly by more births than deaths in the Californio population in California. After the closure of the

4634:

California's first railroad was built from Sacramento to Folsom, California starting in February 1855. This 22-mile (35 km) line was meant to take advantage of the prosperous gold diggings in

3748:

were established the native inhabitants were often forcefully removed from their traditional tribal lands by incoming miners, ranchers, and farmers. There were a number of massacres, including the

1960:

In addition, a number of Europeans and Americans became naturalized Mexican citizens and settled in early California. Some of those became rancheros and traders during the Mexican period, such as

6707:

Conrad, Cyler; Gobalet, Kenneth W.; Bruner, Kale; Pastron, Allen G. (2015). "Hide, Tallow and Terrapin: Gold Rush-Era Zooarchaeology at Thompson's Cove (CA-SFR-186H), San Francisco, California".

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marched east across Arizona in 1862 to expel the Confederates from Arizona and New Mexico. The California Column then spent most of the remainder of the war fighting hostile Indians in the area.

3372:

who only had about 600 troops to govern California—many of these troops deserted to go to the gold fields. Before the Gold Rush, almost no infrastructure existed in California except a few small

3085:—differing mainly in details. The Constitutional Convention met for 43 days debating and writing the first California Constitution. The 1849 Constitution copied (with revisions) a lot out of the 2969:

formally ended the Mexican–American War in February 1848. For $ 15,000,000, and the assumption of U.S. debt claims against Mexico, the boundary claims of the new state of Texas were settled, and

1601:

led a group of scientists and artists who compiled an account of the Californian mission system, the land, and the people. Traders, whalers, and scientific missions followed in the next decades.

2906:

sailed from Philadelphia on August 16, 1847, with a detachment of one hundred soldiers, and arrived in California on February 18, 1848, the following year, at about the same time that the ship

2426:, commander of the Pacific Squadron then visiting Mazatlán Mexico. On May 17, 1846, this courier's messages informed Commodore Sloat that hostilities between the U.S. and Mexico had commenced. 2444:

Commodore (Rear Admiral) John D. Sloat and four of his vessels were then at anchor in the harbor of Mazatlán, Mexico. On hearing the news, Commodore Sloat dispatched his flagship, the frigate

805:, about 300 miles (480 km) north of San Francisco, at about 40° latitude. They could then sail south down the California coast, utilizing the available winds and the south-flowing 1311:. One of the greatest natural harbors on the west coast of America had finally been discovered by land. The expedition returned to San Diego on January 24, 1770. The Presidio and Mission of 2914:. Stevenson's troops were recruited with the understanding that they would be discharged in California. When gold was discovered in late January 1848, many of Stevenson's troops deserted. 10188: 6510:

California and New Mexico: Message from the President of the United States. By United States. President (1849–1850 : Taylor), United States. War Dept (Ex. Doc 17 page 1) Google eBook

1452:

and continuing on to Tubac. The return trip only took 23 days, and he encountered several peaceful and populous agricultural tribes with irrigation systems located along the Gila River.

4577:

used much of this same route across Nevada and the Sierras in 1860–1861. These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the

3842:

Tribes in northwest California practiced slavery long before the arrival of Europeans. There were never black slaves owned by Europeans, and many free men of African ancestry joined the

2251:

to bring finished goods and merchandise to trade with the Californio Ranchos for their hides and tallow. The cattle and horses that provided the hides and tallow essentially grew wild.

1413:(Yuma) Indians (2,000–3,000) he encountered there were growing most of their food, using irrigation systems, and had already imported pottery, horses, wheat and a few other crops from 4590:

After the 1870s, stagecoaches provided the primary form of local passenger and mail transportation between inland towns that were not connected to a railroad, with sailing ships and

3860:, a number of Native Americans were formally enslaved in the state, a practice that continued until the mid-1860s, when California changed its laws to conform to the 14th Amendment. 3804:

style they were used to living. Many other California native populations were never settled in formal reservations or rancherias and their descendants remain federally unrecognized.

3726:

Since the Spanish Missions were established along the coast, these areas were affected by colonization first. California Indians had no agriculture before it was introduced by the

2482:

in the first 24 years of its existence. Most new settlers and Californios were neutral or actively supported the revolt. An independent group of men called "Los Osos" raised the "

2374:

exploratory force. They were exiting California on their way to what is now Oregon when they got word in early June 1846 that war was imminent and a revolt had already started in

565:

during the pre-European period range from 100,000 to 300,000. California's population held about one-third of all Native Americans in the land now governed by the United States.

6581: 6451: 2079:

The missions, as originally envisioned, were to last only about ten years before being converted to regular parishes. When the California missions were abolished in 1834, some

760: 3182:

brought word to San Francisco on October 18, 1850, that California was now the 31st state. There was a celebration that lasted for weeks. The state capital was variously at

690: 12845: 4870:

helped make the state the "center" of worldwide attention. California became an American cultural phenomenon; the idea of the "California Dream" as a portion of the larger

4041:

horns that were traded for other finished goods and merchandise. This hide-and-tallow trade was mainly carried on by Boston-based ships that traveled for about 200 days in

9135: 3846:(1848–1855). Some returned east with enough gold to purchase their relatives. The California Constitution of 1849 outlawed any form of slavery in the state, and later the 7208:

Compiled laws of the State of California: containing all the acts of the Legislature of a public and general nature, now in force, passed at the sessions of 1850-51-52-53

1700:

was still in nearly full force and forbade Protestants living in Mexican controlled territory. In the Spanish colonial period many of these grants were later turned into

13012: 9758: 2613:

without bloodshed on July 11, 1846. Fallon received an American flag from Commodore John D. Sloat and raised it over the pueblo on July 14. On July 15, 1846, Commodore (

1275:

and strong head winds, and were still straggling in three months after they set sail. After their arduous journeys, most people aboard the ships were ill, chiefly from

5690: 2418:, Mexico on May 10, 1846. There they heard word of the ongoing hostilities between the U.S. and Mexico forces and sent a message by special courier back to Commodore ( 1712:

that had learned how to ride horses and raise some crops. The majority of the ranch hands were paid with room and board, rough clothing, rough housing, and no salary.

6656:"1849. Ship and Passenger Arrivals, San Francisco, California, The Maritime Heritage Project. Sea Captains, Ships, Merchants, Merchandise, Immigration and Passengers" 1428:, they followed the river about 50 miles (80 km) south (to about the Arizona's southwest corner on the Colorado River) before turning northwest to about today's 8140: 8098: 3283:

and sea turtle imported into Alta California to feed the Gold miners. Initially, the large supplies of food needed were imported from close ports in Hawaii, Mexico,

1542:. Both these pueblos and missions were on the California side of the Colorado River but were administered by the Arizona authorities. On July 17–18, 1781, the Yuma ( 3456:

etc. This trip could be done in 40–60 days—depending on connections. Returning miners and/or their gold nearly all reversed this route to return to the East Coast.

3342:

in 1846. At the time gold was discovered in 1848, California had about 9,000 former Californios and about 3,000 United States citizens including members of Colonel

793:

and ruled it from Mexico City and Madrid. The trade with Mexico involved an annual passage of galleons. The Eastbound galleons first went north to about 40 degrees

8200: 6960:

system. The term "ounces" of gold typically refers to troy ounces. There are some historical uses where, because of the age of the use, the intention is ambiguous.

3070:

were grossly under-represented as they had no representatives at the convention despite then being the most populated county in California. After the election the

1758:, or Royal Forts, each manned by 10 to 100 men, were built in Alta California by the Spanish crown through New Spain. California installations were established in 13007: 9768: 8190: 8185: 6238: 4993: 1475:

In Anza's second trip (1775–1776) he returned to California with 240 friars, soldiers and colonists with their families. They took 695 horses and mules and 385

8103: 889:

After successfully sacking Spanish towns and plundering Spanish ships along their Pacific coast colonies in the Americas, English explorer and circumnavigator

11975: 6501:

also not included. The total non-Indian (Indians were not counted) population was over 120,000. See: "Historical Statistical Abstracts - U.S. Census Bureau";

2096:

was the very first to feel the effects of this legislation the following year when, on August 9, 1834, Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation".

7203: 3710: 1692:

of the available land in California or roughly 1,000,000 acres (4,047 km) of land per mission. The rest of the land was considered the property of the

1226: 1036:

from Mexico and South America in 1767 and deported back to Spain. After the forcible expulsion of the Jesuit order, most of the missions were taken over by

801:

and currents. These galleons, after crossing most of the Pacific Ocean, would arrive off the California coast from 60 to over 120 days later somewhere near

8175: 4095:

Ships after 1848 provided easy, cheap, links among the coastal towns within California and on routes leading there. Nearly all cargo to California came by

3996:, to guard forts and other facilities, occupy secessionist regions, and fight Indians in the state and the western territories. Some 2,350 soldiers in the 1271:

The part of the expedition that took place over land took about 40–51 days to get to San Diego. The contingent coming by sea encountered the south flowing

6056: 2342:

in 1845. Several battles between U.S. and Mexican troops led the United States Congress to issue a declaration of war against Mexico on May 13, 1846; the

2076:

declined and the deaths greatly exceeded the births. The ratio of Indian births to deaths is believed to have been less than 0.5 Indian births per death.

10984: 3141: 8210: 8195: 11995: 10910: 8205: 897:, before exploring and claiming an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579. This is believed to have taken place north of the future city of 8086: 8081: 4134:

and California was under U.S. control in 1847 and annexed and paid for in 1848. The United States was now a Pacific Ocean power. Starting in 1848 the

2711:

entered Pueblo de Los Angeles, California with flags flying and band playing. USMC Captain Archibald H. Gillespie, Frémont's second in command of the

1194:

and his fellow friars. All five detachments of soldiers, friars and future colonists were to meet on the shores of San Diego Bay. The first ship, the

12913: 9748: 4401:, approved March 2, 1861, discontinued this route and service ceased June 30, 1861. On the same date the central route from St. Joseph, Missouri, to 2123:

did continue on for some time under a provision in Governor Echeandía's 1826 Proclamation that allowed for the partial conversion of missions to new

1598: 2470:

which was already there. There were fears from Americans that the British might try to annex California to satisfy creditors back home. The British

986: 9753: 9128: 8170: 6282: 3856: 3831: 1852:'s division between the Dominican missions of Baja California and Franciscan missions of Alta California, governing all Californian lands North of 1444:. It took Anza about 74 days to do this initial reconnaissance trip to establish a land route into California. On his return trip he went down the 6545:

Report of the debates in the Convention of California on the formation of By California. Constitutional Convention, John Ross Browne; Google eBook

3384:

owned by the Californios who had mostly taken over the Missions land and livestock. The largest town in California prior to the Gold Rush was the

12460: 8233: 4834:

After 1900, California continued to grow rapidly and soon became an agricultural and industrial power. The economy was widely based on specialty

365: 158: 11955: 3081:

Like all U.S. states' constitutions, the California Constitution adhered closely to the format and government roles set up in the original 1789

1853: 849: 3885:

in the maritime fur trade. U.S. naval activity includes the Pacific Squadron and Mexican–American War. California Gold Rush shipping includes

809:, about 1 mph (1.6 km/h). After sailing about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) south, they eventually reached their home port in Mexico. 12918: 12005: 8529: 8076: 3473: 3005: 2742:(near Los Angeles). After the Los Angeles resistance started, the American California Battalion was expanded to a force of about 400 troops. 1933: 1279:, and many had died. Out of a total of about 219 who had left Baja California, little more than 100 survived. The survivors established the 848:

compatriots from Spain who supported the illegal slave trade, the mixed Muslim-Christian Filipinos in the Americas stood in solidarity with

13002: 11610: 10968: 8509: 8248: 8042: 6555: 4617: 3576:, showed up in San Francisco loaded with gold seekers on February 28, 1849, on its first trip from Panama and Mexico after steaming around 667:, proving that Baja California was a peninsula, but in spite of his discoveries the myth persisted in European circles that California was 153: 4050:

beneficial trade. The first United States, English and Russian trading ships began showing up in California before 1816. The classic book

3684:. The greatly increased population, along with the new wealth of gold, caused: roads, bridges, farms, mines, steamship lines, businesses, 588:

to facilitate the growth of food and fiber materials and may have sustained a low-density agriculture in loose rotation; a sort of "wild"

9456: 9121: 8539: 6614: 5985:"San Francisco History – Seventy-five Years in San Francisco, Appendix N. Record of Ships Arriving at California Ports from 1774 to 1847" 4397:

With the prospects of the civil war looming the Butterfield stage contract was terminated and the stage route to California rerouted. An

4131: 2084:

population. In 1834 Mexico, in response to demands that the Catholic Church give up much of the Mission property, started the process of

1167: 580:

in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands, ensuring that desired food and medicine plants continued to be available. The

7133: 2845:

on January 13, 1847, on January 22, 1847, Commodore Stockton's replacement, Commodore William B. Shubrick, showed up in Monterey in the

1535: 1315:

were established on June 3, 1770, by Portola, Serra, and Crespi, with Monterey becoming the capital of the California province in 1777.

440:

near the location of the modern day city of San Diego, California. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (

8364: 5095: 1539: 183: 7546: 6421: 3419:. This trip could easily cover over 18,000 nautical miles (33,000 km) depending on the route chosen—some even went by way of the 636:. This popular Spanish fantasy was printed in several editions with the earliest surviving edition published about 1510. In exploring 12957: 8544: 8524: 8424: 7332: 5609: 3765: 410: 173: 7304: 4350:. The Butterfield Overland Stage Company had more than 800 people in its employ, had 139 relay stations, 1800 head of stock and 250 2349:

The main forces available to the United States in California were the bluejacket sailors and U.S. Marines on board the ships of the

12825: 11929: 10607: 8579: 8549: 8504: 8499: 8162: 4829: 3408:, dance hall, and gambling house. Prices were inflated in the camps. Miners often paid for food, liquor and other goods in "dust". 116: 4693:. In 1876 California's first railroad linking Los Angeles with Northern California was completed when the San Joaquin line of the 3089:

and New York Constitutions but had parts that were originally several different state constitutions as well as original material.

2766:

trail. The Californios, who had wrested control of California from Mexico in 1845, now had a new and much more stable government.

11909: 9795: 9446: 8772: 8747: 8534: 8514: 8494: 8444: 8374: 8369: 8354: 7179: 5896: 3066:

chosen were mostly pre-1846 American settlers; eight were native born Californios who had to use interpreters. The new miners in

2704:

On August 13, 1846, a joint force of U.S. Marines, bluejacket sailors and parts of Frémont's California Battalion carried by the

2290:. Sutter's Fort, from 1839 to about 1848, was a major agricultural and trade colony in California, often welcoming and assisting 1914:, then as the Mexican Republic. Alta California became a territory rather than a full state. The territorial capital remained in 1519: 1940:

in 1781 immigration from Mexico was nearly all by ship. California continued to be a sparsely populated and isolated territory.

1639:, after they were all established, were located about one day's horseback ride apart for easier communication and linked by the 10501: 10020: 8992: 8604: 8564: 8464: 8439: 8394: 8389: 8281: 7957: 7707: 6031: 5100: 4988: 4566: 3917:. Also included are sections on California naval installations, California shipbuilding, California shipwrecks, and California 3071: 2434: 2008: 1989:

and other goods, provided the necessary trade articles for mutually beneficial trade. The first American, English, and Russian

1614: 959: 286: 11047: 8011: 7676: 3639:

methods were used, from panning to "cradles" and "rockers" or "long-toms", to diverting the water from an entire river into a

1805:

To support the presidios and the missions, half a dozen towns (called pueblos) were established in California. The pueblos of

1363: 13017: 12683: 10794: 8717: 8609: 8594: 8334: 7281: 6836: 6485: 6043: 5959: 5852: 5813: 5771: 5721: 5682: 5571: 5544: 5510: 5476: 5279: 5060: 3625: 3044: 2498:. The California state flag of today is based on this original Bear Flag and still contains the words "California Republic". 2283: 414: 238: 11645: 11514: 11141: 11137: 7007: 6795: 6520: 5429: 3326:

lot of drunken gamblers and miners, led almost inevitably to many fires. Most of San Francisco burned down six times in six

2490:

over Sonoma. The republic was in existence scarcely more than 25 days before Frémont returned and took over on June 23 from

1735:

herds increased there came a time when nearly everything that could be made of leather was—doors, window coverings, stools,

1507: 832:, having embraced Christianity after the Spanish takeover, blended elements of Christianity with Islam. They passed through 417:. Finally, in the 19th century there was a genocide by United States government and private citizens, which is known as the 12778: 12773: 12141: 11547: 11190: 10643: 9817: 9547: 9466: 9067: 8937: 8847: 8752: 8737: 8629: 8599: 8589: 8584: 8574: 8569: 8559: 8554: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8449: 8429: 8419: 8379: 8359: 8344: 8339: 8150: 7248: 5085: 5070: 3940: 3930: 3555: 2529:

In 1846, the U.S. Navy was under orders to take over all California ports in the event of war. There were about 400 to 500

1818: 1558: 258: 17: 2168:

Before Alta California became a part of the Mexican state, about 30 Spanish land grants had already been deeded in all of

1355:, loaded with relief supplies, were discernible on the horizon. The Spanish settlement of Alta California would continue. 12840: 11960: 10120: 8957: 8932: 8757: 8454: 8434: 8409: 8384: 8349: 8263: 5090: 5023: 4983: 4674: 3347: 2973:, California, and the unsettled territory of several future states of the American Southwest were added to U.S. control. 2911: 2891: 1033: 982: 974:, as provinces of New Spain (Mexico). Baja or lower California consisted of the Baja Peninsula and terminated roughly at 955: 861: 733:

The Cabrillo expedition depicted the Indigenous populations as living at a subsistence level, typically located in small

648:

to it. Mapmakers started using the name "California" to label the unexplored territory on the North American west coast.

358: 263: 143: 10829: 1651:

Once the Indians had joined the mission, if they tried to leave, soldiers were sent out to retrieve them. In the 1830s,

12607: 11924: 11860: 11582: 11562: 11037: 10769: 10732: 10401: 9975: 9097: 9057: 8922: 8882: 8872: 8857: 8702: 8677: 8619: 8614: 8469: 8459: 8414: 8404: 8399: 8316: 8286: 8113: 7655: 7082: 7048: 6160: 5364: 5331: 5304: 5202: 5040: 4978: 3256:

or came by sea. About 80,000 Argonauts arrived in 1849 alone—about 40,000 over the California trail and 40,000 by sea.

2085: 2024: 1903: 1881: 1647:

faith—all that was thought to be necessary to bring the Indians to be able to support themselves and their new church.

554:, the Cross Creek Site, Santa Barbara Channel Islands, Santa Barbara Coast's Sudden Flats, and the Scotts Valley site, 547: 463: 386: 319: 291: 12972: 12076: 7180:"SAN FRANCISCO / Slavery in Gold Rush days / New discoveries prompt exhibition, re-examination of state's involvement" 6927: 6397:"History of California including the Indians, Spanish, Californio, Bear Flag Republic, United States, and their flags" 6242: 12673: 12582: 11980: 11524: 11077: 10707: 10381: 9900: 9635: 9047: 9022: 8977: 8972: 8902: 8762: 8667: 8662: 8063: 7639: 7608: 6639: 6207: 6130: 5401: 5250: 5055: 5003: 3605: 3276: 3245: 2294:

travelers to California. Most of the settlers at, or near, Sutter's Fort were new immigrants from the United States.

508: 405:

statehood (September 9, 1850–present). California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in

233: 81: 5266:

Neil G. Sugihara; Jan W. Van Wagtendonk; Kevin E. Shaffer; Joann Fites-Kaufman; Andrea E. Thode, eds. (2006). "17".

605: 12873: 11557: 11041: 10819: 10411: 9802: 9428: 9037: 9012: 8997: 8962: 8917: 8907: 8867: 8837: 8827: 8822: 8787: 8782: 8767: 8692: 8687: 8291: 8258: 8135: 8071: 8035: 7781: 6582:"How an Early Santa Barbara Scion Protected Women's Rights to Property in the California Constitution | Essay" 5080: 5065: 5050: 4578: 3965: 3823: 3813: 3436:

or Nicaragua and caught another steamboat to California. In California other smaller steamboats hauled miners from

2950: 2932: 2510: 2479: 2371: 1922: 626:

warriors, as depicted in Greek myths, using gold tools and weapons in the popular early 16th-century romance novel

530: 519: 296: 228: 163: 106: 12249: 12184: 7369: 4874:

of finding a better life drew 35 million new residents from the start to the end of the 20th century (1900–2010).

4542:

trading voyage to California which he took in 1834–35. Dana mentions that they also took back a large shipment of

4503:

The year 1848 saw the close of Mexican control over Alta California; this period also marked the beginning of the

4338:

service operating from 1857 to 1861 of over 2,800 miles (4,500 km). It carried passengers and U.S. Mail from

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ship cargo. Starting about 1850 many travelers to California took steamboats to Panama or Nicaragua, crossed the

3313:

Starting in 1849, many of the ship crews jumped ship and headed for the gold fields when they reached port. Soon

3159: 2946: 2610: 2216:

that put into a California port to trade, get fresh water, replenish their firewood and obtain fresh vegetables.

1834: 1252: 562: 462:. Fearing the influence of the Roman Catholic church over their newly independent nation, the Mexican government 253: 223: 218: 193: 12728: 12244: 11688: 11572: 3338:

who lived in California had finally had enough of the Mexican government and seized control of the territory of

3146: 2910:

arrived with another detachment of soldiers. These soldiers were added to the existing companies of Stevenson's

1751:

which roamed wild in California at that time, or to feed the packs of dogs that typically lived at each rancho.

1437: 1327: 1291:

On July 14, 1769, an expedition was dispatched from San Diego to find the port of Monterey. Not recognizing the

1240:

They took with them about 46 mules, 200 cows and 140 horses—all that could be spared by the poor Baja Missions.

524: 12997: 12830: 12768: 12567: 11985: 11698: 11678: 11650: 11567: 11542: 11402: 11210: 11117: 11057: 11024: 10416: 10396: 10296: 10198: 10110: 10100: 9790: 9780: 9102: 9092: 9072: 8987: 8927: 8912: 8877: 8862: 8852: 8817: 8802: 8777: 8732: 8722: 8707: 8682: 8672: 8326: 8243: 8238: 8220: 7231: 6064: 5356: 5271: 4197: 4189: 4143: 3869: 3745: 3570: 3516: 3377: 3175: 2080: 1926: 1838: 1628: 1610: 1056: 963: 550:

lived in the area that is now California for an estimated 13,000 to 15,000 years. Archeological sites such as,

429: 351: 268: 213: 203: 133: 45: 12793: 12622: 12379: 4103:

in 1869. The sea route was more than 17,000 miles (27,000 km) route from the east coast or Europe around

2072:

chaplains had performed a combined total of 87,787 baptisms and 24,529 marriages, and recorded 63,789 deaths.

1798: 1794: 1675: 633: 437: 12945: 12923: 12878: 12820: 12798: 12612: 12384: 12066: 11855: 11840: 10925: 10789: 10742: 10451: 10421: 10376: 10371: 10155: 9985: 9827: 9677: 9389: 9082: 9077: 9042: 9017: 9002: 8967: 8947: 8897: 8842: 8807: 8797: 8727: 8712: 8657: 8273: 7011: 5451: 4973: 4294: 2318: 2144: 1464: 1017: 616: 12174: 6861: 2668:

The Navy went down the coast from San Francisco, occupying ports without resistance as they went. The small

2334:

Hostilities between the U.S. and Mexico were sparked in part by territorial disputes between Mexico and the

12815: 12783: 12314: 12179: 11615: 10995: 10804: 10600: 10406: 10386: 10366: 10316: 10246: 10241: 10226: 10173: 9870: 9807: 9709: 9144: 9062: 9027: 8942: 8296: 6743: 5035: 5018: 4797: 3827: 3760: 3400:

mining claim could be, put up a camp and stake their claims. With names like Rough and Ready and Hangtown (

3112: 2419: 2213: 1971: 390: 301: 198: 12803: 12136: 7965: 2693: 474:

of 1846–1848, The Mexican Republic was forced to relinquish any claim to California to the United States.

12788: 12688: 12319: 11771: 11703: 10672: 10476: 10436: 10336: 10311: 10266: 10261: 9865: 9714: 9420: 9314: 8952: 8028: 7971: 6680:

Conrad, Cyler; Pastron, Allen (2014). "Galapagos Tortoises and Sea Turtles in Gold Rush-Era California".

4867: 4813: 4507:' greatest prosperity. The Californio rancho society before 1848 had few resources except large herds of 4418: 3588:

was confirmed, other paddle steamers soon followed on both the Pacific and Atlantic routes. By late 1849

3581: 2966: 2899: 2835: 2827: 2795: 2402:

a revolt and seized the small Californio garrison, in Sonoma, without firing a shot and declared the new

2287: 2112: 2093: 1845: 1640: 1624: 1587: 1284: 1199: 581: 406: 324: 148: 86: 12239: 12146: 5265: 2068:

rate among the surviving Indian population. As reported by Krell, as of December 31, 1832, the mission

674:

Rumors of fabulously wealthy cities located somewhere along the California coast, as well as a possible

628: 12723: 12086: 11733: 11620: 11532: 11504: 11131: 11101: 10906: 10737: 10481: 10466: 10206: 9970: 9860: 9785: 9630: 4789: 4768:

and acquisitions that led to the creation of four major inter-state railroads servicing the state (the

4638:

but were completed at about the same time (February 1856) as the mining near there came to an end. The

4243: 4150:, mail, passenger and cargo routes in the Pacific Ocean. This was to be a regular scheduled route from 4079: 3835: 3681: 3664:

that later spread around the world, despite its drastic environmental consequences. By the late 1890s,

3100: 2735: 2103:

and San Francisco de Asís were among the last to succumb, in June and December 1836, respectively. The

1449: 491: 138: 12106: 12061: 7074:

Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians

2591:, were occupied without firing a shot on July 9, 1846, by U.S. marines and U.S. Navy sailors from the 715: 695: 12642: 12592: 12450: 12349: 11845: 11718: 11683: 11635: 11537: 11149: 11033: 10722: 10692: 10687: 10471: 10461: 10456: 10446: 10441: 10431: 10426: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10321: 10301: 10291: 10251: 10231: 10216: 10211: 10145: 9743: 9657: 9645: 9504: 9489: 9479: 9436: 9354: 9319: 4769: 4694: 4667: 4527: 4467: 4421:) to California since it was the fastest and only route that was then kept open in winter across the 4347: 4331: 4323: 4052: 3993: 3437: 2739: 2323: 2228: 1995: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1523: 1488: 1344: 1300: 1241: 1222: 1097: 641: 11267: 7835:

Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers.

5845:

A description of distant roads: Original journals of the first expedition into California, 1769–1770

4622: 3878:); early European explorers; Colonial Spanish and Mexican California maritime history; Russians and 3030: 2381: 1245:

from Lower California on foot had to cross about 300 miles (480 km) of the very dry and rugged

1234: 12587: 12470: 12430: 12369: 12364: 12304: 11723: 11713: 11499: 11202: 11113: 10814: 10326: 10306: 10281: 10256: 10221: 10115: 10070: 9980: 9950: 9721: 9694: 9689: 9540: 9509: 9484: 9394: 9299: 9259: 8652: 8519: 7769: 5871: 4781: 4706: 4651: 4212: 4159: 3977: 3970: 3874:

The Maritime history of California includes Native American dugouts, tule canoes, and sewn canoes (

3689: 3597: 3535: 3391: 3168: 3040: 3000: 2799: 2745:

In early January 1847, a 600-man joint force of U.S. Marine, U.S. Navy bluejacket sailors, General

2677: 2343: 2313: 2100: 1986: 1814: 1527: 471: 248: 12967: 12046: 11279: 10799: 8006: 4670:

from Sacramento—effectively connecting all the major cities in California then to the east coast.

4547:

salvaged and very little was lost. The market for beef dramatically changed with the onset of the

3275:

materials, etc. as well as farmers, entrepreneurs, prospective miners, gamblers, entertainers and

2723: 1975: 12637: 12495: 12339: 12279: 12229: 12131: 11728: 11693: 11640: 11275: 11145: 11109: 10839: 10712: 10697: 10593: 10551: 10491: 10486: 10341: 10331: 10286: 10276: 10271: 10050: 9845: 9773: 9699: 9662: 9652: 9603: 9499: 9494: 9474: 9359: 9349: 9344: 9324: 8228: 7520: 4801: 4726: 4635: 4543: 4508: 4456: 4434: 4410: 4127: 4038: 3715: 3401: 3116: 3108: 2849: 2588: 2274:" ("New Switzerland"). There, he built an extensive fort equipped with much of the armament from 2197: 2058: 1732: 1476: 1441: 1296: 930: 609: 34: 11830: 7845:

The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846-1890

7770:

Higher Education for All: Racial Inequality, Cold War Liberalism, and the California Master Plan

6559: 5351:

Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge And the Management of California's Natural Resources

3515:

Starting in 1848 before gold in California was even confirmed, Congress had contracted with the

12928: 12500: 12435: 11939: 11825: 11708: 11668: 11312: 11105: 10764: 10754: 10541: 10536: 10045: 9905: 9763: 9726: 9704: 9570: 9514: 9451: 9274: 9189: 8637: 8130: 7906:

Hartig, Anthea M. "Powered by Primary Sources, Sustained by Scholarship: Teaching California,"

6985: 6009: 4773: 4643: 4532: 4286: 4282: 4266: 4057: 3981: 3773: 3753: 3609: 3543: 3453: 3449: 3195: 3096: 2719: 2697: 2653: 2606: 2539: 2394: 2303: 2267: 2157: 2054: 2000: 1830: 1806: 1652: 1190:

volunteered to command the expedition. The Catholic Church was represented by Franciscan friar

1071: 994: 208: 168: 101: 12071: 7795:

Frontier Settlements in Mexican California: The Hijar Padres Colony and Its Origins, 1769-1835

7572: 7221: 6089: 5561: 5534: 5500: 5321: 812:

The first modern Asians to set foot on what would be the United States occurred in 1587, when

12374: 11784: 11605: 11494: 11433: 11361: 11271: 10972: 10652: 10183: 9930: 9672: 9667: 9640: 9593: 9588: 9580: 9309: 9304: 8253: 8180: 7141: 6822: 5656: 5466: 4686: 4504: 4026: 4013: 3914: 3851: 3736: 3693: 3526:, mail, passenger and cargo routes in the Pacific Ocean. This was to be a regular route from 3385: 3381: 3343: 2887: 2754:

Los Angeles. The minor armed resistance in California ceased when the Californios signed the

2731: 2640: 2595: 2224: 2178: 2140: 2128: 1990: 1982: 1899: 1877: 1763: 1723: 1719: 1701: 1378: 1367: 975: 821: 742: 458:. After Mexico's Independence was won in 1821, California fell under the jurisdiction of the 12908: 12309: 12096: 12056: 12015: 10989: 7598: 7451: 6978: 6030:

Census of 1790 listing the inhabitants of Monterey and the other presidios and pueblos, see

4297:

quickly extended the length of the valley and were served by mule teams and covered wagons.

3279:, etc. from around the world came to San Francisco. These imports included large numbers of 2219: 1789: 1619: 1534:

In 1780, the Spanish established two combination missions and pueblos at the Yuma Crossing:

1183: 1171: 1154: 425: 12883: 12552: 12515: 12505: 12445: 12344: 12324: 12219: 12031: 11850: 10727: 10717: 10521: 10105: 10075: 9613: 9399: 9364: 9269: 9244: 8642: 8145: 6429: 5013: 4923: 4909: 4748: 4655: 4548: 4452: 4447: 4430: 4422: 4402: 4355: 4290: 4217: 4204: 4173: 4139: 4065: 3843: 3585: 3563: 3504: 3445: 3411:

Some of the first Argonauts, as they were also known, traveled by the all sea route around

3369: 3351: 3207: 3183: 3151: 3075: 2959: 2942: 2712: 2673: 2649: 2461: 2256: 2189: 2116: 1915: 1911: 1865: 1826: 1822: 1810: 1093: 1029: 942: 668: 478: 459: 455: 243: 111: 12409: 12199: 12121: 7336: 5154: 3021: 2830:

negotiations. California was under U.S. control by January 1847, after the signing of the

2149: 1304: 1187: 1163: 1000: 470:" population of several thousand families, with a few small military garrisons. After the 8: 12952: 12708: 12693: 12577: 12557: 12510: 12490: 12294: 12289: 12234: 12204: 11970: 11595: 11552: 11509: 11438: 11407: 11178: 11157: 11123: 11029: 10999: 10930: 10774: 10747: 10647: 10556: 10546: 10168: 10163: 10125: 10040: 9990: 9812: 9682: 9625: 9598: 9533: 9384: 9334: 9289: 9279: 9264: 9254: 9239: 9219: 9194: 9184: 9174: 9113: 8125: 8091: 7393: 7308: 7163:

Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John Arthur (1993). "Chapter 7: The Northwest California Slave".

5984: 4702: 4659: 4414: 4406: 4343: 3789: 3719: 3705: 3191: 3187: 2823: 2669: 2622: 2547: 2487: 2445: 2403: 2390: 2339: 2120: 1697: 1636: 1582: 1562: 1480:

They essentially grew and multiplied as feral animals, doubling roughly every two years.

1393:. They went across the Sonoran desert to California from Mexico by swinging south of the 1179: 1159: 1067: 1048:. This reorganization left many missions abandoned in Sonora Mexico and Baja California. 777: 769: 418: 96: 30: 12698: 12399: 7271: 7249:"California Longhorns Vs. Texas Longhorns of Yesteryear and Today – A Comparative Study" 6152:

An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873

4462: 4281:

that flowed nearer the goldfields, moving passengers and supplies from San Francisco to

3492: 2898:

The New York Volunteer companies were deployed from San Francisco in Alta California to

1074:. Another potential colonial power already established in the Pacific was Russia, whose 12713: 12703: 12678: 12632: 12597: 12455: 12164: 12041: 11914: 11412: 11392: 11052: 10940: 10667: 10531: 10065: 10060: 10055: 9910: 9880: 9855: 9404: 9379: 9284: 9224: 9199: 9169: 9159: 7390:

Also known as the Oxbow Route, the Butterfield Overland Stage, or the Butterfield Stage

7105: 6724: 5803: 5349: 5125: 4847: 4761: 4738: 4734: 4596: 4471: 4351: 4339: 3992:

Nearly all of the men who volunteered as Union soldiers stayed in the West, within the

3960: 3847: 3280: 3228:

The first to hear confirmed information of the California Gold Rush were the people in

3164: 3092: 2842: 2831: 2811: 2779: 2755: 2618: 2573: 2438: 2375: 2327: 1783: 1779: 1554: 1280: 1272: 1186:, consisting of three units by sea and two by land, to start settling Alta California. 1129: 1101: 1075: 1013: 829: 825: 806: 738: 664: 660: 656: 577: 487: 483: 29:

This article is about the U.S. state. For the history of northern Baja California, see

12036: 11965: 7400: 5900: 3714:

Between 1846 and 1873, U.S. government agents waged an extermination campaign against

2791: 2367: 1849: 12893: 12835: 12668: 12440: 12414: 12404: 12394: 12329: 12284: 12214: 12194: 12169: 12116: 12091: 11356: 10883: 10824: 10779: 10638: 10575: 10130: 10080: 10030: 10025: 10010: 9955: 9738: 9339: 9294: 9234: 9209: 9164: 7704: 7635: 7629: 7604: 7502: 7277: 7227: 7078: 7044: 6832: 6728: 6635: 6481: 6276: 6203: 6156: 6126: 6039: 5955: 5848: 5809: 5767: 5717: 5567: 5540: 5506: 5472: 5445: 5397: 5360: 5327: 5300: 5275: 5246: 5008: 4937: 4777: 4582:

followed much of the Mormon–California–Oregon trail(s) to Omaha, Nebraska. After the

4487: 4278: 4163: 4120: 3997: 3749: 3617: 3539: 3433: 3424: 3359: 3314: 3292: 3229: 3082: 2992: 2783: 2746: 2335: 1715: 1566: 1492: 1484: 1468: 1382: 1308: 1079: 813: 727: 675: 341: 10914: 3212: 2877:

on January 28, 1847, after hostilities had ceased. They had been recruited from the

2353:. Speculating that war with Mexico over Texas and other land was very possible, the 1967: 1886: 1256: 1191: 12525: 12520: 12485: 12465: 12224: 12101: 12000: 11904: 11366: 11206: 9915: 9890: 9875: 9618: 9608: 9414: 9369: 9249: 9214: 8108: 7423:

The Butterfield Overland Mail: Only Through Passenger on the First Westbound Stage.

6828: 6716: 6689: 6227:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 42. 4998: 4817: 4793: 4714: 4654:, the Pacific end of the railroad, largely took over nearly all freight across the 4442: 4359: 4274: 4262: 4088: 3801: 3661: 3601: 3460: 3441: 3420: 3355: 3253: 3233: 3067: 3052: 3048: 2988: 2870: 2815: 2705: 2629: 2557: 2519: 2495: 2465: 2386: 2350: 2307: 2291: 2279: 2208:

The rancho owners tried to live in a grand manner, and the result was similar to a

2161: 2153: 1693: 1429: 1312: 1045: 1025: 833: 707: 600: 573: 569: 539: 394: 12903: 10935: 7728: 6655: 6524: 4445:

to Salt Lake City and then through central Utah and Nevada. On June 30, 1861, the

3111:(Article I: Sec.1 to Sec.-21) was broader than the U.S. Constitution's 10-article 2676:

surrendered July 29, 1846, without a shot being fired. The small pueblo (town) of

2011:

for trading purposes was Monterey, where custom duties of up to 100% (also called

12968:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

12718: 12658: 12572: 12480: 12354: 12334: 12299: 12081: 12051: 11990: 11600: 11590: 11486: 11371: 11263: 11220: 10980: 10888: 10759: 9835: 9441: 9374: 9329: 9229: 7979: 7755: 7716:

Cherny, Robert W., Richard Griswold del Castillo, and Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo.

7711: 7686:

to 1890; complete text online; famous, highly detailed narrative written in 1880s

7072: 7038: 7015: 6799: 6150: 5468:

Myths, State Expansion, and the Birth of Globalization: A Comparative Perspective

4682: 4647: 4496: 4429:

route Butterfield Stage route were pulled off and moved to the new route between

4398: 4318: 4247:

short as 40 days if all ship connections could be met with a minimum of waiting.

4169: 4021: 3986: 3886: 3818: 3731: 3339: 2819: 2803: 2688: 2471: 2410:

The former fleet surgeon William M. Wood and John Parrot, the American Consul of

2232: 2169: 2034: 1949: 1667: 1644: 1460: 1433: 1421: 1390: 1371: 1089: 1041: 1009: 971: 637: 551: 433: 91: 12627: 7887:

Rooted in Barbarous Soil: People, Culture, and Community in Gold Rush California

6902: 6632:

Rooted in barbarous soil: people, culture, and community in Gold Rush California

3596:

were carrying miners and businessmen over the 125 miles (201 km) trip from

3298: 3115:. There were four other significant differences from the U.S. Constitution. The 1841:

and presidios in California. These were the only towns (pueblos) in California.

1483:

The expedition started from Tubac, Arizona, on October 22, 1775, and arrived at

1100:, from the 16th to the 18th centuries, such as in this 1650 map by cartographer 12562: 12475: 12359: 12111: 11934: 11919: 11820: 11794: 11779: 11660: 11255: 11249: 11153: 10920: 10834: 10784: 10662: 10616: 10095: 10085: 10035: 6956:

system is traditionally used to measure precious metals, not the more familiar

6034:. SFgenealogy. Retrieved on April 5, 2022. Compiled from William Marvin Mason. 4895: 4875: 4871: 4722: 4710: 4678: 4480: 4425:

mountains. The 1800 draft horses and mules, 250 coaches, etc., on the southern

4379: 4308: 4177: 4073: 3944: 3781: 3685: 3589: 3520: 3480:. About half the Argonauts to California came by wagon on one of these routes. 3464: 3405: 3268: 3221: 2882: 2499: 2491: 2193: 1937: 1402: 1386: 1385:, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cattle, and 140 horses set forth from 1260: 1246: 1121: 1052: 882: 802: 765: 755: 711: 699: 652: 11067: 7894:

Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769-1913.

6720: 5922: 2787: 2727: 1230: 1024:

Nearly all the missions in Baja California were established by members of the

12991: 12126: 10976: 10893: 10702: 10526: 10391: 10178: 10140: 10090: 10015: 9965: 9940: 9935: 9885: 9850: 7988: 7854:(8th ed 2003), college textbook; the latest version of Bean's solid 1968 text 6396: 6382:. Vol. XXII: 1846–1848. San Francisco: The History Company. p. 252. 6337:. Vol. XXII: 1846–1848. San Francisco: The History Company. p. 199. 6315:. Vol. XXII: 1846–1848. San Francisco: The History Company. p. 201. 4951: 4851: 4742: 4658:

mountains in Northern California. By 1870 there were railroad connections to

4558: 4391: 4383: 4239: 4185: 4135: 4108: 3793: 3645: 3636: 3547: 3260: 3217: 2978: 2760: 2602: 2554: 2423: 2346:

had begun. Word of the conflict reached Alta California about a month later.

2209: 2185: 1857: 1591: 1574: 1547: 1500: 1425: 1406: 1299:

almost 200 years prior, the expedition traveled beyond it to what is now the

1137: 1117: 938: 898: 890: 870: 845: 841: 723: 402: 6693: 5432:. Four Directions Institute. Archived from the original on February 19, 2002 5206: 4045:

about 17,000 miles (27,000 km) to 18,000 miles (29,000 km) around

3248:

were few and had many opportunities to do new things and take on new tasks.

2855:

with 54 guns and about 500 crew members. On January 27, 1847, the transport

1848:

was divided into two territorial administrations following the precedent of

1323: 659:

explored the Pacific Coast of California beginning in the mid-16th century.

12898: 12888: 12617: 12156: 12010: 11835: 11351: 11127: 10809: 10657: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9920: 9895: 6090:"US Government Revenue, Deficit and Debt - Numbers Charts Analysis History" 5536:

The Handbook of Research on Educational Leadership for Equity and Diversity

4965: 4753: 4698: 4591: 4574: 4536: 4521: 4438: 4200: 4112: 4096: 4084: 4042: 4008: 3894: 3879: 3670: 3428: 3416: 2614: 2592: 2569: 2530: 2451: 2271: 1961: 1748: 1349: 1292: 1264: 1083: 1005: 589: 585: 12209: 6768: 5634: 1218:, left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea with no survivors. 905:

or the nearby Drake's Cove. Drake established friendly relations with the

11799: 11625: 11194: 11072: 10511: 9925: 8120: 7997: 7662:

Aron, Stephen. "Convergence, California and the Newest Western History",

6957: 6953: 4859: 4835: 4730: 4690: 4600: 4562: 4231: 4181: 4151: 4147: 3953: 3918: 3785: 3660:

November 2006 prices) had been recovered via "hydraulicking", a style of

3651: 3629: 3523: 2996: 2415: 2263: 1133: 906: 902: 878: 790: 451: 11789: 8020: 7701:

Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California

7475: 6979:

Charles N. Alpers; Michael P. Hunerlach; Jason T. May; Roger L. Hothem.

6634:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 48. 4554: 2411: 1662: 1055:

merchants into Spain's colonies in California prompted the extension of

1044:

friars. Both of these groups were under much more direct control of the

12663: 11397: 10677: 10135: 9960: 9945: 9560: 9556: 7918: 7838: 7745: 7694: 7506: 7077:(1 ed.). Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. 6257: 5678: 4809: 4805: 4627: 4605: 4511:

which grew almost wild in California. The Ranchos produced the largest

4426: 4387: 4375: 4367: 4335: 4303: 4258: 4224: 3727: 3496: 3469: 3334: 3319: 3124: 3056: 2970: 2763: 2563: 2535: 2454: 2104: 2089: 2069: 1993:

first appeared in California a few years before 1820. The classic book

1954: 1898:

clothing. Californios benefitted immensely by the establishment of the

1891: 1671: 1656: 1445: 1414: 1394: 1330:, founded in 1771 by padres Pedro Benito Cambón and Ángel de la Somera. 1125: 1113: 1078:

of mostly sea otter and fur seals was pressing down from Alaska to the

1037: 918: 874: 798: 561:

Over 100 tribes and bands inhabited the area. Various estimates of the

555: 467: 381: 9525: 7499:

California: Two Centuries of Man, Land, and Growth in the Golden State

7425:

Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, 2007. pp. viii, 167, 173.

6980: 6202:. San Diego, California: Advantage Publishers Group. pp. 83, 93. 6125:. Menlo Park, California: Sunset Publishing Corporation. p. 316. 5789:

Spanish Presidios of the Late Eighteenth Century in Northern New Spain

5297:

Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians

4599:, but the cheaper, rougher "mud wagons" were also in general use. The 4060:

written about 1832 provides a good first hand account of this trade.,

2826:

they could find. Baja California was returned to Mexico in subsequent

2429: 2045: 1237:, left Velicata on May 15, 1769, and arrived in San Diego on June 29. 749: 11630: 11387: 11287: 11062: 10964: 10898: 10516: 7106:"California Militia and Expeditions Against the Indians, 1850 - 1859" 5294: 5121: 4855: 4417:

they followed the Placerville Toll road route over Johnson Pass (now

4354:

in service at one time. The routes from each eastern terminus met at

4312: 4298: 4254: 4104: 4046: 3910: 3902: 3677: 3577: 3573: 3531: 3412: 3249: 2937: 2874: 2863: 2860: 2774: 2750: 2617:) Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore 2515: 2483: 2359: 2354: 2275: 2266:

who, in 1839, settled a large land grant close to the future city of

2248: 1759: 1340: 934: 910: 817: 734: 719: 495: 66: 7691:

The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream

6889:

The age of gold: the California Gold Rush and the new American dream

1929:

Indian population in Alta California continued to rapidly decrease.

11804: 10682: 4863: 4492: 3665: 2869:

More reinforcements of about 320 soldiers (and a few women) of the

2580: 2278:—bought from the Russians on credit when they abandoned that fort. 1861: 1060: 970:

The Spanish divided California into two parts, Baja California and

794: 773: 442: 8012:

An Act for the Admission of the State of California into the Union

3850:

allowed California to be admitted into the Union, undivided, as a

3488: 2464:

harbor, where they arrived on July 2, 1846. They joined the sloop

12962: 12933: 11443: 11428: 10585: 9840: 7790:, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. (3rd Ed. 1966) 642 pp. 6981:"Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California" 6865: 5129: 4843: 4765: 4512: 4371: 4116: 4030: 3890: 3613: 3373: 3366: 3264: 2985: 2240: 2012: 1910:

In 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain, first as the

1895: 1543: 1410: 1028:

order supported by a few soldiers. After a power dispute between

623: 7915:

Green Versus Gold: Sources In California's Environmental History

7875:(2005), a synthesis in 370 pp. of his 8-volume scholarly history 3395:"Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California", c. 1850 866: 11899: 11453: 11448: 11225: 7952: 4516: 4234: 4155: 4123:

were abandoned there or converted into warehouses or landfill.

4069: 4034: 3906: 3898: 3788:, have described the actions of the California government as a 3640: 3551: 3527: 3500: 3380:

and about 500 large (averaging over 18,000 acres (73 km))

2878: 2657: 2244: 1744: 1398: 1381:, leading an exploratory expedition on January 8, 1774, with 3 1276: 990: 894: 786: 679: 450:). Two of the pueblos would eventually grow into the cities of 398: 7273:

Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea

6014:

Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea

5533:

Tillman, Linda C.; Scheurich, James Joseph (August 21, 2013).

4413:, went into effect. From the end of Central Overland route in 3989:, a Confederate sympathizer, was arrested and fled to Europe. 3542:. The Atlantic Ocean mail contract from East Coast cities and 1722:, founded in 1786, was the first mission to be established by 1578:

colonists coming to Alta California were few and far between.

1066:

One of Spain's gains from the Seven Years' War was the French

604:

The 1562 map of the Americas, created by Spanish cartographer

12940: 11214: 10878: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6187:. Los Angeles, California: Standard Printing Co. p. 114. 6155:(1 ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 4718: 4663: 4525:

trading trip typically took over two years. The classic book

4363: 4227: 3882: 3875: 3769: 3508: 3284: 3241: 2846: 2635: 2502:

and his men and supplies at Sutter's Fort joined the revolt.

2099:

Nine other missions quickly followed, with six more in 1835;

1740: 1736: 1709: 1655:

observed that Indians were regarded and treated as slaves by

535: 7857:

Rice, Richard B., William A. Bullough, and Richard J. Orsi.

7735:

Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910.

6928:"California's state-sanctioned genocide of Native Americans" 6016:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 93, 97, 209–210. 5866: 5864: 5847:(in Spanish and English). San Diego State University Press. 5563:

Asian America: Forming New Communities, Expanding Boundaries

3648:

at that time—the more gold you had, the more you could buy.

3011: 2866:

company of 113 soldiers under Captain Christopher Tompkins.

1409:—about the only way across the Colorado River. The friendly 726:

on September 28, 1542, and reached at least as far north as

663:

explored the west coast of present-day Mexico including the

494:; they were forced out of industry and agriculture and into 466:

and nationalized the church's property. They left behind a "

11283: 11198: 7573:"Newhall-Downtown – 1876: Southern Pacific Tunnels Through" 5610:"A Filipino figured in Mexico's 200th year of independence" 3288: 3237: 3086: 1455: 824:

on their way to central New Spain (Mexico). By chance, the

11176: 9143: 7401:"John Butterfield Father of the Butterfield Overland Mail" 6706: 6319: 6107: 6084: 6082: 3935: 7786:

Hoover, Mildred B., Rensch, Hero E. and Rensch, Ethel G.

6391: 6389: 5861: 4839: 4823: 4539: 3263:

for all California ports where U.S. customs (also called

1801:, was the last mission founded during the Spanish period. 1487:

on March 28, 1776. There they selected the sites for the

1032:

and the Jesuits, the Jesuit colleges were closed and the

490:. Chinese immigrants increasingly came under attack from 7925:

New Directions In California History: A Book of Readings

7421:

Waterman L. Ormsby, Lyle H. Wright, Josephine M. Bynum,

6820: 5945: 5943: 2794:, proclaimed a ceasefire under an American victory. The 2660:, a company of Indians trained by Sutter and many other 2505: 7071:

Castillo, Edward; Jackson, Robert H. (August 1, 1996).

6891:(reprint ed.). New York: Anchor. pp. 103–121. 6854: 6796:"Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789–1945" 6673: 6593: 6591: 6144: 6142: 6079: 6036:

The Census of 1790: A Demographic History of California

5899:. City and County of San Francisco. n.d. Archived from 5499:

Hoover, Mildred Brooke; Kyle, Douglas E., eds. (1990).

5326:. Berkeley, California: Heyday. pp. 135, 173–202. 4820:

system was the largest electric railroad in the world.

4760:

Although most of California's railroads started off as

3924: 3740:

occupied nearly all their original tribal territories.

3628:

were pushed off of traditional lands and massacred and

3074:

met in the small town and former Californio capital of

2834:, and formally annexed and paid for by the U.S. in the 2680:

surrendered without a shot being fired in August 1846.

2018: 428:

of 1769–1770, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21

7930:"Round Table California History at the College Level" 6386: 5585: 5583: 5407: 4764:

the period from 1860 to 1903 saw a series of railroad

3973:

as the western half of the transcontinental railroad.

3103:

during the drafting of the Constitution of California.

3008:

and an election of representatives on August 1, 1849.

2895:

Battalion and California Battalion's garrison duties.

2366:

and 30 mountain men, guides, hunters, etc. in Captain

1778:) founded in 1782. After the Spanish colonial era the 948: 10931:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

7204:"An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians" 5940: 2841:

After hostilities had ceased with the signing of the

2297: 7226:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 6769:"Early History of the San Francisco Fire Department" 6588: 6139: 4885: 4138:, after the annexation of California but before the 3154:, which served as the capital of California 1850–51. 2798:, signed a year later in 1848, officially ended the 1921:

Mexico, after independence, was unstable with about

1420:

After crossing the Colorado to avoid the impassable

502: 7817:

Harvest Empire: A History of California Agriculture

7415: 5730: 5580: 5323:

State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California

5295:Blackburn, Thomas C. and Kat Anderson, ed. (1993). 4878:became the world's center for computer innovation. 4111:. This route averaged about 200 days by "standard" 3680:started making plans for a west coast navy base at 3365:The state was formerly under the military governor 3201: 3142:

An Act for the Admission of the State of California

3078:, in September 1849 to write a state constitution. 2372:

United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers

962:, established in 1770, was the headquarters of the 924: 850:

Native American and African efforts against slavery

750:

Opening of Spanish East Indies trading route (1565)

33:. For the history of southern Baja California, see 13013:History of the United States by state or territory 7762:Historical Atlas of California: With Original Maps 7666:Volume: 86#4 September 2009. pp 4+ historiography. 7263: 6700: 5766:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 5348: 4816:were also constructed. By the 1920s, Los Angeles' 4003: 2926: 7941:(1996), readings in primary and secondary sources 7917:(1998) readings in primary and secondary sources 7866:Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden. 7040:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World 6969:Rawls, James J. and Orsi, Richard (1999), p. 199. 5808:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 5661:Pacific Discovery, California Academy of Sciences 3863: 3655:Advertisement for sailing to California, c. 1850. 2859:showed up in Monterey, California with a regular 1148: 816:slaves, prisoners, and crew arrived aboard these 632:(The Adventures of Esplandián) by Spanish author 622:to a mythical island populated only by beautiful 499:especially Los Angeles, started to grow rapidly. 12989: 7752:A Self-governing Dominion: California, 1849-1860 7370:"When great steamboats plied our rivers and bay" 5897:"Visitors: San Francisco Historical Information" 5764:The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands 5601: 5532: 4604:fellow passengers and poorly sprung steel tired 3857:Act for the Government and Protection of Indians 3635:In the early years of the California Gold Rush, 2587:(Mission Dolores) at San Francisco, then called 1871: 1082:'s lower reaches. These furs could be traded in 685: 389:period (about 10,000 years ago until 1542), the 11475: 8016:31st Cong., Sess. I, Ch. 50, September 9, 1850. 7634:(5th ed.). Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson. 7453:Two Years Before the Mast by Richard Henry Dana 7433: 7431: 7305:"The Maritime Heritage Project Passenger Lists" 7128: 7126: 7070: 7043:(1 ed.). London: Oxford University Press. 6824:A Primary Source Investigation of the Gold Rush 6821:Gildenstein, Melanie; O'Donnell, Kerri (2015). 6709:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6480:. University of California Press. p. 247. 5394:Contested Eden: California before the Gold Rush 5243:Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape 4535:gives a good first-hand account of a two-year 4037:(rendered fat for making candles and soap) and 2822:cities and harbors and sink or capture all the 1978:, was the last Californian mission established. 1358: 855: 678:that would provide a much shorter route to the 584:on a localized basis to create a low-intensity 13008:History of the West Coast of the United States 7934:(2018) 95#4: 8-21; DOI: 10.1525/ch.2018.95.4.8 7900: 7544: 6256:California, California State Parks, State of. 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5655: 5240: 3669:single-largest source of gold produced in the 2111:In spite of this neglect, the Indian towns at 11120:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 10601: 9541: 9129: 8036: 7910:(2018) 95#4: 2-7 DOI: 10.1525/ch.2018.95.4.2 7880:Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 7596: 7333:"Last blast from steamers on the San Joaquin" 6679: 6038:. (Menlo Park: Ballena Press, 1998). 75–105. 5313: 4854:, and after 1940 advanced technology such as 4076:), although at an average rate of about 20%. 3252:, as they were often called, walked over the 3150:California's first State Capitol building in 1499:(Mission Dolores), within the future city of 1210:arrived in San Diego Bay on April 11 and the 1051:Concerns about the intrusions of British and 933:explored California's coastline on behalf of 359: 10795:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 7725:A History of California: The American Period 7501:. American West Publishing Co. p. 178. 7428: 7123: 6281:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6123:The California Missions: A Pictorial History 4806:San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose Railway 4618:History of rail transportation in California 4211:, contracted for on the Pacific route, left 3107:The 21-article Declaration of Rights in the 2262:A large non-coastal land grant was given to 2057:and the red lone star flag used by his 1836 1627:in 1776, the third to be established of the 1604: 1599:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse 682:, provided an incentive to explore further. 8007:Library of Congress: California State Guide 7773:. University of North Carolina Press, 2023. 7478:. Monterey County Historical Society Museum 6963: 5968: 5559: 5381:A History of California: The Spanish Period 415:Native Americans died from foreign diseases 10608: 10594: 9548: 9534: 9136: 9122: 8043: 8029: 7937:Sucheng, Chan, and Spencer C. Olin, eds. 7812:Scottsdale, Ariz.: Pentacle, 2005. 592 pp. 7718:Competing Visions: A History Of California 7496: 7210:, Benicia, S. Garfeilde, 1853. pp. 822–825 6880: 6182: 5952:The Anza Trail: The Settling of California 5659:(January 1975). "Drake's First Landfall". 5505:. Stanford University Press. p. 359. 5498: 5424: 5422: 5319: 5096:History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915 4994:List of historical societies in California 4673:Southern California's first railroad, the 3826:by Mexican authorities in 1829, the first 3562:, was dispatched on December 1, 1848. The 3259:San Francisco was designated the official 2769: 2696:, in 1847, was a decisive victory for the 2656:, a U.S. Navy officer to handle their two 1546:) Indians, in a dispute with the Spanish, 1094:California was often depicted as an island 834:California, which was named after a Caliph 366: 352: 12914:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 8050: 7970:"California: Guide to the Golden State;" 7859:Elusive Eden: A New History of California 7830:New York: Norton, 1976. Short and popular 7802:Mining California: An Ecological History. 7740:Deverell, William, and David Igler, eds. 7699:Burns, John F. and Richard J. Orsi, eds; 7246: 7162: 7134:"INDIANS of CALIFORNIA - American Period" 6845: 6744:"San Francisco History : Population" 6629: 6619:. Washington DC: Congress. p. 26010. 6556:"Constitution of the State of California" 5683:"Point Reyes declared Drake landing site" 5566:. Rutgers University Press. p. 109. 5392:Gutierrez, Ramon A, and Richard J. Orsi, 5299:. Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press. 4709:. This route to Los Angeles followed the 3722:, resulting in as many as 100,000 deaths. 3012:Monterey Constitutional Convention (1849) 1918:, with a governor as executive official. 1854:Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera 1436:and then northwest again before reaching 987:Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó 797:and then turned east to use the westerly 768:trade routes, showing routes between the 12919:Colonial universities in the Philippines 7797:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1969. 7603:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 5. 7037:Stannard, David E. (November 18, 1993). 7036: 6377: 6332: 6310: 6222: 5843:Brown, Alan (2001). Crespi, Juan (ed.). 5805:Bering: The Russian Discovery of America 5761: 5346: 5231:, New York, Modern Library (2005), p. 13 4747: 4621: 4553: 4486: 4461: 4317: 4249: 4168: 4142:was confirmed there, had subsidized the 4078: 4007: 3934: 3817: 3759: 3709: 3650: 3487: 3476:) and routes that included parts of the 3390: 3297: 3211: 3145: 3091: 2936: 2773: 2687: 2683: 2634: 2509: 2428: 2380: 2317: 2239:The main products of these ranchos were 2218: 2184: 2148: 1966: 1885: 1788: 1714: 1661: 1618: 1553: 1536:Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer 1518: 1503:, which took its name from the mission. 1454: 1362: 1322: 1303:area. The exploration party, led by Don 1251: 1158: 1088: 999: 954: 865: 826:heirs of the Muslim Caliph Hasan ibn Ali 759: 689: 599: 563:Native American population in California 523: 11910:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 9555: 7982:California Historical Society Quarterly 7885:Starr, Kevin and Richard J. Orsi eds. 7476:"The California Cattle Boom, 1849–1862" 7177: 7165:Indian slavery in the Pacific Northwest 7008:"Destruction of the California Indians" 6630:Starr, Kevin; Orsi, Richard J. (2000). 6612: 6362: 6347: 6295: 5889: 5791:. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press. 5752:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1992 5464: 5419: 5396:, University of California Press,1998, 5177: 5175: 4685:. It ran 21 miles (34 km) between 3836:forced labor of indigenous Californians 2605:led a small force of about 22 men from 1974:, founded in 1823 by order of Governor 1829:(later abandoned before later becoming 1432:and then turning north through today's 595: 14: 12990: 12863: 7837:U. of California Press, 1980. 355 pp. 7780:(4 vol 1898) old. detailed narrative; 7671:California History: A Topical Approach 7600:Into the West: The Story of Its People 7219: 7178:Johnson, Jason B. (January 27, 2007). 6886: 6598:Rice, Richard B.; et al. (1988). 6475: 6255: 6148: 5949: 5786: 5711: 5607: 5101:Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area 4862:industries – along with a significant 4824:History of California, 1900 to present 4273:Steamboats plied the Bay Area and the 3699: 3362:and the coastal cities of California. 2951:California's transition into statehood 2433:Forces raising the U.S. flag over the 1837:, were all established to support the 1682:The missions eventually claimed about 1615:List of Spanish missions in California 1514: 1178:In 1769, the Spanish Visitor General, 989:, was founded on October 15, 1697, by 960:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo 12862: 12758: 12757: 11881: 11759: 11474: 11333: 11301: 11238: 11175: 11090: 11013: 10953: 10867: 10856: 10628: 10627: 10589: 9529: 9117: 8024: 7627: 7538: 7367: 7330: 7223:The destruction of California Indians 6197: 6120: 5842: 5832:. New York Modern Library. Chapter 2. 5827: 5801: 5750:The Spanish Frontier in North America 5736: 5693:from the original on February 4, 2018 5677: 5589: 5413: 5061:History of San Bernardino, California 5029: 4677:, was inaugurated in October 1869 by 4020:Even before Mexico gained control of 3045:Constitutional Convention of Monterey 2506:US capture of coastal ports and towns 1948:Even before Mexico gained control of 1868:as the capital of the new territory. 1766:) founded in 1769, in San Francisco ( 1540:Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción 513: 11191:Captaincy General of the Philippines 10683:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 7939:Major Problems in California History 7269: 6597: 6008: 5716:. London: Pimlico. pp. 136–37. 5172: 5152: 5086:History of Santa Barbara, California 5071:History of San Francisco, California 4830:History of California (1900–present) 4675:Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad 3976:California was settled primarily by 3931:California in the American Civil War 3925:California in the American Civil War 3556:United States Mail Steamship Company 3511:, the famed Californian bandit-hero. 3483: 2698:American campaign in Alta California 2019:Secularization of the mission system 13003:Pre-statehood history of California 12894:Indochristian painting in New Spain 11014: 7852:California: An Interpretive History 7828:California: A Bicentennial History. 7545:Nathan Masters (January 17, 2013). 6741:San Francisco Population 1794–2000 6523:. December 29, 2004. Archived from 6367:. New York: Macmillan. p. 180. 6352:. New York: Macmillan. p. 205. 5802:Frost, Orcutt William, ed. (2003), 5608:Lozano, Gerardo (October 6, 2021). 5383:, Macmillan Company 1939, pp. 57–69 5091:History of Santa Monica, California 5024:Hispanics and Latinos in California 4984:Territorial evolution of California 4713:, a 0.73-mile (1.17 km) long ' 4515:(called California Greenbacks) and 4326:routes through California, c. 1858. 3824:slavery was abolished in California 3376:(towns), secularized and abandoned 3348:1st Regiment of New York Volunteers 3135: 3099:played a crucial role in defending 2912:1st Regiment of New York Volunteers 2892:1st Regiment of New York Volunteers 2718:In September 1846 the Californios 2243:(called California greenbacks) and 1229:on March 24, 1769. With Rivera was 1214:on April 29. The third vessel, the 949:Spanish colonial period (1769–1821) 706:The first Europeans to explore the 644:was an island and applied the name 640:the earliest explorers thought the 24: 11861:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 11334: 10615: 10021:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 7679:The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, 7656:Bibliography of California history 7649: 7547:"Lost Train Depots of Los Angeles" 6428:. December 2, 2016. Archived from 5927:Monterey County Historical Society 5471:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 40. 5205:. October 26, 2008. Archived from 5041:History of Los Angeles, California 4979:Bibliography of California history 4650:was completed on May 9, 1869. The 3072:California Constitution Convention 2921: 2621:when Stockton's ship, the frigate 2298:Conquest of California (1846–1847) 2025:Mexican secularization act of 1833 1904:Mexican secularization act of 1833 1882:Mexican secularization act of 1833 1551:failed to re-open the Anza Trail. 1313:San Carlos de Borromeo de Monterey 1307:, arrived on November 2, 1769, at 714:sailing expedition led by captain 482:became the 31st U.S. state in the 320:Bibliography of California history 35:Baja California Sur § History 25: 13029: 11091: 10954: 10835:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 8092:Genocide of indigenous population 7946: 7742:A Companion to California History 6149:Madley, Benjamin (May 24, 2016). 5056:History of Sacramento, California 4866:presence. The films and stars of 4448:Central Overland California Route 4146:with $ 199,999 to set up regular 3246:Women in the California Gold Rush 2609:, and captured the small town of 1776:El Presidio Real de Santa Bárbara 1768:El Presidio Real de San Francisco 1318: 531:Inhabitant of Northern California 509:History of California before 1900 503:History of California before 1900 12946:Criollos in the colonial society 12874:Spanish missions in the Americas 11996:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 10569: 10179:Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario 8136:Interim government of California 7951: 7744:(2008), long essays by scholars 7590: 7565: 7513: 7490: 7468: 7444: 7439:The Overland Stage to California 7384: 7361: 7335:. Madera Tribune. Archived from 6903:"Page moved. Automatic redirect" 5081:History of Santa Ana, California 5066:History of San Diego, California 5051:History of Riverside, California 4958: 4944: 4930: 4916: 4902: 4888: 4587:centers were largely abandoned. 4579:first transcontinental telegraph 4039:California/Texas longhorn cattle 4033:(called California greenbacks), 3959:California's involvement in the 3854:. Nevertheless, as per the 1850 3830:under U.S. statehood passed the 3814:History of slavery in California 3499:of California", was a notorious 3202:California Gold Rush (1848–1855) 3029: 3020: 2933:Interim government of California 2734:(in San Diego, California), the 2362:of South America to California. 2134: 2044: 2033: 1561:led a 1775 expedition along the 1295:from the description written by 1070:which was given to Spain in the 925:Sebastián Vizcaíno's exploration 862:Francis Drake's circumnavigation 836:, en route to Guerrero, Mexico. 520:Indigenous peoples of California 335: 65: 12973:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 10857: 7991:California Historical Quarterly 7861:3rd ed (2001), college textbook 7352: 7343: 7324: 7315: 7297: 7240: 7213: 7197: 7171: 7156: 7098: 7064: 7030: 7000: 6972: 6946: 6920: 6895: 6851:Holliday, J. S. (1999), p. 126. 6814: 6786: 6761: 6735: 6648: 6623: 6606: 6574: 6548: 6539: 6513: 6504: 6494: 6469: 6444: 6414: 6371: 6356: 6341: 6304: 6289: 6249: 6231: 6216: 6191: 6176: 6049: 6020: 6002: 5915: 5836: 5821: 5795: 5780: 5755: 5742: 5705: 5671: 5649: 5627: 5595: 5553: 5526: 5492: 5458: 5386: 5373: 5340: 5268:Fire in California's Ecosystems 5113: 5076:History of San Jose, California 5046:History of Piedmont, California 4640:first Transcontinental Railroad 4584:first transcontinental railroad 4531:(originally published 1840) by 4101:first Transcontinental Railroad 4004:Early California transportation 3507:. He served as inspiration for 3404:), each camp often had its own 3358:. The Pacific Squadron secured 2947:Military Governor of California 2927:Interim governments (1846–1850) 2437:following their victory at the 2395:American conquest of California 1943: 1666:Depiction of the revolt of the 1128:valley in the 1680s as well as 1059:to Alta California, as well as 486:and played a small role in the 11302: 11025:Captaincy General of Guatemala 10733:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 10189:San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland 10169:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim 7850:Rawls, James and Walton Bean. 7464:– via Project Gutenberg. 7331:Coate, Bill (March 16, 2003). 6363:Cleland, Robert Glass (1922). 6348:Cleland, Robert Glass (1922). 6296:Cleland, Robert Glass (1922). 5560:Huping Ling (April 29, 2009). 5357:University of California Press 5288: 5272:University of California Press 5259: 5234: 5221: 5195: 5185: 5146: 5004:Women's suffrage in California 4198:Pacific Mail Steamship Company 4190:Pacific Mail Steamship Company 4144:Pacific Mail Steamship Company 3941:Company A (The California 100) 3870:Maritime history of California 3864:Maritime history of California 3746:Spanish missions in California 3571:Pacific Mail Steamship Company 3558:whose first steamship, the SS 3517:Pacific Mail Steamship Company 3350:and discharged members of the 3198:was finally selected in 1854. 2814:was signed in early 1847, the 2786:in 1847 by Californio general 1611:Spanish missions in California 1508:Domínguez–Escalante expedition 1459:Map of the route taken by the 1149:Portolá expedition (1769–1770) 722:(modern Mexico); they entered 31:Baja California § History 13: 1: 12924:General Archive of the Indies 12185:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 11856:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 11841:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 10790:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 10743:War of the Spanish Succession 10708:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 7012:California Secretary of State 6183:Engelhardt, Zephyrin (1922). 5139: 4989:History museums in California 4974:Outline of California history 4705:, linking Los Angeles to the 4493:California Bureau of Highways 4358:, and then continued through 4223:picked up more passengers in 3303: 2945:was the longest serving U.S. 2902:in Baja California. The ship 2585:Mission San Francisco de Asís 2145:List of ranchos of California 2059:Alta Californian independence 1872:Mexican period (1821 to 1848) 1764:El Presidio Real de San Diego 1497:Mission San Francisco de Asís 1221:The first land party, led by 1202:on January 10, 1769, and the 1172:Portolá expedition of 1769-70 909:and claimed the area for the 737:of extended family groups of 686:First European contact (1542) 13018:History of the American West 11882: 10996:Captaincy General of Yucatan 10926:Union with Holy Roman Empire 10905:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 10820:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 9145:History of the United States 7788:Historic Spots in California 7368:Nolte, Carl (May 23, 2010). 6378:Bancroft, Hubert H. (1882). 6333:Bancroft, Hubert H. (1882). 6311:Bancroft, Hubert H. (1882). 6121:Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979). 6057:"Historia - Baja California" 5502:Historic Spots in California 5430:"California Indian Cultures" 5241:Thomas R. Vale, ed. (2002). 5036:History of Chico, California 5019:History of Mexican Americans 4798:Los Angeles Pacific Railroad 4752:A Southern Pacific Train at 4699:San Fernando Railroad Tunnel 4611: 4099:until the completion of the 3828:California State Legislature 3780:Several scholars, including 3388:with about 3,500 residents. 3174:Thirty-eight days later the 2818:then went on to capture all 2738:(near Los Angeles), and the 2338:, and later by the American 2286:community in the California 1972:Mission San Francisco Solano 1438:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel 1359:Anza Expeditions (1774–1776) 1328:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel 1227:Misión San Fernando Velicatá 856:Francis Drake's claim (1579) 698:claiming California for the 7: 11760: 11476:Administrative subdivisions 10673:War of the League of Cognac 9749:National Historic Landmarks 7901:Historiography and teaching 6239:"John Sutter, Sutters Fort" 6185:San Juan Capistrano Mission 5203:"California Indian History" 5155:"California Indian History" 4881: 4814:Sacramento Northern Railway 4466:The Vallecitos stop of the 4366:, and the future states of 3730:padres, they were strictly 3632:caused environmental harm. 2967:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2836:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2828:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2796:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2568:of the Pacific Squadron in 2094:Mission San Juan Capistrano 1846:Province of Las Californias 1799:Mission San Rafael Arcángel 1795:Vicente Francisco de Sarría 1739:, leggings, vests lariats ( 1676:Mission San Diego de Alcalá 1625:Mission San Juan Capistrano 1401:attacks until they hit the 1285:Mission San Diego de Alcala 1225:, left from the Franciscan 1206:sailed on February 15. The 1168:Governor of the Californias 634:Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo 572:practiced various forms of 438:Mission San Diego de Alcala 407:pre-Columbian North America 325:Bibliography of Los Angeles 87:Province of Las Californias 10: 13034: 12190:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 12175:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 12077:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 11239: 10975:), Western United States ( 10868: 10738:Portuguese Restoration War 9754:National Natural Landmarks 7864:Sackman, Douglas Cazaux. 7653: 7621: 7497:Hutchinson, W. H. (1971). 7220:Heizer, Robert F. (1974). 6200:The Missions of California 5923:"The Founding of Monterey" 5539:. Routledge. p. 202. 5320:Cunningham, Laura (2010). 4827: 4790:San Diego Electric Railway 4615: 3928: 3867: 3811: 3807: 3703: 3682:Mare Island Naval Shipyard 3291:, and the future state of 3205: 3139: 2930: 2736:Battle of Dominguez Rancho 2311: 2301: 2138: 2022: 1875: 1770:) founded in 1776, and in 1608: 1152: 1112:Massive Indian revolts in 964:Californian mission system 859: 753: 517: 506: 464:closed all of the missions 28: 12958:Slavery in Spanish Empire 12869: 12858: 12764: 12753: 12651: 12545: 12538: 12423: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12245:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 12155: 12024: 11986:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 11948: 11892: 11888: 11877: 11846:Barcelona Trading Company 11813: 11770: 11766: 11755: 11659: 11611:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 11581: 11523: 11485: 11481: 11470: 11421: 11380: 11344: 11340: 11329: 11308: 11245: 11186: 11118:Venezuela, part of Guyana 11097: 11020: 10971:, Central United States ( 10960: 10874: 10863: 10852: 10703:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 10688:Expulsion of the Moriscos 10634: 10623: 10565: 10500: 10197: 10154: 9826: 9769:congressional delegations 9579: 9567: 9465: 9427: 9413: 9152: 8628: 8325: 8309: 8272: 8219: 8161: 8062: 8058: 7892:Street, Richard Steven. 7839:excerpt and online search 7776:Hittell, Theodore Henry. 7372:. San Francisco Chronicle 7293:– via Google Books. 6862:"Haun Collection Archive" 6721:10.1007/s10761-015-0297-2 6613:Sanchez, Loretta (1999). 6365:The History of California 6350:The History of California 6300:. Macmillan. p. 191. 6032:"California Census, 1790" 5950:Guerro, Vladimir (2006). 5762:Moorhead, Max L. (1991). 5450:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5347:Anderson, M. Kat (2006). 4812:rail systems such as the 4770:Southern Pacific Railroad 4695:Southern Pacific Railroad 4668:San Francisco, California 4528:Two Years Before the Mast 4468:Butterfield Overland Mail 4348:San Francisco, California 4332:Butterfield Overland Mail 4324:Butterfield Overland Mail 4295:Stockton–Los Angeles Road 4053:Two Years Before the Mast 3994:Department of the Pacific 3832:1850 Indian Indenture Act 3438:San Francisco, California 3006:constitutional convention 2740:Battle of Rio San Gabriel 2694:Battle of Río San Gabriel 2324:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo 2229:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo 1996:Two Years Before the Mast 1605:California Mission system 1524:Presidio of San Francisco 1489:Presidio of San Francisco 1301:San Francisco, California 1223:Fernando Rivera y Moncada 1098:Baja California peninsula 941:, also putting ashore in 937:from San Diego. He named 642:Baja California Peninsula 446:) and three small towns ( 12899:Quito painting tradition 12889:Cusco painting tradition 12250:García López de Cárdenas 12240:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 12147:Felipe González de Ahedo 12067:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 10644:Conquest of the Americas 10071:Santa Clara River Valley 9796:state historic landmarks 9447:Northern Mariana Islands 7972:Federal Writers' Project 7720:(2005), college textbook 7673:(2003), college textbook 7521:"Pony Express Trail map" 6223:Robinson, W. W. (1948). 5465:Carlson, Jon D. (2011). 5106: 4782:Western Pacific Railroad 4707:Central Pacific Railroad 4652:Central Pacific Railroad 3834:, which allowed for the 3696:exploded in population. 3427:). When the much faster 3169:California Statehood Act 3043:was drafted at the 1849 3041:Californian Constitution 2949:(1847–1849), overseeing 2514:The American capture of 2326:reviewing his troops in 1923:40 changes of government 1440:near the future city of 1132:in 1751 and the ongoing 718:from the Viceroyalty of 651:European explorers from 629:Las Sergas de Esplandián 534:, an 1818 portrait of a 432:on or near the coast of 401:period (1821–1848), and 397:period (1769–1821), the 393:period (1542–1769), the 385:can be divided into the 12684:Comuneros (New Granada) 12461:Balearic Islands (1558) 12180:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 12107:Ruy López de Villalobos 12062:Miguel López de Legazpi 11976:García de Toledo Osorio 10840:Western Sahara conflict 10830:Independence of Morocco 10770:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 10713:Piracy in the Caribbean 10698:French Wars of Religion 10051:San Francisco Peninsula 9846:California Coast Ranges 8052:History of California 7919:excerpt and text search 7767:Higgins, Andrew Stone. 7746:excerpt and text search 7723:Cleland, Robert Glass. 7695:excerpt and text search 7669:Bakken, Gordon Morris. 7628:Rolle, Andrew (1998) . 7321:Hoover and Kyle, p. 376 6694:10.1525/ch.2014.91.2.20 6521:"Statistical Abstracts" 6298:A History of California 6094:usgovernmentrevenue.com 5872:"Rivera's explorations" 5787:Gerald, Rex E. (1968). 4802:East Bay Electric Lines 4636:Placerville, California 4626:The railway station in 4457:Placerville, California 4435:Placerville, California 4411:Placerville, California 4128:Oregon boundary dispute 4068:, where custom duties ( 3784:, Benjamin Madley, and 3716:Indigenous Californians 3616:started working in the 3534:and Mexico to and from 3402:Placerville, California 3330:between 1849 and 1852. 3109:California Constitution 3101:women's property rights 2770:Post-treaty of Cahuenga 2198:Rancho Monte del Diablo 1983:Cattle hides and tallow 716:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 696:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 582:natives controlled fire 434:Alta (Upper) California 12929:Colonial Spanish Horse 12603:Colonia del Sacramento 11826:Spanish treasure fleet 11403:Royal Decree of Graces 10121:Southern Border Region 10046:San Francisco Bay Area 9931:Greater San Bernardino 9901:East Bay (SF Bay Area) 8131:Conquest of California 7998:Scholarly articles in 7989:Scholarly articles in 7980:Scholarly articles in 7966:Timeline of California 7913:Merchant, Carolyn ed. 7824:California: A History. 7677:Hubert Howe Bancroft. 7597:Walter Nugent (2001). 7339:on September 27, 2011. 7270:Dana, Richard (2010). 6986:U.S. Geological Survey 6887:Brands, H. W. (2003). 6401:Calrepublic.tripod.com 5657:Von der Porten, Edward 4774:Union Pacific Railroad 4757: 4644:Sacramento, California 4631: 4570: 4533:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 4500: 4475: 4327: 4270: 4193: 4092: 4058:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 4017: 3985:the mail. Former Sen. 3948: 3913:and the growth of the 3839: 3777: 3754:Bloody Island massacre 3723: 3656: 3610:Marysville, California 3544:New Orleans, Louisiana 3512: 3454:Marysville, California 3396: 3310: 3302:San Francisco harbor, 3225: 3176:Pacific Mail Steamship 3171:on September 9, 1850. 3167:, Congress passed the 3155: 3104: 3097:Angustias de la Guerra 2991:who had fought in the 2954: 2807: 2701: 2654:Archibald H. Gillespie 2644: 2607:Santa Cruz, California 2526: 2441: 2398: 2331: 2304:Conquest of California 2268:Sacramento, California 2236: 2201: 2165: 2055:Juan Bautista Alvarado 2001:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 1979: 1907: 1860:Valley and modern-day 1802: 1727: 1679: 1653:Richard Henry Dana Jr. 1632: 1570: 1531: 1472: 1375: 1331: 1268: 1235:José Raimundo Carrillo 1175: 1105: 1021: 995:Juan Maria Salvatierra 967: 929:In 1602, the Spaniard 886: 781: 710:were the members of a 703: 613: 543: 102:Conquest of California 12998:History of California 12087:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 12047:Juan Sebastián Elcano 11362:Council of the Indies 10723:Spanish–Moro conflict 10693:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 10653:Treaty of Tordesillas 10576:California portal 8292:Santa Catalina Island 8264:Territorial evolution 7961:at Wikimedia Commons 7959:History of California 7873:California: A History 7800:Isenberg, Andrew C. 7778:History of California 7756:full text online free 7710:May 25, 2010, at the 7684:History of California 7631:California: A History 6476:Harlow, Neal (1989). 6426:COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES 6380:History of California 6335:History of California 6313:History of California 5830:California: A History 5828:Starr, Kevin (2005). 5712:Sugden, John (2006). 5229:California: A History 4751: 4625: 4557: 4490: 4465: 4321: 4253: 4172: 4115:or about 120 days by 4082: 4014:California hide trade 4011: 3938: 3915:Port of San Francisco 3821: 3763: 3713: 3654: 3491: 3394: 3386:Pueblo de Los Angeles 3344:Jonathan D. Stevenson 3301: 3215: 3149: 3095: 2940: 2888:Jonathan D. Stevenson 2806:to the United States. 2790:and American general 2777: 2732:Battle of San Pasqual 2724:José Antonio Carrillo 2691: 2684:Taking of Los Angeles 2641:Battle of San Pasqual 2638: 2513: 2432: 2384: 2321: 2222: 2188: 2152: 2141:Ranchos of California 1976:Luis Antonio Argüello 1970: 1900:ranchos of California 1889: 1878:Ranchos of California 1876:Further information: 1833:), and the pueblo of 1792: 1786:was founded in 1834. 1720:Mission Santa Barbara 1718: 1665: 1622: 1557: 1522: 1463:of 1775–76, from the 1458: 1389:south of present-day 1379:Juan Bautista de Anza 1368:Juan Bautista de Anza 1366: 1326: 1281:Presidio of San Diego 1259:conducting the first 1255: 1162: 1092: 1034:Jesuits were expelled 1003: 976:San Diego, California 966:from 1797 until 1833. 958: 869: 860:Further information: 763: 693: 603: 527: 436:, beginning with the 409:. After contact with 342:California portal 297:Santa Catalina Island 12884:Mesoamerican Codices 12608:Comuneros (Paraguay) 12446:Siege of Castelnuovo 12032:Christopher Columbus 11851:Consulate of the Sea 11831:Casa de Contratación 11422:Titles and positions 10815:Spanish–American War 10805:Liberal constitution 10648:Asia and the Pacific 10174:Sacramento–Roseville 10076:Santa Clarita Valley 8114:Mexican–American War 8099:Spanish colonization 7923:Rawls, James J. ed. 7833:Lightfoot, Kent G. 7807:Jackson, Robert H. 6907:Maritimeheritage.org 6802:on December 29, 2004 6660:Maritimeheritage.org 6616:Congressional Record 6527:on December 29, 2004 6478:California Conquered 6198:Yenne, Bill (2004). 6067:on November 30, 2016 5153:Castillo, Edward D. 5014:History of New Spain 4924:United States portal 4910:North America portal 4762:short line railroads 4453:St. Joseph, Missouri 4431:St. Joseph, Missouri 4403:Salt Lake City, Utah 4356:Fort Smith, Arkansas 4352:Concord stagecoaches 4315:in Nevada is today. 4291:Stockton, California 4216:strikes spread, the 4174:SS California (1848) 4140:California Gold Rush 4087:heading west on the 4066:Monterey, California 3844:California Gold Rush 3586:California Gold Rush 3505:California Gold Rush 3370:Richard Barnes Mason 3352:California Battalion 3208:California Gold Rush 3076:Monterey, California 3001:Mexican–American War 2960:California Gold Rush 2943:Richard Barnes Mason 2824:Mexican Pacific Navy 2800:Mexican–American War 2713:California Battalion 2650:California Battalion 2574:Monterey, California 2435:Monterey Customhouse 2344:Mexican–American War 2314:Mexican–American War 1916:Monterey, California 1912:First Mexican Empire 1827:Villa de Branciforte 1641:El Camino Real trail 1629:Californian missions 1623:The Spanish founded 1184:five part expedition 1166:served as the first 1072:1763 Treaty of Paris 1030:Charles III of Spain 1018:Viceroy of New Spain 985:in Baja California, 981:The first permanent 943:Monterey, California 873:'s 1579 landing in " 694:Portuguese explorer 596:European exploration 546:Different tribes of 479:California Gold Rush 472:Mexican–American War 460:First Mexican Empire 391:European exploration 112:California Gold Rush 18:California statehood 12613:Cartagena de Indias 12235:Diego de Mazariegos 12205:Pere Fages i Beleta 12072:Sebastián de Ocampo 11553:Provincias Internas 11525:Captaincies General 11439:Municipal president 11408:School of Salamanca 11179:Spanish East Indies 11158:Misiones Orientales 11030:Spanish West Indies 10994:, Central America ( 10941:Pyrénées-Orientales 10894:Union with Portugal 10785:Napoleonic invasion 10765:War of Jenkins' Ear 10126:Southern California 10041:San Fernando Valley 9991:Northern California 9951:Greater Los Angeles 9457:U.S. Virgin Islands 8317:San Fernando Valley 8287:San Fernando Valley 8126:California Republic 7815:Jelinek, Lawrence. 7733:Deverell, William. 7526:. US Forest Service 7251:. Fairlea Longhorns 7018:on December 7, 2011 6602:. pp. 191–195. 6584:. October 17, 2018. 6562:on January 28, 2010 6456:Library of Congress 6432:on October 11, 2020 6258:"Sutter's Fort SHP" 6010:Dana, Richard Henry 5876:Pages.sbcglobal.net 5209:on October 26, 2008 4756:, Los Angeles, 1891 4703:Tehachapi Mountains 4660:Oakland, California 4544:California longhorn 4437:along the existing 4415:Carson City, Nevada 4407:Carson City, Nevada 4344:St. Louis, Missouri 4196:The first of three 3720:California genocide 3706:California genocide 3700:California genocide 3459:Those who took the 2802:and formally ceded 2628:, arrived from the 2488:California Republic 2404:California Republic 2391:California Republic 2340:annexation of Texas 2270:, which he called " 2227:, built by General 2113:San Juan Capistrano 1698:Mexican Inquisition 1637:California Missions 1583:California Missions 1563:coast of California 1528:José Joaquín Moraga 1515:Further expeditions 1086:for large profits. 1068:Louisiana Territory 1057:Franciscan missions 830:once Islamic Manila 778:coast of California 770:Spanish East Indies 612:for the first time. 610:the name California 430:California missions 419:California genocide 292:San Fernando Valley 107:Interim governments 97:California Republic 12909:Academia Antártica 12864:Other civil topics 12230:Pánfilo de Narváez 12132:Sebastián Vizcaíno 12097:Andrés de Urdaneta 12057:Juan Ponce de León 12042:Ferdinand Magellan 12016:Bernardo de Gálvez 11915:Indian auxiliaries 11413:Trial of residence 11393:Laws of the Indies 11177:Asia and Oceania ( 11038:Dominican Republic 10066:Santa Clara Valley 10061:San Joaquin Valley 10056:San Gabriel Valley 9911:Eastern California 9881:Coastal California 9856:Central California 8141:United States rule 8087:Later explorations 8082:First explorations 8072:Native Californian 8000:California History 7932:California History 7908:California History 7822:Lavender, David. 7793:Hutchinson, Alan. 7750:Ellison, William. 7664:California History 7311:on April 24, 1999. 7110:Militarymuseum.org 6958:avoirdupois weight 6682:California History 6225:Land in California 5379:Chapman, Charles. 5030:Specific locations 4758: 4735:San Joaquin Valley 4632: 4597:Concord stagecoach 4571: 4567:Old Town San Diego 4501: 4476: 4472:Julian, California 4378:trail, across the 4340:Memphis, Tennessee 4328: 4279:San Joaquin Rivers 4271: 4242:in Panama and the 4194: 4093: 4027:California Ranchos 4018: 3961:American Civil War 3949: 3848:Compromise of 1850 3840: 3778: 3724: 3657: 3519:to set up regular 3513: 3397: 3311: 3281:Galapagos tortoise 3236:(Hawaii), Mexico, 3226: 3216:Goldfields in the 3194:(1853–1854) until 3165:Compromise of 1850 3160:Pueblo de San Jose 3156: 3105: 2955: 2843:Treaty of Cahuenga 2832:Treaty of Cahuenga 2812:Treaty of Cahuenga 2808: 2780:Treaty of Cahuenga 2756:Treaty of Cahuenga 2702: 2645: 2619:Robert F. Stockton 2611:Pueblo de San Jose 2601:. Militia Captain 2527: 2494:the leader of the 2442: 2439:Battle of Monterey 2399: 2376:Sonoma, California 2332: 2282:was the first non- 2237: 2202: 2166: 1980: 1908: 1803: 1784:Sonoma, California 1780:Presidio of Sonoma 1728: 1680: 1633: 1571: 1532: 1473: 1448:until hitting the 1376: 1332: 1297:Sebastián Vizcaíno 1273:California Current 1269: 1242:Fernando de Rivera 1176: 1170:and led the famed 1155:Portolá expedition 1130:Pima Indian Revolt 1106: 1102:Johannes Vingboons 1076:maritime fur trade 1022: 1014:Antonio de Mendoza 968: 931:Sebastián Vizcaíno 887: 807:California Current 782: 776:passing along the 704: 665:Gulf of California 661:Francisco de Ulloa 620:was the name given 614: 578:fire-stick farming 544: 514:Pre-contact period 488:American Civil War 484:Compromise of 1850 426:Portolá expedition 12985: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12854: 12853: 12759:Spanish conquests 12749: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12534: 12533: 12215:Pedro de Alvarado 12200:Gaspar de Portolà 12195:Pedro de Valdivia 12170:Francisco Pizarro 12122:Nicolás de Ovando 12117:Alonso de Ercilla 12092:Alonso de Salazar 11925:Ships of the line 11873: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11297: 11296: 11254:Northern Africa ( 11250:Equatorial Guinea 11234: 11233: 11171: 11170: 11086: 11085: 11009: 11008: 11000:Spanish Caribbean 10973:Spanish Louisiana 10949: 10948: 10884:Crown of Castille 10848: 10847: 10825:Spanish Civil War 10800:Adams–Onís Treaty 10780:Nootka Convention 10728:Thirty Years' War 10718:Eighty Years' War 10639:Catholic Monarchs 10629:Timeline–immersed 10583: 10582: 10184:San Diego–Tijuana 10131:Transverse Ranges 10081:Santa Ynez Valley 10031:Saddleback Valley 10026:Sacramento Valley 10011:Peninsular Ranges 9986:North County (SD) 9956:Los Angeles Basin 9818:Index of articles 9523: 9522: 9111: 9110: 8305: 8304: 8186:Industrial growth 7956:Media related to 7764:, (2007), 256 pp. 7283:978-1-4564-7282-5 6934:. August 17, 2016 6838:978-1-4994-3511-5 6487:978-0-520-06605-2 6061:www.inafed.gob.mx 6044:978-0-87919-137-5 5961:978-1-59714-026-3 5903:on March 31, 2008 5854:978-1-879691-64-3 5815:978-0-300-10059-4 5773:978-0-8061-2317-2 5723:978-1-844-13762-6 5714:Sir Francis Drake 5573:978-0-8135-4867-8 5546:978-1-135-12843-2 5512:978-0-8047-1734-2 5478:978-1-137-01045-2 5416:, pp. 20–21. 5281:978-0-520-24605-8 5009:History of Mexico 4938:California portal 4778:Santa Fe Railroad 4495:surveying with a 4443:California Trails 4334:Stage Line was a 4311:as high as where 4188:, as part of the 4180:to steam between 4130:was settled with 4121:San Francisco Bay 4083:Depiction of the 4012:Depiction of the 3998:California Column 3750:Yontoket massacre 3620:soon after this. 3618:San Francisco Bay 3484:Gold Rush effects 3478:Old Spanish Trail 3434:Isthmus of Panama 3360:San Francisco Bay 3356:Mormon Battalions 3315:San Francisco Bay 3190:(1852–1853), and 3083:U.S. Constitution 2993:Siege of Veracruz 2784:Campo de Cahuenga 2747:Stephen W. Kearny 2720:José María Flores 2393:and prefaced the 2336:Republic of Texas 1987:marine mammal fur 1754:A series of four 1567:Pacific Northwest 1485:San Francisco Bay 1469:San Francisco Bay 1465:Presidio of Tubac 1339:to return to the 1309:San Francisco Bay 1305:Gaspar de Portolà 1283:on May 14, 1769. 1188:Gaspar de Portolà 1164:Gaspar de Portolá 1080:Pacific Northwest 901:, perhaps around 739:100 to 150 people 728:San Miguel Island 676:Northwest Passage 570:horticulturalists 411:Spanish explorers 376: 375: 16:(Redirected from 13025: 12860: 12859: 12826:Chibchan Nations 12755: 12754: 12724:Santiago de Cuba 12583:Guadalupe Island 12543: 12542: 12270: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12225:Diego de Almagro 12102:Antonio de Ulloa 12006:Ambrosio Spinola 12001:Pedro de Zubiaur 11971:Alfonso d'Avalos 11961:Antonio de Leyva 11905:Army of Flanders 11890: 11889: 11879: 11878: 11768: 11767: 11757: 11756: 11483: 11482: 11472: 11471: 11342: 11341: 11331: 11330: 11299: 11298: 11272:Peñón of Algiers 11236: 11235: 11173: 11172: 11088: 11087: 11011: 11010: 10993: 10951: 10950: 10865: 10864: 10854: 10853: 10775:Seven Years' War 10748:Queen Anne's War 10625: 10624: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10587: 10586: 10574: 10573: 10572: 9916:Emerald Triangle 9906:East County (SD) 9891:Cucamonga Valley 9876:Coachella Valley 9619:California Dream 9609:California sound 9550: 9543: 9536: 9527: 9526: 9467:Outlying islands 9421:Washington, D.C. 9415:Federal district 9138: 9131: 9124: 9115: 9114: 8773:Rancho Cucamonga 8748:Huntington Beach 8201:Legal revolution 8109:California Trail 8060: 8059: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8022: 8021: 7955: 7645: 7615: 7614: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7426: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7307:. Archived from 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7217: 7211: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7140:. Archived from 7130: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7014:. Archived from 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6961: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6864:. Archived from 6858: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6829:Rosen Publishing 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6798:. Archived from 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6600:The Elusive Eden 6595: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6558:. Archived from 6552: 6546: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6330: 6317: 6316: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6280: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6241:. Archived from 6235: 6229: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6118: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6063:. Archived from 6053: 6047: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5981: 5966: 5965: 5954:. Heyday Books. 5947: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5759: 5753: 5748:Weber, David J. 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5426: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5390: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5354: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5245:. Island Press. 5238: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5133: 5117: 4999:California Dream 4968: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4818:Pacific Electric 4794:Pacific Electric 4662:and via a train 4360:Indian Territory 4263:Sacramento River 4203:steamships, the 4154:, Nicaragua and 4089:California Trail 4074:ad valorem taxes 3802:hunter-gathering 3764:Portrait of an " 3662:hydraulic mining 3626:Native Americans 3612:. Steam powered 3602:Sacramento River 3546:to and from the 3493:Joaquín Murrieta 3461:California Trail 3442:Sacramento River 3421:Sandwich Islands 3308: 3305: 3269:Ad valorem taxes 3254:California Trail 3234:Sandwich Islands 3136:Statehood (1850) 3068:El Dorado County 3055:by American and 3033: 3024: 2989:Bennett C. Riley 2871:Mormon Battalion 2838:signed in 1848. 2816:Pacific Squadron 2782:, signed at the 2630:Sandwich Islands 2496:Bear Flag Revolt 2387:Bear Flag Revolt 2351:Pacific Squadron 2308:Bear Flag Revolt 2292:California Trail 2192:, built 1835 by 2162:Rancho San Pedro 2154:Manuel Domínguez 2101:San Buenaventura 2048: 2037: 1902:, following the 1724:Fermín de Lasuén 1694:Spanish monarchy 1691: 1690: 1686: 1491:, followed by a 1450:Santa Cruz River 1430:Mexicali, Mexico 1372:Anza Expeditions 1370:led the 1774-76 1343:missions on the 1046:Spanish monarchy 881:); engraving by 708:California coast 608:, which applied 574:forest gardening 548:Native Americans 540:Mikhail Tikhanov 395:Spanish colonial 368: 361: 354: 340: 339: 338: 69: 58: 40: 39: 21: 13033: 13032: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13022: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12977: 12953:Old inquisition 12865: 12850: 12760: 12733: 12689:Trinidad (1797) 12659:La Noche Triste 12647: 12643:San Juan (1797) 12593:San Juan (1595) 12530: 12419: 12259:Notable battles 12254: 12220:Martín de Ursúa 12151: 12082:Alonso de Ojeda 12052:Juan de la Cosa 12037:Pinzón brothers 12020: 11991:John of Austria 11966:Martín de Goiti 11944: 11884: 11865: 11809: 11762: 11743: 11655: 11651:Terra Australis 11646:Río de la Plata 11591:Castilla de Oro 11577: 11519: 11515:Río de la Plata 11477: 11458: 11417: 11376: 11372:Santa Hermandad 11336: 11317: 11313:Terra Australis 11304: 11293: 11260:Spanish Morocco 11241: 11230: 11221:Northern Taiwan 11182: 11167: 11138:Río de la Plata 11093: 11082: 11016: 11015:Central America 11005: 10987: 10956: 10945: 10889:Crown of Aragon 10870: 10859: 10844: 10760:Bourbon Reforms 10630: 10619: 10614: 10584: 10579: 10570: 10568: 10561: 10503: 10496: 10402:San Luis Obispo 10193: 10150: 9971:Mountain Empire 9871:Channel Islands 9836:Antelope Valley 9822: 9786:Protected areas 9575: 9563: 9554: 9524: 9519: 9461: 9423: 9409: 9148: 9142: 9112: 9107: 8993:San Luis Obispo 8624: 8530:San Luis Obispo 8321: 8301: 8268: 8215: 8191:Postwar culture 8157: 8054: 8049: 7958: 7949: 7944: 7903: 7896:(2004). 904 pp. 7868:(2005). 386 pp. 7843:Pitt, Leonard. 7804:(2005). 242 pp. 7737:(1994). 278 pp. 7727:(1922) 512 pp. 7712:Wayback Machine 7658: 7652: 7650:Further reading 7642: 7624: 7619: 7618: 7611: 7595: 7591: 7581: 7579: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7543: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7436: 7429: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7276:. CreateSpace. 7268: 7264: 7254: 7252: 7247:Michael Casey. 7245: 7241: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7176: 7172: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7144:on May 11, 2012 7132: 7131: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6868:on May 20, 2017 6860: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6819: 6815: 6805: 6803: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6705: 6701: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6628: 6624: 6611: 6607: 6596: 6589: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6435: 6433: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6376: 6372: 6361: 6357: 6346: 6342: 6331: 6320: 6309: 6305: 6294: 6290: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6264: 6254: 6250: 6245:on May 8, 1999. 6237: 6236: 6232: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6196: 6192: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6119: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6025: 6021: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5982: 5969: 5962: 5948: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5841: 5837: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5760: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5676: 5672: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274:. p. 417. 5264: 5260: 5253: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5032: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4832: 4826: 4792:, Los Angeles' 4683:Phineas Banning 4648:Omaha, Nebraska 4620: 4614: 4509:Longhorn cattle 4497:buckboard wagon 4419:U.S. Highway 50 4399:Act of Congress 4022:Alta California 4006: 3987:William M. Gwin 3971:Central Pacific 3933: 3927: 3887:paddle steamers 3872: 3866: 3816: 3810: 3732:hunter-gatherer 3718:, known as the 3708: 3702: 3590:paddle steamers 3554:was won by the 3486: 3340:Alta California 3306: 3210: 3204: 3144: 3138: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3014: 2935: 2929: 2924: 2922:American period 2820:Baja California 2804:Alta California 2792:John C. Frémont 2772: 2686: 2508: 2472:Pacific Station 2368:John C. Frémont 2316: 2310: 2302:Main articles: 2300: 2284:Native American 2233:Rancho Petaluma 2170:Alta California 2158:Domínguez Adobe 2147: 2139:Main articles: 2137: 2092:-run missions. 2065: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2027: 2021: 1950:Alta California 1946: 1894:in traditional 1884: 1874: 1856:(including the 1850:Francisco Palóu 1688: 1684: 1683: 1668:Mission Indians 1617: 1609:Main articles: 1607: 1581:Eventually, 21 1559:Bodega y Quadra 1517: 1461:Anza Expedition 1434:Imperial Valley 1422:Algodones Dunes 1391:Tucson, Arizona 1361: 1321: 1157: 1151: 1109:Spanish crown. 1010:the Californias 972:Alta California 951: 927: 864: 858: 764:Map of Spain's 758: 752: 688: 638:Baja California 606:Diego Gutiérrez 598: 522: 516: 511: 505: 387:Native American 372: 336: 334: 329: 306: 273: 178: 92:Alta California 64: 56: 49: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13031: 13021: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12769:Canary Islands 12765: 12762: 12761: 12751: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12655: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12623:Túpac Amaru II 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12568:Bogotá savanna 12565: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12476:Spanish Armada 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12427: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12370:White Mountain 12367: 12365:Cape Celidonia 12362: 12360:English Armada 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12276: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12161: 12159: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12137:Juan Fernández 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12112:Diego Columbus 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12028: 12026: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11940:Army of Africa 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11920:Spanish Armada 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11896: 11894: 11886: 11885: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11821:Manila galleon 11817: 11815: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11776: 11774: 11764: 11763: 11753: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11665: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11587: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11529: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11491: 11489: 11479: 11478: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11338: 11337: 11335:Administration 11327: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11256:Western Sahara 11252: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11154:Banda Oriental 11135: 11121: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11027: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10969:Coastal Alaska 10961: 10958: 10957: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10861: 10860: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10641: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10621: 10620: 10617:Spanish Empire 10613: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10590: 10581: 10580: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10508: 10506: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10382:San Bernardino 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10160: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10111:South Bay (SF) 10108: 10106:South Bay (SD) 10103: 10101:South Bay (LA) 10098: 10096:Silicon Valley 10093: 10088: 10086:Shasta Cascade 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10036:Salinas Valley 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9976:North Bay (SF) 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9866:Central Valley 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9832: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9808:Transportation 9805: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9783: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9585: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9553: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9505:Navassa Island 9502: 9497: 9492: 9490:Johnston Atoll 9487: 9482: 9480:Howland Island 9477: 9471: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9437:American Samoa 9433: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9355:South Carolina 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9320:North Carolina 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9141: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8718:San Bernardino 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8634: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8510:San Bernardino 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8167: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8148: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8068: 8066: 8056: 8055: 8048: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8009: 8004: 8002:: 1978−present 7995: 7986: 7977: 7948: 7947:External links 7945: 7943: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7911: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7878:Starr, Kevin. 7876: 7871:Starr, Kevin. 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7847:(2nd ed. 1999) 7841: 7831: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7782:online edition 7774: 7765: 7760:Hayes, Derek. 7758: 7748: 7738: 7731: 7729:online edition 7721: 7714: 7705:online edition 7697: 7687: 7674: 7667: 7659: 7654:Main article: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7640: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7609: 7589: 7577:Scvhistory.com 7564: 7537: 7512: 7489: 7467: 7443: 7427: 7414: 7392: 7383: 7360: 7351: 7342: 7323: 7314: 7296: 7282: 7262: 7239: 7232: 7212: 7196: 7170: 7155: 7122: 7097: 7084:978-0826317537 7083: 7063: 7050:978-0195085570 7049: 7029: 6999: 6971: 6962: 6945: 6919: 6894: 6879: 6853: 6844: 6837: 6831:. p. 36. 6813: 6785: 6760: 6734: 6715:(3): 502–551. 6699: 6672: 6647: 6640: 6622: 6605: 6587: 6573: 6547: 6538: 6512: 6503: 6493: 6486: 6468: 6443: 6413: 6385: 6370: 6355: 6340: 6318: 6303: 6288: 6262:CA State Parks 6248: 6230: 6215: 6208: 6190: 6175: 6162:978-0300181364 6161: 6138: 6131: 6106: 6078: 6048: 6019: 6001: 5967: 5960: 5939: 5914: 5888: 5860: 5853: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5794: 5779: 5772: 5754: 5741: 5729: 5722: 5704: 5670: 5648: 5626: 5614:BusinessMirror 5600: 5594: 5579: 5572: 5552: 5545: 5525: 5511: 5491: 5477: 5457: 5418: 5406: 5385: 5372: 5366:978-0520248519 5365: 5339: 5333:978-1597141369 5332: 5312: 5306:978-0879191269 5305: 5287: 5280: 5258: 5251: 5233: 5227:Starr, Kevin. 5220: 5194: 5184: 5171: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5124:, through the 5111: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4955: 4941: 4927: 4913: 4899: 4896:History portal 4883: 4880: 4876:Silicon Valley 4872:American Dream 4828:Main article: 4825: 4822: 4729:and connected 4723:Tehachapi Pass 4711:Tehachapi Loop 4679:John G. Downey 4616:Main article: 4613: 4610: 4481:Columbia River 4380:Colorado River 4309:Colorado River 4265:waterfront in 4244:San Juan River 4178:paddle steamer 4005: 4002: 3945:U.S. Civil War 3929:Main article: 3926: 3923: 3897:, passage via 3868:Main article: 3865: 3862: 3812:Main article: 3809: 3806: 3782:David Stannard 3704:Main article: 3701: 3698: 3521:paddle steamer 3495:, called the " 3485: 3482: 3465:Missouri River 3222:Shasta Cascade 3206:Main article: 3203: 3200: 3137: 3134: 3113:Bill of Rights 3038: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3010: 2931:Main article: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2900:La Paz, Mexico 2883:Missouri River 2771: 2768: 2685: 2682: 2579:The abandoned 2507: 2504: 2500:John A. Sutter 2492:William B. Ide 2299: 2296: 2288:Central Valley 2225:Petaluma Adobe 2194:Salvio Pacheco 2136: 2133: 2053: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2023:Main article: 2020: 2017: 1945: 1942: 1938:Colorado River 1890:Portrait of a 1873: 1870: 1670:against padre 1606: 1603: 1588:Central Valley 1516: 1513: 1477:Texas Longhorn 1403:Colorado River 1360: 1357: 1345:Baja Peninsula 1320: 1319:Food shortages 1317: 1257:Junípero Serra 1247:Baja Peninsula 1198:, sailed from 1192:Junípero Serra 1180:José de Gálvez 1153:Main article: 1150: 1147: 1122:Pueblo Indians 950: 947: 926: 923: 883:Theodor De Bry 877:" (modern-day 857: 854: 803:Cape Mendocino 766:Manila galleon 756:Manila galleon 754:Main article: 751: 748: 700:Spanish Empire 687: 684: 597: 594: 538:man by artist 518:Main article: 515: 512: 507:Main article: 504: 501: 413:, many of the 374: 373: 371: 370: 363: 356: 348: 345: 344: 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 316: 313: 312: 311:Bibliographies 308: 307: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 283: 280: 279: 275: 274: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 239:San Bernardino 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 187: 186: 180: 179: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 130: 127: 126: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 76: 75: 71: 70: 61: 60: 51: 50: 43: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13030: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12939: 12935: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12904:Tapada limeña 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12871: 12868: 12861: 12857: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12756: 12752: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12537: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12496:Montes Claros 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12436:Vienna (1529) 12434: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12165:Hernán Cortés 12163: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12157:Conquistadors 12154: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12127:Juan de Ayala 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12023: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11981:Duke of Savoy 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11880: 11876: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11780:Dollar (Peso) 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11758: 11754: 11740: 11739:Santo Domingo 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11616:New Andalusia 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11563:Santo Domingo 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11522: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11487:Viceroyalties 11484: 11480: 11473: 11469: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11332: 11328: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11307: 11300: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11244: 11237: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11180: 11174: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11096: 11092:South America 11089: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11012: 11001: 10997: 10991: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10977:Spanish Texas 10974: 10970: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10955:North America 10952: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10936:Franche-Comté 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10873: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10851: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10606: 10604: 10599: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10578: 10577: 10564: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10527:San Francisco 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10502:Most populous 10499: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10412:Santa Barbara 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10392:San Francisco 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10164:Fresno–Madera 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10156:Metro regions 10153: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10141:Victor Valley 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10091:Sierra Nevada 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10016:Pomona Valley 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9966:Mojave Desert 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9941:Klamath Basin 9939: 9937: 9936:Inland Empire 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9886:Conejo Valley 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9861:Central Coast 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9851:Cascade Range 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759:NRHP listings 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9716: 9715:Supreme Court 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9572: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9544: 9539: 9537: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9510:Palmyra Atoll 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9485:Jarvis Island 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9395:West Virginia 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9300:New Hampshire 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9260:Massachusetts 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9132: 9127: 9125: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9068:Crescent City 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8938:Santa Barbara 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8848:Thousand Oaks 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8753:Santa Clarita 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8738:Moreno Valley 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8653:San Francisco 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8540:Santa Barbara 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8520:San Francisco 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8039: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7954: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7689:Brands, H.W. 7688: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7643: 7641:0-88295-938-7 7637: 7633: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7612: 7610:9780307426420 7606: 7602: 7601: 7593: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7522: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7477: 7471: 7455: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7424: 7418: 7402: 7396: 7387: 7371: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7285: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7266: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7216: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7067: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6966: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6890: 6883: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6641:0-520-22496-5 6637: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6542: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6381: 6374: 6366: 6359: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6292: 6284: 6278: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6209:1-59223-319-8 6205: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6179: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6143: 6134: 6132:0-376-05172-8 6128: 6124: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6028:Revillagigedo 6023: 6015: 6011: 6005: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5944: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5798: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5739:, p. 26. 5738: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5630: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5592:, p. 24. 5591: 5586: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5529: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5495: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5402:0-520-21273-8 5399: 5395: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5252:1-55963-888-5 5248: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4956: 4953: 4952:Mexico portal 4942: 4939: 4928: 4925: 4914: 4911: 4900: 4897: 4886: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4744: 4743:Mojave Desert 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4697:finished the 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656:Sierra Nevada 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559:Concord Coach 4556: 4552: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4522:grizzly bears 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423:Sierra Nevada 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4392:San Francisco 4389: 4385: 4384:Yuma Crossing 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4240:Chagres River 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4213:New York City 4210: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4186:San Francisco 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160:San Francisco 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4136:U.S. Congress 4133: 4132:Great Britain 4129: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4109:South America 4106: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4043:sailing ships 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3895:sailing ships 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838:by Americans. 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3794:Peter Burnett 3791: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3690:San Francisco 3687: 3683: 3679: 3676:By 1850, the 3674: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3646:gold standard 3642: 3638: 3637:placer mining 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3598:San Francisco 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3548:Chagres River 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536:San Francisco 3533: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474:De Anza Trail 3471: 3466: 3463:usually left 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3429:clipper ships 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:port of entry 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3218:Sierra Nevada 3214: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186:(1850–1851), 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3133: 3132:May 7, 1879. 3129: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3023: 3009: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2979:James K. Polk 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2881:camps on the 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761:Yuma Crossing 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2681: 2679: 2678:Santa Barbara 2675: 2671: 2670:pueblo (town) 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Thomas Fallon 2600: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2424:John D. Sloat 2421: 2417: 2414:, arrived in 2413: 2408: 2405: 2396: 2392: 2389:declared the 2388: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:Sutter's Fort 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2257:Sierra Nevada 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190:Pacheco Adobe 2187: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2135:Rancho grants 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2036: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009:port of entry 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1991:trading ships 1988: 1985:, along with 1984: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1934:de Anza Trail 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:Tijuana River 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844:In 1804, the 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:Santa Barbara 1816: 1815:San Francisco 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:Santa Barbara 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1749:grizzly bears 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1592:Sierra Nevada 1589: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1575:Yuma Crossing 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1526:, founded by 1525: 1521: 1512: 1509: 1506:In 1776, the 1504: 1502: 1501:San Francisco 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426:Yuma, Arizona 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:Yuma Crossing 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1138:Sonora Mexico 1136:conflicts in 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Pueblo Revolt 1115: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1096:, due to the 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1015: 1012:, granted by 1011: 1007: 1004:The colonial 1002: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 965: 961: 957: 953: 946: 944: 940: 939:San Diego Bay 936: 932: 922: 920: 916: 912: 911:English Crown 908: 904: 900: 899:San Francisco 896: 892: 891:Francis Drake 884: 880: 876: 872: 871:Francis Drake 868: 863: 853: 851: 847: 846:Crypto-Jewish 843: 842:Crypto-Muslim 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 757: 747: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 724:San Diego Bay 721: 717: 713: 709: 701: 697: 692: 683: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630: 625: 621: 619: 611: 607: 602: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 541: 537: 533: 532: 526: 521: 510: 500: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:United States 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383: 369: 364: 362: 357: 355: 350: 349: 347: 346: 343: 333: 332: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 310: 309: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 282: 281: 277: 276: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 259:Santa Barbara 257: 255: 252: 250: 249:San Francisco 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 189: 188: 185: 182: 181: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 129: 128: 124: 123: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 73: 72: 68: 63: 62: 59: 53: 52: 47: 42: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 12879:Architecture 12774:The Americas 12638:Newfoundland 12628:Túpac Katari 12618:Cuerno Verde 12553:Tenochtitlan 12385:Valenciennes 12142:Luis Fajardo 12011:Blas de Lezo 11956:Duke of Alba 11836:Spanish Road 11674:Buenos Aires 11583:Governorates 11352:Ayuntamiento 11345:Organization 10810:Carlist Wars 10658:Italian Wars 10567: 10237:Contra Costa 10146:Wine Country 10006:Oxnard Plain 10001:Owens Valley 9996:Orange Coast 9921:Gold Country 9896:Death Valley 9733: 9631:Demographics 9569: 9500:Midway Atoll 9495:Kingman Reef 9475:Baker Island 9452:Puerto Rico 9360:South Dakota 9350:Rhode Island 9345:Pennsylvania 9325:North Dakota 9179: 8958:Redwood City 8933:Santa Monica 8758:Garden Grove 8365:Contra Costa 8104:Mexican rule 8051: 8015: 7999: 7990: 7981: 7969: 7950: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7914: 7907: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7834: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7777: 7768: 7761: 7751: 7741: 7734: 7724: 7717: 7700: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7670: 7663: 7630: 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Retrieved 6659: 6650: 6631: 6625: 6615: 6608: 6599: 6576: 6564:. Retrieved 6560:the original 6550: 6541: 6529:. Retrieved 6525:the original 6515: 6506: 6496: 6477: 6471: 6461:November 17, 6459:. Retrieved 6455: 6446: 6436:November 17, 6434:. Retrieved 6430:the original 6425: 6416: 6404:. Retrieved 6400: 6379: 6373: 6364: 6358: 6349: 6343: 6334: 6312: 6306: 6297: 6291: 6265:. Retrieved 6261: 6251: 6243:the original 6233: 6224: 6218: 6199: 6193: 6184: 6178: 6166:. Retrieved 6151: 6122: 6097:. Retrieved 6093: 6069:. Retrieved 6065:the original 6060: 6051: 6035: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5992:. Retrieved 5988: 5951: 5932:November 12, 5930:. Retrieved 5926: 5917: 5905:. Retrieved 5901:the original 5891: 5879:. Retrieved 5875: 5844: 5838: 5829: 5823: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5782: 5763: 5757: 5749: 5744: 5732: 5713: 5707: 5697:December 27, 5695:. Retrieved 5686: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5651: 5639:. Retrieved 5637:. April 2005 5629: 5617:. Retrieved 5613: 5603: 5597: 5562: 5555: 5535: 5528: 5516:. Retrieved 5501: 5494: 5482:. Retrieved 5467: 5460: 5434:. Retrieved 5409: 5393: 5388: 5380: 5375: 5350: 5342: 5322: 5315: 5296: 5290: 5267: 5261: 5242: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5211:. Retrieved 5207:the original 5197: 5187: 5162:. Retrieved 5158: 5148: 5115: 4966:Spain portal 4833: 4796:system, the 4786: 4759: 4754:Arcade Depot 4715:spiral track 4701:through the 4672: 4633: 4606:stagecoaches 4592:paddle wheel 4589: 4575:Pony Express 4572: 4537:sailing ship 4526: 4502: 4477: 4446: 4396: 4362:(Oklahoma), 4329: 4272: 4219: 4209: (1848) 4206: 4201:paddle wheel 4195: 4176:, the first 4158:to and from 4126:In 1846 the 4125: 4113:sailing ship 4097:sailing ship 4094: 4085:Donner Party 4062: 4051: 4019: 3991: 3975: 3958: 3950: 3873: 3855: 3841: 3798: 3779: 3742: 3725: 3675: 3671:Gold Country 3658: 3634: 3622: 3593: 3592:like the SS 3569:, the first 3565: 3559: 3514: 3458: 3417:sailing ship 3410: 3398: 3364: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3312: 3273: 3258: 3227: 3179: 3173: 3157: 3130: 3122: 3106: 3080: 3064: 2984: 2975: 2964: 2956: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2868: 2856: 2852:Independence 2851: 2840: 2809: 2744: 2717: 2707: 2703: 2667: 2661: 2646: 2624: 2615:Rear Admiral 2597: 2578: 2570:Monterey Bay 2564: 2558: 2549: 2541: 2531:U.S. Marines 2528: 2521: 2476: 2466: 2458: (1837) 2455: 2446: 2443: 2420:Rear Admiral 2409: 2400: 2364: 2348: 2333: 2272:New Helvetia 2261: 2253: 2241:cattle hides 2238: 2207: 2203: 2175: 2167: 2124: 2117:San Dieguito 2110: 2098: 2086:secularizing 2078: 2074: 2066: 2006: 1994: 1981: 1962:Abel Stearns 1959: 1947: 1944:Trade policy 1931: 1920: 1909: 1843: 1804: 1755: 1753: 1729: 1706: 1681: 1649: 1634: 1596: 1580: 1572: 1533: 1505: 1482: 1474: 1419: 1377: 1352: 1350:sailing ship 1341:Novohispanic 1337: 1333: 1293:Monterey Bay 1290: 1270: 1265:Monterey Bay 1239: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1182:, planned a 1177: 1143: 1111: 1107: 1065: 1050: 1023: 1016:, the first 1006:coat of arms 980: 969: 952: 928: 914: 888: 838: 828:in what was 818:Novohispanic 811: 783: 732: 705: 673: 650: 645: 627: 617: 615: 590:permaculture 586:fire ecology 567: 560: 545: 528: 476: 447: 441: 423: 379: 377: 264:Santa Monica 54: 26: 12846:Philippines 12811:El Salvador 12431:Capo d'Orso 12315:St. Quentin 12290:Rome (1527) 11949:Strategists 11699:Guadalajara 11626:New Navarre 11621:New Castile 11606:La Luisiana 11558:Puerto Rico 11548:Philippines 11505:New Granada 11195:Philippines 11156:(Uruguay), 11152:(Bolivia), 11102:New Granada 11042:Puerto Rico 10988: [ 10858:Territories 10678:Encomiendas 10552:Bakersfield 10512:Los Angeles 10417:Santa Clara 10397:San Joaquin 10297:Los Angeles 10116:South Coast 9981:North Coast 9926:Great Basin 9791:state parks 9744:LGBT rights 9710:legislature 9658:Environment 9646:agriculture 9636:Earthquakes 9515:Wake Island 9429:Territories 9275:Mississippi 9190:Connecticut 9098:Nevada City 9058:Placerville 8923:Santa Maria 8883:Victorville 8873:Santa Clara 8858:Simi Valley 8703:Chula Vista 8678:Bakersfield 8638:Los Angeles 8545:Santa Clara 8525:San Joaquin 8425:Los Angeles 8211:Present day 8196:Development 8176:Engineering 8121:Californios 8064:Before 1900 7984:: 1922−1971 7682:vol 18–24, 7582:November 7, 7551:Socal Focus 7530:January 28, 7482:November 7, 7460:November 7, 7456:. July 2003 7407:February 6, 7403:. DesertUSA 7358:Rose, p. 27 7349:Rose, p. 54 7289:February 9, 7189:November 7, 7148:November 7, 7115:November 7, 6954:Troy weight 6938:November 7, 6912:November 7, 6778:November 7, 6748:SFgenealogy 6665:November 7, 6531:November 7, 6406:November 7, 6267:November 7, 6099:November 7, 5989:SFgenealogy 5881:November 7, 5679:Nolte, Carl 5667:(1): 28–30. 5213:November 7, 5182:67:213–230. 5164:December 9, 5159:nahc.ca.gov 4860:electronics 4836:agriculture 4731:Bakersfield 4727:Kern County 4691:Los Angeles 4601:Wells Fargo 4563:Wells Fargo 4561:no. 251 in 4386:, and into 4322:Map of the 4304:pack trains 4232:Panama City 4182:Panama City 4152:Panama City 4148:packet ship 3954:Fort Sumter 3943:during the 3919:lighthouses 3786:Ed Castillo 3766:assimilated 3630:gold mining 3584:. Once the 3524:packet ship 3503:during the 3335:Californios 3328:Great Fires 3320:store ships 3307: 1850 3277:prostitutes 2999:during the 2997:Chapultepec 2873:arrived at 2788:Andrés Pico 2728:Andrés Pico 2589:Yerba Buena 2542:Collingwood 2538:man-of-war 2416:Guadalajara 2264:John Sutter 2259:foothills. 2231:in 1836 on 2105:Franciscans 1955:Californios 1936:across the 1807:Los Angeles 1793:Founded by 1657:Californios 1442:Los Angeles 1353:San Antonio 1231:Juan Crespí 1208:San Antonio 1204:San Antonio 915:Nova Albion 907:Coast Miwok 903:Point Reyes 879:Point Reyes 799:trade winds 791:Philippines 568:The native 529:Balthazar, 452:Los Angeles 380:history of 209:Los Angeles 82:Before 1900 55:History of 12992:Categories 12516:Somosierra 12506:Manila Bay 12380:Nördlingen 12320:Gravelines 11800:Columnario 11772:Currencies 11689:Concepción 11661:Audiencias 11636:New Toledo 11601:La Florida 11434:Corregidor 11398:Papal bull 11303:Antarctica 11211:Micronesia 10668:Golden Age 10542:Long Beach 10537:Sacramento 10452:Stanislaus 10422:Santa Cruz 10377:San Benito 10372:Sacramento 10136:Tri-Valley 9961:Lost Coast 9946:Lake Tahoe 9722:Healthcare 9690:Government 9571:Sacramento 9561:California 9390:Washington 9310:New Mexico 9305:New Jersey 9180:California 9048:Marysville 9023:Susanville 8978:San Rafael 8973:Santa Cruz 8903:Costa Mesa 8763:Santa Rosa 8668:Long Beach 8663:Sacramento 8580:Stanislaus 8550:Santa Cruz 8505:San Benito 8500:Sacramento 8181:Water wars 8163:Since 1900 8077:Precontact 7507:B000OV4LMS 7233:0803272626 5737:Rolle 1998 5689:. SFGate. 5687:SFGate.com 5619:October 7, 5590:Rolle 1998 5518:August 21, 5484:August 21, 5436:January 6, 5414:Rolle 1998 5404:, p. 81–82 5140:References 4810:Interurban 4721:, through 4628:Sacramento 4565:livery in 4427:Gila River 4409:and on to 4390:ending in 4388:California 4376:Gila River 4374:along the 4368:New Mexico 4336:stagecoach 4287:Marysville 4283:Sacramento 4275:Sacramento 4267:Sacramento 4259:riverboats 4255:Steamboats 4225:Valparaiso 4220:California 4207:California 3978:Midwestern 3966:Republican 3852:free state 3774:Sacramento 3728:Franciscan 3694:Sacramento 3606:Sacramento 3566:California 3497:Robin Hood 3470:Gila River 3450:Sacramento 3196:Sacramento 3140:See also: 3125:debt limit 3117:convention 3059:delegates. 3057:Californio 3047:, in both 2971:New Mexico 2810:After the 2764:Gila River 2632:(Hawaii). 2598:Portsmouth 2572:to occupy 2536:Royal Navy 2480:presidents 2450:, and the 2312:See also: 2121:Las Flores 2090:Franciscan 2070:Franciscan 2061:rebellion. 1892:Californio 1831:Santa Cruz 1672:Luis Jayme 1446:Gila River 1415:New Mexico 1395:Gila River 1212:San Carlos 1196:San Carlos 1126:Rio Grande 1120:among the 1114:New Mexico 1040:and later 1038:Franciscan 919:New Albion 893:landed in 875:New Albion 735:rancherias 646:California 618:California 556:CA-SCR-177 552:Borax Lake 496:Chinatowns 468:Californio 424:After the 382:California 234:Sacramento 144:Newspapers 117:Since 1900 57:California 12821:Nicaragua 12799:Guatemala 12709:Pichincha 12694:Chacabuco 12633:Pensacola 12578:Mataquito 12558:Cajamarca 12539:New World 12511:Trafalgar 12415:Alhucemas 12295:Landriano 12280:Comuneros 12266:Old World 12210:Joan Orpí 11930:Royalists 11704:Guatemala 11631:New Spain 11568:Venezuela 11543:Guatemala 11500:New Spain 11495:Columbian 11388:Exequatur 11288:Cape Juby 11142:Argentina 10965:New Spain 10899:Gibraltar 10663:Habsburgs 10517:San Diego 10407:San Mateo 10387:San Diego 10367:Riverside 10317:Mendocino 10247:El Dorado 10242:Del Norte 10227:Calaveras 9774:elections 9700:districts 9663:Geography 9653:Education 9604:languages 9574:(capital) 9400:Wisconsin 9365:Tennessee 9270:Minnesota 9245:Louisiana 9147:by polity 9038:Red Bluff 9013:Hollister 8998:El Centro 8963:Yuba City 8918:Fairfield 8908:Inglewood 8868:Roseville 8838:Fullerton 8828:Sunnyvale 8823:Escondido 8788:Elk Grove 8783:Lancaster 8768:Oceanside 8693:Riverside 8688:Santa Ana 8643:San Diego 8535:San Mateo 8515:San Diego 8495:Riverside 8445:Mendocino 8375:El Dorado 8370:Del Norte 8355:Calaveras 8327:By county 8274:By region 8249:Railroads 8229:Etymology 8206:Tech boom 8151:Civil War 8146:Gold Rush 7993:: 1971−77 7376:March 19, 7022:April 15, 6806:April 14, 6729:143269035 6422:"History" 5641:April 23, 5126:Straights 4868:Hollywood 4856:aerospace 4687:San Pedro 4612:Railroads 4549:Gold Rush 4505:rancheros 4313:Lake Mead 4299:Riverboat 4105:Cape Horn 4047:Cape Horn 4031:cow hides 3911:Cape Horn 3903:Nicaragua 3678:U.S. Navy 3578:Cape Horn 3574:steamship 3532:Nicaragua 3413:Cape Horn 3250:Argonauts 2875:San Diego 2864:artillery 2861:U.S. Army 2857:Lexington 2850:USS 2751:U.S. Army 2706:USS 2674:San Diego 2662:permanent 2623:USS 2596:USS 2548:USS 2540:HMS 2520:USS 2516:San Diego 2486:" of the 2484:Bear Flag 2385:The 1846 2360:Cape Horn 2355:U.S. Navy 2276:Fort Ross 2249:Cape Horn 2007:The main 1811:San Diego 1797:in 1817, 1760:San Diego 1756:presidios 1597:In 1786, 1565:into the 1548:destroyed 1397:to avoid 1383:chaplains 1061:presidios 1042:Dominican 935:New Spain 822:Morro Bay 820:ships at 720:New Spain 669:an island 492:nativists 443:presidios 244:San Diego 229:Riverside 154:Railroads 12831:Colombia 12816:Honduras 12729:Asomante 12714:Ayacucho 12704:Carabobo 12679:Curalaba 12456:Ceresole 12350:Gembloux 12310:Mühlberg 12025:Mariners 11883:Military 11805:Doubloon 11790:Maravedí 11734:Santiago 11641:Paraguay 11367:Germania 11207:Caroline 11162:Malvinas 11146:Paraguay 11106:Colombia 11048:Trinidad 10915:Sardinia 10755:Bourbons 10522:San Jose 10477:Tuolumne 10437:Siskiyou 10337:Monterey 10312:Mariposa 10267:Imperial 10262:Humboldt 10199:Counties 9764:Politics 9727:Abortion 9705:governor 9385:Virginia 9335:Oklahoma 9315:New York 9290:Nebraska 9280:Missouri 9265:Michigan 9255:Maryland 9240:Kentucky 9220:Illinois 9195:Delaware 9185:Colorado 9175:Arkansas 9088:Lakeport 9053:Piedmont 9033:Oroville 9008:Martinez 8983:Woodland 8893:Berkeley 8888:El Monte 8833:Pasadena 8813:Torrance 8793:Palmdale 8743:Glendale 8698:Stockton 8648:San Jose 8605:Tuolumne 8565:Siskiyou 8465:Monterey 8440:Mariposa 8395:Imperial 8390:Humboldt 8297:Yosemite 8282:Bay Area 8244:Missions 8239:Maritime 8234:Highways 8221:By topic 7708:Archived 7441:, p. 42. 7090:July 29, 7056:July 29, 6932:Newsweek 6753:April 5, 6566:April 9, 6277:cite web 6168:July 29, 6026:For the 6012:(1842). 5994:March 5, 5907:June 10, 5691:Archived 5681:(2016). 5446:cite web 5128:, or by 4882:See also 4864:military 4848:shipping 4804:and the 4733:and the 4630:in 1874. 4499:in 1896. 4218:SS 4205:SS 3982:Southern 3939:Flag of 3891:clippers 3790:genocide 3666:dredging 3614:tugboats 3582:New York 3564:SS 3446:Stockton 3378:Missions 3184:San Jose 3152:San Jose 2982:states. 2941:General 2904:Isabella 2643:in 1846. 2625:Congress 2581:Presidio 2550:Savannah 2462:Monterey 2447:Savannah 2412:Mazatlán 2330:in 1846. 2322:General 2164:in 1826. 2081:missions 1866:Monterey 1862:Mexicali 1839:Missions 1835:San Jose 1823:Monterey 1678:in 1775. 1645:Catholic 1530:in 1776. 1424:west of 1267:in 1770. 1216:San José 814:Filipino 795:latitude 774:Acapulco 702:in 1542. 456:San Jose 302:Yosemite 287:Bay Area 254:San Jose 224:Piedmont 219:Pasadena 169:Eugenics 159:Highways 134:Maritime 46:a series 44:Part of 12963:Asiento 12934:Mustang 12794:Yucatán 12789:Chiapas 12669:Tucapel 12501:Passaro 12451:Algiers 12441:Preveza 12410:Tetouan 12405:Vitoria 12395:Bitonto 12335:Antwerp 12330:Lepanto 12285:Bicocca 11761:Economy 11684:Charcas 11679:Caracas 11573:Yucatán 11444:Regidor 11429:Alcalde 11357:Cabildo 11264:Tripoli 11203:Mariana 11150:Charcas 11126:(Peru, 11110:Ecuador 11073:Bonaire 11068:Curazao 11053:Jamaica 10981:Florida 10557:Anaheim 10547:Oakland 10482:Ventura 10467:Trinity 10207:Alameda 9841:Big Sur 9828:Regions 9803:Symbols 9734:History 9695:Capitol 9673:ecology 9668:climate 9641:Economy 9589:Culture 9405:Wyoming 9380:Vermont 9285:Montana 9225:Indiana 9205:Georgia 9200:Florida 9170:Arizona 9160:Alabama 9103:Alturas 9093:Jackson 9073:Willows 8988:Hanford 8928:Redding 8913:Ventura 8878:Vallejo 8863:Concord 8853:Visalia 8818:Hayward 8803:Salinas 8778:Ontario 8733:Fontana 8723:Modesto 8708:Fremont 8683:Anaheim 8673:Oakland 8630:By city 8610:Ventura 8595:Trinity 8335:Alameda 8310:Regions 8259:Slavery 8254:Ranchos 7754:(1950) 7703:(2003) 7693:(2003) 7622:Sources 7557:July 1, 6872:May 20, 6071:June 6, 5192:161–174 5130:Chagres 4844:tourism 4766:mergers 4741:in the 4513:cowhide 4382:at the 4372:Arizona 4261:on the 4117:Clipper 4070:tariffs 3808:Slavery 3776:, 1867. 3772:man in 3737:ranchos 3686:saloons 3600:up the 3440:up the 3382:ranchos 3374:Pueblos 3367:Colonel 3265:tariffs 3192:Benicia 3188:Vallejo 3053:Spanish 3049:English 2986:General 2658:cannons 2525:in 1846 2518:by the 2179:ranchos 2129:ranchos 2125:pueblos 2013:tariffs 1927:Mission 1896:vaquero 1864:) with 1745:saddles 1702:Ranchos 1687:⁄ 1590:or the 1544:Quechan 1493:mission 1411:Quechan 1405:at the 1124:of the 1053:Russian 993:priest 983:mission 885:, 1590. 789:in the 712:Spanish 657:England 448:pueblos 399:Mexican 278:Regions 269:Visalia 214:Oakland 194:Anaheim 164:Slavery 74:Periods 12941:Castas 12699:Boyacá 12674:Guiana 12664:Iguape 12588:Recife 12526:Mactan 12521:Annual 12486:Rocroi 12481:Leiden 12466:Djerba 12400:Bailén 12355:Ostend 12340:Azores 11935:Legión 11900:Tercio 11893:Armies 11795:Escudo 11724:Panamá 11719:Mexico 11714:Manila 11669:Bogotá 11454:Vecino 11449:Syndic 11280:Béjaïa 11240:Africa 11226:Tidore 11114:Panama 11078:Belize 10985:Mexico 10911:Sicily 10907:Naples 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